John Rhey L.

Tagalog Highway Engineering

BSCE – 04 May 02, 2019

Lesson 1: Highway and Its Development

I. IDENTIFICATIONS
1. Highway Engineering - is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering
that involves the planning, design, construction, operation,
and maintenance of roads, bridges, and tunnels to ensure
safe and effective transportation of people and goods.

2. Roads - is a thoroughfare, route, or way on land between two places

that has been paved or otherwise improved to allow travel by
foot or some form of conveyance, including a motor vehicle,
cart, bicycle, or horse.
- a wide way leading from one place to another, especially
one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can
use.
- is a long piece of hard ground which is built between two
places so that people can drive or ride easily from one place
to the other.
- a wide way leading from one place to another, especially
one with a specially prepared surface which vehicles can
use, a series of.

3. Island - A traffic island is a solid or painted object in a road that

channels traffic. It can also be a narrow strip
of island between roads that intersect at an acute angle. ...
Traffic islands can be used to reduce the speed of cars
driving through, or to provide a central refuge to pedestrians
crossing the road.
- When traffic islands are longer, they are instead called traffic
medians, a strip in the middle of a road, serving the divider
function over a much longer distance.
4. Shoulder - is an emergency stopping lane by the verge of
a road or motorway, on the right in countries which drive on
the right, or on the left side in India, Japan, the UK, Australia,
and other left-side driving countries. Many wider US and
Swedish freeways have shoulders on both sides of each
directional carriageway, in the median as well as at the outer
edges of the road, for additional safety.
- The purpose of building a shoulder is that in the event of an
emergency or breakdown, a motorist can pull into the
shoulder to get out of the flow of traffic and obtain a greater
degree of safety.
5. Expressway - a highway designed for fast traffic, with controlled entrance
and exit, a dividing strip between the traffic in opposite
directions, and typically two or more lanes in each direction.
- A controlled-access highway is a type of highway which has
been designed for high-speed vehicular traffic, with all traffic
flow ingress- and egress-regulated. Common English terms
are freeway, motorway and expressway. Other similar terms
include Interstate and parkway.
- A controlled-access highway provides an unhindered flow of
traffic, with no traffic signals, intersections or property access.
They are free of any at-grade crossings with other roads,
railways, or pedestrian paths, which are instead carried
by overpasses and underpasses. Entrances and exits to the
highway are provided at interchanges by slip roads (ramps),
which allow for speed changes between the highway
and arterials and collector roads. On the controlled-access
highway, opposing directions of travel are generally separated
by a median strip or central reservation containing a traffic
barrier or grass. Elimination of conflicts with other directions
of traffic dramatically improves safety[1] and capacity.
- Purepose: a highway especially planned for high-speed
traffic, usually having few if any intersections, limited points of
access or exit, and a divider between lanes for traffic moving
in opposite directions.
6. Freeways - an express highway, especially one with controlled access.
(a toll- free highway).
- A freeway is a "controlled-access" highway — also known
as an express highway — that's designed exclusively for high-
 speed vehicular traffic. Traffic flow on afreeway is unhindered
because there are no traffic signals, intersections, or at-grade
crossings with other roads, railways, or pedestrian paths.
7. Remote Sensing - is the acquisition of information about an object or
phenomenon without making physical contact with the object
and thus in contrast to on-site observation, especially the
Earth. Remote sensing is used in numerous fields, including
geography, land surveying and most Earth Science
disciplines (for example, hydrology, ecology, meteorology,
oceanography, glaciology, geology); it also has military,
intelligence, commercial, economic, planning, and
humanitarian applications.
- Remote sensing makes it possible to collect data of
dangerous or inaccessible areas. Remote sensing
applications include monitoring deforestation in areas such as
the Amazon Basin, glacial features in Arctic and Antarctic
regions, and depth sounding of coastal and ocean depths.
Military collection during the Cold War made use of stand-off
collection of data about dangerous border areas. Remote
sensing also replaces costly and slow data collection on the
ground, ensuring in the process that areas or objects are not
disturbed.
8. Bridges - a structure carrying a road, path, railroad, or canal across a river,
ravine, road, railroad, or other obstacle.

- is a structure built to span a physical obstacle, such as

a body of water, valley, or road, without closing the way
underneath. It is constructed for the purpose of providing
passage over the obstacle, usually something that can be
detrimental to cross otherwise. There are many different
designs that each serve a particular purpose and apply to
different situations.
9. Land Use and Zoning

- Land Use Zoning classifies the type of development allowed on a parcel of land. The
following descriptions provide general information on the various land usezones,
including: residential, commercial, industrial, urban services, agricultural and direct
control

- Land use and zoning involves the regulation of the use and development of real
estate. The most common form of land-use regulation is zoning. Zoning regulations and
restrictions are used by municipalities to control and direct the development of property
within their borders.

10. Reconnaissance Survey

- is an extensive study of an entire area that might be used for a road or airfield.
Its purpose is to eliminate those routes or sites which are impractical or unfeasible and
to identify the more promising routes or sites. Existing maps and aerial photographs
may be of great help.
- It is the preliminary survey. It is used at commencement of any project work
through suggesting possible alternative paths and routes. It needs to be done with
greater efficiency and cost accuracy for identifying these alternative paths and routes.

- It is the process of identifying variable possible routes and evaluating possibility

of these routes in a highway between the specific points. This is done especially for new
routes between the rural areas, for which the aerial photographs are primarily used.

- It has four phase study processes as follows, 1) Research, 2) Draft report

outline, 3) Draft sensitivity map and 4) Final report.

Purpose of reconnaissance survey is discussed below.

• The main purpose is for taking survey in a particular area about its weather conditions,
map and terrain etc.,

• It is used for assessing the flexibility of alternative corridor paths or routes for the
highway between specific points and it can take into account the subsequent points as
below.

1) Topography, geology and traffic volume, 2) Environmental use and 3) Social and
economic land use (construction unit cost, agricultural trends and commercial activities
in industries)

• It is used to estimate quantity of earthwork.

• It is used to evaluate flood records, metrological statistics, topography and other

existing services or communications.

Significance of reconnaissance survey are as given below.

• The results of reconnaissance survey is used to develop the plan, which is helpful to
identify or protect the cultural resources.
• It has to identify any archaeological sites nearby the alignment of routes.

• To explore the site conditions with infrastructure availability.

II. PRCTICAL DISCUSSION

1. What You mean by Highway plans and Specifications?

a. Highway Plans
– are the documentations prepared to convey physical information
so that designers, reviewers, and the public can understand both the
existing conditions and the projects.
- plan also allow contractor to construct the project and define the
right-of-way available or to be acquired.

Different Types of Plans:

1. Construction Plans
a. Base Plans
b. Final Plans
2. Decree Plans
3. Layout Plan
4. Right-of-way plans
b. Specifications – Specifications define the materials and methods
to be use by the contractor when constructing the projects and are
discussed. Standard specifications are used for most highway projects; however
supplemental specifications are often prepared to alter the basic requirements for
specific projects
2. History of roadways and the man behind the evolutions.

John Loudon McAdam

- It was another Scottish engineer, John Loudon McAdam, who designed the
first modern roads. He developed an inexpensive paving material of soil and
stone aggregate (known as macadam).

The assertion that the first pathways were the trails made by animals has not been
universally accepted; in many cases animals do not follow constant paths.[1] Some
believe that some roads originated from following animal trails.[16][17] The Icknield
Way may examplify this type of road origination, where human and animal both selected
the same natural line.[18] By about 10,000 BC human travelers used rough
roads/pathways.[1]

 The world's oldest known paved road was constructed in Egypt some time between
2600 and 2200 BC.[19]
 Stone- paved streets appear in the city of Ur in the Middle East dating back to 4000
BC.[1]
 Corduroy roads (log roads) are found dating to 4000 BC in Glastonbury, England.[1]
 The Sweet Track, a timber track causeway in England, is one of the oldest
engineered roads discovered and the oldest timber trackway discovered in Northern
Europe. Built in winter 3807 BC or spring 3806 BC, (tree-ring dating –
dendrochronology – enabled very precise dating). It was claimed to be the oldest
road in the world[20][21] until the 2009 discovery of a 6,000-year-old trackway
in Plumstead, London.[22][23]
 Brick-paved streets appeared in India as early as 3000 BC.[1]
 c. 1995 BC: an early subdividing of roadways evidenced with sidewalks built in
Anatolia.[24]
 In 500 BC, Darius I the Great started an extensive road system for the Achaemenid
Empire (Persia), including the Royal Road, which was one of the finest highways of
its time,[25] connecting Sardis (the westernmost major city of the empire) to Susa.
The road remained in use after Roman times. These road systems reached as far
east as Bactria and India.[26]
 In ancient times, transport by river was far easier and faster than transport by
road,[21] especially considering the cost of road construction and the difference in
carrying capacity between carts and river barges. A hybrid of road transport and
ship transport beginning in about 1740 is the horse-drawn boat in which the horse
follows a cleared path along the river bank.[27][28]
 From about 312 BC, the Roman Empire built straight[29] strong stone Roman
roads throughout Europe and North Africa, in support of its military campaigns. At its
peak the Roman Empire was connected by 29 major roads moving out
from Rome and covering 78,000 kilometers or 52,964 Roman miles of paved
roads.[21]
 In the 8th century AD, many roads were built throughout the Arab Empire. The most
sophisticated roads were those in Baghdad, which were paved with tar. Tar was
derived from petroleum, accessed from oil fields in the region, through the chemical
process of destructive distillation.[30]
 The Highways Act 1555 in Britain transferred responsibility for maintaining roads
from government to local parishes.[21] This resulted in a poor and variable state of
roads. To remedy this, the first of the "Turnpike trusts" was established around
1706, to build good roads and collect tolls from passing vehicles. Eventually there
were approximately 1,100 trusts in Britain and some 36,800 km (22,870 miles) of
engineered roads.[21] The Rebecca Riots in Carmarthenshire and Rhayader from
1839 to 1844 contributed to a Royal Commission that led to the demise of the
system in 1844,[31] which coincided with the development of the UK railway system.
 In the late-19th century roading engineers began to cater for cyclists by building
separate lanes alongside roadways.

3. The Beginning of Highway in the Philippines

- Brief History of National Roads in the Philippines. Department of Public Works

and Highways or DPWH has been long withstanding as the infrastructure arm of
thePhilippines. It started during the Spanish Colonial Era. ... It was during in the
American Period when the roadways were developed in the Philippines.

Department of Public Works and Highways or DPWH has been long withstanding as the
infrastructure arm of the Philippines. It started during the Spanish Colonial Era. t was in
1900s when the transportation depended on roads. At this period, the construction of
highways in the Philippines seemed to be impossible. It was during in the American Period
when the roadways were developed in the Philippines.

Just like any other government agencies, its development depended on the administration
as result of changing of administration policies and organization structure.

Rehabilitation and construction of roads occurred after the World War II since a lot of
roads were destroyed due to bombs thrown in different areas. It was paid by the Japanese
Government. Philippines was also able to receive grant from the US government.

It was Maximo Paterno who was the first Minister of Ministry of Public Works and
Communications (1899). Since then, it has developed and replicated modern engineering
technologies that ensures safety standards in infrastructure buildings.

5. When is the Existence of Civil Engineering.

- Engineering has been an aspect of life since the beginnings of human existence. The
earliest practice of civil engineering may have commenced between 4000 and 2000 BC
in ancient Egypt, the Indus Valley Civilization, and Mesopotamia (ancient Iraq) when
humans started to abandon a nomadic existence, creating a need for the construction of
shelter. During this time, transportation became increasingly important leading to the
development of the wheel and sailing.

Until modern times there was no clear distinction between civil engineering and
architecture, and the term engineer and architect were mainly geographical variations
referring to the same occupation, and often used interchangeably. [7] The construction
of pyramids in Egypt (circa 2700–2500 BC) were some of the first instances of large
structure constructions. Other ancient historic civil engineering constructions include
the Qanat water management system (the oldest is older than 3000 years and longer
than 71 km,[8]) the Parthenon by Iktinos in Ancient Greece (447–438 BC), the Appian
Way by Roman engineers (c. 312 BC), the Great Wall of China by General Meng
T'ien under orders from Ch'in Emperor Shih Huang Ti (c. 220 BC)[9] and the stupas
constructed in ancient Sri Lanka like the Jetavanaramaya and the extensive irrigation
works in Anuradhapura. The Romans developed civil structures throughout their empire,
including especially aqueducts, insulae, harbors, bridges, dams and roads.

A Roman aqueduct [built circa 19 BC] near Pont du Gard, France

Chichen Itza was a large pre-Columbian city in Mexico built by the Maya people of the
Post Classic. The northeast column temple also covers a channel that funnels all the
rainwater from the complex some 40 metres (130 ft) away to a rejollada, a former cenote.
In the 18th century, the term civil engineering was coined to incorporate all things civilian
as opposed to military engineering.[4] The first self-proclaimed civil engineer was John
Smeaton, who constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse.[3][9] In 1771 Smeaton and some of
his colleagues formed the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers, a group of leaders of
the profession who met informally over dinner. Though there was evidence of some
technical meetings, it was little more than a social society.
In 1818 the Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London, [10] and in 1820 the
eminent engineer Thomas Telford became its first president. The institution received a
Royal Charter in 1828, formally recognising civil engineering as a profession. Its charter
defined civil engineering as:
the art of directing the great sources of power in nature for the use and convenience of
man, as the means of production and of traffic in states, both for external and internal
trade, as applied in the construction of roads, bridges, aqueducts, canals, river navigation
and docks for internal intercourse and exchange, and in the construction of ports,
harbours, moles, breakwaters and lighthouses, and in the art of navigation by artificial
power for the purposes of commerce, and in the construction and application of
machinery, and in the drainage of cities and towns.[11]

6. Works of Civil Engineers.

- There are a number of sub-disciplines within the broad field of civil engineering.
General civil engineers work closely with surveyors and specialized civil engineers to
design grading, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service, dams, electric and
communications supply. General civil engineering is also referred to as site engineering,
a branch of civil engineering that primarily focuses on converting a tract of land from one
usage to another. Site engineers spend time visiting project sites, meeting with
stakeholders, and preparing construction plans. Civil engineers apply the principles of
geotechnical engineering, structural engineering, environmental engineering,
transportation engineering and construction engineering to residential, commercial,
industrial and public works projects of all sizes and levels of construction.

7. Major Statistical Structures.

Types of structured data analysis[edit]

 Algebraic data analysis
 Bayesian analysis
 Cluster analysis
 Combinatorial data analysis
 Formal concept analysis
 Functional data analysis
 Geometric data analysis
 Regression analysis
 Shape analysis
 Topological data analysis
 Tree structured data analysis
8. Major Type of Roadways

- Generally private roads

- Lower capacity highways

-Higher capacity highways, sometimes with medians

- Limited access grade-separated highways

- Multi Modal