Database:-

Database is one of the important phrase in computer world. It is related to data. Data can be
understood as an form of an word like RAM, 21, 2240127 etc. which is called as data in computers
language.

When the data is arranged in a proper manner it is known as database which is further stored in
computer and can be viewed in different forms and can be used as in different forms.

MsVkcsl dEI;wVj {ks= dk ,d egRoiw.kZ “kCn gSA ;g MsVk ls lEcf/kr gSA

MsVk dks “kCn dh rjg le>k tk ldrk gS] tSls Ram, 21, 2240127 vkfn vkerkSj ij “kCn
dgs tk ldrs gSa] ftls ge dEI;wVj dh Hkk’kk esa MsVk dgrs gSA

MsVkcsl MsVk ds O;ofLFkr lsV dks dgrs gS tks dEI;wVj esa lax`ghr fd;k
tkrk gS rFkk ns[kk tk ldrk gS vkSj fofHkUu rjhdksa ls iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA

MsVkcsl izca/ku ra= D;k gS \ (what is a database managemet

system)
Database is an central repository of similar information. It is the physical collection of relational data.
Hence it is called DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM. For example if you want to store information of
employees working in our organization then we have to develop a database platform. In this database
number of employees, name, designation, salary etc would be included. After preparing this databse we
can access our databse easily anytime. Fox-pro and ms-access is some of the database management
systems.

MsVkcsl ,d tSls lwpukvks dk dsUnzh; HkaMkj.k (central repository) gksrk gSA

bls vkSj Li’V djus ds fy, MsVkcsl O;fDrxr ijUrq lEcafU/kr lwpuk ds ladyu dk
HkkSfrd lewghdj.k gSA rFkk bl MsVkcsl ds csgrjhu O;oLFkk ds fy, rS;kj fd;s
x;sA izksxzke MsVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh (database management system)
dgs tkrs gSA mnkgj.kkFkZ ;fn vki vius laxBu ds izR;sd deZpkjh ds lwpuk
dks O;ofLFkr djuk pkgrs gSA rc blds fy, vkidks deZpkfj;ks ds ckjs es
MsVkcsl (database) vk/kkj cukuk gksxk bl MsVkcsl es vkids deZpkjh dk la- uke
in] csru bR;kfn lfEefyr djuk gksxk bl MsVkcsl dks r;Sj djus ds i”pkr vki dHkh
Hkh ,d fo’ks”k MkVk dks “kh|zrk ls ,Dlsl dj ik;saxsA QkWDlizks ,e-,l ,Dlst
MsVkcsl izca/ku iz.kkyh gSA

QkWDLizks D;k gS \ (What is foxpro)

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 1
Fox pro is a complete database management system. In certain criterias it can also be called as
commercial database management system. It is used by the small scale industries for their own work.
Hence it is used at large scale for commercial purpose. In other words FoxPro can work in the form of
small database and can be used at large scale.

Fox pro is actually a database management system. Fox pro was developed soon after the FOXBASE +,
because of some special features of fox pro it is also called relational database management system.
With the help of fox pro we can design our database files according to our need. Similarly it is helpful in
arranging and entering the data into it. We can add data into fox pro according to our need and can
make changes and can remove unuseful data. After this data can be obtained on need from our
database files and can be viewed in different forms. Once we have entered the data into it, it can be
obtained by using simple commands in fox pro.

Beyond it we can develop different software’s with the help of it. Fox pro provides the programming
atmosphere for easy programming.

If we explains fox pro in brief than we can say that fox pro is divided in two parts. The first one is
database engine and the second one is user interface. Database engine manipulates the database table.
In accordance with other database programs fox pro is very fast in index updating, retrieval of
information. The another part of fox pro allows user interface user to use all the capabilities of
database engine. This segment includes fox pro screen, command window etc.

QkWDLizks ,d laEiw.kZ MsVkcsl izca/ku ra= gSA dqN ekeyks es bls

vkS|ksfxd {kerk ckyk MsVkcsl izca/ku ra= dguk mfpr gksxkA bldk iz;ksx
iz;ksDrk NksVs Lrj ij futh dk;ksZ es dj ldrs gSA rFkk bls c`gn Lrj ij O;olkf;d
vuqiz;ksx es Hkh iz;qDr fd;k tk ldrk gSA nwljs “kCnks es QkWDlizks NksVs
ls MsVkcsl ds :i es dk;Z dj ldrk gSA rFkk bls cMs :i es Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gSA

QkWDLizks ilZuy dEI;wVj dk oLrqr MsVkcsl izca/ku ra= (database management

system)gSA QkWDLizks dk fodkl QkWDlcsl Iyl (FOXBASE+)ds rqjUr ckn gh
gqvk Fkk QkWDLizks dks blds dqN fo”ks’k y{k.kks ds dkj.k fjys”kuy
MsVkcsl izca/ku ra= (relational database management system)Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
QkWDLizks dh lgk;rk ls vki vius MsVkcsl Qkbyks es vko”;drkuq”kkj fMtkbu
dj ldrs gSA lkFk gh ;g MsVkcsl Qkbyks es MsVk izfo’V djus rFkk mls
O;ofLFkr djus es lgk;d gksrk gSaA vki vius MsVkcsl Qkbyks es
vko”;drkuq”kkj MsVk tksM dj ldrs gSA mles cnyko dj ldrs gSA rFkk vuko”;d
MsVk dks feVk Hkh ldrs gSA blds ckn vki tc pkgsa vius MsVkcsl Qkbyks ls
MsVk dks iqu% izkIr dj ldrs gSA rFkk mls fofHkUu rjhds ls ns[k ldrs gSA ,d
ckj QkWDLizks es MkVk izfo’V djus ds i”pkr blls lEcfU/kr lqpuk dks lk/kkj.k
dek.M dk iz;ksx dj iznf”kZr dj ldrs gSA

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 2

blds vfrfjDr QkWDLizks dh lgk;rk ls vki fo”ks’k mn~ns”kh; lkWQVos;j Hkh
fodf’kr dj ldrs gSA QkWDLizks vkidks lkWQVos;j fodkl ds fy, vklku
izksxzkfeax fof/k ds vfrfjDr ,d iwjk okrkoj.k iznku djrk gSA

vxj QkWDLizks ij o`gn Lrj ij ppkZ djsa rks dgk tk ldrk gS fd QkWDLizks ds
nks fgLls gSA igyk MsVkcsl baftu (database engine) rFkk nwljk ;wtj baVjQsl
(user interface)MsVkcsl baftu MssVkcsl rkfydkvks dks O;ofLFkr (manipulate) djrk
gSA QkWDLizks dk ;g Hkkx dbZ egRoiw.kZ dk;ksZ tSls
bUMsDl(index)viMsV (update) lwpuk dh iqu% izkIrh (retrieval of information) dks
fdlh vU; MsVkcsl izca/ku izksxzke dh vis{kk vf/kd rsth ls lEiUu djrk gSA
QkWDLizks dk nwljk fgLlk ;wtj baVjQsl iz;ksDrk dks MsVkcsl batu dh
{kerkvks dks iz;ksx djus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA bl Hkkx ds vUrjxr
QWkDLizks dk Ldzhu] dek.M fo.Mks bR;kfn vkrk gSA

QkWDLizks ds laLdj.k Versions of fox pro

Fox pro is the based on it many previous versions. The first software was developed by ASHTON-TATE in
1979-80 to which he further named as DBASE-I. After this the second versions was developed which was
named as DBASE-II.

Characters tics of fox pro:-

1. In fox pro database file can be prepared easily, we can change the name of the table. The
structure of the table can also be changed and table can also be removed permanently.
2. Records can be added in databse table. Some records can be removed from the stored records.
They can be displayed in ascending and descending order.
3. We can query about the data from the stored database, the data which is being selected by the
query can be displayed.
4. We can prepare reports.
5. Mathematical and scientifical calculations can be performed.

QkWDLizks vkt fiNys dbZ laLdj.kaks dk urhtk gSA loZizFke lkWQVos;j

,s”Vu&VsV us lu~ 1979&80 es fodflr fd;k Fkk ftldks DBASE-I dk uke fn;k x;kA
blds ckn nwljk laLdj.k 1984 es fodflr gqvk ftldk uke DBASE-II fn;k x;kA

QkWDLizks ds eq[; xq.k & QkWDLizks ds eq[; xq.k fuEu izdkj gSA

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 3

 1- QkWDlizks eas DATABASE File ljyrkiwoZd rS;kj dh tk ldrh gS] ml Vscy dk
uke cnyk tk ldrk gSA Vscy ds structure es ifjoZru fd;k tk ldrk gS]
RkFkk Vscy dks LFkk;h :i ls gVk;k Hkh tk ldark gSA
2- Database Table esa fjdkWMZ~l tksMs tk ldrs gSA laxzghr fjdkWM~Zl es ls
dqN dks gVk;k tk ldrk gS] mUgs fdlh |Vrs ;k cMrs gq, dze es O;ofLFkr
djds iznf”kZr fd;k tkrk gSA
3- MkVkosl es laxzghr MkVk ds ckjs es D;wjh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gS rFkk
D;wjh }kjk pqus gq, fjdkWMZ~l ,ao QhYM dks iznf”kZr fd;k tk ldrk gSA
4- fjiksV~Zl rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA
5- vadxf.krh; ,ao oSKkfud x.kuka, dh tk ldrh gSA

Data types of fox pro

 Character:- These data types are used for storing all types of alphabets like A,B,C,D……..Z, 0-9
and some special characters like + - % etc. in it maximum 254 characters can be stored. It is
mostly used to write name, address etc.
 Numeric:- It can store all types of numbers and also includes decimal values. In it we can add
maximum 20 numbers.
 Float:- this field is mostly used in scientific calculations. This field is somehow similar to numeric
data types.
 Date:- This is used to display date. Fox pro automatically provides 8 bites to it.
 Logical:- it stores data only in the form of T-TRUE and F-FALSE. Its width is 1 character.
 Memo:- it is an special field in which pictures and music can be stored. Its width is 10 characters
but the actual capacity is much higher. Since the whole data is stored in an separate file
therefore its extension is .FPT.
 General:- this field can be only used in fox pro. In it similar to memo field word processing and
spreadsheet document can be stored. Its width is 10 characters but the actual capacity is
equivalent to the space available in computer.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 4

QkWDLizks ds MsVk VkbZIl

 dSjsDVj (character) - ;g MsVk VkbZi lHkh izdkj ds v{kj A,B,C,D…….Z, 0-9 ( vad
) rFkk fo”ks’k v{kj tSls + - % vkfn vius esa lax`ghr dj ldrh gSA blesa
vf/kdre 254 v{kj lax`ghr fd;s tk ldrs gSA bldk mi;ksx eq[;r% uke] irk]
vkfn fy[kus esa fd;k tkrk gSA
 U;wesfjd (Numeric) - ;g MsVk lHkh izdkj ds vadksa dks lax`ghr dj ldrk
gSA blesa n”keyo la[;k;sa Hkh iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA blesa dqy 20 vad
rd lax`ghr fd;s tk ldrsa gSA
 ¶yksV (Float) - ;g QhYM eq[;r% oSKkfud x.kuk esa iz;ksx gksrh gSA ;g
QhYM la[;kRed MsVk ds tSls gh gksrh gSA
 frFkh (Date) - ;g MsVk frFkh dks iznf”kZr djrh gSA bl QhYM dks
QkWDLizks Lor% gh 8 ckbV nsrk gSA
 ykWthdy (Logical) - ;g QhYM MsVk dks flQZ T-True ;k F-False ds :i esa
lax`ghr djrh gSA bldh pkSM+kbZ 1 djsDVj gksrh gSA
 eseks (Memo) - ;g ,d fo”ks’k QhYM gksrh gS ftlesa fp= o /ofu dks
lax`ghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl QhYM dh pkSM+kbZ 10 djsDVj gksrh gS ij
okLrfod {kerk cgqr gksrh gS D;ksfd lkjk MkVk ,d vyx QkbZy esa LVksj
gksrk gS ftldk foLrkjd .FPT gksrk gSA
 lkekU; (General) - ;g QhYM flQZ fo.Mkst ij vk/kkfjr QkWDLizks laLdj.k
esa iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gSA blesa eseks QhYM dh rjg LizsM”khV rkfydk
vkSj oMZ izkslsflax MkWD;wesUV dks lax`ghr fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl
QhYM dh pkSM+kbZ 10 djsDVj gksrh gS ij okLrfod {kerk vkids
dEI;wVj esa mifLFkr LFkku ds cjkcj gksrh gSA

Foxpro Commands:-

1) Create Command:- This Command is used for create New Database File in Foxpro.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx ubZ MkVkcsl QkbZy dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA

2) Close Command :- This Command is used for closing database file from active window.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy dks cUn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

3) Quit command :- This command is used for exit Foxpro window.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks foUMks dks cUn djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 5
4) Clear Command:- This Command is used for clearing execution area of foxpro.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa vkmViqV foUMks dks fDy;j djus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

5) Display Command :- This command is used for displaying the records of database file.
There are various types of format for using diplaying command :-
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr fjdkMZLk dks LØhu ij
ns[kus ds fy, djrs gSA blds fofHkUu izk:i fuEu izdkj gS %&

a) Display :- This command is used to display current record of database file.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy ds orZeku fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSSA

b) Display All :- This command is used for displaying all the records of database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

c) Display All <field1>,<field2>,.. :- This command is used for displaying selected field from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

d) Display Record<No.> :- This command is used for displaying selected record from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, fjdkMZ dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

e) Display All For <condition> :- This command is used for displaying record based on
condition from database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls fjdkMZ
dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

f) Display For <condition> to printer :- This command is used for display and print
records based on given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr rFkk fizUV
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

6) List Command:- This command is also be used for displaying the records of database file on
the Screen and their other format are as follows:-
a) List : This command is used for displaying the current record of an database file.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 6

 bl dek.M dk mi;ksx orZeku fjdkMZ dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

b) List Off : This command is used for displaying whole record from database file without
record no.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr fjdkMZ dks fcuk fjdkMZ
u0- ds iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

c) List fields <field1>,<field2>,.. : This command is used for displaying selected field from
database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
d) List for <condition> : This command is used for displaying record based on condition
from database.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx “krZ ds vk/kkj ij MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls fjdkMZ
dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

e) List for <condition1> .and.<condition2> : This command is used for display the records
on the basis of two condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx nh xbZ nksuks “krZ ds vk/kkj ij fjdkMZ dks
iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

f) List to printer : This command is used to print the records.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fjdkMZ dks fizUV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

7) Locate Command: This command is used in fox pro for those database files which are large
in size, by this command we can apply single condition on a database. The records which
fulfill these conditions are locked by locate command, then we can display those records
one by one on our screen with the help of display command.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa rc djrs gS tc dksbZ MkVkcsl

QkbZy dkQh cM+h gks] bl dek.M ds }kjk ge ,d “krZ dks MkVkcsl ij
,IykbZ djkrs gSA rFkk tks fjdkMZl bl “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs gksrs gS
yksdsV dek.M mu fjdkMZl dks ykWd dj nsrk gS] fQj ge ,d ,d djds mu
fjdkMZl dks fMLiys dek.M dh lgk;rk ls LØhu ij iznf”kZr djrs gSA

Locate for <condition>

Display

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 7

 8) Edit Command : This Command is used to modify the records in an any saved database file.
And their other format are as follows :-
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds fuEufyf[kr izk:i bl izdkj gS %&

a) Edit : This command is used to open all fields for modification.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr leLr fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

b) Edit Fields<field1>,<field2>,.. : This command is used to open selected field for

modification.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa pqus gq, QhYM esa
mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

c) Edit for <condition>: This command is used to modify that fields which is satisfy the
given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr mu fjdkMZl esa
la’kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks nh xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs
gksA
Note: After the completion of modification work press Ctrl+W for save all changes.
uksV%& la”kks/ku dk;Z iw.kZ djus ds ckn mls lqjf{kr djus ds fy, dhcksMZ ls
Ctrl+W dks nck,saA

9) Change Command : This Command is also used to modify the records in an any saved
database file. And their other format are as follows :-
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA blds fuEufyf[kr izk:i bl izdkj gS %&

a) Change <record No.>: This command is used to open particular record for modification.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fn;s x;s fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

b) Change For < condition> : This command is used to modify that record which is satisfy
the given condition.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr mu fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks nh xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs
gksA

c) Change While < Condition> : This command is used to modify that record which is
satisfy the given condition.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 8

 bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa mifLFkr mu fjdkMZl esa
la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gS tks nh xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs
gksA

d) Change Field <field1>,<field2>: This command is used to open selected field for
modification.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa pqus gq, QhYM esa
mifLFkr fjdkMZl esa la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

d) Change field <Statement>: This Command is used to insert the result of that statement
which is given in above command.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa pqus gq, QhYM esa dek.M
ds }kjk dksbZ la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

10) Browse Command : This command is used open any database file in a separate window on
row-column sheet and also provide the facility of modification in records.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy dks jkW dkWye ds :i esa ns[kus
rFkk la”kks/ku djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

a) Browse width <no.>: This Command is used to set the width of column of database file.
MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leLr dkWye fd foM~Fk dks lsV djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA

b) Browse Fields <field1>,<field2>: This Command is used to see only selected fields in a
database file.
MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls pqus gq, QhYM dks ns[kus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

c) Browse For <field> = ‘Value’: This Command is used to see the record on the basis of
condition.
MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls dsoy mu fjdkMZl dks ns[kus ds fy, tks nh
xbZ “krZ dks iw.kZ dj jgs gksA

11) Replace Command: This command is used to replace the data of any field in pre-saved
database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fjdkMZLk esa ifjorZu
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

12) Delete Command: This command is used to delete the records of pre-saved database file
temporary and their other format are as follows :-

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 9

 bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa ls fjdkMZl dks vLFkkbZ :i ls
fMyhV djus ds fy, tkrk gSA rFkk blds vU; izk:i bl izdkj gS %&

a) Delete: To delete current records.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx orZeku fjdkMZl dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

b) Delete all: To delete all records.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx lkjs fjdkMZl dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

c) Delete record <no.> to delete particular records.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh fuf”pr fjdkMZl dks fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA

d) Delete for <condition> To delete record on the basis of condition.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fdlh fjdkMZLk dks “krZ ds vk/kkj ij fMyhV djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

13) Pack Command: This command is used to delete the records permanently from pre-saved
database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fjdkMZl dks LFkkbZ :i ls fMyhV djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk
gSA

14) Recall Command: This Command is used to restore temporary deleted records from pre-
saved database file.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx vLFkkbZ :i ls fMyhV fd;s gq, MkVk dks jhLVksj
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Modifying the Structure of Database file

After creating database file in fox pro there is need to make changes in our file many times.
To modify the structure of any databasefile, firstly we have to open the particular structure
and have to make important changes. To perform this function we have to give MODIFY
STRUCTURE command. To perform this follow these steps:-
1. Firstly activate the file.
2. After this use MODIFY STRUCTURE command.
3. After this a table designer form appears, in it make the changes accordingly and click on
ok.

QkWDlizks esa vki ,d ckj MkVkcsl QkbZy cuk ysrs gSSa] mlds i”pkr~
Hkh dbZ ckj la”kks/ku djus vko”;drk gksrh gSA MsVkcsl QkbZy dh
lajpuk esa fdlh Hkh izdkj ds la”kks/ku dks laiUu djus ds fy, lcls igys ml

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 10

 lajpuk dks [kksyuk iM+rk gS rFkk mlesa vko”;d la”kks/ku djuk gksrk
gSA ,slk djus ds fy, ge QkWDlizks esa Modify Structure dek.M dk mi;ksx
djrs gSA blds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa %&
1- lcls igys QkbZy dks lfØ; djsaA
2- blds ckn Modify Structure dek.M dk mi;ksx djsaA
3- vkids lkeus Vscy fMtkbuj QkWeZ vk tk,sxk rRi”pkr~ vki vius vuqlkj
ifjorZu djds vksds ij fDyd djsaA

Displaying the Structure of Database file

After we have made changes in the file, it is necessary to confirm the changes we have made
in the structure of database file we have to use following commands.

MkVkcsl QkbZy esa la”kks/ku djus ds Ik”pkr~ vki vo”; pkgsaxs fd

vkids }kjk fd;s x;s la”kks/ku Bhd ls gks ik;s gS ;k vFkok ugha] lqfuf”pr
dj ysa blds fy, fuEu dek.M dk mi;ksx djsa &

Display structure

Using The Memo field

Memo field is used to store the text at large scale. For this firstly we have to create memo field
in our database file.

After creating memo field in our database file click on it and press Ctrl+ home/ Ctrl+Pgdn
from our keyboard by which memo page will be opened. After this the information we want to
add in it can be added in it from keyboard and can save it by pressing Ctrl+w.

Ekseks QhYM dk iz;ksx ge VSDLV dks cM+h ek=k esa lax`fgr djus ds
fy, djrs gSA blds fy, lcls igys eseks QhYM viuh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa
cukuk gksxkA

eseks QhYM dks viuh MkVkcsl QkbZy esa yxkus ds ckn ml ij ,d fDyd
djsa rFkk dhcksMZ ls Ctrl + Home / Ctrl + Pgdn cVu nck;sa ftlls fd eseks ist

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 11

vkids lkeus [kqydj vk tk,xkA blds ckn vkidks tks lwpuk viuh QkbZy esa
tksM+uh gS] vki mls dhcksMZ fd lgk;rk ls VkbZi djds tksM+ ldrs gS
rFkk Ctrl + W ls mls lqjf{kr Hkh dj ldrs gSA
Display Memo fields

To display the information stored in memo field firstly we have to activate the particular
file,after that write the field name name with list command in which memo is stored.

Ekseks QhYM esa LVksj dh xbZ lwpuk dks LØhu ij iznf”kZr djus ds fy,
lcls igys ml QkbZy dks ,fDVo djsa rr~Ik”pkr fyLV dek.M ds lkFk ml
QhYM dk uke fy[ksa ftlesa esaeks LVksj fd;k gqvk gSA
Use <file name>

List <field>

Files Utilities work in Foxpro

The common tasks performed in any database file in foxpro is called utility work. It is mainly of
four types:-

fdlh Hkh MkVkcsl QkbZy ij fd;k tkus okyk lkekU; dk;Z QkWDlizksa esa
QkbZy ;qfVfyVh odZ dgykrk gS] ;g pkj izdkj ds gksrs gS%&

1- Displaying List of Files (QkbZyksa dh lwph fn[kkuk)

To perform this task following commands are use in foxpro:-
QkWDlizks esa bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dek.M dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS &
List Files
Directories
Dir
Dir *.*
Display Files

2- Copying the Files(QkbZyksa dks dkWih djuk)

To perform this task following commands are use in foxpro:-
QkWDlizks esa bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dek.M dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS &

Copy File <source file name> To <destination file name>

3- Renaming the Files(QkbZyksa dks jhuse djuk)

To perform this task following commands are use in foxpro:-

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 12

 QkWDlizks esa bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dek.M dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS &

Rename <old file name> To <New file name>

4- Deleting the Files(QkbZyksa dh feVkuk)

To perform this task following commands are use in foxpro:-
QkWDlizks esa bl dk;Z dks djus ds fy, fuEufyf[kr dek.M dk mi;ksx
fd;k tkrk gS &

Erase <file name>

Delete File <file name>

SORTING

By the term sorting we mean to arrange the objects in an special manner, grouping and classifying.
Sorting is used in every field. For eg: to arrange the goods by the manner of their batchewise,
production by datewise, and accesing them in the same manner and gaining information on need.

When we are entering data in any database file it is not in an order. It is not possible to arrange the data
and to sort it simultaneously. So the data is only sorted after completing the data entering work in our
database file.

lkWfVZxa dk vFkZ ,d fo”ks’k Øe esa phtksa dks xzqi djuk] O;ofLFkr djuk
rFkk oxhZd`r djuk gksrk gSA lkWfVZax dk mi;ksx gj {ks= esa fd;k tkrk gSA
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 13
mnkgj.kLo:i fdlh dEiuh ds xksnke esa eky dh lkWfVZax cSp ds Øe esa
O;ofLFkr djuk] mRiknu dks frFkh ds Øe esa O;ofLFkr djuk rFkk blh Øe esa
vko”;drk iM+us ij lwpukvksa dks izkIr djuk vkfnA

tc ge dksbZ MkVkcsl QkbZy esa MkVk izfo’V dj jgsa gksrs gSa rks
lkekU;r% fdlh Øe esa ugh gksrk gSA ;g lEHko Hkh ugh gS fd ge MkVk dks
lkWVZ djrs gq, izfo’V djsaA vr% MkVk izfo’V djus ds i”pkr~ ge lkWfVZax
izfØ;k ds }kjk viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj lkWVZ djus dk dk;Z djrs gSA

USE OF SORT COMMAND

We can sort one or more than one field. We can sort our data into following manner:-
vki fdlh ,d QhYM ;k ,d ls vf/kd QhYM dks lkWVZ dj ldrs gSA fuEu Øe esa
vki vius MkVkcsl dks lkWVZ dj ldrs gS &
1. A to Z
2. Z to A
3. Ascending Order
4. Descending Order

To use sort command follow these stepss:-

lkWVZ dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa &
Use <file>

SORT ON <FIELD, FIELD> TO <FILE NAME>

To see our output after sorting we can use list, display and browse command.

To use command in descending order follow these steps:-

lkWVZ dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds ckn vkus okys ifj.kkeksa dks ns[kus ds fy,
List, Display rFkk Browse dek.M dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gSA

lkWVZ dek.M dk mi;ksx ?kVrs Øe esa djus ds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa &
SORT ON <FIELD, FIELD>/D TO <FILE NAME>

Disadvantage of Using Sort Command :-

1. To perform sort command we need more space because when any databse while is being sorted
than another is also created of same size in which sorted records are stored.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 14

 2. Sorting is one of the slow processes.
3. Sorted data is stored in another file, so it is necessary to open the file to get the sorted data.
1- lkWVZ djus ds fy, fMLd esa vf/kd LFkku dh vko”;drk gksrh gSA
D;ksafd fdlh lkekU; MsVkcsl Qkby dks lkWVZ fd;k tkrk gS rc izk;%
mlh vkdkj dh ,d vkSj Qkby curh gS ftlesa lkWVZ fd;s x;s fjdkWMZ
lax`ghr gksrs gSaA
2- lkWfVZxa ,d /kheh izkslsl gSA
3- lkWVZ fd;k x;k MkVk fdlh vU; Qkby esa lax`ghr gksrh gS] vr% gesa
lkWVZ fd;s MkVk dks izkIr djus ds fy, ml Qkby dks [kksyuk vko”;d
gksrk gSA
INDEXING

In foxpro index is used to get any special record speedily. Opposite to sort index doesn’t occupy more
space, its speed is faster than sorting.

Fox pro provides the facility of creating two types of index files. The first one I s.IDX file which is being
indexed on a single field and second one is .CDX file which is being indexed over more than one field.

If we have made any changes in databse file than it is updated by giving REINDEX command.

To use index command follow these steps:-

Use <file>

INDEX ON <FIELD, FIELD> TO <FILE NAME>

Difference B/w Sort and Index Command

s.no: SORT INDEX

1. Sorting occupies more space on disk. Index occupies less space on disk.
2. Extension of sorting file is .DBF Extension of index file if .IDX
3. In it field can be arranged accordingly In it field cannot be arranged accordingly
4. We can’t use seek command in it. In it with the help of seek command data can
be searched.

QkWDlizks esa baMsDl dk iz;ksx MsVkcsl Qkby ds fdlh fo”ks’k fjdkMZ dks
“kh?kzrk ds lkFk izkIr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA lkWfVZax ds foijhr] baMsDl
fMLd esa cgqr T;knk vfrfjDr LFkku ugh ?ksjrk gS bldh xfr lkWfVZax ds
vis{kkd`r vf/kd gksrh gSA

QkWDlizks nks izdkj dh baMsDl Qkby cukus dh lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA ,d
.IDX Qkby tks fd ,d QhYM ij baMsDl dh tkrh gSA rFkk nwljh .CDX Qkby tks fd
,d ls vf/kd QhYM ij baMsDl dh tkrh gSA

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 15

;fn MsVkcsl Qkby esa dksbZ cnyko fd;k tkrk gS rks REINDEX dek.M dk iz;ksx
djds mls viMsV fd;k tk ldrk gSA

baMsDl dek.M dk mi;ksx djus ds fy, fuEu inks dk ikyu djsa &
Use <file>

INDEX ON <FIELD, FIELD> TO <FILE NAME>

Difference B/w Sort and Index Command

S.NO. SORT INDEX

1 lkWfVZax fMLd ij vf/kd baMsDl de LFkku ?ksjrk gSA
LFkku ?ksjrk gSA
2 lkWfVZax Qkby dk foLrkjd baMsDl Qkby dk foLrkjd .IDX gksrk gSA
.DBF gksrk gSA
3 blesa QhYM dks blesa QhYM dks bPNkuqlkj O;ofLrr ugh dj
bPNkuqlkj O;ofLrr dj ldrs ldrs gSA
gSA
4 blesa SEEK dek.M dk blesa SEEK dek.M dh lgk;rk ls MkVk dk
mi;ksx ugh dj ldrs A [kkstk tk ldrk gSA

dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy COMPOUND INDEX FILE

Compound index file is that file in which more than one index file is being stored. The index file stored
in compound index file are called index tag. In foxpro extension of compound index file is .CDX. these
types of file are in compact format which in resulting occupies less space on disk.

Compound index files are mainly of two types:-

1. structural compound index file.

2. Independent compound structural file.

The name of structural compound index file is similar to original file and its extensions is .CDX.
Independent compound index files name is not similar to original file rather its extension is same i.e.
.CDX.
dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy og QkbZy gksrh gS ftles ,d ls vf/kd bUMsDl
QkbZyks dks j[kk tkrk gSSA dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy ds vUnj j[kh tkus
okyh bUMsDl Qkbyks dks bUMsDl Vsx dgk tkrk gSA QkDlizks esa
dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy dk foLrkjd .cdx gksrk gSA bl izdkj fd QkbZysa
dkWeisDV QkesZV es gksrh gS rFkk Qy Lo:i fMLd esa de LFkku ?ksjrh
gSA

dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy eq[;r% nks izdkj dh gksrh gSA

1- LVªDpjy dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 16

 2- Lora= dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy

LVªDpjy dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy dk uke ewy MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leku

gksrk gS rFkk bldk foLrkjd .cdx gksrk gSA
Lora= dEikmUM bUMsDl QkbZy dk uke ewy MkVkcsl QkbZy ds leku ugh
gksrk gSa tcdh bldk foLrkjd Hkh .cdx gksrk gSA

Find and Seek Command QkbZUM ,aM lhd dek.M

In fox pro with the help of find and seek command we can search any special information speedily from
our file. For it we have to remember that file should have index.
QkDLizks esa bUMsDl QkbZy esa QkbZUM rFkk lhd dek.M dh lgk;rk
ls fdlh fo”ks’k lwpuk dks f”k/kzrk ds lkFk [kkstus dk dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA
blds fy, ;kn j[ksa fd QkbZy dk bUMsDl gksuk vfuok;Z gSA

j”keksj rduhd RUSHMOR TECHNOLOGY

Rushmor technology is one of data accessing technology by which we can perform our searching tasks
more speedily over a group of records. By rushmor technology we can perform searching operations
1000 times’ faster over complex databases.

Rushmor technology performs its searching processes speedily by using non-impact index files and
index files. To start rushmor technology we have to open the index files. If needed rushmor technology
automatically uses index files.
Following commands are included under rushmor technology:-
BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, DELETE, LIST, LOCATE, SORT, INDEX, REPORT, LABEL, SUM, REPLACE, RECALL,
COPY Etc.

j”keksj rduhd ,d MkVk ,Dlsl rduhd gS ftlls fjdkMZ ds lewg ij vf/kd rhozrk
ls [kkstus dk dk;Z fd;k tk ldrk gSA j”keksj rduhd dh lgk;rk ls tfVy
MkVkcslksa ij [kkstus dk dk;Z gtkjksa xquk rhozrk ls fd;k tkrk gSA

j”keksj rduhd lHkh izdkj dh ukWu bEisDV baMsDl Qkby rFkk baMsDl
Qkbyksa dks mi;ksx djds fjdkWMZ [kkstus dk dk;Z rsth ls djrh gSA
j”keksj rduhd dk vkjEHk djus ds fy, MkVkcsl fd baMsDl Qkby dks
[kksydj j[kuk pkfg,A j”keksj rduhd vko”;drk iM+us ij baMsDl Qkby dk
mi;ksx lh/ks gh Lor% dj ysrh gSA
j”keksj rduhd ds vUrxZr fuEu dek.M vkrh gS &
BROWSE, CHANGE, EDIT, DELETE, LIST, LOCATE, SORT, INDEX, REPORT, LABEL, SUM, REPLACE, RECALL,
COPY Etc.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 17

MEMORY VARIABLE

Fox pro provides the facility of gathering and storing any data in our computer’s Ram. In it we can store
256 different items together. Like wise calculation of last result, present and next bill number, dates,
fixed numbers, etc. can be stored in ram togetherly. The data item stored togetherly in ram is ‘memory
variable’.
For the naming of memory variable we have to follow some necessary rules:-
1. Memory variable can be of 10 characters long.
2. Memory variable should be started with any alphabet.

QkWDlizks vkidk dksbZ Hkh MkVk] vkidh bPNkuqlkj dEI;wVj dh jSe esa
bdB~Bk djus fd lqfo/kk iznku djrk gSA blesa vki 256 fHkUu & fHkUu MkVk
vkbVe ,d= dj ldrs gSA tSls fdlh vfUre ifj.kke fd x.kuk] orZeku vkSj vxyh fcy
la[;k] fnukad] fuf”pr la[;k vkfn jSe esa ,d= dj ldrs gSA jSe esa ,d= gksus
okyk MkVk vkbVe ^eseksjh oSfj;scy^ dgykrk gSA

eseksjh oSfj;soy ds ukedj.k ds fy, vkidks uhps fy[ks dqN vko”;d fu;eksa dk
ikyu djuk pkfg,&
1- Ekseksjh osfj;scy dk uke nl v{kjksa rd yEck gks ldrk gSA
2- Ekseksjh osfj;scy dk uke fdlh v{kj ls gh izkjEHk gksuk pkfg,A

Creating Memory Variable eSeksjh osfj;scy cukuk

In fox pro to create memory variable we have to use STORE or = command.
QkWDlizks esa eseksjh oSfj;scy dk fuekZ.k djus ds fy, STORE ;k = dek.M dk
mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

For Example

Store 20 to Bill OR Bill = 20

From above example it is proved that there is one variable which is named as bill and 20 is stored in it.
mijksDr mnkgj.k ls ;g Li’V gksrk gS fd ,d osfj;scy gS ftldk uke fcy gS rFkk
mlesa 20 LVksj dj fn;k x;k gSA

Difference between scatter and gather command

SCATTER rFkk GATHER dek.M esa vURkj

Both scatter and gather are used for data transferring, the difference is that through scatter command
data transferred in array from database. By gather command data can be transferred from array to
database.
LdsVj rFkk xsnj nksuks gh dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVk LFkkukUrj.k djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS vUrj ;g gS fd LdsVj dek.M ds }kjk MkVk dks MkVkcsl ls ,sjs esa
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 18
LFkkukUrfjr djus ds fy, djrs gSA xsnj dek.M ds }kjk MkVk dks ,sjs ls
MkVkcsl esa LFkkukUrfjr fd;k tkrk gSA

DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS

1) Time () – This command is used to display system time in the fox pro screen.

To display the time on our screen we have to follow these commands:-

?Time()

To diplay the system clock on our system screen:-

?Time()
Set Clock on

To remove the system clock from the screen:-

?Time()
Set Clock off
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx flLVe esa lsV VkbZe dks QkWDlizks ij ns[kus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

le; dks QkWDlizks LØhu ij ns[kus ds fy, fuEuizdkj ls dek.M dks fy[kuk
gS &
? Time()

flLVe ?kM+h dks QkWDlizks LØhu ij ns[kus ds fy, &

? Time()
Set Clock on

flLVe ?kM+h dks QkWDlizks LØhu ls gVkus ds fy, &

? Time()
Set Clock off

2) Date ()- This command is used to set the system date on our fox pro screen.
?date()
If we want to display the present date in four digits, then follow these commands:-
?date()
Set Century on
If we want to display the present date in two digits, then follow these commands:-
?date()
Set Century off

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 19

 bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx flLVe esa lsV MsV dks QkWDlizks ij ns[kus ds
fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
flLVe es lsV Vkbe dks ns[kus ds fy,]
? date()
;fn vki MsV es mifLFkr o’kZ dks pkj vad ds :i esa ns[kuk pkgrs gS] rks fuEu
dekaM dk mi;ksx djsaA

? date ()
Set century on
;fn vki MsV esa mifLFkr o’kZ dks nks vad ds :i esa ns[kuk pkgrs gS rks fuEu
dekaM dk mi;ksx djsaA

? date ()
Set century off

3) Day ()- This function is used to display the day value of any date expression in numerical form.
This command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MSV ,D”kizs”ku ds fnu ds vadh;
eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx
fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? day (current)
In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Day function will
receive date from current variable and will display the numerical value of day on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA Ms QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk fnu dk
vadh; eku LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA

4) Month ()-This function is used to display the month value of any date expression in numerical
form. This command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MsV ,D”kizs”ku ds ekg ds vadh;
eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx
fuEu izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? month (current)

In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Month function will
receive date from current variable and will display the numerical value of month on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA eUFk QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk ekg dk
vadh; eku LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 20
 5) Cmonth () – This function is used to display the month name of any date expression . This
command is used in following ways:-
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx QkWDlizks esa MsV ,D”kizs”ku ds ekg ds uke
dks LØhu ij n”kkZus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gsSA bl dekaM dk mi;ksx fuEu
izdkj ls fd;k tkrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? cmonth (current)
In the above command first command will store date in current variable. Cmonth function will
receive date from current variable and will display the name of month on the screen.
mijksDr dekaM esa igyh dekaM MsV dks djsUV uked isfj;cy esa LVksj
djsxhA lh eUFk QaD”ku djsUV osfj;cy ls MsV dks izkIr djsxk rFkk ekg
dk uke LØhu ij izn”khZr djsxkA
6) Dow ()- Full name of this function is day of week and it displays weekly numeric value of a day in
date expression.
bl QaD”ku dk foLr`r :i MS vkWQ ohd gS rFkk ;g fn;s x;s fdlh MSV
,DLizs”ku esa fnu dk lkIrkfgd eku dks LØhu ij n”kkZrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? Dow (current)

7) CDow ()-Full name of this function is character day of week and it displays week name of a day
in date expression.
bl QaD”ku dk foLr`r :i djsDVj Ms vkWQ ohd gS rFkk ;g fn;s x;s fdlh
MSV ,DLizs”ku esa fnu dk lkIrkfgd uke dks LØhu ij n”kkZrk gSA
Store date () to current
23/06/2010
? Cdow (current)

Arithmetic Operations

Operations Operator Example Result

Addition + ? 10+5 15
Subtraction - ? 10-5 5
Multiplication * ? 10 * 5 50
Division / ? 10 / 5 2
Modules % ?10%5 0

Mathematical Functions
SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 21
 1. SQRT ()- This function is used to calculate the square root.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx oxZ ewy Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
? SQRT (no.)

2. INT ()- This function is used to calculate absolute value from decimal values.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx n”keyo la[;kvksa esa ls iw.kkZad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
? INT (no.)
3. Floor()- This function is similar to INT function, difference is that floor function returns the result
by decreasing one value of given negative decimal number.
bl QaD”ku dk dk;Z Hkh bUV QaD”ku ds leku gS vUrj ;g gS fd Qyksj
QaD”ku _.kkRed n”keyo la[;kvks dk iw.kkZad ,d vad de ykSVkrk
gSaA
?floor(no.)

4. Ceiling ()- This function is also similar to INT function, difference is that it returns the value by
increasing one value of positive decimal numbers
bl QaD”ku dk dk;Z Hkh bUV QaD”ku ds leku gS vUrj ;g gS fd lhfyax
QaD”ku /kukRed n”keyo la[;kvks dk iw.kkZad ,d vad vf/kd ykSVkrk
gSaA
?ceiling(no.)
5. ABS ()- This function is used to calculate the absolute value of the result value.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh la[;k dk iw.kkZad Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA
?abs(no.)

6. Max ()- This function is used to calculate the biggest number among two numbers.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fn, x, vadks es ls lcls cM+k vad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
?max(no.,no.,……….)
7. Min()- This number is used to calculate the smallest value among two numbers.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fn, x, vadks esa ls lcls NksVk vad Kkr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gSA
?min(no., no., …………..)
8. Mod ()- This function is used calculate the remainder value.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx “ks’k Qy Kkr djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
?mod(no., no.,)
9. Len ()- This function is used to count total number of characters in any word.
bl QaD”ku dk mi;ksx fdlh Hkh “kCn es afy[ks x, v{kjks dk dqy;ksx Kkr
djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSaA
Mathematical Commands

1- Sum ()- This function is used to calculate the sum of any field of database file.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 22

 bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fdlh QhYM dk ;ksx Kkr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Use < file name>

Sum < field Name>
Above command will firstly activate that file in which we have to use sum command, after that
with sum command write the name of that field of which we want to calculate the sum.
mijksDr dek.M lcls igys ml QkbZy dks lfØ; djsxh ftl QkbZy esa vkidks
le dek.M dk mi;ksx djuk gS] mlds ckn le dek.M ds lkFk ml QhYM dk
uke fy[ksa ftldk vkidks ;ksx Kkr djuk gSA
2- Average ()- This command is used to calculate average sum of any field.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fdlh QhYM dh vkSlr Kkr djus
ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

Use < file name>

Average < field Name>
Above command will firstly activate that command in which we want to use the sum command,
After that write the name of the field with average command of which we want to calculatre the
average.
mijksDr dek.M lcls igys ml QkbZy dks lfØ; djsxh ftl QkbZy esa vkidks
le dek.M dk mi;ksx djuk gS] mlds ckn ,ojst dek.M ds lkFk ml QhYM dk
uke fy[ksa ftldk vkidks vkSlr Kkr djuk gSA
3- Count ()- This command is used to calculate the number of records available in field of any
database file. For eg: if Emp file from Salary field we want to know that how many employees
are receiving salary over 10,000 then we can use this command easily.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx MkVkcsl QkbZy esa fdlh QhYM esa mifLFkr
fjdkMZ~Lk dh x.kuk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA tSls vkidks Emp QkbZy
esa mifLFkr Salary uked QhYM esa ;g irk djuk gS fd fdrus deZpkfj;ksa
dk osru 10000 : ls vf/kd gS rks bl dek.M ds }kjk ;g dk;Z ljyrk ls dj ldrs
gSA
Use Emp
Count for salary > 1000

Important Questions

iz01 QkWDlizks D;k gS \ QkWDlizks ds eq[; xq.k D;k gS \

Q-1 What is Fox Pro ? Explain its characteristics.

iz02 fuEufyf[kr esa vUrj le>kb,&

Q-2 Differentiate the following –
1- Delete and Pack
2- Browse and Append
3- Close and Quit

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 23

iz03 MkVkcsl esustesUV flLVe D;k gS \ QkWDlizks ds MkVkVkbZIl Hkh
crkb,A
Q-3 Explain DBMS ( Data Base Management System) and Datatypes of foxpro.

iz04 fuEufyf[kr dek.M~l dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, &

Q-4 Define the Following
1- Change
2- Replace
3- Display
4- Rename

iz05 Mhch,e,l rFkk vkjMhch,e,l esa vUrj fyf[k, &

Q-5 Differentiate between DBMS and RDBMS.
Ans: RDBMS:- Any database system can contain following drawbacks.
1. Repeatation of information
2. Incapability of expressing any fixed information.
To rectify above drawbacks another database system was developed which was named as RDBMS
(relational database management system)
RDBMS is that database system in which we combine many relational database on need and can display
our records.
m0& vkjMhch,e,l & fdlh Hkh MkVkcsl iz.kkyh esa fuEufyf[kr dfe;ka gks ldrh
gS &
1- lwpuk dh iqujko`fRr
2- fuf”pr lwpuk dks O;Dr djus esa v{kerk
mi;qZDr dfe;ksa dks nwj djus ds fy, ,d vkSj MkVkcsl iz.kkyh dk fodkl fd;k x;k
ftldk uke vkjMhch,e,l gSA
vkjMhch,e,l ,d ,slh iz.kkyh gS ftlesa fd dbZ lEcfU/kr MkVkcsl dks tksM+ dj
vko”;drkuqlkj fjdkMZl dks iznf”kZr dj ldrs gSA

iz06 eseks QhYM dk mi;ksx D;k gS \ rFkk bl QhYM esa MkVk dks dSls
,UVj rFkk lso djrs gS \
Q-6 What is the use of Memo field ? How to enter & save data in memo fields.

iz07 ,d MkVkcsl Qkby ftldk uke EMP gS]dks Create djus dh izkslsl ds lHkh
pj.k fyf[k,] bl Qkby dk Structure uhps fn;k x;k gS &
Q-7 Write all steps to create a database file named Emp. The Structure of this file is given below:
Emp No. Character 05
Ename Character 15
Dept Character 15
Job Character 20
Salary Numerical 7,2
Doj date 8

iz08 Compund ,oa Structural Compound Index file esa vUrj Li’V djsaA
Q-8 Differentiate between Compound & Structural Compound Index file.

iz09 Rushmore Technology D;k gS \

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 24
Q-9 Explain Rushmore Technology ?

iz010 fuEu dks ifjHkkf’kr dhft, &

Q-10 Define the following -
1- Find and Seek.
2- Sorting and Indexing.
3- Compund Index file.
4- Independent Compound Index file.

iz011 QkWDlizks esa yscYl cukus dh fof/k dk o.kZu dhft, A

Q-11 Explain the Procedure to create labels in Foxpro ?
Ans:- Fox pro also provides the facility of creating labels. This is very useful in the case when we want
develop many prints of it. If the database file is being sorted or indexed than labels will be printed in the
same manner.

Labels can be created by following steps:-

1. Firstly open the database in which name, address etc. are stored.
2. Open the label design window.
3. Select that field of database according to which we want create labels.
4. Select the margins.
5. Save the label file.
Using command window we can create labels as following.
Create Label <Label filename>
By the above command window label design window will appear infront of us in which according to us
we can create labels .
m0& QkWDlizks yscYl cukus dh lqfo/kk Hkh miyC/k djkrk gSA ;g lqfo/kk rc
cgqr gh mi;ksxh gksrh gS] tc blds cgqr vf/kd ek=k esa fizUV cuokus gksrs
gSA ;fn MkVkcsl Qkby dks lkWVZ ;k baMsDl fd;k x;k gS rks yscYl mlh
vkWMZj esa fizUV gksrs gSA

yscYl cukus fd izkslsl fuEukuqlkj gS&

1- lcls igys ml MkVkcsl Qkby dks [kksys ftlesa uke] irk vkfn LVksj gSA
2- yscy fMtkbu foUMks dks [kksysA
3- MkVkcsl Qkby ds ml QhYM dks flysDV djsa ftlds vuqlkj vkidks yscYl
cukus gSA
4- ekftZu vkfn dks flysDV djsaA
5- yscy cuh gqbZ Qkby dks lqjf{kr djsaA
dek.M foUMks dk mi;ksx djds yscy cukus dk dk;Z fuEukuqlkj djrs gS &
Create Label <Label filename>
mijksDr dek.M ds }kjk yscy fMtkbu foUMks vkids lkeus iznf”kZr gks tkrk gS
ftlesa viuh vko”;drk ds vuqlkj yscy cukus ds dk;Z dj ldrs gSA

iz012 dLVe fjiksVZ D;k gS \

Q-12 What is the Custom Report ?

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 25

Ans:- The final result we gets in fox pro is called report. To display the database records in an arranged &
fixed manner is called report. In fox pro to give report format report file if being prepared, in which
format of the report is saved, rather original data is stored in database file.

Extension of report file is .FRX. there are two ways of reporting in fox pro:-
1. Custom report
2. Quick report
In custom report we can perform reporting with condition. In this report we can use many features like
header & footer, body design etc. these all functions are performed in reporter righter function.

Quick report contains all the records of database files, but report can also be prepared by the selected
fields accordingly.
m0& QkWDlizks esa fd;s x;s dk;Z dk vfUre] egRoiw.kZ ifj.kke fjiksVZ gksrh
gSA MkVkcsl ds fjdkMZ dks O;ofLFkr ,oa fu/kkZfjr izk:i esa izLrqr djuk
fjiksVZ dgykrk gSA QkWDlizks esa fjiksVZ dk izk:i nsus ds fy, fjiksVZ Qkby
rS;kj dh tkrh gS] ftlesa fjiksVZ dk izk:i lax`fgr gksrk gS tcfd okLrfod MkVk]
MkVkcsl Qkby esa lax`fgr djrk gSA

dk Extension
Report File .FRX gksrk gSA QkWDlizks esa fjiksfVZax djus dh nks
fof/k;ka gksrh gS &
1- Custom Report
2- Quick Report
Custom Report esa ge Condition ds lkFk Reporting dj ldrs gSA bl fjiksVZ esa dbZ
Qhpj dk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS tSls Header & Footer, Body design vkfn ;g lHkh dk;Z
fjiksVZ jkbZVj foUMksa esa lEiUu djok;s tkrs gSA

esa MkVkcsl Qkby ds lHkh fjdkMZl gksrs gS] ijUrq bPNkuqlkj

Quick Report
pqus gq, QhYM~Lk ds vuqlkj Hkh fjIkksVZ rS;kj fd tk ldrh gSA

iz013 \@\\@\\\ dek.M dk D;k mi;ksx gS \

Q-13 Explain ?/??/??? command .
? command – This command is mainly used to display the records in a better way. By this we can get
accurate results.
bl dek.M dk eq[;r% iz;ksx fjdkMZ dks vPNh rjg ls iznf”kZr djus ds fy, fd;k
tkrk gSA bl dek.M ds ek/;e ls lVhd ifj.kke izkIr fd;s tk ldrs gSA

Use <filename>
? name
OR
? name, salary
OR
Use <filename>
? “ my name is “, Name

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 26

?? command – This command is also used to display the information but it displays the records in next
row.
bl dek.M dk mi;ksx Hkh \ dek.M ds leku gh lwpukvks dks iznf”kZr djus ds fy,
fd;k tkrk gS ijUrq ;g dek.M ifj.kkeksa dks vxyh jkW ls iznf”kZr djrh gSA

Use <filename>
?? name
?? Salary

??? command – This command is used to control the printer.

bl dek.M dk mi;ksx fizUVj dks fu;f+=r djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

??? CHR(015)
By the above command we can select condensed printing mode.
mijksDr dek.M ds ek/;e ls ge dUMsULM fizUVhax eksM dks flysDV djrs
gSA

iz014 fjiksVZ esa MkVk dks xzqi dSls djrs gS \

Q-14 How to Group data in Report ?
In report option by data grouping we can group any type of data like if we need any records in which all
the employees are from Meerut city, hence we want to perform grouping who belongs to city Meerut.

In report menu after selecting data grouping a data grouping dialogue box will appear, in which with the
help of Add change, delete button we can add group, change and delete it.

By pressing add button we have to enter field name in the text box located infront group push button in
group info dialogue box in which we want to perform grouping. By clicking on group push button in
expression builder in valid fox pro expression on the base of which records can be grouped.
m0& fjiksVZ esU;q ds fodYi MkVk xzqfiax ds }kjk vki fdlh Hkh fjiksVZ esa
MkVk dks xzqi dj ldrs gSA tSls vkidks ,sls fjdkMZ~l fd vko”;drk gS ftlesa
lHkh O;fDr;ksa dk City Meerut gS] vr% mu lHkh O;fDr;ksa fd xzqfiax djuk gS
ftudh city meerut gSA

fjiksVZ esU;q esa MkVk xzqfiax vkWIlu dks pquus ds ckn MkVk xzqfiax
Mk;ykWx ckWDl iznf”kZr gksrk gS] vki Add change, delete cVu dh enn ls fjiksVZ
esa Group add, change vFkok delete dj ldrs gSA

Add cVu dks nckdj Group Info uked Mk;ykWx ckWDl esa xzqi iq”k cVu ds le{k
cus Text Box esa ml QhYM dk uke Enter djrs gS] ftl ij xzqfiax djuh gSA Group
iq”k cVu dks fDyd djds Expression Builder esa Valid foxpro expression ds vk/kkj ij Hkh
Records dks xzqi fd;k tk ldrk gSA

iz015 eSeksjh osfj;scy D;k gS \ budks dSls cuk;k o mi;ksx fd;k tk ldrk
gS \
Q-15 Explain Memory Variable ? How to create and use them.

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 27

SOMEONE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY & MANAGEMENT, GWALIOR (M.P) 28