BASIC WATER

COURSE
 Introduction to Water Resources

I. Water Cycle
II. Typical Water Supply System
i. Source
ii. Treatment
iii. Distribution
Water Cycle
 Understanding the Water Cycle

The world's total volume of water is in many

different forms:
• Liquid- oceans, rivers and rain
• Solid- glaciers
• Gas- invisible water vapor in the air

Water changes states as it is moved

around the planet by wind currents.
 Evaporation

When the sun heats

the ocean and lakes,
water evaporates and
rises into the air.
 Condensation

The water vapor cools

and condenses to
become droplets,
which form clouds
 Snow

Rain

If enough water
condenses, the drops
become heavy enough
to fall to the ground as
rain and snow.
 Melting
of ice

Run-off

Ground
water
Some rain collects in
ground wells. The rest
flows through rivers,
including melted ice,
back into the ocean
Typical Water Supply
System
 Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

sources of water that are process of making the water the end-users or
potentially useful useful for end-users the receiver
 Water Resources

Icecaps and Glaciers

68.7%
Lakes
87% Swamps
Groundwater 11%
Saline (Oceans)
30.1%
97% Rivers
Surface water 2%
0.3%
Others
0.9%
Fresh water
3%
Earth’s water Freshwater Fresh surface water

Source: en.wikipedia.org
 Sources of Natural Drinking Water

Surface Water Groundwater Seawater Rainwater

- is water in a - is fresh water - is water that - is precipitation

river, lake or located in has the that is collected
fresh the pore space property of from relatively
water wetland. of soil salinity and clean, above-
Surface water is and rocks temperature ground
naturally - water that is which controls surfaces -
flowing within the density of usually
aquifers below the water. rooftops.
the water table
 Water Resources for Metro Manila

Laiban Dam
Kanan Dam
Agos Dam
Kaliwa Low Dam
Marikina River
Wawa Dam
Laguna Lake
Angat Dam

Source: en.wikipedia.org
 Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

SOURCE STORAGE TREATMENT

 Storage

What are dams?

• Dam is a solid barrier constructed

at a suitable location across a river
valley to store flowing water
 Types of dams

Storage dam Diversion dam

Impound water in Used for irrigation,

periods of surplus and for diversion of
supply. water from streams
to a storage reservoir
 UMIRAY
Transbasin
ANGAT DAM Tunnel

IPO DAM

LA MESA DAM

LAGUNA LAKE

GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION
Umiray Angat Dam
Ipo Dam

To Treatment Plants

Portal

Aqueducts

To La
Mesa
Dam
 UMIRAY
UMIRAY
LOCATION : Sitio Bituan, Barangay Umiray,
General Nakar, Quezon Province

Tunnel 4.3 km
Diameter 4.3 m
Design 30cms
Actual 9-16 cms
ANGAT DAM

•Multi Purpose Dam

• For potable water supply
• Electric power generation
• Irrigation
•Flood control
•Overflow Level:217 m
•Low water level: 180.00 m
•Critical low water level: 150.00 m
•Volume: 850 MCM
•Watershed: 62,000 Hectares
 IPO DAMIPO DAM
IPO DAM

•Mass concrete gravity dam with

gated spillways, and diversion
control
•Capacity: 5.9 MCM
•Operating level: 100.50 – 100.80 m
•Overflow Level: 101.0 m
•Watershed: 6,600 Hectares
•7units 12 m high Radial Gates
 LA MESA DAM

LA MESA DAM
•Overflow Level: 80.15 M
•Volume: 45.36 MCM (38 MCM Usable)
•Watershed: 2,700 Hectares
•3 Intake Structures
 Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

-sources of water that are -process of making the water -the end-users of
potentially useful useful for end-users the receiver
 Why do we
treat water?

•58% of ground water is contaminated

with coliform
•31% of illness for a 5-year period were
water-borne diseases
 Impurities in Water

CLASSIFICATIONS

I. Suspended
II. Dissolved
III. Living Organisms
 Impurities in Water

I. Suspended Solids
•Sand •Organic matter (e.g. leaves)
•Silt •Industrial/Domestic by-products
•Clay
•Debris

Effects
• Increase in surface water
temperature, thus decrease the
dissolved oxygen
• Turbid water
• Discoloration
 Impurities in Water

II. Dissolved Solids

•Calcium •Sulfate
•Magnesium •Nitrate
•Chloride •Carbonate
•Manganese

Effects
• Cause metallic/bitter taste
• Discoloration/Staining (Brown,
black or yellow)
• Cause hard water
• Rusty odor
 Impurities in Water

III. Living Organisms

•Fish •Larvae
•Shrimps •Algae
•Worms

Effects
• Cause water-bourne diseases
• Cause taste and odor problems
• Clog filters, and produce slime
growths on intake pipes and
equipment
 Impurities in Water

IV. Dissolved Gases

How it gets into the water

• Naturally occurs in atmosphere and photosynthesis
• Any equipment which is open to the atmosphere will permit
gases to enter

Effects
• Affects aquatic life
• Corrosion
• Rotten egg Odor
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Water Quality
- characteristics of water with respect to its
suitability for drinking
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Main water quality

parameters: Parameter Maximum Level
Apparent 10 PCU
Color
1. Turbidity True 5 PCU
Turbidity 5 NTU
2. pH Chloride 250 mg/L
3. Residual Chlorine Hardness 300 mg/L as CaCO3
4. Microbiological Quality Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/L
Iron 1 mg/L
5. Color
Manganese 0.4 mg/L
6. Taste and Odor pH 6.5 - 8.5
7. Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved
500 mg/L
Solids (TDS)
Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L
Total Coliform <1.1 MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliform <1.1 MPN/100 ml
Source: PNSDW
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

1. Turbidity Parameter Limit

Turbidity 5 NTU

• Refers to cloudiness of water

• The higher the value, the more turbid the water is
• Removed through chemical application

<5 50 250 > 1,500

 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

2. pH Parameter Limit
pH 6.5 - 8.5 mg/L

• Measure of the basicity or acidity of a solution

• Indicates the effectiveness of coagulation/flocculation process

pH < 7 < pH
Acidic Basic
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

3. Residual Chlorine Parameter Limit

Residual Chlorine 0.3 - 1.5 mg/L

•Remaining chlorine available for disinfection

•Indicator analysis for microbiological occurence

Colorimeter
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Parameter Maximum Level

4. Microbiological Parameter Total Coliform <1.1 MPN/100 ml
Fecal Coliform <1.1 MPN/100 ml
• Water contains potential pathogens that may be markers of risk
• These pathogenic organisms originate from the intestinal tract of
warm blooded
• Pathogens:
– Salmonella
– Shigella
– enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
– Vibrio cholerae
– Yersinia enterocolitica
– Campylobacter fetus
– Legionella pneumophila
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water
Minimum Frequency of Sampling for Drinking-Water Supply
Systems for Microbiological Examination

Source: PNSDW
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Parameter Maximum Level

5. Color Apparent 10 PCU
Color
TRUE 5 PCU

• Green or blue water is usually

caused by corrosion of copper
plumbing.

• Red or dark brown water

generally indicates iron rust or
manganese in the water or pipe
sediment

• Cloudy White is usually due to

turbidity
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

6. Taste and Odor

Standard:
Unobjectionable
- Petroleum or solvent odor
- Metallic taste
- Chlorine, chemical or medicinal taste or odor
- Rotten egg odor
- Moldy, earthy, grassy, or fishy odor
- Salty taste
 Philippine National Standard for Drinking Water

Parameter Maximum Level

7. Total Dissolved Solids Total Dissolved
500 mg/L
Solids (TDS)
• Measure of combined content of all organic and inorganic
substances contained in a liquid
• Originate from natural sources, sewage, urban runoff and industrial
wastewater.
Operational
Parameter
Limit
Iron (Total) 1
Iron (Dissolved) <0.10
Manganese (Total) 0.1
Manganese (Dissolved) 0.05
Sulfates 250
Aluminum (Total) 0.2
Aluminum (Dissolved) 0.05
Introduction to Water Treatment Process

 Screening
 Aeration
 Coagulation
 Flocculation
 Sedimentation/
Clarification
 Flotation
 Filtration
 Membrane
 Reverse Osmosis
 Disinfection
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

SCREENING
• Prevents foreign objects such as grass, leaves, tree limbs and other
large floatables to enter the process
• Prevents:
– Damage to treatment plant equipment
– Increase in chemical requirements
– impede hydraulic flow in open channels or pipes
– hinder the treatment process
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

AERATION
• Process of bringing water and air into close contact
• Removes remove dissolved/trapped gases, such as carbon dioxide
• Oxidize dissolved metals such as iron and manganese
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

COAGULATION
• Promotes aggregation of small particles in to large particles by rapid
mixing
• Uses coagulant chemicals
• Common coagulants are as
follows:
1. Aluminum Sulfate
2. Sodium Aluminate
3. Ferric Sulfate
4. Ferrous Sulfate
Coagulant
5. Ferric Chloride
6. Polymers
7. PolyAluminum Chloride
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FLOCCULATION
• Formation of small particles into big ones (flocs), ready for
sedimentation process
• Utilizes slow mixing
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

SEDIMENTATION / CLARIFICATION
• Sedimentation basins are used to settle out the floc before going to the
filters
• Water moves slowly through the sedimentation tank or basin with
minimum turbulence at entry and exit points
• Flocs that formed into sludge settles at the bottom of the basin
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FLOATATION
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

FILTRATION
• Separating suspended solid matter from a liquid, by causing the
latter to pass through the pores of some substance, called a filter.
• The liquid which has passed through the filter is called the FILTRATE
• Filter Media
Silica Sand
Anthracite Coal
Membrane
Nanofilters
Ultrafilters
Microfilters
Reverse Osmosis

Filter
Filter

Raw water Filtrate

Filtrate
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

Conventional Filtration vs Membrane Filtration

• Conventional Granular / • MF Membrane Media
Mixed Media
– Controlled/Uniform Pore
– Irregular Pore Size Size Distribution (0.1 micron)
Distribution
– Absolute Filtration
– Probable/ Filtration
– Better water quality
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

Relative Sizes of Small Particles

Pencil Dot (40 µm)
Large Siliceous
Protozoa Bacteria (20 µm)
Giardia Cyst
(5 - 15 µm)
Particle (0.5 µm)

Virus (0.3 µm)

Protozoa
Cryptosporidium
Oocysts
(3 - 6 µm)

Microfiltration (0.1 µm)

Can all particles be filtered?
 Introduction to Water Treatment Process

DISINFECTION
• Filtering out harmful microbes by adding disinfectant chemicals in
the last step of water purification
• Kills any pathogens which pass through the filters
• Possible pathogens include viruses, bacteria, and protozoa
• Common Disinfectant:
Chlorine DISINFECTANT
CHEMICAL
Chlorine Dioxide
Chloramine
Ozone
Ultraviolet
Hypochlorites
Mixed Oxide
PATHOGENS
La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
 La Mesa Treatment Plant 1
LMTP-1 commissioned in 1982, is a standard flocculation-
settlement-rapid gravity filter plant
• Design Capacity: 1500 mld
• Overload Capacity: 1650 mld
• Type: Conventional
• Filters: Anthracite coal & sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified (Quality Management System)
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety Assessment
Series
LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 1
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS
Aluminum
Sulfate
Polymer
Raw water from LP-1
Pre-chlorination
Open canal (Portal)

Junction
Rapid Sedimentation
Screening Box Coagulation Flocculation
Mixing
Structure

Caustic
Soda
Potassium Recovery Lagoon
Permanganate

Filtration
To Bagbag Reservoir
Post Chlorination

Maynilad Water Services, Inc. created by: Production Planning

 Rapid Mixing Primary
Water Source Coagulant

Coagulant
CoagulantAid
Aid

La Mesa
Chlorine
Treatment
Application Plant 1
Sedimentation
Process
Filtration
Process

Flocculation
Process

Recovery Sludge Lagoons Potable

Water
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
 La Mesa Treatment Plant 2
• Commissioning Date: January 1995
• Design Capacity: 900 mld
• Overload Capacity: 990 mld
• Type: Pulsator
• Filters: Silica sand
• ISO 9001:2000 Certified ( Quality Management System )
• IMS Certified
ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
ISO 14001:2004 Environmental Management Systems
ISO 18001:2007 Occupational Health and Safety
Assessment
Maynilad WaterSeries
Services, Inc.
 LA MESA TREATMENT PLANT 2
WATER TREATMENT PROCESS

Raw water from Pre- chlorination

LP-2 Open canal Aluminum Sulfate Polymer
Caustic Soda
(Portal)
Screening Coagulation
(Raw Water (Repartition Pulsator-Clarifier
Inlet) Building)

Recovered Water
Potassium
Permanganate Washwater
Recovery
Tank
Caustic Soda
(if necessary)
Filtration
Effluent
Post Chlorination
 Flash Mixing Primary
WaterSource
Water Source Coagulant

Primary
Coagulant

Coagulant
Flash Mixing
Coagulant Aid
Aid

Chlorine
Application
Pulsator
Pulsation/ Clarifier
Clarification La Mesa
Process
Treatment
Filtration
Filtration Process
Process
Plant 2

Recovery
Sludge Management Facility Potable
Recovery Water
To LMTP1
Sludge Lagoons
Putatan Water Treatment Plant
 PWTP

o Laguna lake consists of 21 major tributary rivers

o Backflow of saltwater from Manila Bay when level of lake is lower
07/08/10
than 10.5 meters
 CHEMICAL STORAGE
100 MLD PUTATAN
DAF-1
WATER
TREATMENT PLANT DAF-2
PERMEATE
TANK
RAW WATER PUMPING STATION
MFRO BLDG
FOREBAY
SUB STATION
EXISTING NIA BLDG
PRE-TREATED 2

TRANSFORMER YARD PRE-TREATED 1

PWPS MCC
GENSET HOUSE

SLUDGE DEWATERING BLDG

CHLORINATION BLDG

PNR RAILWAY

PRODUCT WATER PUMPING STATION

14ML RESERVOIR
 Putatan Water Treatment Plant

When TDS > 400

 Typical Water Supply System

SOURCE TREATMENT DISTRIBUTION

-sources of water that are -process of making the water -the end-users of
potentially useful useful for end-users the receiver
 Interconnecting Structure
HGL = 74.48 m (as indicated in drawings)
(Correct HGL = 73.16 to 73.18 m)

To Bagbag Reservoir
900 mm dia. BV 3200 mm dia.
2500 mm dia. By-pass

La Mesa Treatment Plant 1

1500 mm dia.

BV

2800 mm dia.
50 ML la Mesa Reservoir
2000 mm dia. Overflow Weir
Elev. = 73.74 m
La Mesa Treatment Plant 2 ARPS

2100 b. valve inside weir box

 HEADLOSS

ROUGHNESS
FLOW
VELOCITY
ENERGYLOSS
 Physical
NRW Secondary/tertiary lines

Commercial
NRW

Hydraulic Grade Line

WSC

lateral line

trunk line
lateral line
 Typical Distribution System
Reservoir

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time – low consumption

During day time – high consumption

elev. 60m

elev. 50m
consumer P.S.
elev. 45m
 Flow and Pressure on Pipes

What is the reason why

reservoir is draining
during peak
demand/hour?
 Typical Distribution System
Reservoir

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time – low consumption

1400
mld

During day time – high consumption

elev. 60m

elev. 50m
consumer P.S.
elev. 45m

1200
1700
mld
mld
 Flow and Pressure on Pipes

What is the function of

pump stations in the
distribution system?
 Typical Distribution System
Bagbag Reservoir

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time – low consumption

During day time – high consumption

elev. 60m

elev. 50m
consumer P.S.
elev. 45m
 TREATMENT

Typical Distribution System PLANT

PE TUBING

BAGBAG
RESERVOIR

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

PUMPING
STATION

PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE

SECONDARY LINE

SECONDARY LINE
 Typical Distribution System
Bagbag Reservoir

Hydraulic Grade Line

During night time – low consumption

During day time – high consumption

elev. 60m

elev. 50m
consumer P.S.
elev. 45m
 TREATMENT

Typical Distribution System PLANT

PE TUBING

BAGBAG
RESERVOIR

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE

PUMPING
STATION

PRIMARY LINE
PRIMARY LINE

SECONDARY LINE
SECONDARY LINE
WATER METER
How high can 7 psi go?

7 psi ~ 5m

2m

3m
PIPE NETWORK
 Tertiary Line
Check Valve Secondary Line
Primary Line Flow Meter
Meter Set
Assembly

GP

Pipe Fittings
District Meter

DMA PRV

Valves Fire Hydrant

PRV

Air Valve Blow-off

 DUCTILE IRON PIPES
STEEL PIPES
 PVC Pipe

Asbestos Cement Pipe

 Galvanized Steel Pipe
HDPE Pipe
 Small Gate Valve –
Commonly used in MSA Gate Valve – Commonly Butterfly Valve –
and domestic plumbing used in MSA and domestic Commonly used in large
plumbing diameter pipes

Cone Valve – Commonly

used in pumping stations Glove Valve – Commonly
used in pumping stations
 Air Valve – are provided in long
Check Valve – Permit water to flow
pipelines to permit release of air at
in only one direction and are
high points and prevent negative
commonly used to to prevent
pressures when lines get drained.
reversal of flow when pumps are
shutoff

Pressure Regulating Valve –

Automatically reduce the
downstream pressure to any
desired level..
District Meter – Are used
to measure supply and to
calculate losses in a DMA.
 Flow Meter– Are used to
measure supply and to
calculate losses on
Electromagnetic Flow Meter distribution lines.

Insertion Type Flow Meter

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Blow-off valve – Are
designed to prevent
contamination of water
supplies. It is usually
located at the lowest part
of the pipeline.
 Fire Hydrant – Are
designed for fire fighting
and can be used as
flushing point.

Spring Fire Hydrant

Traffic Type Fire Hydrant
Meter Set Assembly– Are
used to measure water
consumption of
costumers.
 Reducer Tee
End Cap

Adaptor
STC

Elbow
Bend