 ARDUINO BASED SMART WATER IRRIGATION

SYSTEM
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
Group:
Kalmi Nilesh EN NO: 169860309012
Parmar Sahil EN NO: 169860309028
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309035
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309036

In fulfillment for 5TH Semester

of
DIPLOMA OF ENGINEERING
in
Electrical Engineering
Shree swaminarayan Polytechnic college

Gujarat Technological University, Ahmedabad

Academic Year (2018-2019)

1 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

2 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM
 INDEX

CERTIFICATE 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
ABSTRACT 6

CH.1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY 7
1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT 8
1.3 PLAN OF THE WORK 9

CH.2 ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND 10

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
2.1 WHAT IS DRIP IRRIGATTION SYSTEM 10
2.2 WHAT IS SMART IRRIGATION 11

CH.3 COMPONENTS USED IN THE SYSTEM 13

3.1 MOISURE SENSOR 13
3.2 ARDUINO BOARD 14
3.3 WATER PUMP 17
3.4 L298N MOTOR CONTROLLER 21

CH.4 4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM 21

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 4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 22
4.3 MOISTURE SENSOR WITH ARDUINO 23
4.4 PUMP WITH ARDUINO 24

SUMMARY 26
REFERENCES 26

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
2017-2018

4 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 CERTIFICATE

Date:

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “ARDUINO BASEDSMART

WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM” has been carried out by
Kalmi Nilesh EN NO: 169860309012
Parmar Sahil EN NO: 169860309028
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309035
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309036

under my guidance in fulfillment of 5th semester of diploma of Engineering in

Electrical of Gujarat Technological University, Chandkheda during the year 2018-
19.

Guide: Prof. Naimesh Jani

Head of the Department

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank Shree swaminarayan polytechnic ,ganadhinagar sector -22
for giving us the opportunity to use their resources and workin such a challenging
environment.
First and foremost, We take this opportunity to express our deepest sense of gratitude
to our guide , for her able guidance during our project work. This project would not have
been possible without her help and the valuable time that she has given us amidst of her
busy schedule.
We would like to extend our gratitude to my friends and senior students of this
department who have always encouraged and supported us in doing our work.
Last but not the least, We would like to thank all the staff members of Department of
Electrical Engineering who have been very cooperative with us.

Kalmi Nilesh EN NO: 169860309012

Parmar Sahil EN NO: 169860309028
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309035
Patel Rutvik EN NO: 169860309036

Date:
Place: Shree swaminarayan polytechnic college

6 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 ABSTRACT

An automatic irrigation control system has been designed to facilitate the automatic supply of
adequate of water from a reservoir to field or domestic crops in all agricultural seasons. One of the
objectives of this work is to see how human control could be removed from irrigation and also to
optimize the use of water in the process. The method employed is to continuously monitor the soil
moisture level to decide whether irrigation is needed, and how much water is needed in the soil. A
pumping mechanism is used to deliver the needed amount of water to the soil. The work can be
grouped into four subsystems namely; power supply, sensing unit, control unit and pumping
subsystems which make up the automatic irrigation control system. A moisture sensor was
constructed to model the electrical resistance of the soil; a regulated 24 volts power supply unit
was constructed to power the system; the control circuit was implemented using operational
amplifier ,Arduino controller, Motor diver IC and relay; and the pumping subsystem consisting of
a submersible water pump was constructed using a small ac-operated motor. System response tests
were carried out to determine the time taken for the system to irrigate potted samples of different
soil types having different levels of dryness. The results obtained showed that sandy soils require
less water than loamy soils and clay soils require the most water for irrigation.

7 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM SUMMARY:

Irrigation is an artificial supplying of water to the root of plant. Irrigation has been used to
assist in the growing of agricultural crops, maintenance of landscapes, and re-vegetation of
disturbed soils in dry areas and during periods of inadequate rainfall. In crop production,
irrigation helps in protecting plants against frost, suppressing weed growth in grain fields
and preventing soil consolidation. Irrigation systems are also used for dust suppression,
disposal of sewage, and in mining. The old method used for irrigation was the use of
watering cans, water channels that have to be opened and closed manually or backpack
sprinklers. In this case, a lot of water is wasted in the process. There is need for
improvement on the existing or old forms of irrigation. An automated irrigation system
needs to be developed to optimize water use for agricultural crops. An intelligent automatic
irrigation system has to have all the components that autonomously monitor and control
the level of water available to the plants without any failure or human intervention. The
intelligent system should perform the following functions:
1. Continuously monitor the amount of soil water available to plants (this is usually
achieved using a sensing system).
2. Determine if watering is required for the plants based on the information
obtained from monitoring the soil water content.
3. Supply exact (or approximate) amount of water required for the plants.
4. Discontinue the water supply when the required amount has been delivered to
the plants.

This feature is important as the amount of water available for the irrigation system is not
infinite, therefore water management is paramount. The advantages of automatic irrigation
to the plants include saving money, water, conservation of labour and overall convenience.
The water supply needed by the system to perform its irrigation function can be from any
source, i.e. well, river, stream, pond, lagoon, etc. However, it is most desirable if a constant
source of water is available to the system in order to ensure continuity of operation. The
most preferred arrangement will be a water reservoir which is constantly maintained at full
capacity or a large source of fresh water which remains continually available irrespective
of variations in weather or climatic conditions. There are about four categories of methods
proposed for scheduling irrigation effectively:
• Entirely empirical method and without any kind of on-going measurement
• Method based on monitoring soil moisture
• Method based on estimates of water use from weather data, and

8 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 • Method based on tracking the condition of the crop usually referred to as crop
water stress.
The method of monitoring the soil moisture is employed in this project work. By this
method, the amount of water applied to the agricultural products is minimized and it
reduces crop production cost. Irrigation methods, according to are based on the following;
the experience of the farmer, the soil properties and environmental conditions. A better
way to monitor the environmental conditions and effective use of water to avoid wastage
is by the use of sensor network

Focus of study

The focus of the smart water irrigation system, using the linear optimization designed, is
to provide a comprehensive water delivering schedule which could both ensure that plants
could have enough water for their growth and costs the minimum money for the water
usage. The focus of the study is also trying to make all the information visual to the user
and take in user defined input as new parameters into the linear optimization system.
Before diving into the principles of optimization theory, it is important to understand the
principles on which we built our model. While the system is trying to use water wisely, it
is not trying to reduce the amount of water used by the crops. Plants have specific water
requirements in order to grow efficiently and in a productive way. Reducing water
consumption by cutting productivity is opposite to the farmer’s interest and shouldn’t even
be an eventuality. Hence we focus on delivering water optimally in the sense that it will
cost the farmer the least amount while avoiding any unnecessary loss of water.
The interesting theoretical assumption behind our model is that the price of water varies
with the amount consumed. At peaks consumption times, the price is higher while water is
cheapest at troughs. This is an analogy to the electricity supply network where cost varies
directly with usage due to the input of multiple components of the energy mix such as
renewable energy. In our case, cost of water is mainly decided by the farmers themselves
since they represent 80% of the state’s water consumption. Hence when they all water their
crops at the same time, the cost of water is going to be the most expensive, which is quite
inconvenient for the farmers.
1.2 AIM & OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT:

Under this project we aim to develop reliable and cost saving methods for irrigations
system. This will involve various sensor and pump interfacing with controller. To save the
water we have decided to use drip irrigation along with pump control.

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1.3 PLAN OF THE WORK:

 5th Semester : We will design system drip irrigation system for farm. We control
pump with Arduino uno and we will interface moisture sensor with Arduino uno
 6th : We will integrate sensor as well as pump with Arduino. Over all system will
run in close loop system.

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 2. ANALYSIS, DESIGN METHODOLOGY AND
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY

2.1 WHAT IS DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM???

Drip irrigation is sometimes called trickle irrigation and involves dripping water onto
the soil at very low rates (2-20 litres/hour) from a system of small diameter plastic pipes
fitted with outlets called emitters or drippers. Water is applied close to plants so that only
part of the soil in which the roots grow is wetted, unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation,
which involves wetting the whole soil profile. With drip irrigation water, applications are
more frequent (usually every 1-3 days) than with other methods and this provides a very
favorable high moisture level in the soil in which plants can flourish.

Drip irrigation system delivers water to the crop using a network of mainlines, sub-mains
and lateral lines with emission points spaced along their lengths. Each dripper/emitter,
orifice supplies a measured, precisely controlled uniform application of water, nutrients,
and other required growth substances directly into the root zone of the plant.
Water and nutrients enter the soil from the emitters, moving into the root zone of the plants
through the combined forces of gravity and capillary. In this way, the plant’s withdrawal
of moisture and nutrients are replenished almost immediately, ensuring that the plant never
suffers from water stress, thus enhancing quality, its ability to achieve optimum growth
and high yield.

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2.2 WHAT IS SMART IRRIGATION

Being an agrarian nation, about 65% of the Indian population depends on agriculture and
it accounts for around 22% of the India’s GDP [8]. Water management is the most
important issue on which the growth of agriculture sec-tor largely depends. Indian
agriculture sector is in dire need of investment to meet the expenses. To fuel the capital
needs of the agricultural economy and also to ensure that the benefits of growth percolate
to bottom of the socio-economic pyramid, farming has to be projected as an avenue of
investment for the urban population. The scarcity of available water both in its quantity
and quality and the migration of labor from agriculture for various reasons resulted in
modernizing and automat-ing farming practices that will pave way for revamping agri-
culture.
Recent scientific advancements have made possible the networking of a wide variety of
sensors, independently from any pre-existing infrastructure. Whenever physical con-

12 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

ditions change rapidly, these allow for real-time data processing at a minimal cost. Sensor
Networks (SNs) are increasingly considered by the scientific community as the future of
Environmental Monitoring. Providing at a low cost, the possibility to gather and process
all sorts of data with a space and time resolution which was inconceivable before, these
networks are viewed as a critical element of the revolution of ubiquitous computing.

Drip irrigation is artificial technique of providing water to the roots of the plant. It is also
called micro irrigation. Drip irrigation system is based on remote monitoring as well as
controlling. In proposed system both mobile and computer are monitor and control the drip
devices. In Intelligent Drip Irrigation system, an android mobile sends commands to
computer to control drip irrigation system, here different sensors like humidity,
temperature. will use for detection purpose. These sensors send the real time values to
micro-controller and micro-controller send these values to computer (Cloud server).
According to sensor values the user can switch on or off drip devices. Through modular
design, the system builds hierarchical management structure to meet different applications
requirements. It can monitor the changes in soil humidity, air temperature, humidity and
feedback the sensor signals by wireless sensor network. Farmer can control as well as
monitor the drip devices from anywhere. Proposed system removes drawbacks of previous
systems like distance problem, range problem. Due to the automatic mode, drip devices
can be controlled automatically by hardware. This approach is very beneficial for
increasing crop production. Accurate and appropriate moisture of soil is required for the
proper growth of crop. The maximum amount of water is used in agriculture in form of
irrigation. The plants should be irrigated only when they need water, unwanted application
of water increases the chances of weed production and incidence of disease. This paper
presents a system that can help the farmers to get proper information about the amount of
water required for irrigation as well as the temperature and humidity of atmosphere.

13 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 3. COMPONENTS USED IN THE SYSTEM

3.1 MOISTURE SENSOR

This is an easy to use digital soil moisture sensor. Just insert the sensor in the soil and it
can can measure moisture or water level content in it. It gives a digital output of 5V when
moisture level is high and 0V when the moisture level is low in the soil.
The sensor includes a potentiometer to set the desired moisture threshold. When the sensor
measures more moisture than the set threshold, the digital output goes high and an LED
indicates the output. When the moisture in the soil is less thatn the set threshold, the output
remains low. The digital output can be connected to a micro controller to sense the moisture
level. The sensor also outputs an analog output which can be connected to the ADC of a
micro controller to get the exact moisture level in the soild.
This sensor is great for making water gardening projects, water sensing, etc.

Specifications:-
 Operating voltage: 3.3V~5V
 Dual output mode,analog output more accurate
 A fixed bolt hole for easy installation
 With power indicator (red) and digital switching output indicator (green)
 Having LM393 comparator chip, stable
 Panel PCB Dimension: Approx.3cm x 1.5cm
 Soil Probe Dimension: Approx. 6cm x 3cm
 Cable Length: Approx.21cm
 VCC: 3.3V-5V
 GND: GND
 DO: digital output interface(0 and 1)
 AO: analog output interface
 Connections: -VCC connect to 3.3V-5V
 GND connect to GND
 DO digital value output connector（0 or 1）AO analog value output connector

Usage:-
 Soil moisture module is most sensitive to the ambient, generally used to detect the
moisture content of the soil.

14 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

  When the module can not reach the threshold value, DO port output high, when the
the soil humidity exceeds a set threshold value, the module D0 output low
 The small board digital output D0 can be connected directly to the MCU, MCU to
detect high and low, to detect soil moisture
 Small board digital output DO can directly drive the buzzer module or relay module
in our store, which can form a soil moisture alarm equipment
 Small board analog output AO and AD module connected through the AD
converter, you can get more precise values of soil moisture

3.2 ARDUINO BOARD:

Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino consists
of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller) and
a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your
computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board.

The Arduino platform has become quite popular with people just starting out with
electronics, and for good reason. Unlike most previous programmable circuit boards, the
Arduino does not need a separate piece of hardware (called a programmer) in order to load
new code onto the board – you can simply use a USB cable. Additionally, the Arduino IDE
uses a simplified version of C++, making it easier to learn to program. Finally, Arduino
provides a standard form factor that breaks out the functions of the micro-controller into a
more accessible package.

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 ower (USB / Barrel Jack)

Every Arduino board needs a way to be connected to a power source. The Arduino UNO
can be powered from a USB cable coming from your computer or a wall power supply
(like this) that is terminated in a barrel jack. In the picture above the USB connection is
labeled (1) and the barrel jack is labeled (2).

The USB connection is also how you will load code onto your Arduino board. More on
how to program with Arduino can be found in our Installing and Programming Arduino
tutorial.

NOTE: Do NOT use a power supply greater than 20 Volts as you will overpower (and
thereby destroy) your Arduino. The recommended voltage for most Arduino models is
between 6 and 12 Volts.
Pins (5V, 3.3V, GND, Analog, Digital, PWM, AREF)

16 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

The pins on your Arduino are the places where you connect wires to construct a circuit
(probably in conjuction with a breadboard and some wire. They usually have black plastic
‘headers’ that allow you to just plug a wire right into the board. The Arduino has several
different kinds of pins, each of which is labeled on the board and used for different
functions.

GND (3): Short for ‘Ground’. There are several GND pins on the Arduino, any of which
can be used to ground your circuit.
5V (4) & 3.3V (5): As you might guess, the 5V pin supplies 5 volts of power, and the
3.3V pin supplies 3.3 volts of power. Most of the simple components used with the Arduino
run happily off of 5 or 3.3 volts.
Analog (6): The area of pins under the ‘Analog In’ label (A0 through A5 on the UNO)
are Analog In pins. These pins can read the signal from an analog sensor (like a temperature
sensor) and convert it into a digital value that we can read.
Digital (7): Across from the analog pins are the digital pins (0 through 13 on the UNO).
These pins can be used for both digital input (like telling if a button is pushed) and digital
output (like powering an LED).
PWM (8): You may have noticed the tilde (~) next to some of the digital pins (3, 5, 6, 9,
10, and 11 on the UNO). These pins act as normal digital pins, but can also be used for
something called Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM). We have a tutorial on PWM, but for
now, think of these pins as being able to simulate analog output (like fading an LED in and
out).
AREF (9): Stands for Analog Reference. Most of the time you can leave this pin alone.
It is sometimes used to set an external reference voltage (between 0 and 5 Volts) as the
upper limit for the analog input pins.

Reset Button

Just like the original Nintendo, the Arduino has a reset button (10). Pushing it will
temporarily connect the reset pin to ground and restart any code that is loaded on the
Arduino. This can be very useful if your code doesn’t repeat, but you want to test it multiple
times. Unlike the original Nintendo however, blowing on the Arduino doesn’t usually fix
any problems.
Power LED Indicator

Just beneath and to the right of the word “UNO” on your circuit board, there’s a tiny LED
next to the word ‘ON’ (11). This LED should light up whenever you plug your Arduino

17 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

into a power source. If this light doesn’t turn on, there’s a good chance something is wrong.
Time to re-check your circuit!
TX RX LEDs

TX is short for transmit, RX is short for receive. These markings appear quite a bit in
electronics to indicate the pins responsible for serial communication. In our case, there are
two places on the Arduino UNO where TX and RX appear – once by digital pins 0 and 1,
and a second time next to the TX and RX indicator LEDs (12). These LEDs will give us
some nice visual indications whenever our Arduino is receiving or transmitting data (like
when we’re loading a new program onto the board).
Main IC

The black thing with all the metal legs is an IC, or Integrated Circuit (13). Think of it as
the brains of our Arduino. The main IC on the Arduino is slightly different from board type
to board type, but is usually from the ATmega line of IC’s from the ATMEL company.
This can be important, as you may need to know the IC type (along with your board type)
before loading up a new program from the Arduino software. This information can usually
be found in writing on the top side of the IC. If you want to know more about the difference
between various IC’s, reading the datasheets is often a good idea.
Voltage Regulator

The voltage regulator (14) is not actually something you can (or should) interact with on
the Arduino. But it is potentially useful to know that it is there and what it’s for. The voltage
regulator does exactly what it says – it controls the amount of voltage that is let into the
Arduino board. Think of it as a kind of gatekeeper; it will turn away an extra voltage that
might harm the circuit. Of course, it has its limits, so don’t hook up your Arduino to
anything greater than 20 volts.

3.3WATER PUMP :
Submersible Low Noise Water Pump DC 3-6V 120 L/H

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Product Description
Pump without power supply, power supply matched to the other, and water pump is a dc
pumps, pump voltage 3 v, with DC3 – use 6 v power supply.
(cannot be used directly with 220 v ac voltage)
DC Voltage:2.5-6V
Maximum lift:40-110cm / 15.75″-43.4″
Flow rate:80-120L/H
Outside diameter of water outlet: 7.5mm / 0.3″
Inside diameter of water outlet: 4.7mm / 0.18″
Diameter:Approx. 24mm / 0.95″
Length:Approx. 45mm / 1.8″
Height:Approx. 33mm / 1.30″

19 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 Material:engineering plastic
Driving mode: brushless dc design, magnetic driving
Continuous working life of 500 hours

3.4 L298N MOTOR DRIVER:

The L298 Driver is a high voltage, high current dual ful bridge driver designed to accept
standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such relays, solenoids, DC and
stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device
independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge are
connected together the corresponding external terminal can be used for the connection of
an external sensing resistor.

Features:

20 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 Operating supply voltage up to 46 V
.Total DC current up to 4 A
.Low saturation voltage
.Overtemperature protection.
.LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
Two motor direction indicator LEDs
An onboard user-accessable 5V low-dropout regulator
Schottky EMF-protection diodes
Screw-terminals for power and motor connections.
High quality PCB FR4 Grade with FPT Certified.

21 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM OF PROJECT

4.2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

22 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

4.3 PROGRAM FOR MOISTURE SENSOR

23 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

int sensor_pin = A0;

int output_value ;

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600);

Serial.println("Reading From the Sensor ...");

delay(2000);

void loop() {

output_value= analogRead(sensor_pin);

output_value = map(output_value,550,0,0,100);

Serial.print("Mositure : ");

Serial.print(output_value);

Serial.println("%");

delay(1000);

4.4 PUMP MOTOR WITH ARDUINO

24 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

#define enA 9
#define in1 6
#define in2 7
#define button 4
int rotDirection = 0;
int pressed = false;
void setup() {
pinMode(enA, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in1, OUTPUT);
pinMode(in2, OUTPUT);
pinMode(button, INPUT);
// Set initial rotation direction
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, HIGH);
}
void loop() {
int potValue = analogRead(A0); // Read potentiometer value
int pwmOutput = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0 , 255); // Map the potentiometer value from 0 to 255
analogWrite(enA, pwmOutput); // Send PWM signal to L298N Enable pin

25 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

// Read button - Debounce
if (digitalRead(button) == true) {
pressed = !pressed;
}
while (digitalRead(button) == true);
delay(20);
// If button is pressed - change rotation direction
if (pressed == true & rotDirection == 0) {
digitalWrite(in1, HIGH);
digitalWrite(in2, LOW);
rotDirection = 1;
delay(20);
}
// If button is pressed - change rotation direction
if (pressed == false & rotDirection == 1) {
digitalWrite(in1, LOW);
digitalWrite(in2, HIGH);
rotDirection = 0;
delay(20);
}
}

26 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM

 SUMMARY
The average yield difference of Okra between the non-automated and the automated system
was 0.502 kg / 25 m2. i.e., the automated system exhibited promising results when
compared to the other system. The cumulative water con-sumption difference between the
two systems was 39.468 litres for 65 days. The automated system satisfactorily minimizes
the water requirement of the crops compared to the other one as the water supply is cut off
once when the moisture reaches the upper threshold, whereas no such control is there in
the non-automated system.
In spite of certain limitations, the automated system proved itself by the increased yield,
minimized water con-sumption and requirement of labour.

27 | ARDUINO BASEDSMART WATER IRRIGATION SYSTEM