CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. GENARAL

Now-a-days the most suitable and widely used construction

material is concrete. This building material, until these days, went through
lots of developments. The definition of concrete is a mixture of port-land
cement, water; sand and gravel or crushed aggregate which when placed in
forms and allowed to cure becomes hard, the hardening is caused by
chemical action between water and cement by which it gains strength
progressively.
Cement is the most widely consumable material in the
infrastructure development works. The most important part of concrete is
cement. The production process of this raw material produces a lot of CO2. It
is well known, that CO2 emission initiates harmful environmental changes.
Now-a-days researcher makes efforts to minimize industrial emission of
CO2. The most effective way to decrease the CO2 emission of cement
industry is to substitute a proportion of cement with other materials.
However, the environmental issue of cement has become a rising concern, as
cement industries are accountable around 2.5% of total worldwide waste
emissions from industrial sources. It is need of time to raise the use of
cement replacement materials in the concrete which can reduce the
significant amount of cement consumption because the production of cement
requires huge energy.

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 India is the world’s second largest producer of cement after china
with industry capacity of over 200 million tonnes. India is producing
different varieties of cement like Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC), Portland
Pozzolana Cement (PPC), Portland Blast Furnace Slag Cement (PBFS), Oil
Well Cement, Rapid Hardening Portland Cement, Sulphate Resisting
Portland cement, White Cement, Blended Cement, etc. Production of these
varieties of cement conform to the BIS Specifications. There are three
grades of cement used in practice.
Ordinary Portland cement 33grade is required to conform to BIS
specification IS: 269-1998 with a designed strength for 28 days being a
minimum of 33MPa. Ordinary Portland 43grade cement is required to
conform to BIS specification IS: 8112-2000 with a designed strength for 28
days being a minimum of 43MPa. Ordinary Portland 53grade cement is
required to conform to BIS specification IS: 12269-1999 with a designed
strength for 28 days being a minimum of 53MPa. OPC 53 grade gives 10 to
15% saving in cement consumption and 5 to 8% saving in steel consumption
provided higher grades of concrete say M30 and above are used. OPC 53
grade is useful for high rise buildings, flyovers, chimneys and pre-stressed
structures where high grade concrete is required. OPC 53 grade gives better
durability characteristics to concrete-high grade concrete can be made with
low water cement ratio.
At present, concrete industry is cursed with the scarcity of the
aggregates and environment pollution from cement production. The cement
industry has a significant contribution in global warming because
combustion of fuel in the cement kiln and the electricity used for grinding
the clinker, emit large amount of CO2. Cement industry is responsible for
about of 5% of global CO2 emissions. Therefore, it becomes very essential
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and more significant to find out the substitutes for both cement as well
natural aggregates. Apart from it, the continuous growth of agro and
industrial waste is the principle cause of many environmental concerns and
burdens which can be reduced by using these wastes in concrete
construction.
Agro waste is the waste produced from various agricultural goods.
Bagasse from Sugarcane, wheat husk and wheat straw from Wheat,
groundnut shell from Groundnut, and rice husk from Paddy are the wastes of
agriculture. Nowadays, some of the wastes such as rice husk, bagasse, shell
of ground nuts etc. are partly used as a fuel for power generation. Apart from
above mentioned agro waste ashes, some researchers identified that the
sugarcane bagasse ash can also be used as pozzolan in concrete.

1.1.1 USE OF INDUSTRIAL BY-PRODUCT IN CONCRETE:

The three main components of concrete are cement, coarse

aggregate, fine aggregate and water. In these three components cement is the
most important constituent of concrete. During the cement production one of
the greenhouse gases called carbon dioxide is emitted, which will cause
global warming. In order to reduce this global warming some of the agro
wastes are used in construction materials. Due to the versatility of concrete
several waste materials find their way in the replacement of cement and
aggregate in the production of concrete. Moreover the successful utilization
of fly ash as a pozzolanic material in concrete and its increased commercial
as well as technical feasibility directed several researchers to utilize other
waste and ashes in concrete. These resulted in the utilization of rice husk

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ash, silica fume, rock dust, siliceous stone powder, egg shell powder, sludge,
sugar cane bagasse ash and other such materials in concrete.

The utilization of bagasse ash in concrete effectively serves to

conserve the natural resources and lowers the cement consumption. To
alleviate the rising cost of materials especially cement for the production of
concrete, maximized waste utilization is required through utilizing sugarcane
bagasse ash.

1.1.2 SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH:

SCBA is a by-product from sugar industries which the bagasse is

burnt to generate power required for different activities in the factory. The
burning of bagasse leaves bagasse ash as a waste, which has a pozzolanic
property that would potentially be used as a cement replacement material. It
has been know that the worldwide total production of sugarcane is 1500
million tons.

In the world, India is in second position in sugarcane production.

On an average, sugarcane production in India is about 300 -350 million tons
in the last five years. So, about 10 million tons of SCBA is unexploited
every year and results as waste. Moreover this ash is very hard in
degradation and possesses very less nutrients.

Sugarcane contains about 30% bagasse whereas the sugar recovered

is about 10% and the bagasse leaves about the 8% bagasse ash (this
percentage depends on the quality and type of boiler) as a waste, this
disposal ash will be of serious concern.

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 Sugarcane bagasse consists of approximately 50% of cellulose,
25% of hemicelluloses of ligin. Each ton sugarcane generates approximately
26% of bagasse (at a moisture content of 50%) and 0.62% of residual ash.
The residue after combustion presents a chemical composition of dominates
by silicon dioxide (sio2). In spite of being a material of hard degradation and
the present few nutrients, the ash is used on the farms as the fertilizer in the
sugarcane harvests.

SCBA has recently been tested in some parts of the world for its
use as a cement replacement material. The bagasse ash was found to
improve some properties of paste, mortar and concrete including
compressive strength and water tightness in certain replacement percentages
and fineness.

The highest silica content in bagasse ash was suggested to be the

main cause for these improvements. Although the silicates content may vary
from ash to ash depending upon the burning conditions and other properties
of raw materials including the soil on which the sugarcane is grown, it has
been reported that the silicate undergoes a pozzolanic reaction with the
hydration products of the cement and results in a reduction of the free lime
in the concrete.

1.1.3 SILICA FUME:

Silica fume, also referred to as microsilica or condensed silica

fume, is another material that is used as an artificial pozzolanic admixture. It
is a product resulting from reduction of high purity quartz with coal in an
electric arc furnace in the manufacture of silicon or ferrosilicon alloy. Silica

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fume is an airborne material like fly ash, it has spherical shape. Silica fume
is extremely fine with particle size less than 1 micron and with an average
diameter of about 0.1 micron, about 100 times smaller than average cement
particles.

Silica fume has become one of the necessary ingredients for making
high strength and high performance concrete. In India, silica fume has been
used very rarely. Nuclear Power Corporation was one of the first to use
silica fume concrete in their nuclear power projects.

Silica fume used in concrete enhances strength, durability, abrasion,

and corrosion resistance in addition to reduction in permeability. With
aforesaid wide benefits and good pozzolanic behavior it is used in concrete
as a pozzolan. Further it is also used as an admixture in concrete.

1.1.4 Ternary Concrete:

Ternary concrete is a mixture composed of two or more components.

Concrete produced with the combination of fly ash, silica fume, metakaolin
etc. as supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) and Portland cement
have proved to enhance concrete performance producing higher long-term
strengths, improving workability while requiring less water, and reducing
efflorescence and permeability. Ternary concrete is one such mixture which
comes to effect in such cases.

1.1.5 Benefits of Ternary Concrete:

Ternary mixtures can be designed for:

 High strength
 Low permeability
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  Corrosion resistance
 Sulfate resistance
 ASR resistance
 Elimination of thermal cracking
1.1.6 Applications of Ternary Concrete:

Ternary mixtures can be used in many concrete applications. Some of the

major applications are as follows:
 General Construction (residential, commercial, industrial)
 Laying of Pavements
 High performance concrete
 Precast concrete for bridges, Pre-engineered blocks
 Masonry and masonry units
 Mass concrete
1.1.7 Impact test: The impact resistance of the specimens was determined in
accordance with the procedure in the ACI committee 544.2R-89. The
discussions are given in the following section.
The impact test was carried out in two ways; one using drop weight hammer
for cylindrical disc and another using drop weight ball for prisms. In both
these tests, the number of blows required to cause complete failure of the
specimen was recorded as the impact failure strength. The 13.5 kg hammer
was used for applying the impact load which was dropped continuously from
a height of 413 mm onto a specimen that was located at the base plate of the
impact testing machine. In each test, the number of blows required to
produce to cause complete failure of the specimen was recorded as the
impact failure strength.

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The impact energy delivered by the hammer per blow was calculated as
follows:
Impact energy U = m.n.v2/2 ……1
H = gt2/2 ……2
V = g.t
m = w/g
Where V is the velocity of the hammer, g is acceleration due to
gravity, and t is the time required for the hammer to fall from a height of 413
mm. H is the height of the fall, m is mass of the hammer, n is the number of
blows and W is the weight of the hammer.
Substituting the relevant values in equation 2
413 = 9810t2/2
t = 0.290s
V = 9810 x 0.290 = 2846.58 mm/s
The impact energy absorb per blow U, can be obtained by substituting
the values in equation 1
U = 135 x 2846.582 / 2 x 9810 = 55.75 kN-mm.

1.1.8 Optical Microscope: The optical microscope, often referred to as

the light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible
light and a system of lenses to magnify images of small objects. A USB
Digital Microscope is used where the microscope camera attaches directly to
the USB port of a computer, eyepieces are not required and the images are
shown directly on the monitor. The thin sections are analyzed under an
optical microscope using a combination of a blue excitation filter and a
yellow blocking filter. This is the fluorescent light mode in which epoxy
filling air voids and cracks appears yellow, cement paste appear as shades of
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green, and aggregate in black. The shades of green of the cement paste
depend on the capillary porosity.

Optical microscope, has wide application in cement and construction

industries, is equipped with state of art polarizing and stereoscopic
microscope attached with image analyzer. Optical microscope is an
important tool for quality evaluation of cement raw materials, fly ash,
slag, clinker, coarse and fine aggregates and concrete samples. Thin and
polished sections of rock, clinker and concrete are examined in
transmitted and reflected light respectively. In-situ samples of concrete
and rocks are evaluated in stereoscopic microscope. The salient features
are as follows:

 Qualitative and quantitative assessment of raw materials.

 Morphological, mineralogical and granulometric analyses of sand fly
ash, slag, tailings etc.,
 Mineralogical and micro-structural features of clinker mineral phases
such as alite, belite, aluminate, alumino-ferrite phases and glass.
 Percentage of free lime in clinker.
 Quality variation in clinker induced by process and operational
parameters.
 Percentage of glass content in fly ash and slag.
 Percentage and morphology of palerosphere and cenosphere in fly ash.
 Detailed petrographic investigations of coarse and fine aggregates.
 Rock classification by petrographic methods.
 Petro fabric analysis of rocks.

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 Petrographic analysis of rocks pertaining to geo-technical
investigations.
 Evaluation of different types of aggregates for alkali-silica reactivity
(ASR) and alkali-carbonate reactivity (ACR) studies.
 Detailed microscopic investigations of fire damaged concrete,
petrographic evaluation of hydrated concrete and microstructural
analysis of hardened concrete of various ages and environment.
 Petrographic analysis and Langlier equation of silt samples.
 Identification and classification of heavy minerals in sand and silt
samples.
 Quantitative estimation of mica in sand, silt and soil.
 Setting up of optical microscopic laboratories and impart training on
operation and maintenance.

Fig 1.1 Optical microscope

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1.2. SCOPE OF THE WORK:
Experimental investigation had been carried out to evaluate the Impact
resistance of Ternary blended concrete by using drop weight hammer testing
machine as per ACI committee 544.2R-89. Ternary Blended Concrete is
made by partial replacement of cement by Sugarcane Bagasse Ash (SCBA)
and Silica fume. Impact resistance of ternary concrete by cement is partially
replaced with silica fume by 10% and the SCBA is partially replaced with
cement by 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Detailed investigation is to be
conducted on SCBA Silica fume Ternary concrete for mineralogical
characteristics by using Optical microscope keeping Impact resistance in
view.

1.3. OBJECIVES:

1. To study the behavior of impact resistance of SCBA Silica fume ternary

blended concrete.
2. To study the mineralogical properties by Optical microscope, thereby to
understand the strength development mechanism of SCBA Silica fume
concrete mixture.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEWS
2.1. INTRODUCTION:

The three main components of concrete are cement, coarse

aggregate, fine aggregate and water. In these three components cement is the
most important constituent of concrete. During the cement production one of
the greenhouse gases called carbon dioxide is emitted, which will cause
global warming. In order to reduce this global warming some of the agro
wastes are used in construction materials. SCBA has recently been tested in
some parts of the world for its use as a cement replacement material. The
bagasse ash was found to improve some properties of paste, mortar and
concrete including compressive strength and water tightness in certain
replacement percentages and fineness. The highest silica content in bagasse
ash was suggested to be the main cause for these improvements. Silica fume
used in concrete enhances strength, durability, abrasion, and corrosion
resistance in addition to reduction in permeability. With aforesaid wide
benefits and good pozzolanic behavior it is used in concrete as a pozzolan.
Further it is also used as an admixture in concrete.

2.2. LITERATURE RIVIEWED:

Seyed Alireza et al., [1] investigated an extensive experimental study as the

possibility of using sugarcane bagasse as a partial replacement of cement in
ordinary, lightweight concrete and self-compacting concrete. The materials
used in the study were sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) and Micro-silica. The
objective of their research was to replacement of SCBA with cement by 5%,

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10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% and constant water cement ratio of 0.4 and 10%
of micro-silica for all concrete mixtures. The mechanical properties like
compressive strength, splitting tensile test, and durability properties like
water absorption test studied. The partial replacement of cement with 15%,
20%, and 25% Bagasse ash (BA) resulted in a reduction in compressive
strength by 8%, 24%, and 35%. Increasing the BA content in the concrete
mixtures reduces the tensile strength except for LWCBA in which strength
remained constant by 5% incorporation of SCBA. The microstructural
properties like SEM and XRD also studied for different mixes.

K.Ganesan et al., [2] studied the effect of BA content as partial replacement

of cement on physical and mechanical properties of hardened concrete. The
materials used in the study were OPC and BA. BA blended cements were
prepared by replacing OPC with different amount of BA (5, 10,15,20,25 and
30 wt %) in dry condition. The properties of concrete like compressive
strength, splitting tensile strength, water absorption, permeability
characteristics, and chloride diffusion tests studied at different days. The
compressive strength increases with BA up to 10% and then at 20% for 7
and 28 days. At 20% of BA, the splitting tensile values increased. At 28
days, curing the percentage of water absorption increased with BA content.
At 28 days curing the sorptivity decreases with increases of BA content.
From the test results, it is conclude that, up to 20% of OPC can be optimally
replace with well brunt bagasse ash without any adversive effect on the
desirable properties of concrete.

Madhurima Bhattacharya and Venkatanarayana Harish [3] studied on

an integrated approach for studying the hydration of Portland cement
systems containing silica fume. In this experimental study ordinary Portland

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cement (Grade 43) conforming to IS 8112, Silica fume conforming to
ASTM C 1240 and IS 650 and Indian standard sand is available in three
grades (Grade1, Grade2, Grade3) was used. In this study X-ray fluorescence
analysis is used for chemical properties of cement and compressive test is
carried out by IS 4031 (part6). The degree of pozzolanic reaction decreases
with increase in the replacement level of silica fume. Of the total quantity of
silica fume added, the quantity that has fully reacted is about 3.92%–5.4%
and the reminder remains in the system taking part in pore filling process.
From the study, it is conclude that the strength of motors containing 4% and
8% replacement level of silica fume shows higher strength than the control
motors. However, Silica fume 12% shows lower strength.

P.J.P. Gleize et al., [4] studied the microstructural effects of the substitution
of 10% of Portland cement by silica fume in a masonry mortar. The
materials used in this study were cement, water, silica fume, lime and sand.
For SEM observations, and non-evaporable water content, samples were
extracting from the core of compression test samples at the age of 7 and 28
d. For SEM observations, samples were cover with a thin gold layer and C/S
ratio was measure by energy dispersive X-rays analysis (EDX) as the
average of four measurements of the same zone. From the test results, silica
fume–cement–lime mortars compressive strength is smaller and porosity is
higher than reference mortars at early age (7 days old) but becomes,
respectively, higher and smaller at a later age (28 days old).

Sidney Diamond et al., [5] studied on type of reaction products filled the
space within the original outline of the agglomerates in silica fume which is
recognizable by SEM and EDAX. The material used in this study was silica
fume. The test were performed on the silica fume was SEM and EDAX. The

14
results of this process were the formation of agglomerates of various shapes
and of sizes much larger than the original clusters. Agglomerates present in
dry densified silica fume ranges in size from 10µm to several thousand
microns. The material constitutes a dry powder that flows easily and is
readily incorporate in concrete. SEM images showed the size and shape of
agglomerates in three-dimensional. The agglomerates appeared dense. The
larger ones were roughly spherical and an onion like internal structure
commonly detected.

Medhat H. Shehata and Michael D.A. Thomas [6] investigated the effects
of cementitious systems containing Portland cement (PC), silica fume (SF)
and fly ash (FA) on the expansion due to alkali–silica reaction (ASR). The
materials used in this study were two High-alkali Portland cements (HAPC)
and one low-alkali Portland cements (LAPC) (1.00%, 1.09% and 0.60%
Na2Oe, respectively), a single source of high silica, low-alkali SF and three
FA of low, moderate and high calcium contents. Practical levels of SF and
FA introduced into HAPC systems were found to be effective in reducing
the expansion due to ASR to levels <0.04% after 3 years. Pastes samples
containing SF achieved low pore solution alkalinity at early ages. After 28
days, there was a gradual but sustained increase in the alkalinity up to 2 or 3
years. Ternary blends resulted in pore solution of low alkalinity at early ages
with no increases at later ages. The expansion of concrete prisms containing
ternary blends could explain based on the alkalinity of pore solution.

Khaled Marar et al., [7] determined the impact resistance for high-strength
fiber-reinforced concrete HSFRC composite by using drop weight impact
testing machine. The impact test was perform on 150 mm diameter x 60 mm
length concrete cylinders cut from 150 x 300 mm diameter cylinders by

15
using a masonry saw. Twelve cylinders were test to obtain the average
number of blows required to cause the first crack and the ultimate failure at
28 days of age. The weight of the drop hammer was 13.5 kg and the height
of drop was 0.30 m. During the impact, the speed of the drop hammer,
velocity V is measured, and it was calculate as 1.8088 m/s. The impact
energy is delivered to the specimen produced by the each blow was
calculated. The material used in this study is cement, aggregate, water and
steel fibers. From the test results, it was conclude that increasing the volume
of steel fibers leads to increase in impact resistance. Impact testing machine
helps the engineers in designing and construction of structures where
compression energy absorption is especially important.

G Murali et al., [8] studied the empirical relationship between the impact
energy and compressive strength was developing by using regressive
analysis. The materials used in this study were OPC, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, water, fibers and superplasticizer. In this study, M30 grade
concrete and steel fibers of 0%, 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were used. Each mix of
freshly mixed concrete was then cast into cylinders 100 x 200mm, cubes
100mm and prisms 500 x 100 x 100mm, that were used in the splitting
tensile, compressive and flexural strength test respectively. Cylindrical 100 x
64mm disc, which were cut from the cylindrical specimen, used for the
impact test. From the test results, it was concluded that the impact resistance
also increase against the first visible crack and final fracture; which meant
the energy absorption capacity in concrete with fibers increased. The
empirical relationship would help to develop preliminary designs of
structures where impact resistance is especially important and further reduce
the number of experiments.

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Trilok Gupta et al., [9] has investigated the High Impact resistance for
concrete containing waste rubber fiber and silica fume. From the study
rubber fiber is replace to cement with 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%
and Silica fume of 0%, 5% and 10% replaced to cement. Impact test and
Compressive test were conduct in this study. The compressive strength of
rubber fiber Concrete was increase of 10% replacement of replacement of
cement Silica fume. The impact resistance for first crack as well as ultimate
failure increases with the increase in rubber fiber content. From the test
results it is concluded that the Impact resistance of concrete improves on
replacement of fine aggregate by rubber fibers and on replacement of cement
by Silica fume and reduces the ductility of Rubber fiber concrete.

Mahmoud Nili and V. Afroughsabet [10] investigated the impact

resistance and mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete with
water-cement ratio of 0.46 and 0.36, with and without the additional of silica
fume. The materials used in this study were OPC, silica fume, coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, water and steel fibers. In this study, each type of
freshly mixed concrete was casted into cubic 100mm, cylindrical 100mm x
200mm, prismatic and cylindrical cutting specimens for compressive, split
tensile, flexural and impact test. As impact test indicated, the number of
blows at first crack and at failure increased in fibrous specimens. From the
test results, it is concluding that additional of silica fume by itself to the
mixtures improved the number of blows at first crack.
H.E.M. Sallam et al., [11] studied the Impact resistance of rubberized
concrete and Impact resistance of normal strength concrete by adding silica
fume. In the study 10%, 20%, and 30% of crumb rubber as a partial
replacement of sand is used. Impact test was carrying out in this study. In

17
this study, ACI Impact test failed to differentiate between the rubberized
concretes with different rubber contents. From the test results, it is conclude
that, the replacement of fine aggregate by 10% with crumb rubber caused a
small decrease in concrete compressive strength and the presence of crumb
rubber of small size in concrete increased the resistance of concrete to crack
initiation under Impact load.

Prashant O Modania and M R Vyawahareb [12] investigated untreated

bagasse ash has been partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%
and 40% by volume of fine aggregate in concrete. The materials used in the
study were Cement, aggregate, water and bagasse ash. The concrete is test
for compressive strength, split tensile strength and sorptivity test. The
compressive strength of the mixes with 10% and 20% bagasse ash increases
at 28 days as compared to7 days. Sorptivity test result showed that the
sorptivity coefficient increases with increase in percentage of bagasse ash.
From the test results, it is conclude that the 10% to 20% can effectively
replace with untreated bagasse ash without a considerable loss of
workability and strength properties.

Ali Khodabakhshian et al., [13] investigated of durability properties

carried out on 16 concrete mixes containing marble waste powder and silica
fume as partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement. The latter were
partially replaces at different ratios of silica fume (0%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%)
and marble waste powder (0%, 5%, 10%, and 20%). Workability and bulk
density tests were carry out on fresh concrete, while compressive strength,
electrical resistivity, water absorption, durability to sodium sulphate,
magnesium sulphate and sulphuric acid attack tests were performed to
evaluate some relevant properties of concrete in the hardened state. The

18
materials used in the study were OPC, coarse aggregate, sand, water, silica
fume and marble dust powder. From the test results, it was find that the
strength and durability of concrete containing marble waste powder tend to
decline for replacement ratios over 10% but satisfactory results were obtain
below that level of replacement. Regarding the use of silica fume, it was
observe that it improves the strength and durability of concrete with marble
waste powder by offsetting the decline of its properties relative to
conventional concrete. In addition to obtaining approximately the same
results as the original concrete mix, using 20% marble waste powder and
10% silica fume as partial replacement of cement resulted in a 30% cement
reduction that decreases the harmful effects of cement industry on the
environment.

K.V.Ramesh et al., [14] studied on SCBA used as partial replacement of

cement and normal coarse aggregate replaced with basalt aggregate. The
materials use in the study are OPC 53, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate,
water and SCBA. In this experiment work, cement replaced with different
percentages (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20) of SCBA by the cement weight. The mixes
of concrete mix were casted in 36 moulds of size 150mm x 150mm x
150mm. The concrete samples were immersing in water after 24 hours of
casting. Tests were conduct after 3, 7 and 28 days of curing. Compressive
strength was studying at 7 days and 28days. From the test results, it is
concluded that, SCBA can be utilized for partial replacement of cement up
to 10% by weight of cement without any major loss strength and by
replacement of cement with SCBA greenhouse emissions can be reduced.

Sagar Dhengare et al., [15] studied utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash

(SCBA) in different compositions that added to the raw material at different

19
levels to develop sustainable concrete and mortar. The materials used in the
study were Cement, aggregate, water and bagasse ash. Proportions for mix
design of m20, m30, m40 were studying. For m40 and m30 grade of
concrete maximum compressive strength was obtain at 15% replacement of
SCBA for cement. For m20 grade of concrete maximum compressive
strength was obtain at 10% replacement of SCBA for cement. The
compressive strength was increase up to 10% replacement of SCBA. From
the study, it is concluding that SCBA can easily replace up to 20%. The
maximum compressive strength founded at 15% replacement level, though
15% replacement gave higher strength 20% could used because the result
from 20% replacement is near about control concrete. In case of split tensile
strength 10%, replacement gave higher strength. The utilization of bagasse
ash in concrete and mortar solves the problem of its disposal thus keeping
the environment free from pollution.

T. Santosh kumar et al., [16] investigated on the influence of BA and silica

fume on the drying shrinkage property of ternary blended concrete made
with replacement of cement with BA in various proportions and 10% silica
fume. The material used in the study were OPC43, SCBA, silica fume,
coarse aggregate, fine aggregate and super plasticizer. Six series of drying
shrinkage prism of 75mm x 75mm x 285mm are used. The test continued
everyday and for ages 7days, 28days, 56days and 90days. From the test
results, it is concluding that, 15% replacement of SCBA observed to be
optimum. 5% and 10% replacement of SCBA concrete mixtures were
observe higher shrinkage values. 25% replacement of SCBA has the lowest
value of drying shrinkage.

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M. Vijay sekhar reddy et al., [17] investigated utilizing Sugarcane bagasse
ash concrete, with partial replacement of cement. The replacement is at
various percentages like 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% and its effect on
properties of concrete investigated. The materials used in the study were
Cement, aggregate, water and bagasse ash. A proportion for mix design of
M20 is studied. Slump cone test and compressive strength is studied. The
experimental results showed that the maximum compressive strengths for 7
and 28 days curing period achieved are 17.93 and 30.57 N/mm2 respectively
with 10% replacement of cement by bagasse ash. From the test results, it is
concluding that the cement could advantageously replace with SCBA up to
maximum limit of 10%.

Radhika Kowsik and S. Jayanthi [18] investigated on the Durability Study

of Bagasse Ash and Silica fume Based Hollow Concrete Block for Lean
Mix. This study was carrying out in two phases. In Phase I, hollow concrete
blocks were casted using the hollow block machine for concrete mix
proportions of 1:6.5:6.5. The mix was prepared by replacing cement with
SCBA by 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% along with 10% addition of silica fume
on all proportions. In Phase II, cubes of size 100 x 100 x 100 mm was casted
for the same concrete mix proportions of 1:6.5:6.5. The cubes were subject
to vibration using the table vibrator to maintain the zero slumps as in
commercial hollow block manufacturing. In this experimental study, the
compressive tests and Durability Study such as Acid Resistance, Alkaline
Resistance, and Sulphate Resistance were conduct. Based on the test results
it is conclude that the compressive strength of both hollow concrete block
and cube was maximum at 10% SCBA replacement along with 10% SF as
admixture compared to normal concrete. The addition of silica fume found

21
to increase the Durability against acid, alkaline, sulphate attack. However,
increase in SCBA replacement decreases the Durability of concrete. The
utilization of the waste ash reduces the consumption of cement thus reduces
the possible green house emission.

Ansia S Hameed and Biby Aleyas [19] investigated Portland cement

partially replaced with silica fume and SCBA in m40 grade concrete. 5%,
10%, 15%, 20% and 25% of SCBA and silica fume partially replaced with
cement. The materials used in the study were OPC, coarse aggregate, sand,
water, bagasse ash, silica fume and super plasticizer. M40 grade of concrete
selected. Specimens were preparing for control mix of M40 grade concrete.
Cubes of sizes 150mm x 150mm x 150mm, cylinders of size 150mm x
300mm, beams of size 100mm x 100mm x 500mm were casted. On fresh
concrete slump, test and compaction factor test done on both binary and
ternary concrete. Compressive strength test was finished on binary concrete.
Compressive strength test, flexure strength test and split tensile strength test
were finished on ternary blended concrete. From the test results, it is
conclude that SCBA is a by-product material, when used as cement to an
optimum dosage of 10% improves the properties of concrete.

Mailapalli Ramarao and G Swarna [20] studied to evaluate the impact of

shared utilization of Bagasse ash and silica fume on compressive strength,
split tensile strength and flexural strength on both M30 grade and M60 grade
ternary concrete with different weight percentages ranging from 0 to 25% in
the production of ternary concrete. The materials used in the study were
OPC, coarse aggregate, sand, water, bagasse ash and silica fume. Cubes
were casted by replacing cement with Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash by 0%, 5%,
10%, 15%, 20% and 25% and with 10% addition of silica fume on all

22
replacement level. Mix proportion of M30 and M60 Grade ternary concrete
used. The properties of concrete like compressive strength, splitting tensile
strength were tested. From the test results, it is conclude that for M60 the
optimum value occurs at 10% of SCBA. For M30 the optimum value occurs
at 10% of SCBA.

Vishal S. Ghutke and Pranita S.Bhandari [21] evaluated the various

properties of concrete using silica fume and determined the optimum
replacement comparison between the regular concrete and concrete
containing silica fume was do. The materials used in the study were OPC,
coarse aggregate, sand, water, and silica fume. For this research M20 grade,
concrete is used. Workability and compressive strength test were
performing. The specimen of standard cube of (150 mm x 150 mm x 150
mm) used to determine the compressive strength of concrete. From the test
results, it is concluding that the optimum value of compressive strength
achieved in 10% replacement of silica fume. Compressive strength decreases
when the cement replacement is above 15% of silica fume.

N.K.Amudhavalli and Jeena Mathew [22] investigated in this study is

M35 grade concrete with partial replacement of cement by silica fume by 0,
5, 10, 15 and by 20%. The materials used in the study were cement, coarse
aggregate, fine aggregate, water, silica fume and super plasticizer.
Compressive strength test, Split tensile strength test, flexural strength at age
of 7 and 28 days. Durability study on acid attack studied and percentage of
weight loss was compare with normal concrete. The specimen of standard
cube of (150mm x 150mm x 150mm) and standard cylinders of (300mm x
100mm) and Prisms of (150mm x 150mm x 750mm) used to determine the
compressive strength, split Tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete.

23
Three specimens tested for 7 and 28 days with each proportion of silica fume
replacement. Totally 30 cubes, 30 cylinders and 30 prisms were casted for
the strength parameters and 15 cubes for acid attack test. From the test
results, it is conclude that the optimum 7, 28 days compressive strength, and
flexural strength have obtained in the range of 10-15 % silica fume
replacement level. Increase in split tensile strength beyond 10 % silica fume
replacement is almost insignificant where as gain in flexural tensile strength
have occurred even up to 15 % replacements.

Sanjay Thakur and Harpreet Singh [23] investigated the effect of Silica
Fume and Fly Ash with Partial Replacement of Cement and Fine Aggregate.
The materials used in this study were cement, coarse aggregate, fine
aggregate, water, silica fume and fly ash. Proportions for mix design of M40
studied in this research. The M40 ordinary concrete sample were casted that
is cube, beam, cylinder. Compressive strength test, flexure strength test and
split tensile strength test conducted. For the 7days test, the result was poor
but with increase in time, there will be much better improvement in the
strength of silica fume and fly ash concrete, according to the standard 28
days result. From the test results, it concluded that the optimum of 15% of
cement is replace by silica fume and 15% of fine aggregate is replace by fly
ash.

V.M.SHELKE et al., [24] studied the influence of partial replacement of

cement with marble powder. The materials used in this study were Ordinary
Portland cement 43 grade, Marble powder, Silica fume, fine aggregate,
coarse aggregate, water and super plasticizer. Experimental investigation
carried out to study the properties of M30 grade concrete. Compressive
strength test was carry in this study. The compressive strength was carrying

24
out at the age of 7 and 28 days, at various percentages of marble powder and
8% of silica fume. Compressive strength of marble powder (Cube, Cylinder)
for 8%, 12% and 16% replacement with OPC cement at 7 and 28 days is
marginally decrease. Compressive strength of Silica Fume (Cube, Cylinder)
for 8% replacement with OPC cement at 7 and 28 days is increase by 3.65%,
8.58% and 7.30%, 6.05%. From the test results it is concluded that the
Compressive strength of 8% silica fume with 8% marble powder (Cube &
Cylinder) replacement with OPC cement at 7 and 28 days is increased by
1.64%, 3.92% & 2.79%, 1.78%.

K. Sai Abhinav et al., [25] Studied the impact resistance of steel fiber
reinforced concrete by using drop weight test was performed on fiber
reinforced concrete as per ACI committee 544. A fiber dosage of 0.5%, 1%,
and 1.5% by volume of concrete is use in this experimental study. In this
study, water cement raito of 0.5 was adopte for M3F grade concert and steel
of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% volume fractions used. The results based on the number
of blows required to initial crack and number of blows that are required for
final crack. From the results, it is conclude that the steel fibers found to be
an effective in improving impact resistance of the concrete.

2.3. CRITICAL REVIEW:

 There is need for further research on Impact test of SCBA Silica fume
ternary concrete.
 Conducting detailed investigation of SCBA Silica fume Ternary concrete
for mineralogical characteristics by using Optical microscopic keeping
impact resistance in view.

25
 CHAPTER-3
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION
3.0. General: Experimental investigation on material properties of
Cement, SCBA, Silica fume, Coarse aggregate and Fine aggregate.
3.1. Tests on cement:

The cement is to be test in the laboratory and further test for its quality
requirements as per Indian Standards. The cement used was ordinary
Portland cement (OPC 53) confirming to IS: 12269-1987.

Fig 3.1Cement

26
 Table 3.1 Physical properties of cement

S.NO. Description of test on cement IS code

1 Specific Gravity of cement IS 4031-1988(part-11)
2 Fineness of cement IS 4031-1996(part-1)
3 Standard consistency of cement IS 4031-1988 (part-4)
4 Initial Setting time of cement IS 4031-1988 (part-5)
5 Final setting time of cement IS 4031-1988 (part-5)

3.1.1 Specific Gravity of cement: [IS 4031 – 1988 (part-11)]:

Specific gravity is the ratio of the weight of a given volume of cement

solids at a given temperature to the weight of an equal volume of distilled
water at that temperature, both weights be taken in air.
Procedure:
The specific gravity bottle along with the stopper is weigh after drying it.
The bottle is fill with given cement sample up to half and is weigh along
with the stopper. The rest of the specific gravity bottle is to the top with
kerosene and is weigh along with the stopper. The bottle is cleaned, dried
up, filled completely with fresh kerosene, and weigh along with the stopper.

27
 Fig 3.2 Specific gravity bottle
Table 3.2 Observations of Specific Gravity of cement
1 Weight of empty specific gravity bottle 35gms
W1=
2 Weight of bottle with cement W2= 70gms
3 Weight of bottle with cement and 113gms
kerosene W3=
4 Weight of bottle with fresh kerosene 83gms
W4=

Specific gravity of cement =W2-W1/ (W4- W1) (W3-W2) X 0.79 = 3.097

3.1.2 Fineness of cement: [IS 4031 (Part-1)-1996]:

The principle of Fineness of cement is that we determine the

proportion of cement whose grain size is larger than specified mesh size.
The cement passed is of good quality.

The apparatus used are 90µm IS Sieve, Balance capable of weighing

10g to the nearest 10mg, A nylon or pure bristle brush, preferably with 25 to
40mm, bristle, for cleaning the sieve.

28
 Procedure:

Initially a sample of cement without any lumps has taken. 10 grams of

cement is weighed and is sieved through a standard 90 micron IS sieve.
Sieving is doing with lid on the sieve and empty pan below the sieve. After
sieving the residue, left on the 90 microns sieve is weighted.

% Weight of residue = Weight of sample retained on the sieve

Total weight of sample

Fig 3.3 sieves

Table 3.3 Observations of Fineness of Cement

S.No. Sample
Description
I
1 Weight of cement (W) gms 10
2 IS sieve size microns 90
3 Sieving time minutes 15
4 Weight retained on sieve (W1) gms 0.78

Percentage weight retained on sieve = (W1/W) × 100 = 7.5%

3.1.3 Standard consistency of cement: [IS 4031 (Part-4)-1988]:

The standard consistency is that consistency, which will permit the
Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the Vicat
mould.
29
 The purpose of this test is to find out the percentage by weight of
water is to add to OPC 53 Grade cement to make a paste of standard
consistency.
The apparatus used in this test are glass plate, Vicat’s apparatus,
Tray, Balance, vicat’s mould were use for conducting the experiment in the
laboratory as follows.

Fig 3.4 Vicat apparatus

Procedure:

Take 400 grams of cement in a pan and weighed quantity of water in a

beaker. Cement paste done by mixing it with water, which is 23%, by
weight of dry cement. Gauging time should not be less than 3 minutes and
not more than 5minutes. The cement paste is filling in the vicat mould,
resting upon a non-porous plate. The top surface of the cement paste is level
with the trowel.

The mould along with non-porous plate is place under the rod-bearing
plunger. The plunger is gently lower to the surface of the cement paste and
then quickly released. As the plunger penetrates in to the paste and its depth
of penetration is measure and recorded. This process is repeated again by
30
adding 2% (by dry weight of cement) water to the paste. The process is
repeat until the needle penetrates to a depth of about 5mm to 7mm above the
bottom of the mould.

Table 3.4 Observations of Standard consistency of cement

S.No. Quantity of water Penetration from the bottom

added (ml) of the mould (mm)
1 92ml 38
2 100 ml 35
3 108 ml 32
4 116ml 26
5 124ml 19
6 128ml 11
7 132ml 7

Consistency of cement = w/c × 100 = 33%

3.1.4 Initial setting time of cement: [IS 4031 (Part-4)-1988]:
Initial setting time is that time between the times water is adds to cement and
time at which 1 mm square section needle fails to penetrate the cement
paste, placed in the Vicat’s mould 5 mm to 7 mm from the bottom of the
mould.
Procedure:

400 grams of cement is weigh and paste is to made out of it by adding

water that is 0.85 times the percentage of water required for standard
consistency. Time is record in stopwatch from the time of adding water to
the cement. Cement paste is filling into the Vicat’s mould, which rested on
31
the non-porous plate. Mould completely filled and the top surface is
smoothened to the level of the mould. The mould along with non-porous
plate placed under the rod-bearing plunger. Penetration depth is note for
every 5 minutes. This procedure is continuing until the needle fails to
penetrate into the block beyond 5.0 ± 0.5 mm measured from bottom of the
mould. The period elapsed between the time of water added to the cement
and the time at which the needle failed to penetrate into the test block is
express as the initial setting time.

Table 3.5 Observations of Initial setting time of cement

S.No. Time in after adding water Penetration reading

(min) (mm)
1 5 0
2 10 0
3 15 0
4 20 1
5 25 1
6 30 3
7 35 4
8 40 5
9 45 7

Initial setting time of cement = 85 minutes

3.1.5 Final setting time of cement: [IS 4031 (Part-4)-1988]:
Final setting time is that time between the time water is add to cement
and the time at which 1 mm needle makes an impression on the paste in the
mould but 5 mm attachment does not make any impression.

32
Procedure:

The needle with an annular attachment replaces the needle of the Vicat
apparatus. The needle is lower and quickly released. The process repeated
until the annular ring made an impression on the cement paste. The time
elapsed between the times of adding water to the cement to the time when
the annular ring failed to make the impression on the cement plate is record.

Final setting time of cement = 350 minutes.

3.2. Tests on Fine aggregate:

Fine aggregate/ Coarse sand consists of natural sand, crushed stone
sand or crushed gravel stone dust, Lumps. It should pass through I.S. Sieve
4.75 mm. It should have the finest modulus 2.50 to 3.50 and silt contents
should not be more than 4%. Coarse sand should be river sand. Usually at
places where natural sand is not available, crushed stone used as fine
aggregate.

Fig 3.5 Fine aggregate

33
 Table 3.6 Test on Fine aggregate

S.NO. Description of test on Fine IS code

aggregate
1 Specific Gravity and water IS 2386-1963
absorption of Fine aggregate (part-3)
2 Fineness Modulus of Fine aggregate IS 2386-1963
(part-3)

3.2.1 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Fine Aggregates: [IS

2386 (Part-3) - 1986]:
Specific gravity is a measure of a material’s density (mass per unit volume)
as compared to the density of water at 23°C. Therefore, by definition, water
at a temperature of 23°C has a specific gravity of 1. Water absorption, is a
measure of the amount of water than an aggregate can absorb into its pore
structure.

Fig 3.6 Pycnometer

Procedure:
Initially, a sample is place in the tray and immerse in distilled water.
Soon after immersion air entrapped on the surface of aggregates are remove
by stirring with a rod. The sample is keep immersed for 24 hours. The water

34
carefully drained from the sample by decantation through a filter paper and
the material retained on filter paper is return to the sample.

The saturated surface dry sample filled in pycnometer up to 1/3rd of its

height and is filling with distilled water. Air entrapped is eliminating by
shaking the pycnometer upside down. Then pycnometer with water and
aggregate, is Weighed and noted. The contents of the pycnometer are
transferred into the tray, care is taken such that all the aggregates is
transferred and pycnometer is then refilled with distilled water and weighed.
Then sample of fine aggregate dried in the oven at 100° C for 24 hours and
later cooled in an airtight container and weighed.

Table 3.7 Observations of specific gravity and water

absorption of fine aggregate
S.No. Description Observations
1 Wt. of saturated dry sample C = 500
2 Wt. of Pycnometer + sample + water A = 1826
3 Wt. of Pycnometer filled with water B = 1514
4 Wt. of oven dry sample D = 496

Specific gravity = D / C – (A-B) = 2.70

Water Absorption = (C-D) 100 / D = 0.80%
3.2.2 Fineness modulus of Fine aggregates: [IS 2386 (Part-1) - 1963]:
Fineness modulus of sand (fine aggregate) is an index number that
represents the mean size of the particles in sand. It is calculate by
performing sieve analysis with standard sieves. The cumulative percentage
retained on each sieve is add and subtracted by 100 gives the value of fine
aggregate.

35
 Fine aggregate means the aggregate that passes through 4.75mm sieve.
To find the fineness modulus of fine aggregate we need sieve sizes of
4.75mm, 2.36mm, 1.18mm, 0.6mm, 0.3mm and 0.15mm. Fineness modulus
of finer aggregate is lower than fineness modulus of coarse aggregate.

Procedure:
The air-dry sample of 1 kg fine aggregate is placed on the set of IS
sieves, where sieves are arranged in decreasing order from top to bottom.
Sieving was complete by shake sieves for about 15min with lid above and
with a pan below. The shaking is complete with a varied motion, backward
and anti-clockwise. After completion of sieving, the material retained on
each sieve is weigh and following results are obtain.

Table 3.8 Observations of fineness modulus of fine aggregate

Cumulative Cumulative
Weight
IS Sieve No. Weight % of total wt.
Retained
Retained Retained
10mm 0 0 0
4.75mm 111 111 11.1
2.36mm 53 164 16.4
1.18mm 215 379 37.9
600µ 78 457 45.7
300µ 492 949 94.9
150µ 28 977 97.7
Pan 23 1000 100

Fineness modulus of fine aggregate = Cumulative % of wt. Retained/100

= 4.03%

36
3.3. Tests on Coarse Aggregate:
Aggregate that retained on the 4.75mm IS Sieve called coarse aggregate.
The function of Coarse Aggregate is to act as the main load – bearing
component of the concrete. According to IS 383 – 1970, Coarse Aggregate
used in this present study confirms to single-sized aggregate. Locally
available coarse aggregate having the maximum size of 20mm used in this
present study. It is important to test the quality of aggregates used in the
concrete for the further experimental testing procedures because the
aggregates occupy the major volume in the concrete mix. They will be
around 75-80% of the total volume.

Fig 3.7 coarse aggregate

Table 3.9 Tests on Coarse aggregate

S.No. Description of test on Coarse IS code

aggregate
1 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption IS 2386-1963
of Coarse aggregate (part-3)
2 Fineness Modulus of Coarse aggregate IS 2386-1963
(part-3)

37
3.3.1 Specific Gravity and Water Absorption of Coarse Aggregates: [IS
2386 (Part-3) - 1986]:
Specific gravity is a measure of a material’s density (mass per unit volume)
as compared to the density of water at 23°C. Therefore, by definition, water
at a temperature of 23°C has a specific gravity of 1.

Procedure:

The sample of 10mm aggregate is sieved on 10mm IS sieve and 1kg

of 10mm aggregate is weighed. Sample is thoroughly wash to remove the
fine particles of dust and immersed in the vessel containing distilled water
for 24 hours. After 24 hours, 10mm aggregate is fill in pycnometer up to
1/3rd of its height and distilled water is fill in rest of space in pycnometer.
The vessel is empty and again refilled with distilled water and weighed.
Then aggregate is place in the oven in a tray, at a temperature of 100° C for
24 hours. Then it is cool in airtight container and weighed.

Table 3.10 Observations of specific gravity and water

absorption of coarse aggregate
S.No. Description Observations
1 Wt. of pycnometer + sample + water 3372
A=
2 Wt. of Pycnometer filled with water B 2754
=
3 Wt. of saturated surface dry sample C 990
=
4 Wt. Of oven dry sample D = 982

Specific gravity = D / C – (A-B) = 2.70

Water Absorption = (C-D) 100 / D = 0.81%

38
3.3.2 Fineness modulus of coarse aggregates: [IS 2386 (Part-1) - 1963]:
Fineness modulus of coarse aggregates represents the average size of the
particles in the coarse aggregate by an index number. It is calculate by
performing sieve analysis with standard sieves.

Procedure:
The air-dried sample is taken and weighed and is placed on the IS sieve and
sieved, sieves are arranged in decreasing order from top to bottom. At the
end of the sieving, 150 micron and 75 micron sieves are clean from the
bottom by light brushing with fine camel hairbrush. After completion of
sieving, the material retained on each sieve is weigh.

Table 3.11 Observations of Fineness Modulus of C.A

Weight % weight retained Cumulative % of

IS Sieve No. Retained weight
(gm) retained
20mm 203 203 10.5
12.5mm 749 952 47.60
10mm 449 1401 70.05
4.75mm 559 2000 100
2.36mm 0 2000 100
1.18mm 0 2000 100
600 μ 0 2000 100
300 μ 0 2000 100
Total 627.8

Fineness modulus of Coarse aggregate = Cumulative % of wt. retained/100

= 627.8/100 = 6.27%

39
3.4. Workability of concrete: [IS 1199-1959]:
Workability is that property of freshly mixed concrete or mortar which
determined homogeneity with which it can mixed, placed, consolidated and
finished. The strength and durability of hardened concrete, depends concrete
have appropriate workability. Workability test methods has classified in
terms of the type of flow produced during the test. Commonly used test
methods are
 Slump test
 Compaction factor test
 Vee Bee consistometer test
 Flow table test
In present study, workability is founded by compaction factor test. The
test is empirical test that measures the workability of fresh concrete. The test
is popular due to simplicity of apparatus used in the simple procedure. The
apparatus consists of trowels, hand scoop, a rod of steel or other suitable
material and a balance.
Procedure:
Place the concrete sample gently in the upper hopper to its brim using
the hand scoop and level it. Cover the cylinder. Open the trapdoor at
the bottom of the upper hopper so that concrete falls into the lower
hopper. Push the concrete sticking on its sides gently with the road.
Open the trapdoor of the lower hopper and allow the concrete to fall
into the cylinder below. Cut of the excess of concrete above the top
level of cylinder using trowels and level it. Clean the outside of the
cylinder. Weight the cylinder with concrete to the nearest 10g. This
weight is known as the weight of partially compacted concrete. Empty

40
 the cylinder and then refill it with the same concrete mix in layers
approximately 5cm deep, each layer being heavily rammed to obtain
full compaction. Level the top surface. Weigh the cylinder with fully
compacted. This weight is known as the weight of fully compacted
concrete. Find the weight of empty cylinder.

Fig 3.8 Compaction Factor Test

Table 3.12 Observation of compaction factor
S.NO Description values
1 Weight of empty cylinder W1 21.50
2 Wt. of empty cylinder + concrete 32.85
falling though standard height W2
3 Wt. of partially compacted concrete 11.35
+ cylinder W3= W2-W1
4 Wt. of fully compacted concrete + 34.80
cylinder W4
5 Wt. of fully compacted concrete W5 13.80
6 Compaction factor W3/W5 0.85

The compaction factor is 0.85. The concrete is in stiff plastic state.

41
3.5. SUGARCANE BAGASSE ASH:
Bagasse ash collected from NCS sugar limited, Bobbili, Vizianagaram
district, AP, India, was used as one of the mineral admixture. The plant was
designed to operate with boiler of travelling gate type with outlet steam
parameters of 87kg/cm2 at 600˚c using bagasse as a main fuel. The ash was
grinded in ball mill in order to make it as fine as the cement fineness. The
physical and chemical properties of SCBA are presented in table
respectively.

Fig 3.9 Sugarcane Bagasse Ash

Table 3.13 Chemical properties of SCBA

Sl.No. Component Symbol Percentage

1 Silica Sio2 63.00
2 Alumina Al2O3 31.50
3 Ferric oxide Fe2O3 1.79
4 Manganese oxide MnO 0.004
5 Calcium oxide Cao 0.48
6 Magnesium oxide MgO 0.39
7 Loss of ignition LOI 0.71

42
 Table 3.14 Physical properties of SCBA
S.NO. Physical properties of SCBA Value
1 Density 575 Kg/m3
2 Specific gravity 2.2
3 Mean size particle 0.1-0.2µm
4 Mean specific area 2500 m2/Kg
5 Colour Dark black

3.6. SILICA FUME:

Silica fume has become one of the necessary ingredients for making
high strength and high performance concrete. In India, silica fume has used
very rarely. Nuclear Power Corporation was one of the first to use silica
fume concrete in their Kaiga and Kota nuclear power projects.

Since silica fume or micro silica is an important new material, let us

see this material in some detail:
 micro silica is initially produced as an ultrafine undensified powder
 at least 85% SiO2 content
 mean particle size between 0.1 and 0.2 micron
 minimum specific surface area is 15,000 m2/kg
 Particle shape is spherical.
Available forms Micro silica is available in the following forms:
 Undensified forms with bulk density of 200–300 kg/m3
 Densified forms with bulk density of 500–600 kg/m3
 Slurry forms with density 1400 kg/m3.

43
 Slurry is produce by mixing undensified micro silica powder and
water in equal proportions by weight. Slurry is the easiest and most
practical way to introduce micro silica into the concrete mix
 Surface area 15–20 m2/g

Fig 3.10 Silica fume

Table 3.15 Chemical properties of Silica fume

Sl.No. Component Symbol Percentage

1 Silica Sio2 85
2 Alumina Al2O3 1.12
3 Ferric oxide Fe2O3 1.46
4 Calcium oxide Cao 0.2-0.8
5 Magnesium oxide MgO 0.2-0.8
6 Sodium oxide Na2O 0.5-1.2
7 Loss of ignition LOI 0.6

Table 3.16 Physical properties of Silica fume

S.NO. Physical properties of Silica fume Value

1 Specific Gravity 2.2
2 Density 1400 kg/m3
3 Mean size particle 0.15 µm
4 Mean specific area 1500-3000
m2/Kg
44
 5 Colour of Silica fume Light to Dark
Grey

3.7 MIX DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR M30 GRADE

CONCRETE: [IS 10262-2009]:
Mix design is a process of selecting suitable ingredients and determining
their relative proportions with the objective of producing concrete of
having certain minimum workability, strength and durability as
economically as possible.
STEP 1: DATA FOR MIX PROPORTIONS
The following data is to be considering for the mix proportions for the grade
M30 concrete:
a) Grade designation: M30
b) Type of cement: OPC 53 grade
c) Maximum nominal size of aggregate: 20mm
d) Minimum cement content: 320 Kg/m3
e) Maximum water-cement ratio: 0.45g
Exposure condition: Mild (for reinforced concrete)
STEP 2: TEST DATA FOR MATERIALS
All the tests are to be conduct for the materials using in the concrete mix,
a) Cement used: OPC 53 grade
b) Specific gravity of cement: 3.097
c) Specific gravity of coarse aggregate: 2.70
d) Specific gravity of fine aggregate: 2.70
e) Fineness of coarse aggregates: conforming IS 383 – 1970
g) Fineness of fine aggregates: placed in zone II (conforming table 3 of IS
383)

45
STEP 3: TARGET STRENGTH FOR MIX PROPORTIONS f ck
́ = fck
+1.65s
Where, f ck
́ = target average compressive strength at 28 days,
fck = characteristic compressive strength at 28 days,
s = standard deviation.
From table 1 of IS 10262 – 2009, Standard deviation, s = 5 N/mm2
2
Target strength, f ck
́ = 30 + 1.65 x 5 = 38.25N/mm
STEP 4: SELECTION OF WATER TO CEMENT RATIO
From table 5 of IS 456 – 2000, Maximum water to cement ratio is 0.45.
STEP 5: SELECTION OF WATER CONTENT
From table 2 of IS 10262 – 2009, Maximum water content is 186 litres.
STEP 6: CALCULATION OF CEMENT CONTENT
Water to cement ratio = 0.45
3
Cement content = 186/0.45=413.33 Kg/m
From table 5 of IS 456 – 2000, Minimum cement content for mild exposure
3
of reinforced concrete is 300Kg/m . Hence, it is okay.
STEP 7: PROPORTIONING OF VOLUME OF COARSE
AGGREGATE AND FINE AGGREGGTES CONTENT FROM
TABLE 3 OF IS 10262 – 2009
a) Volumes of coarse aggregates corresponding to 20mm size of
aggregate and fine aggregate of zone II were consider.
b) From water cement ratio, 0.50 = 0.62 (Aggregate Volume)
c) Volume of coarse aggregates content = 0.62 x 0.9 = 0.583
d) Volume of fine aggregates content = 1 – 0.583 = 0.417

46
STEP 8: MIX CALCULATIONS
Mix calculations per unit volume of concrete as follows
Table 3.17 Observation of mix design
Volume of
= 1 m3
concrete
(Mass of cement)/(specific gravity of cement x 1000)=
Volume of
413.33/(3.15 x 1000) = 0.131
cement
(Mass of water)/(specific gravity of water x 1000)=
Volume of water 186/(3.15 x 1000) = 0.059
Volume of all 1 - (sum of volume of aggregates and volume of
aggregates cement)= 1 - (0.131 + 0.059) = 0.81

Mass of coarse 0.81 x volume of coarse aggregates x specific gravity x

aggregates 1000= 0.74 x 0.62 x 2.76 x 1000 = 1176.021Kg/m3

Mass of fine 0.781 x volume of fine aggregates x specific gravity x

aggregates 1000= 0.74 x 0.38 x 2.61 x 1000 = 755.18 Kg/m3

Mix Proportions:
Mix Design is done for M30 grade of concrete as per code
specifications IS 10262-2009.
10262 Several
ral trail mixes are carry out and cubes
casted for the above grades of concrete to attain the required target strength
before the final design mixes are fixed by considering the optimum cement
content and water-cement
cement ratio as per BIS Standards.
Table 3.18 Mix Proportions for Natural Aggregate Concrete
Grade cement Coarse Water W/C
3
designation ( kg/m ) Fine aggregates aggregates (kg/m3)
3
( kg/m ) ( kg/m3)
M 30 330 725 1242 148.5 0.45

47
 CHAPTER IV
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
4.0. Introduction:
In this chapter, detailed investigation of ternary concrete made with partial
replacement of cement by SCBA and silica fume. The experimental
procedure carried out in various stages such as batching, mixing, placing
and compacting, demoulding, curing, and testing of specimens.
4.1. Casting of cubes, cylinders and prisms:
Cement is replaced with 10% silica fume and SCBA in various proportions
i.e. 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. Cubes of 100mm x 100mm x
100mm, cylinders of 150mm x 300mm and prisms of 100mm x 100mm x
500mm sizes specimens were casted by use of silica fume, SCBA, cement,
fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. Three specimens for each mix were
casted and all details are in table 4.1
Table 4.1 Percentage of Silica and SCBA

MIX SILICA FUME SCBA

TBASF0 0% 0%
TBASF5 10% 5%
TBASF10 10% 10%
TBASF15 10% 15%
TBASF20 10% 20%
TBASF25 10% 25%

48
4.2. Mixing Procedure:
The mixing procedure employed in this research work is pan mixing
followed by hand mixing. As the setting time of this concrete is much less
concrete was hand mixed as quickly as possible after pan mixing. Mixing
was continued until the entire mix becomes homogeneous and uniform in
appearance. The entire period of mixing is not more than 3 minutes.

Fig 4.1 mixing of concrete

4.3. Placing of Concrete
The uniformly mixed concrete was placed into the moulds in three layers.
After placing the first layer, a tamping rod was used to give 25 blows.
4.4. Compaction by Vibration
Concrete in the moulds was compacted by using a vibrating table. The
moulds were kept on the vibrating table and vibrated. The time taken for
vibration was much less yet sufficient to allow concrete to settle evenly all
over the mould. Top of the moulds were treat for a smooth finish and were
removed from the table and allowed for setting.

49
 Fig 4.2 smooth finishing of moulds
4.5. Curing
The casted specimens were generally demould after 24hrs from the time of
adding the water to the ingredients. The specimens then marked for
identification. These demoulded specimens were then stored in curing tank
for 56 days.

Fig 4.3 Specimens cured in water tank

4.6. Compressive strength of concrete:
co [IS 516-1959]:
1959]:

1. Ensuree that concrete specimen must well dried before placing it on the
UTM.
2. Weight of samples is noted in order to proceed with testing and it must
not be less than 8.1Kg.
3. Testing specimens are place in the space between bearing surfaces.

50
4. Care must taken to prevent the existence of any loose material or grit
on the metal plates of machine or specimen block.
5. The concrete cubes placed on bearing plate and aligned properly with
the centre of thrust in the testing machine plates.
6. The loading must applied axially on specimen without any shock and
increased at the rate of 140kg/sq cm/min until the specimen collapse.
7. Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at
a point & final breakdown of the specimen must noted.

Fig 4.4 Specimen testing for compressive strength

4.7. Flexural strength of concrete: [IS 516-1959]:

1. Prepare the test specimen by filling the concrete into the mould in 3
layers of approximately equal thickness. Tamp each layer 35 times
using the tamping bar as specified above. Tamping should distribute
uniformly over the entire cross section of the beam mould and
throughout the depth of each layer.

51
2. Clean the bearing surfaces of the supporting and loading rollers, and
remove any loose sand or other material from the surfaces of the
specimen where they are to make contact with the rollers.
3. The specimen stored in water shall test immediately on removal from
water. The test specimen shall place in the machine correctly centred
with the longitudinal axis of the specimen at right angles to the rollers.
For moulded specimens, the mould filling direction shall be normal to
the direction of loading.
4. The load shall apply at a rate of 180 kg/min for the 10.0 cm specimens
until the specimen collapse.
5. Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at
a point & final breakdown of the specimen must noted.

Fig 4.5 specimen testing for flexural strength

52
4.8. Split tensile strength of concrete: [IS 516-1959]:

1. Initially, take the wet specimen from water after 7, 28 of curing; or

any desired age at which tensile strength to estimate.
2. Then, wipe out water from the surface of specimen.
3. After that, draw diametrical lines on the two ends of the specimen to
ensure that they are on the same axial place.
4. Next, record the weight and dimension of the specimen.
5. Set the compression testing machine for the required range.
6. Apply the load continuously without shock at a rate within the range
0.7 to 1.4 MPa/min until the specimen collapse.
7. Due to the constant application of load, the specimen starts cracking at
a point & final breakdown of the specimen must noted.

Fig 4.6 specimen testing for split tensile strength

53
4.8. IMPACT TESTING:
TESTING
4.8.1 DROP WEIGHT IMPACT TEST ON 96 MM
CYLINDRICAL SPECIMEN:

The impact resistance of the specimens was determined in accordance with

the procedure recommended by ACI committee 544. For this purpose, from
each mixture, three specimens (96 mm x 50mm)) were tested under the
ct loads. The 13.5 kg hammer was used for applying the impact load
impact
that was dropped continuously from a height of 413 mm onto a specimen
that was located at the base plate of the impact
impact-testing
testing machine is shown in
moulds for specimen of size 96mm diameter and
Figure 4.7.. Prepare the moulds
depth of 50mm. In each test, the number of blows required to produce to
cause complete failure of the specimen was recorded as the impact failure
strength.

4. Drop weight hammer testing machine

Fig 4.7

54
4.9. PREPARATION OF THE THIN SECTION SAMPLE
FOR OPTICAL MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS:

After casting the specimen (i.e. of fine aggregate replaced with copper
slag) it is tested at the end of 28 days in Universal Testing Machine and then
the sample is prepared by the following steps:

• Extraction
• Cutting
• Grinding
• Polishing

4.9.1 SAMPLE EXTRACTION:

• Extraction of the sample (thin section) from the specimen is done to
observe the interfacial zone, voids, coarse aggregate under optical
microscope.
• Before preparation of the thin-section, it is important to select a proper
volume of concrete for the thin-sectioning.
• The identification of alkali-silica reactions and reacting aggregate
particles usually requires that the thin-section be located a couple of
centimeters away from the exposed surface of the concrete as general
experience shows that these reactions tend to be weaker at the near-
surface regions of the concrete and so the sample is extracted from
core of the specimen.
• So, the chosen area is included in a rectangular piece of concrete,
normally with the size: 35 x 20 x10 mm, which is cut from the
specimen.

55
Fig 4.8 Extraction of sample and Sample placed on the glass plate after
cutting

4.9.2 CUTTING PROCESS AND EPOXY PREPARATION:

• The rectangular sample which is extracted up to a certain depth as said

earlier is processed in the GEOFORM machine by placing it on a
glass plate.
• The cut concrete specimen is then immersed in pure ethanol and
allowed to reside there for approximately 12 hours.
• The concrete specimen is then placed in a vacuum chamber equipped
with a hot plate for final drying. It is important that this drying occurs
at 30°-35°C (85°-95°F) as excessive heating will introduce
undesirable micro cracking in the specimen.
• The specimen is then allowed to dry for approximately 2 hours.
• The specimen is then placed in a small vessel, with the side to be
mounted on the glass slide facing downwards, ready for the first
vacuum impregnation with epoxy.
• The epoxy is of low viscosity type in order to promote the penetration
of them epoxy into the concrete. It is intermixed with precisely 1.1%

56
 by weight of a fluorescent dye. It may vary from epoxy to epoxy and
dye to dye.
• The epoxy/dye mixture is completely homogenized and then it is
stirred before use.
• The epoxy is then poured into the small vessel, containing the
specimen.
• The penetration depth of the epoxy depends largely on the viscosity
and it is observed that the concrete is impregnated with dye to a depth
of approximately 1-2 mm.

Fig 4.9 Geo Form cutting machine

4.9.3 GRINDING PROCESS:

• Grinding the sample must be done after processing in the cutting

chamber, with the help of vacuum with the help of water which is
circulated in the chamber.
• The glass plate should be of appropriate size so that it fits the
clamping device of the grinding equipment.
• The epoxy covering the exposed large face of the concrete specimen
carefully removed by mounting the glass plate which was glued to the

57
 specimen grinding the opposite face carefully in order to obtain a
completely level surface.
• It should also be ensured that the final operations of the grinding
procedure be performed as fast as possible as carbonation of the
freshly ground surface might otherwise occur.
4.9.4 POLISHING PROCESS:
• Polishing the sample should be done later on using FORCIPOL and
FORCIMAT polishing machine at a constant pressure of 20 N/mm2.
• Since the vacuum is not available the same has to be polished
manually by running it for a certain stipulated time till the polished
surface is attained with the help of Silicon Carbide powder (1000 and
320 grit)
• The excess epoxy on the ground face is to be carefully removed after
it is hardened by polishing on the disc.
• The polished surface is to be covered with a cover glass by applying
one drop of epoxy to the center of the sample and carefully pressing
the cover glass down vertically on the drop.
• No air bubbles must be trapped beneath the glass as it would reduce
the quality of the thin section.

Fig 4.10 FORCIMAT polishing machine

58
4.9.5 OPTICAL MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS:

An USB digital microscope is used where the microscopic camera

attaches directly to the USB port of a computer which the images are
shown directly on the computer screen. Microscopic study was done for
optimum mix of SCBA silica fume ternary blended concrete.

Fig 4.11 observation of sample under optical microscope

59
 CHAPTER-V
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Results
5.1.1compressive strength results:

Table 5.1 Compressive strength of ternary blended concrete

Mix SCBA SF COMPRESSIVE

proportion % % STRENGTH IN Mpa

7DAYS 28DAYS 56DAYS

TBASF0 0 10 26.66 38.66 40
TBASF5 5 10 27.55 39.11 41.33
TBASF10 10 10 28.88 40.44 42.22
TBASF15 15 10 30.22 42.22 44
TBASF20 20 10 25.77 37.33 39.11
TBASF25 25 10 24.88 36 38.22

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF
TERNARY BLENDED CONCRETE
50
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH

45
40
35
30
MPa

25
20
15
10
5
0
TBASF0 TBASF5 TBASF10 TBASF15 TBASF20 TBASF25
7DAYS 26.66 27.55 28.88 30.22 25.77 24.88
28DAYS 38.6 39.11 40.44 42.22 37.33 36
56DAYS 40 41.3 42.22 44 39.11 38.22

Fig 5.1 Compressive strength of ternary blended concrete

60
5.1.2Flexural strength results:

Table 5.2 Flexural strength of ternary blended concrete

Mix SCBA SF FLEXURAL

proportion % % STRENGTH IN Mpa

7DAYS 28DAYS 56DAYS

TBASF0 0 10 3.72 4.12 4.2
TBASF5 5 10 3.8 4.4 4.6
TBASF10 10 10 3.92 4.6 4.72
TBASF15 15 10 4.2 4.92 5
TBASF20 20 10 3.6 4 4
TBASF25 25 10 3.2 3.5 3.92

FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF TERNARY

BLENDED CONCRETE
6

5
FLEXURAL STRENGTH

4
MPa

0
TBASF0 TBASF5 TBASF10 TBASF15 TBASF20 TBASF25
7DAYS 3.72 3.8 3.92 4.2 3.6 3.2
28DAYS 4.12 4.4 4.6 4.92 4 3.8
56DAYS 4.2 4.6 4.72 5 4 3.92

Fig 5.2 Flexural strength of ternary blended concrete

61
5.1.3Split tensile strength results:

Table 5.3 Split tensile strength of ternary blended concrete

Mix SCBA SF SPLIT TENSILE

proportion % % STRENGTH IN Mpa

7DAYS 28DAYS 56DAYS

TBASF0 0 10 1.69 2.68 2.83
TBASF5 5 10 1.84 2.83 2.97
TBASF10 10 10 1.98 2.9 3.04
TBASF15 15 10 2.19 3.04 3.18
TBASF20 20 10 1.62 2.76 2.83
TBASF25 25 10 1.55 2.61 2.76

SPLIT TENSILE STRENGTH OF TERNARY

BLENDED CONCRETE
3.5
SLPIT TENSILE STRENGTH

2.5

2
MPa

1.5

0.5

0
TBASF0 TBASF5 TBASF10 TBASF15 TBASF20 TBASF25
7DAYS 1.69 1.84 1.98 2.19 1.62 1.55
28DAYS 2.68 2.83 2.9 3.04 2.76 2.61
56DAYS 2.83 2.97 3.04 3.18 2.83 2.76

Fig 5.3 Split tensile strength of ternary blended concrete

62
 5.1.4 Impact strength results:

Table 5.4 Impact strength of ternary blended concrete for 7 days

MIX NUMBER OF IMPACT STRENGTH

PROPORTATION BLOWS FOR 7 DAYS (kN-mm)
FIRST ULTIMATE 7DAYS
CRACK FAILURE
TBASF0 1 1 55.755
TBASF5 1 2 111.510
TBASF10 1 2 111.510
TBASF15 2 4 223.020
TBASF20 1 2 111.510
TBASF25 1 2 111.510

Table 5.5 Impact strength of ternary blended concrete for 28 days

MIX NUMBER OF IMPACT STRENGTH

PROPORTATION BLOWS FOR 28 (kN-mm)
DAYS
FIRST ULTIMATE 28DAYS
CRACK FAILURE
TBASF0 1 2 111.510
TBASF5 1 2 111.510
TBASF10 1 2 111.510
TBASF15 2 5 278.775
TBASF20 1 3 167.265
TBASF25 1 2 111.510

63
 Table 5.6 Impact strength of ternary blended concrete for 56 days

MIX NUMBER OF BLOWS IMPACT

PROPORTATION FOR 56 DAYS STRENGTH
(kN-mm)
FIRST ULTIMATE 56DAYS
CRACK FAILURE
TBASF0 1 2 111.510
TBASF5 2 3 167.265
TBASF10 2 3 167.265
TBASF15 3 6 334.530
TBASF20 2 3 167.265
TBASF25 1 2 111.510

IMPACT STRENGTH OF TERNARY

BLENDED CONCRETE

300
IMPACT STRENGTH

250

200
kN-mm

150

100

50

0
TBASF0 TBASF5 TBASF10 TBASF15 TBASF20 TBASF25
7DAYS 55.755 111.51 111.51 223.02 111.51 111.51
28DAYS 111.51 111.51 111.51 278.775 167.265 111.51
56DAYS 111.51 167.265 167.265 334.53 167.265 111.51

Fig 5.4 Impact strength of ternary blended concrete

64
5.1.5 Optical microscope:

Bonding
g between coarse aggregate air void in cement matrix
ma
and cement
ement matrix

Interfacial transition zone nding between fine aggregate

Bonding
and cement matrix

Fig 5.5 Microstructure analysis of SCBA silica fume ternary blended

concrete

65
5.2 Discussions:
 From fig 5.1, it is observed that the compressive strength of TBASF15
is greater than that of control mix TBASF0 by 11.83%.
 From fig 5.2, it is observed that the flexural strength of TBASF15 is
greater than that of control mix TBASF0 by 14.4%.
 From fig 5.3, it is observed that the Split tensile strength of TBASF15
is greater than that of control mix TBASF0 by 18.8%.
 From fig 5.4, it is observed that the impact strength of TBASF15 is
greater than that of control mix TBASF0 by 13.08%.
 From fig 5.5, it is observed through optical microscope there is good
bonding between aggregates and cement matrix for TBASF15.

66
 CHAPTER-VI
CONCLUSION

Based on the test results of the experimental investigations the following

observations were drawn:
1. TBASF15 concrete mix showed significantly higher compressive
strength, flexural strength and split tensile strength when compared
TBASF0 at all ages. Further, increasing in SCBA percentage results
in decreasing compressive strength, flexural strength and split tensile
strength.
2. TBASF15 concrete mix showed that good bonding between
aggregates and cement matrix through optical microscope.
3. The utilization of the agro waste as SCBA reduces the consumption of
cement thus reduces the possible green house emission. In additional,
this would help in the reduction of disposal and health hazard
problems.
4. The impact strength of ternary blended concrete was optimum at
TBASF15. Further, increasing in SCBA percentage results in
decreasing impact strength.
Thus by utilizing agro waste like SCBA as replacement for cement we
device not only just cost benefits but also address environmental concerns
arising out waste disposal management of these materials.

67
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71
 LIST OF CODES
 IS 383-1970, Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural
sources for concrete.
 IS 12269-1987, Specifications for OPC 53 grade cement.
 IS 4031-1988, Tests on cement.
 IS 2386-1963, Indian standard methods of test for aggregates for
concrete.
 IS 2386-1963, Indian standard methods of test for aggregates for
concrete.
 IS 10262-2009, Guidelines for concrete mix design proportioning.
 IS 456-2000, Indian Standard code of practice for general structural
use of plain and reinforced concrete.

72
ANNEXURE

73