Automation Control

Electro Mechanical Topic-3

Lecture-1

Relay
Industrial Engineering Department, UET Peshawar

!1
 This Lecture

❖ Introduction
❖ Relay Contacts
❖ Relay Logics
❖ Relay Circuits

!2
 Switch

❖ When OPEN
❖ No Current passes through
it
❖ Known as Button
❖ Push type
❖ Lever Type
 ElectroMagnetism
❖ Production of a magnetic field by current in a conductor
is called electromagnetism
❖ How
❖ Current passes through conductor
❖ Electromagnetic field is created around the
conduction
❖ Magnetic field is stronger near the conductor
 Left Hand Rule

❖ Direction of Current
❖ Direction of magnetic field
 Relays
❖ Similar to Switch
❖ Open
❖ No power delivery
❖ Close
❖ Deliver power to a load
❖ Electromagnet is used
❖ Coil controls the electromagnet
❖ Operates at different voltages
❖ 6V, 12V, 24V etc;
❖ Best to see data sheet before using
 Parts of Relays

1. Spring
2. Moveable Armature
3. Moveable Contact
4. Stationary Contact
5. Electromagnet
 Why Relays

❖ Most important electromechanical device

❖ Switching high AC voltage electric circuits
❖ Using low DC
❖ Electronic and Electric circuits are isolated
❖ Magnetically connected to each other
Basic Relay Operations
 Operates similarly to
Contacts
❖

switch/push button
❖ Contacts are pair of metals
Contacts

Normally Open Does not allow current to flow

Contacts

Normally Closed Allows current to flow

Contacts

Both NC and NO are used but

Combination both refer to common

No contact between each
other
Who will define the normal state?
Spring
Who moves the common contact of the Relay?
Armature
 Advantages

❖ Low initial cost

❖ Very low contact voltage drop
❖ No heat sink is required
 Disadvantages

❖ Wear of Contacts
❖ Short Contact Life
Relay Logics
 Review of Boolean Algebra

❖ Just like Boolean logic

❖ Variables can only be 1 or 0
❖ Instead of true / false
❖ Not is a horizontal bar above the number
❖ 0=1
❖ 1=0
❖ Or is a plus
❖ 0+0 = 0
❖ 0+1 = 1
❖ 1+0 = 1
❖ 1+1 = 1
❖ And is multiplication
❖ 0*0 = 0
❖ 0*1 = 0
❖ 1*0 = 0
❖ 1*1 = 1
 Basic Logic Gates

x
❖ Not x
xy x xyz
x y
❖ And y z
x x+y x x+y+z
y
❖ Or y
z
x xy
❖ Nand y
x x+y
❖ Nor y

x xÅ y
y
How would you represent (x+y)*y in logic gates?
 Example 1

x
y
y
x x+y

y
(x+y)y

y y
 Example 2

x
?
y
 Example 2 Cont…

Not
x AND
Not

y
Not
 Example 2 Cont…

x
x xy xy
y
y
Operations, Truth Table and
Circuits
 OR Operation

❖ Control Behavior
❖ The light should be on when
either switch A is on (i.e.,
closed) or switch B is on
(closed). Otherwise it should
be off
❖ Task: Implement this behavior
using
❖ Relay circuit
 Relay Circuit for OR Operations
❖ Switches A and B are connected in
parallel to relay coils AR & BR resp.
❖ When switch A (or switch B) is closed
relay coil AR (or BR) gets energized
❖ The Normally Open (NO) contact AR
(or BR) gets closed
❖ Power is transmitted to coil LR
❖ Relay coil LR gets energized
❖ The NO contact LR gets closed
❖ Power is transmitted to the
Light bulb
 AND Operation

❖ Control Behavior: The light

should be on when switch A is
on (i.e., closed) and switch B is
on (closed). Otherwise it
should be off
❖ Task: Implement this behavior
using
❖ Relay circuit
❖ PLC Ladder Logic
 Relay Circuit for AND Operation
❖ Switches A and B are connected in series
to relay coils AR & BR resp.
❖ When switch A is closed relay coil AR
gets energized
❖ The Normally Open (NO) contact AR
gets closed
❖ Power flows to Normally Open (NO)
contact BR, where it terminates until
BR is energized
❖ Subsequently, when BR gets
energized, LR is energized, which
causes the NO contact LR to close
❖ Power is transmitted to the
Light bulb
“Ability may get you to the top but it takes
character to keep you there”

–John Wooden