SUBJECT: BIOCHEMISTRY

Brought to you by NORTH BENGAL DENTAL COLLEGE STUDENTS UNION

Amino Acid & Proteins:

Short Notes:
 Glutathione. (2017)  Conjugated protein.
 Secondary Structure of protein. (2015)  De-carboxylation of amino acids.
 Essential amino acids.
Long Questions:

Describe in details how glucogenic amino acids are converted to glucose through TCA Cycle. What are the key
enzymes of Gluconeogenesis. [10] (2017)

Write down the classifications of Proteins with examples under each class. How will you detect the presence of
protein in the urine of patients of eclampsia? [8+5+2] (2007)

What is meant by primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary structures of protein? Give examples. [10] (2006)

Enzymology:

Short Notes:
 Name some clinically useful (diagnostic) enzymes  Competitive & non-competitive inhibition of
with notes on their particular utility. (2011Feb) enzymes. (2017,04)
 Classify the enzymes with examples of each  Isoenzymes of lactate dehydrogenase are helpful
class of enzyme. (2010feb) in diagnosis of disease. (2012s)
 Isoenzymes of CPK & their importance. (2007)  Isoenzymes study helps in diagnosis of disease.
 Isoenzymes. (2016,05) (2011s)
 Allosteric modulation of enzyme activity. (2005)  RNA polymerase enzyme differs between the
 Coenzyme. prokaryotes & eukaryotes. (2011s)
 Allosteric inhibition.  Competitive inhibition. (2015,08s)
 Isoenzymes of LDH & CK.

Long Questions:
Define Enzymes. Write the effect of substrate, concentration, temperature & pH on enzyme action. [10] (2017)

Classify enzyme. Write two important properties of enzymes. Give a note on ALT & AST. [4+2+4] (2007)

Describe the factors responsible for enzyme action. (2013s)

Define holoenzyme, apoenzyme & co-enzyme. Describe briefly the factors affecting the functions of enzyme. (2008s)

Carbohydrate & Metabolism:

Short Note:
 Epimer. (2016)  Renal glycosuria.
 Glycosuria. (2016)  Benedict’s test.
 Glycolysis. (2013s)  Outline a plan to carry out oral glucose tolerance
 Reducing Sugar. (2013s) test. (2011Feb,07,04,07s)
 Difference between Hexokinase & Glucokinase.  Importance of HMP shunt. (2012s,09)
(2012s)  Gluconeogenesis cannot occur if the enzyme
 Regulation of glycolysis. PHK1 is defective. (2011s)
 Key enzyme of glycolysis.  Explain the role of glucose in absorption of
 Cori’s cycle. sodium from the gut. (2009)
 Regulation of gluconeogenesis.  2, 3-BPG in RBC is useful in high altitude-
 Key enzyme of gluconeogenesis. Why? Mention the mechanism. (2011Feb)

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 SUBJECT: BIOCHEMISTRY
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Long Questions:
Draw the flow chart of glycolysis with enzymes, coenzymes & energetic. [7+3] (2016)

Write down the steps of neoglucogenesis from pyruvate with a flow chart. What are the other precursors of
neoglucogenesis? [7+3] (2015)

Define Gluconeogenesis. And write down the process of glucose synthesis from lactate. (2010Feb)

What is Gluconeogenesis? How glucose is form lactate. [2+8] (2013)

Write down a flow diagram the pathway of conversion of glucose-6-phosphate to pyruvate. Mention the important
enzymes & co-enzymes of these steps. [6+4] (2006)

Gluconeogenesis is not a simple reversal of glycolysis: Explain. [10] (2004)

Describe the regulation of normal blood glucose level. [10] (2012s)

Describe with flow diagram the pathway of Oxidation of glucose through EMP pathway. [10] (2007s)

Name different hormones regulating the metabolism of glucose and mention their specific roles. How do you detect
Diabetes Mellitus? What are ketone bodies? [6+2+2] (2007)

Chemistry of Lipids, Cholesterol, Lipoprotein & Cardiovascular Disease, Metabolism of Fatty

Acid:

Short Notes:
 Metabolic Acidosis. (2015)  Ketone Body. (2013s)
 HDL is good Cholesterol. (2013)  HMG CoA reductase.
 HDL is central molecule in cardiac protection.  Chylomicrons.
(2011)  Allopurinol is useful in treating hyper
 PUFA are good for health: Explain.(2011Feb) ureacimia.(2011s)
 Phospholipids. (2014)  Lipoproteins. (2013s)
 Essential fatty acids are useful to us. (2011,08s)  Phenylketonuria. (2012s)
 State the process of the digestion of Triglyceride.  Gout. (2008s,07s)
(2010Feb)  VLDL. (2007s)
 Role of Prostaglandins. (2005)  Name the phospholipids of different types &
 Ketosis. (2005,12) state their physiological role. (2010Feb)
 Write down the steps of synthesis of ketone
bodies. (2010Feb)
Long Questions:

Classify lipoproteins. What is the normal plasma cholesterol level? Name the rate limiting steps in cholesterol
biosynthesis with reaction. [4+2+4] (2015)

Describe with flow charts, the steps of Beta-oxidation of fatty Acids-mention the enzymes & co-enzymes of different steps.
[10] (2013,05)

Classify lipids with examples. Why HDL is considered beneficial & LDL is considered harmful. [4+3+3] (2006)

What are Ketone bodies? Write down briefly on formation & utilization of Ketone bodies. How is Ketonuria detected in
urine? [2+6+2] (2004)

Define lipids. State the biological importance of lipids. Describe the various lipoprotein particles.[2+3+5] (2008s)

Point out with the help of reaction flow chart the sites of ATP generation in the pathway of Beta-Oxidation of a
saturated fatty acid with in the mitochondria. [10] (2011Feb)

What are phospholipids? Give examples. Give their clinical significance. Name different phospholipases with their roles.
[1+2+2+5] (2007s)

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 SUBJECT: BIOCHEMISTRY
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Biochemistry of Teeth, Saliva & Dental caries:

Short Notes:
 Permeability of dental tissue. (2004)  Streptococcus mutants.
 Fluorosis.  Composition of saliva.

Plasma Protein:

Short Notes:
 Functions of Plasma Proteins. (2013)  Bence jones protein.
 Electrophoresis. (2008s)  Plasma albumin has various important functions.
 Multiple myeloma. (2011)

Long Questions:
Name the plasma proteins in blood. State their functions. [10] (2005)

Amino Acids Metabolism:

Short Notes:
 Peptide Bond. (2017)  GABA.
 Transamination. (2017,13)  Ketogenic amino acids.
 Urea cycle. (2006)  Phenylketonuria. (2015,12s)

Long Questions:

Write down the steps & regulation of urea cycle. Explain why ammonia is toxic to CNS. Mention the reference interval of
serum urea. [6+3+1] (2016)

What is the source of the ammonia in the body? How ammonia excreted from human body? [4+6] (2014)

Outline the various routes of metabolism of amino acids. Mention the unique importance of those routes. [5+5]
(2011s)

Describe the formation and fate of ammonia. [10] (2008s)

Heme & Hemoglobin:

Short Notes:
 Sickle cell anemia. (2014,07s)  Thalassemia.
 Bilirubin metabolism. (2006)  Formation of bilirubin.
 Hyperbilirubilemia. (2005)  Enumerate the types of hemoglobin present in
adult human & describe their structures. (2009)

Long Questions:
Describe the systhesis, transport & excretion of Bilirubin. [10] (2010Feb)

Citric Acid Cycle, Biological Oxidation & Electron transport Chain:

Short Notes:
 Electron transport chain. (2007)  Mitochondrial Respiratory chain. (2007s)

Long Questions:
Write down the steps of TCA cycle. Mention the important vitamins related to TCA cycle. (7+3] (2013s)

Describe the steps of TCA cycle with special references to steps giving rise to ATP production. [10] (2009)

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 SUBJECT: BIOCHEMISTRY
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TCA cycle is known as an antibody pathway: Explain. (2005)

Vitamins:

Short Notes:
 Niacin. (2017)  Metabolic role of Vit-D. (2014)
 Scurvy. (2015)  Pyridoxal phosphate is vital for amino acid
 Vitamin –C. (2013) metabolism. (2011)
 Rickets. (2005)  Mention the role of Vit-B6 in metabolism.
 Vit-A (2013s) (2010Feb)
 Night blindness. (2008s)  State the role of Vit-A in visual cycle. (2010Feb)
 Deficiency of Vit-D produces Rickets in children.  Mention the coenzyme from of Niacin & two
(2012s) reaction in which it participates. (2009)
 Vit B12.

Long Questions:
Describe the roles of vitamins as anti-oxidants. [10} (2007s)

Write down the source & the metabolism of Vit-D3 in human body & explain its role in regulation of bone
mineralization. (2009)

Mineral Metabolism:

Short Notes:
 Enumerate the factors related to Calcium  Hypokalemia.
homeostasis. (2011Feb)  Describe the process of absorption of Iron.
 Calcium. (2014,13s) (2009)
 Hyperkalemia.  Calcium metabolism depends on Vit-D (2011s)

Long Questions:
What are the functions of Calcium ions in the human body? How serum calcium level is regulated? [5+5] (2004)

Energy, Metabolism & Nutrition:

Short Notes:
 BMR.  Factors that effect BMR.
 Kwashiorkor.
Acid, Base & PH, Electrolytes & Water Balance:

Short Notes:
 Buffer. (2011Feb)  Role of blood buffer in regulation of PH of blood.
 Explain the role of bicarbonate buffer in PH (2009)
regulation of body. (2010Feb)  Electrolyte imbalance. (2007,07s)
 Blood buffers. (2006)

Detoxification & Free radicals:

Short Notes:
 Antioxidants (2016, 15).

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 SUBJECT: BIOCHEMISTRY
Brought to you by NORTH BENGAL DENTAL COLLEGE STUDENTS UNION
Long Questions:
What are free radicals? Narrate their effects with mechanisms of protection from them. [10] (2011Feb)

Endocrinology:

Short Notes:
 TSH level helps in distinguishing between a  Cyclic-AMP. (2016,08s)
pituitary hypothyroid & primary hypothyroid:  Insulin. (2008)
Discuss. (2011Feb)

DNA, RNA, Control of Gene expression & therapy, Transcription & Translation:

Short Notes:
 t-RNA. (2017,16,13,07,05)  m-RNA undergoes a number of processing.
(2011)
 Nascent RNAs are modified to make mature
RNAs: explain. (2011Feb)  m-RNA.(2006)
 DNA. (2013s)  Cell cycle. (2007)
 Genetic code. (2007)
 RNA polymerase enzyme differs between the
prokaryotes & eukaryotes. (2011s)  Restriction endonuclease in genetic engineering.
(2004)

Liver, Kidney & Function Test:

Short Notes:
 Fatty liver & lipotropic factors. (2006,04)

Nucleotides: Chemistry & metabolism:

Short Notes:
 Gout. (2006,08s,07s)  Allopurinol is useful in treating hyperuricemia.
(2011s)

Long Questions:

What are the components of a pyrimidine nucleotide? What is the biological importance of nucleotides? Narrate the
consequences of excessive breakdown of purine compounds. [2+5+3] (2011)

Muscle & Supportive tissue proteins:

Short Note:
 Collagen. (2014,07s)  Structures of hemoglobin & myoglobin.(2004)
 Mention structure of Collagen & its different  Structure of collagen (2004)
types. (2009)

1st Year Q.B. by NORTH BENGAL DENTAL COLLEGE STUDENTS UNION Page 5