P RO B L E M S

3.4 F R E E F A L L
48. A rock is dropped from a very tall tower. If it takes 4.5 s for the
rock to reach the ground, what is the height of the tower?
49. A baseball is hit directly upward with an initial speed of 45 m/s.
Find the velocity of the ball when it is at a height of 40 m. Is
there one correct answer for v or two? Explain why.
50. A squirrel is resting in a tall tree when it slips from a branch
that is 50 m above the ground. It is a very agile squirrel and
manages to land safely on another branch after only 0.50 s.
What is the height of the branch it lands on?
51. Basketball on the Moon. If LeBron James can jump 1.5 m
high on Earth, how high could he jump on the Moon (assume
an indoor court), where g  1.6 m/s2?
52. An apple falls from a branch near the top of a tall tree. If the
branch is 12 m above the ground, what is the apple’s speed just
before it hits the ground?
53. SSM A ball is thrown directly upward with an initial veloc-
ity of 15 m/s. If the ball starts at an initial height of 3.5 m, how
long is the ball in the air? Ignore air drag.
54. Two children are playing on a 150-m-tall bridge. One child
drops a rock (initial velocity zero) at t  0. The other waits 1.0 s
and then throws a rock downward with an initial speed v 0. If
the two rocks hit the ground at the same time, what is v 0?
55. A rock is dropped from a tall bridge into the water below. If
the rock begins with a speed of zero and has a speed of 12 m/s
just before it hits the water, what is the height of the bridge?
56. A roofi ng tile falls from rest off the roof of a building. An
observer from across the street notices that it takes 0.43 s for
the tile to pass between two windowsills that are 2.5 m apart.
How far is the sill of the upper window from the roof of the
building?
57. You are standing at the top of a deep, vertical cave and want
to determine the depth of the cave. Unfortunately, all you have
is a rock and a stopwatch. You drop the rock into the cave and
measure the time that passes until you hear the rock hitting
the floor of the cave far below. If the elapsed time is 8.0 s, how
deep is the cave? Hints: (1) Sound travels at a constant speed of
340 m/s. (2) Consider two separate time periods. During the
fi rst period, the rock undergoes free fall and lands at the bottom
of the cave. During the second period, sound travels at
a constant velocity back up the cave.

| PROBLEMS 87
58. Your friend is an environmentalist who is living in a tree for 65. A mass with M  102 kg is attached to the
the summer. You are helping provide her with food, and you do bottom of a block-and-tackle pulley system
so by throwing small packages up to her tree house. If her tree as depicted in Figure P3.65. How much
house is 30 m above the ground, what is the minimum (initial) tension force is needed to keep the mass at S
speed you must use when throwing packages up to her? its current position? F
59. You are standing across the street from a tall building when
the top of the building (h  80 m) is hit by lightning and a brick
is knocked loose. You see the lightning strike and immediately
see that the brick will fall to hit a person standing at the base Figure P3.65 M
of the building. You then run toward the person and push him
out of the path of the brick, the instant before the brick reaches
him. If you are initially 25 m from the building, how fast do you
have to run?

3.5 C A B L E S , S T R I N G S , A N D P U L L E Y S :
TR ANSMIT TING FORCES FROM HERE
TO THERE
60. A cable attached to a block of mass 12 kg pulls the block along
a horizontal floor at a constant velocity. If the tension in the
cable is 5.0 N, what is the coefficient of kinetic friction between
the block and the floor?
61. A crate of mass 55 kg is attached to one end of a string,
and the other end of the string runs over a pulley and is held by
a person as in Figure 3.21. If the person pulls with a force of
85 N, what is the crate’s acceleration?
62. A car of mass 1200 kg is being moved by a large crane in
preparation for lowering it onto a junk pile. If the car is acceler-
ating downward at 0.20 m/s2 , what is the tension in the cable?
63. SSM You work for a moving company and are given the
job of pulling two large boxes of mass m1  120 kg and m 2 
290 kg using ropes as shown in Figure P3.63. You pull very
hard, and the boxes are accelerating with a  0.22 m/s2 . What
is the tension in each rope? Assume there is no friction between
the boxes and the floor.

S
a
m2
m1

Figure P3.63 Problems 63 and 90.

64. In traction. When a large bone such as the femur is

broken, the two pieces are often pulled out of alignment by the
complicated combination of tension and compression forces
that arise from the muscles and tendons in the leg (see the X-ray
image in Figure P3.64A). To realign the bones and allow proper
healing, these forces must be compensated for. A method called
traction is often employed. If a total tension force of 400 N is
applied to the leg as depicted in Figure P3.64B to realign the
parts of the femur, how much mass m must be attached to the
bottom pulley?
© Doug Sizemore/Visuals Unlimited

A B
Figure P3.64

88 CHAPTER 3 | FORCES AND MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION

 A D D I T I O N A L P RO B L E M S

82. The kick experienced when fi ring a rifle can be explained when it strikes the deer? If the car can stop in time, how far
by Newton’s third law. A .22-caliber rifle has a mass of M  away from the deer will it come to rest?
5.2 kg, and a bullet with a mass m  3.0 g leaves the barrel 85. A boy pushes a 3.1-kg book against a vertical wall with a
of the gun at a velocity of 320 m/s. (a) If the bullet starts from horizontal force of 40 N. What is the minimum coefficient of
rest and leaves the gun barrel after t  0.010 s, what was the friction that will keep the book in place without sliding?
acceleration of the bullet? (b) What was the force on the bullet?
86. An impish young lad stands on a bridge 10 m above a lake
(c) What was the magnitude of the force exerted on the gun?
and drops a water balloon on a boat of unsuspecting tourists.
(d) What acceleration did the gun experience? (e) Compare the
Although the boat is traveling at a speed of 7.5 m/s, the boy
ratio of M and m to the ratio of the acceleration of each object.
manages to land the balloon right on the deck of the boat. How
83. What is your reaction time? The following simple method far away from the base of the bridge was the boat when the boy
can be employed to determine reaction time. A partner holds released the balloon? Assume he just lets the balloon go without
a meter stick by pinching it at the top and letting it hang verti- throwing it (i.e., he simply drops it).
cally. To measure your reaction time, place your thumb and
87. Two mischievous children drop water balloons from
forefi nger just below the base of the meter stick, ready to pinch
a bridge as depicted in Figure P3.87. If each water balloon is
it when it falls. Without signaling, your partner releases the
approximately 30 cm in diameter, what is the time interval
meter stick; it accelerates due to gravity at a rate of 9.8 m/s2 ,
between when the fi rst balloon was let go and the second bal-
and you grab it as fast as possible. (a) If your thumb pinches the
loon was dropped? Assume both balloons were let go exactly
meter stick at the 45-cm mark, what was your reaction time?
above the bridge railing. Take measurements directly from the
Using a similar calculation, one can calibrate a “Grab-it Gauge”
figure and scale appropriately.
such as that shown in Figure P3.83. (b) Calculate the distance
to draw each line from the bottom starting point for reactions
times of 0.14, 0.16, 0.18, 0.20, and 0.22 s.

0.22 s

0.20
© Cengage Learning/Charles D. Winters

0.18
0.16
0.14
Starting position
for contestant
0.00
Figure P3.83
84. Deer in the headlights. There are two important time
intervals to consider when coming to an emergency stop while
driving. The fi rst is the driver’s reaction time to get a foot on
the brake pedal, and the second is the time it takes to decelerate
the car to rest. Consider a car moving at 30 m/s (about 65 mi/h)
when the driver sees a deer in the road ahead and applies the
brakes. (a) If the driver’s reaction time is 1.1 s, how far the does
the car travel before the brakes are applied? (b) If the deer is
100 m away when the driver sees it, what acceleration is needed
to stop the car without hitting the deer? (c) If the concrete
streets are wet, will the car be able to stop without hitting the
deer? (d) If the car cannot stop in time, how fast will it be going
Figure P3.87
88. A subway train is designed with a maximum acceleration of
0.20 m/s2 , which allows for both passenger safety and com-
fort. (a) If subway stations are 1.2 km apart, what is the maxi-
mum velocity that can be obtained between stations? (b) How
long does it take to travel between two stations? (c) The train
stops for a total of 45 s at each station. What is the overall aver-
age velocity of the train from station to station?
89. A spring scale indicates that a helium balloon tied to it
produces a tension of 0.20 N in the string. The string is then
cut, and the balloon rises until it comes to rest on the ceiling.
(a) Draw a free-body diagram of the balloon on the ceiling.
(b) What is the normal force exerted by the ceiling on the
balloon?
90. (a) Draw free-body diagrams for the two blocks and for the
person in Figure P3.63. (b) For each horizontal force in part (a),
identify the corresponding reaction force.

| ADDITIONAL PROBLEMS 89
91. A car is outfitted with a
flat piece of plywood mounted
vertically on its front bumper. As
seen in Figure P3.91, a block of
wood is simply placed in Figure P3.91
front of the car just as the car
begins to accelerate. (a) If the
coefficient of static friction between the block and the plywood
is mS  0.90, what acceleration is needed to keep the block from
falling? (b) Safety concerns limit the maximum speed of the
car to 50 m/s (about 110 mi/h). How long can the car keep the
block from falling this way? (c) If the mass of the wooden block
is doubled, how does the answer to part (a) change?
92. Two spheres, one of wood and one of steel, have the same
mass. (a) How many times greater is the terminal velocity of the
steel sphere of diameter 10 cm, than that of the wood sphere of
diameter 40 cm? (b) Another two spheres, again one of wood
and one of steel, are this time exactly the same size. Find the
ratio of the terminal velocity of the steel sphere of mass 40 kg to
that of the wood sphere of mass 10 kg.
93. A block of mass M1  3.0 kg rests on top of a second block
of mass M 2  5.0 kg, and the second block sits on a surface that
is so slippery that the friction can be assumed to be zero (see
Fig. P3.93). (a) If the coefficient of static friction between the
blocks is m S  0.21, how much force can be applied to the top
block without the blocks slipping apart? (b) How much force
can be applied to the bottom block for the same result?
S of the object just before it hits the water. Express your answer
F
M1
M2
Figure P3.93
94. Draw free-body diagrams for the two crates in Figure P3.39.
For each force, identify the corresponding reaction force.
95. A bullet of mass m  10 g and velocity 300 m/s is shot into a
block of wood that is fi rmly attached to the ground. The bullet
90 CHAPTER 3 | FORCES AND MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
comes to rest in the wood at a depth of 8.1 cm. (a) What was the
acceleration of the bullet? (b) How long did it take for the bul-
let to come to rest once it entered the wood? (c) What was the
frictional force exerted by the wood on the bullet?
96. Consider a small sailboat with a triangular sail of height
10 m and width at the base of 5.0 m. (a) Assum ing a wind speed
of 15 mi/h relative to the boat, estimate the force exerted by the
wind on the sail. (b) If the sailboat is moving with a constant
speed, what is the drag force due to the water? (c) Suppose the
speed of the wind relative to the boat is doubled to 30 mi/h.
By what factor does the speed of the boat relative to the water
increase? Hint: Assume as in Stokes’s expression (Eq. 3.23) that
the drag force due to the water is proportional to the speed of
the boat relative to the water.
97. SSM High dive. The cliff-divers of Acapulco are famous
for diving from steep cliffs that overlook the ocean into places
where the water is very shallow. (a) Suppose a cliff-diver jumps
from a cliff that is 25 m above the water. What is the speed of
the diver just before he enters the water? (b) If the water is 4.0 m
deep, what is the acceleration of the diver after he enters the
water? Assume this acceleration is constant and it begins at the
moment his hands enter the water.
98. The pedestrian walkway on the Golden Gate Bridge
is about 75 m above the water below. This bridge is (unfortu-
nately) a popular spot for some unhappy people, who attempt to
jump off. Ignore air drag and calculate (a) the time it takes for
an object to fall from the bridge to the water and (b) the speed
to (b) in meters per second and miles per hour. (c) Use Equa-
tion 3.22 to calculate the terminal velocity of a person. Will air
drag be important for a person who jumps off the Golden Gate
Bridge?
99. The surfaces where bones meet are lubricated by
a fluidlike substance, which makes the coefficient of friction
between bones very small (see Table 3.2). What is the approxi-
mate lateral (i.e., horizontal) force required to make the bones
in a typical knee joint slide across each other? For simplicity,
assume the surfaces in the knee are flat and horizontal, and
consider an adult of average mass.
 4.2 P R O J E C T I L E M OT I O N
For all the problems in this section, ignore the force due to
air drag on the projectile.
15. A rock is thrown horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s from a
vertical cliff of height 25 m. (a) How long does it take the rock
to reach the horizontal ground below? (b) How far will it land
from the base of the cliff? (c) What is the velocity (magnitude and
direction) of the rock just before it hits the ground?
16. A hockey puck is given an initial velocity such that vx  12 m/s
and vy  18 m/s, where the x–y plane is horizontal. (a) What is
the initial speed of the puck? (b) What angle does the initial veloc-
ity make with the x axis? (c) What angle does the initial velocity
make with the y axis?
17. A quarterback is asked to throw a football to a receiver who
is 35 m away. What is the minimum speed the football must have
when it leaves the quarterback’s hand? Assume the ball is caught
at the same height as it is thrown.
18. Which of the graphs in Figure P4.18 might be a plot of the
vertical component of the velocity of a projectile that is thrown
from the top of a building?

t t

A D

t t

B E

Figure P4.18

19. A soccer ball is kicked with an initial speed of 30 m/s at an angle

of 25° with respect to the horizontal. Find (a) the maximum
height reached by the ball and (b) the speed of the ball when it is
at the highest point on its trajectory. (c) Where does the ball land?
That is, what is the range of the ball? Assume level ground.
20. Consider a rock thrown off y S
v0
a bridge of height 75 m at an Bridge
angle u  25° with respect to 25
the horizontal as shown in
Figure P4.20. The initial speed
of the rock is 15 m/s. Find the
following quantities: (a) the
maximum height reached
by the rock, (b) the time it
takes the rock to reach its
0 x
maximum height, (c) the place
where the rock lands, (d) the
time at which the rock lands,
Figure P4.20
and (e) the velocity of the rock
(magnitude and direction) just
before it lands.

124 CHAPTER 4 | FORCES AND MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

21. A football player wants to kick a ball through the uprights as
shown in Figure P4.21. The ball is kicked from a distance of 30 m
(he’s playing metric football) with a velocity of magnitude 25 m/s
at an angle of 30°. Will the ball make it over the crossbar (height
3.1 m)?
30. A ball is thrown straight up and rises to a maximum height of
S
v0
31.
30
30 m
32.
Figure P4.21
22. SSM An airplane is flying horizontally with a constant
velocity of 200 m/s at an altitude of 5000 m when it releases
a package. (a) How long does it take the package to reach the
ground? (b) What is the distance between the airplane and the
package when the package hits the ground? (c) How far ahead
of the target along the x direction should the airplane be when it
releases the package?
23. A horizontal rifle is fired at a target 50 m away. The bul-
let falls vertically a distance of 12 cm on the way to the target. 33. A high jumper can run horizontally with a top speed of 10.0 m/s.
(a) What is the speed of the bullet just after it leaves the rifle?
(b) What is the speed of the bullet just before it hits the target?
24. A bullet of mass 0.024 kg is fired horizontally with a speed of
75 m/s from a tall bridge. If the bullet is in the air for 2.3 s, how
far from the base of the bridge does it land?
25. Consider the game of baseball. A pitcher throws a ball to the 34.
catcher at a speed of 100 mi/h (45 m/s). If the velocity of the ball
is horizontal when it leaves the pitcher’s hand, how far (verti-
cally) will it fall on the way to the catcher? The distance from the
pitcher to the catcher is 60.5 ft. Express your answer in meters
and in feet. 35.
26. A batted baseball is hit with a speed of 45 m/s starting from
an initial height of 1 m. Find how high the ball travels in two
cases: (a) a ball hit directly upward and (b) a ball hit at an angle
of 70° with respect to the horizontal. Also find how long the ball
stays in the air in each case.
27. A juvenile delinquent wants to break a window near the top
of a tall building using a rock. The window is 30 m above ground
level, and the base of the building is 20 m from his hiding spot
behind a bush. Find the minimum speed the rock must have when
it leaves his hand. Also find the corresponding launch angle of the
rock. Hint: Graph how the initial velocity changes as a function
of launch angle to find the minimum value needed and the cor-
responding launch angle.
28. You are a serious basketball player and want to use
physics to improve your free throw shooting. Do an approximate
calculation of the minimum speed the ball must have in order to
travel from your hand to the basket in a successful free throw.
You will have to estimate or find several quantities, including the
distance from your hand to the basket, the height of the ball when
it leaves your hand, and the height of the basket. Graph how the
initial velocity changes as a function of launch angle to find the
minimum initial speed of the ball and particular launch angle.
29. Consider the problem of kicking a soccer ball past a
goalkeeper into the goal (Fig. P4.29). You are 25 m away from
the goal and kick the ball at an angle of 30° with respect to the
horizontal, and the ball just passes over the goalkeeper’s hands.
Find the initial speed of the ball. Also, calculate how long it takes
the ball to get from you to the goal. Hint: You will have to esti-
mate the height of the goalkeeper.
24 m. At what height is the speed of the ball equal to half its
initial value? Assume the ball starts at a height of 2.0 m above the
ground.
Two rocks are thrown off a cliff. One rock (1) is thrown
horizontally with a speed of 20 m/s. The other rock (2) is thrown
at an angle u relative to the horizontal with a speed of 30 m/s.
While the two rocks are in the air, rock 2 is always directly
above 1. Find u.
A bullet is fired from a rifle S
v0
with a speed v0 at an angle u u
with respect to the horizontal
axis (Fig. P4.32) from a cliff
that is a height h above the
ground below. (a) Calculate
the speed of the bullet when it
strikes the ground. Express your
answer in terms of v0, h, g, and
u. (b) Explain why your result is
independent of the value of u. Figure P4.32
(a) If he can “convert” this velocity to the vertical direction when
he leaves the ground, what is the theoretical limit on the height
of his jump? (b) How does your result to part (a) compare with
the current high-jump record of approximately 2.5 m? Can you
explain the difference?
A baseball is thrown with an initial velocity of magnitude v0
at an angle of 60° with respect to the horizontal (x) direction. At
the same time, a second ball is thrown with the same initial speed
at an angle u with respect to x. If the two balls land at the same
spot, what is u?
SSM A golf ball is hit with an initial velocity of magnitude
60 m/s at an angle of 65° with respect to the horizontal (x) direc-
tion. At the same time, a second golf ball is hit with an initial
speed v0 at an angle 35° with respect to x. If the two balls land at
the same time, what is v0?

S
v0

Figure P4.29

| PROBLEMS 125
A-18 ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS AND ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS |

CHAPTER 3
Concept Checks
S S
3.1 In Figure 3.6, F grav and N are not an action–reaction
pair.
3.2 The driver can drive with an acceleration smaller than
acrate, max for a very long time and thereby reach a very
large speed, and the crate will not slip.
3.3 (a) Opposite; the velocity is to the right, while the
acceleration is directed to the left.
S S
(b) Parallel; v and a are both directed to the right.
S S
(c) Parallel; both v and a are directed downward.
3.4 Only statement (a) is true.
3.5 The bumper experiences a force equal to three times
the weight of the car!
3.6 (d)

Problems
1. 0.015 m/s2
3. 140 m
5. 6.4 m/s2
7. 12,000 N
9. 260 N
11. (a) 1.3 m/s2 (b) 710 m
13. 1.4 m
15. (a) 1.3  102 mi/s (b) 5.8  10 2 mi/s or 210 mi/h
17. Total Strikes
force
Being ground
thrown

0 t

In Falling
hand

19. 16 m
21. Yes
23. (a) 35 m/s (b) 39 m/s
25. 2300 m
27. 51 kg
29. 1600 N CHAPTER 4
31. 4.0 m/s2
Concept Checks
33. (a) 50 N (b) 770 s
35. (a) 500 N (b) 530 N 4.1 (b)

37. 0.51 4.2 (a) The acceleration is never zero. (b) v y  0 at the
instant the ball is at the highest point on its trajectory.
39. 75 N (c) The force is never zero. (d) The speed is never zero.
41. 0.49 m/s2 4.3 The acceleration of m1 is not the same in the two
43. (a) 0.18 (b) 0.14 cases.
45. (a) 0.62 (b) Static friction 4.4 (b)
47. 0.66 4.5 Suppose a spacecraft is sitting at rest in deep space.
49. 35 m/s or 35 m/s. There are two solutions because the Now consider the spacecraft as viewed from a noniner-
baseball passes this height twice. tial reference frame; that is, it is viewed by an observer
who has an acceleration a along a particular direc-
51. 9.2 m
tion. As viewed by this observer, the spacecraft will
53. 3.3 s appear to have an acceleration a. Since there are no
55. 7.3 m forces acting on the spacecraft, Newton’s fi rst law is
57. 260 m violated in this noninertial reference frame.
59. 6.2 m/s Problems
61. 8.3 m/s2 downward
1. 54 N, 17°
63. 26 N, 90 N 3. 46 N, 22°
65. 250 N 5. Nfloor
67. Approximately 900 N
69. About 0.04 m/s; about 4 min
71. Approximately 2000 N Nwall Ffriction
73. Approximately 0.6 s
75. Rank (b), (d), (e), (f), (a), (c)
Fgrav
77. 22 m/s or 49 mi/h. You would not likely survive impact
with the ground, but would have a good chance in the 7. T1  260 N, T2  440 N, T3  510 N
case of a water impact.
9. 27 N, 64°
79. Approximately 14 m/s
11. 17°
81. Approximately 20 mm/s
13. 20 kg
83. (a) 0.30 s
15. (a) 2.3 s (b) 45 m (c) 30 m/s, 48°
(b) C t (s) C x (cm)
17. 19 m/s
0.14 10 19. (a) 8.2 m (b) 27 m/s (c) 70 m
0.16 13 21. Yes
0.18 16 23. (a) 320 m/s (b) 320 m/s
25. 0.83 m, 2.7 ft
0.20 20
27. 25 m/s, 72°
0.22 24
29. 20 m/s, 2 s
85. 0.76 31. 48°
87. About 0.25 s 33. (a) 5.1 m (b) It is about double the record. The high jump-
89. (a) S (b) 0.20 N er’s velocity must include both horizontal and vertical
Fbuoyant
components if he is to clear the bar.
35. 95 m/s
S
37. 90 m
N
39. 2100 s
91. (a) 11 m/s2 (b) 4.6 s (c) Changing the mass of the block
41. (a) 240 m/s (b) 240 m/s (c) 240 m/s
does not alter the needed acceleration.
43. (a) 1.3 m/s2 , 0.47° (b) 7.7 s
93. (a) 9.9 N (b) 17 N
45. 25 m
95. (a) 5.6  105 m/s2 (b) 5.4  10 4 s (c) 5.6  103 N
47. 0.12
97. (a) 22 m/s (b) 61 m/s2
99. About 6 N

| ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS AND ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS A-19

49. 0.27
51. 34°
53. 82 m
55. 6  105 N
ax
57. u 5 tan 21 a b
g
59. 20 m/s
61. 20 m/s
63. 1  107 N
65. 1.2  103 N, 32°
67. (a) 670 N (b) 15 kg
69. (a) 250 ft (b) 86 mi/h; goggles are recommended.
71. (a) Perpendicular to the shore (b) 2.0 m/s (c) 81° from a
line perpendicular to the shore (d) 50 s (e) 100 m
73. It is better to have Joe pull and Paul push
(ax  5.0 m/s2). If Joe pushes and Paul pulls, then
ax  3.3 m/s2 .
75. 3.0 m/s2
77. (a) 37 m/s (b) 8.6° (c) 2.6 s
79. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 4.5 N
81. 20 m/s
83. (a) 9.4 m/s (b) 11 m/s
85. (a) 58 m (b) It increases by 39 m, to a new distance of
97 m. (c) 43 m
87. 15°
89. N1

N2

Crate 1 Ffriction, 1 Crate 2 Ffriction, 2

m2g
m 1g m2g

Magnitudes of forces are m1g  340 N, m 2 g  150 N,

F friction, 1  60 N, N1  490 N, F friction, 2  26 N, and
N 2  150 N.
91. (a) x direction (b) 150 mi/h (c) 1.7 (d) A 70% differ-
ence would certainly be significant.

A-20 ANSWERS TO CONCEPT CHECKS AND ODD-NUMBERED PROBLEMS |