Name: Ayesha Imran

Subject: Advanced survey

Roll number: F2016132070
Submitted to: Sir Umer Sajjad
 Modern tools and techniques used in surveying and leveling:
Surveying:
Surveying is the art of making measurements on as will determine the relative
position of different points on the surface of earth. It deals with the position of
points in the horizontal plane .

Leveling:
Leveling is the art of determining and representing the relative heights or
elevations of different points on the surface of earth. It deals with the position of
points in a vertical plane.

Modern surveying instruments and techniques:

 Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
 Total station
 Global positioning system (GPS)
 Automatic level
 3D laser scanners
 Deep tows
 Remote sensing

Electronic distance measurement:

Direct measurement of distances and their directions can be obtained by
using electronic instruments that rely on propagation, reflection and
reception of either light waves. They may be broadly classified into three
types:

a) Infrared wave instruments

b) Light wave instruments
c) Microwave instruments
Total station:
Total station is light weight ,compact and fully integrated
electronic instrument combining the capability of an EDM and
an angular measuring instrument such as wild theodolite .

Total station can perform the following functions:

 Distance measurement
 Angular measurement
 Data processing
 Digital display of point details
 Storing data in an electronic field book

Global positioning system (GPS):

It is developed by U.S Defense department and is called
Navigational System with Time and Ranging Global Positioning
System (NAVSTAR GPS) or simply GPS.

U.S Air Force has stationed 24satellites at an altitude of 20200 km

above the Earth’s surface. The satellites have been positioned in such
a way that at least four satellites will be visible from any point on
Earth.

Automatic level:
An automatic level is a special leveling instrument used in surveying which
contains an optical compensator which maintains line of sight or line of
collimation even though instrument is slightly tilted.
For example: Wild NAK2 Automatic level

3D laser scanners:
These are used to understand and interpret the shape of things such as
buildings or lands by collecting clouds of points to create digital 3-D
models. These instruments are used by surveyors to provide data to
architects to accurately visualize the land they are going to build or
design on.

GIS software:
It is used to capture and analyze data to create digital maps of areas. The high-tech
software is used to create programs such as google maps, used by over 100 million
people a month.

Deep tows:
It is a deep ocean floor survey system that can be outfitted with sonar or cameras
and towed through the water at low speeds at the end of a cable normally
measuring several thousand meters in length .Surveyors will be at the forefront of
the latest technology .

Remote sensing:
Science and art of obtaining information about
an object ,area or phenomenon through the
analysis of data acquired by a device that is not
in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon
under investigation.

A typical remote sensing system consists of :

 Scene
 Sensor
  Processing (ground) segment

Application of remote sensing:

Agriculture:-

 crop condition assessment

 crop yield estimation

Urban planning:-

 infrastructure mapping
 land use change detection
 future urban expansion planning

Hydrology

Forestry and ecosystem

Ocean applications

Disaster management
 Case study :
Use of remote sensing and GIS in PHAILIN CYCLONE
7th October, 2013: Indian metrological Department received information from
KALPANA I, OCEANSAT and INSAT3A Doppler radars deployed at vulnerable
places , with overlap, sensors in the sea and through the ships, about a cyclone
forming in the gulf between Andaman Nicobar and Thailand named PHAILIN.

8th October,2013: IMD confirmed cyclone formation and predicted it as “severe

cyclone” and its would be felt from Kalingapatnam in Andhra Pradesh to Paradeep
in Odhisa, and that it would probably first strikethe port of Gopalpur in Ganjam
district about 5pm on 12 October. The wind speed could touch 200(km/h).

10th October,2013: IMD prediction of a severe cyclone was converted to a “very

severe cyclonic storm” with wind speeds up to 220kmph. The U.S Navy’s Joint
Typhon Warning Centre predicted it would have wind speeds up to 315km/h.

12thOctober ,2013: The “very severe” cyclonic storm had its landfall at Gopalpur
port at about 9 pm with a wind speed of 200 km/h.