PROJECT NAME: “A STUDY ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK

MANAGEMENT”

Student Name: PRAJWAL B.G

Reg no: 1730CMD028

Topic: “A STUDY ON FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT”

Organization Name: GRANITECH PVT LTD

Date of submission: 17/06/2019

College Name:

ATMA College

No.235/El, Bommasandra industrial Area, 3 rd phase,

KIADB

Bangalore- 560099 | Karnataka | INDIA

 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
 CHAPTER 1

INRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION:

Rock is one of the most established stones and it has been utilized as a structure material
since old occasions. It is a standout amongst the most tough normal stones around and will far
outlive the structure it is introduced in, settling on it an exceptionally mainstream decision
development ventures. Rock ceaselessly increases the value of property after some time and
won't devalue. Stone makes a moment impression of class, paying little mind to its completion.
Rock is exceedingly wanted with regards to land and is a clear in addition to on any real estate
agent's agenda.

Rock as chunks and tiles has a few appealing highlights, which, bury alia, incorporates
additional fine mirror-clean, without scratch polished surface and toughness. Rock can be
contrasted great and other floor and divider application materials, for example, pottery and
marble. Digging for rock is done physically. For boring and directing hand etches and pounds are
utilized. There are not very many quarries that have mining apparatus, for example, blowers and
penetrating machines for boring and impacting, cranes for lifting huge squares, and dampers and
trucks for transport.

Stone is a hard, extreme, molten shake that is broadly conveyed in the Earth's mainland
outside layer. It is medium-to coarse-grained and comprises of various minerals, particularly
individuals from the feldspar gathering and quartz. It shifts in structure and arrives in a scope of
hues, for example, white, pink, buff, dim, and dark, frequently happening in mix. Given its
toughness and wide dispersion, it has been utilized as a development stone since relic. Today,
rock keeps on being utilized as a measurement (stone accessible in huge amounts slice to explicit
sizes) in structures and landmarks. What's more, given its quality and stylish intrigue, it is
utilized for kitchen ledges and ground surface tiles. Cleaned rock stones are utilized in the group
activity known as twisting.
 The word stone originates from the Latin granum, for grain, alluding to the normal,
coarse-grained structure for this kind of crystalline shake. In geography, stone is called a
meddling, molten shake. A volcanic shake is one that is framed when liquid shake (magma)
cools and hardens.

Rock is accessible in sections and tiles. It is generally utilized for kitchen ledges, bar
tops, and vanities, but on the other hand is utilized for dividers, floors, chimney encompasses,
window ledges, and notwithstanding building belt. Its remarkable varieties in shading and
veining make every example a characteristic show-stopper.

1.2. ORIGIN OF GRANITE:

Rock is accepted to have been shaped as some time in the past as 300 million years. It
started as a mass of liquid shake shaped by volcanic action around 11-12 miles underground.
Powers of nature made the magma step by step ascend to the surface where it started to cool all
around gradually throughout the following million years or somewhere in the vicinity, cementing
into rock. After some time, the land above disintegrated, leaving a dissipating of stone quarries
everywhere throughout the world.

Stone is basically contained feldspar, quartz, and mica. Feldspar is our planet's most
bottomless shake and it is the white and mineral grains found scattered all through the rock.
Quartz makes up the light dark, glass-like veins and biotite or dark mica make up the chip like
veins found in rock.

Stone is penetrated and impacted from the quarry in huge squares, cut into chunks by a
posse saw, and cleaned to uniform thickness via programmed cleaning machines. It is cut and
manufactured into ledges utilizing precious stone sharp edges or bits.

1.3. CHARACTERSTICS OF GRANITE:

Stone is crystalline in structure, so it generally has minor pits or spaces between different
mineral gems and more often than not stays unpretentious on completed pieces once the surface
is exceptionally cleaned. Rock additionally contains regular gaps that may have all the earmarks
of being splits, yet they are not basic deformities and won't debilitate the capacity or strength of
the material.

Because of quarry fluctuations, stone sections are sold in different of sizes. An ordinary
section will gauge 4-5 ½ feet wide and 7-9 feet long. This is imperative to think about when
arranging kitchen islands, since the vast majority need an island without any creases. It is critical
to know in what measure a favored chunk is accessible before making a choice.

Rock is incredibly substantial. Completed chunks weigh roughly 12-13 lbs for each
sq.ft.in 2 cm thicknesses, and around 18-19 lbs for each sq.ft. in 3 cm thicknesses. Stone is the
least defenseless of every common item to scratches. If not mishandled, it will hold its gloss for
eternity. Notwithstanding, cruel synthetic compounds and abrasives will dull the surface after
some time.

1.4. INDUSTRY PROFILE:

1.4.1. DEVELOPMENT OF GRANITE INDUSTRY IN INDIA:

India is one among the main nations in mining and fare of rock and is wealthy in stone
stores. Geographically, the southern and eastern belts of the Nation are bottomless in rock stores.
Various shades of stones are accessible in bounty in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka,
Maharashtra, Assam, Bihar, Rajasthan, Odisha, Meghalaya and Madhya Pradesh. Indian Granite
Stone has turned into the most looked for after and broadly utilized stone material in structure
development and huge basic works all through the world, and it is outstanding in the
International market, for its tastefulness and stylish quality, yet additionally for its toughness.

The Granite Industry has gotten a more extensive attention and corporate significance
over the most recent couple of years. The business is rising now as a pushed fare region with a
few corporate houses, upheld by master experts prepared in all viewpoints, entering the division
with refined world-class apparatus and making it a sorted out one. Numerous abroad purchasers,
including the Japanese, are the customary merchants of the Jet Black Material, which is viewed
as the world's best assortment and is found in wealth in Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and
Karnataka. Bu they have, generally, lost trust in the supply of materials inferable from its
interfered with calendar. This was a direct result of conflicting approaches of the Governments
towards the business, together with political obstruction in mining lease and different strategies.

India is one of the main countries in the generation and fare of Granite and different
stones. Stone is an extremely hard crystalline, molten or transformative shake fundamentally
made out of feldspar, quartz and lesser measures of dim minerals. India has huge assets of stone
with around 110 assortments of various hues and surfaces, for example, dark, dim, pink, multi
shaded, and so on. These assortments are utilized to deliver landmarks, building chunks, titles,
surface plates and so on. Notwithstanding, well known assortments are fundamentally found in
South India.

1.4.2. SIZE OF THE INDUSTRY:

There are 100 makers in India for Granites and there are additionally a couple of
exchanging organizations. Over the most recent 5 years the limit of these organizations has
expanded by about 10% every year, proposing a specific soundness and supportability.
Enormous organizations are viewed as those that have the limit of assembling at least seven
holders for each month-and there are around 20 such organizations.

On a normal around 75 laborers are utilized in an organization. Absolute the immediate

work in the Indian Granite industry is around 10000 individuals. Aberrant work goes to another
10000 individuals. About 80% of the producers are situated in the province of Tamil Nadu while
the rest are situated in the neighboring conditions of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. The whole
headstone industry is situated in the south of the nation which is the place a large portion of the
rock quarries are to be found.

1.5. LATEST DEVELOPMENTS IN GRANITE INDUSTRY:

• India has one of the biggest stores of rock on the planet and traded Rs 2,600 crore (Rs 26
billion) worth of the stone in the previous years. Rock trades this monetary are relied upon to
contact Rs 2,800 crore (Rs 28 billion) and about one-fourth of these fares is represented by
landmark stones.
• About 85-90 % of the all out rock creation in the nation is for fares. So after the
subsidence time frame is over the business will again recover its interest .This is the best time for
a business visionary to wander into this part.

• Last monetary, the all out fares of stone and marble from India had crossed the Rs 4,000
crore marks with the US representing the heft of the utilization (40%).

• The All India Granite and Stones Association (AIGSA), which evaluated a 10 %
expansion in abroad deals for 2007-08, found the fare showcase not any more rewarding.

• The rock industry in Rajasthan has been developing at half every year. Be that as it may,
this development has genuine social and ecological expenses. As the water sources are being
drained, compelling ranchers to progress toward becoming workers in the stone business.

• Rajasthan Granite mining is a roughly Rs 800 crore industry today; it shapes 95% of
India's measurement stone fares.

1.6. MARKET TRENDS IN GRANITE INDUSTRY:

Rock is a hard stone and involves ability to hand-cut it. It is used for making figures,
remembrances, and tombstones. It has likewise been generally utilized as ground surface tiles
and measurement stones. In current engineering, rock sections and tiles are utilized to make
ledges, bar tops, chimneys, staircases, paintings, clearing stones, and curbings. They are
additionally used as structure stones for scaffolds, commemorations, landmarks, and structures.
A type of stone, known as azurite rock, is fundamentally utilized as a gemstone and furthermore
for development purposes.
 The utilization of stone in family unit development is expanding; in any case, there is
concern with respect to the radiations from rock being destructive to wellbeing. Rock is likewise
a characteristic wellspring of radiation like most regular stones. The worry with respect to
radiation has been raised because of reports of higher radioactivity in certain stones. Salt feldspar
is a typical constituent of stone. Potassium-40 is a radioactive isotope of feeble outflow and is
bounteously present in antacid feldspar. Uranium and Thorium are additionally found in rock.
Worry about rock building materials being wellbeing danger emerges because of these elements.

1.7. THEORITICAL BACKGROUND OF THE TOPIC

In the development business, the stone is utilized in either the squashed structure or
dimensional structure. Stone shake climbing is additionally prevalent as a game, in view of its
soundness, steepness, grating, and split frameworks. Subsequently, counterfeit shake climbing
dividers in many amusement parks and exercise centers are given the appearance and feel of
stone.

1.7.1. Risk:

Risk is the possibility that the actual result from an action will deviate from the expected
levels of result. The greater the magnitude of deviation and greater the probability of its
occurrence, the greater is the risk.

A business has to take step to minimize the risk by adopting appropriate technique or
policies. Risk management focuses on identifying and implementing these technique or policies,
lest the business should be left exposed to uncertain outcomes.

1.7.2. Risk management:

Risk management is a process to identify loss exposure faced by an organization and to

select the most appropriate technique such exposures.

Risk management tools measure potential loss and potential gain. It enables us to stay
with varying degree of certainty and confidence levels, that our potential loss will not exceed a
certain amount if we adopt a particular strategy. Risk management enables us to confront
uncertainty head on, acknowledge its existence, try to measure its extent and finally control it.
 Risk management makes sense for two reasons. One, a business entity generally wishes
to reduce risks to acceptable levels. Two, a business entity is generally keen on avoiding
particularly kind of risks, for it may be too great for the business to bear. For each situation
where one wishes to avoid a risk- a loss by fire, for example- three is, perhaps, a counter party
who may be willing such risk. For risk reduction, a business entity can adopt the following
methods.

1.7.3. Hedging:

Hedging is a technique that enables one party to minimize the effect of adverse outcomes,
in a given situation. Parties come together to minimize the effect of which risk of one party gets
cancelled by the risk of another. IT is not that risk minimization is the only strategy. An entity
may even choose to remain exposed, in anticipation of reaping profits from its risk taking
positions.

1.8. FOREIGN EXCHANGE EXPOSURE

1.8.1. Exposure:

Exposure is defined as the possibility of a change in the assets or liabilities or both of a

company as a result in the exchange rate. Foreign exchange exposure thus refers to the
possibility of loss or gain to a company that arises due to exchange rate fluctuations.

The value of a firm’s assets, liabilities and operating income vary continually in response
to changes in a myriad economic and financial variable such as exchange rates, interest rates,
inflation rates, relative price and so forth. We can these uncertainties as macroeconomic
environment risks. These risks affect all firms in the economy. However, the extent and nature of
impact of even macroeconomic risks crucially depend upon the nature of firm’s business. For
instance, fluctuations of exchange rate will affect net importers and exporters quite differently.
The impact of interest rate fluctuations will be very different from that on a manufacturing firm.

The nature of macroeconomic uncertainty can be illustrated by a number of commonly

encountered situations. An appreciation of value of a foreign currency(or equivalently, a
depreciation of the domestic currency), increase the domestic currency value of a firm’s assets
and liabilities denominated in the foreign currency-foreign currency receivables and payables,
banks deposits and loans, etc. It ill also change domestic currency cash flows from exports and
imports. An increase in interest rates reduces the market value of a portfolio of fixed-rate in the
rate of inflation may increase value of unsold stocks, the revenue from future sales as well as the
future costs of production. Thus the firms exposed to uncertain changes in a numbers of variable
in its environment. These variables are sometimes called Risk Factors.

1.8.2. The nature of Exposure and Risk

Exposure are a measure of the sensitivity of the value of a financial items (assets,
liabilities or cash flow) to changes in the relevant risk factor while risk is a measurable of the
variability of the item attributable to the risk factor.

Corporate treasurers have become increasingly concerned about exchange rate and
interest rate exposure and risk during the last ten to fifteen years or so. In the case of exchange
rate risk, The increased awareness is firstly due to tremendous increase in the volume of cross
border financial transactions (which create exposure) and secondly due to the significant increase
in the degree of volatility in exchange rates(which, given the exposure, creates risk)

1.8.3. Classification of foreign exchange exposure and risk

Since the advent of floating exchange rates in 1973, firms around the world have become
acutely aware of the fact that fluctuations in exchange rates expose their revenues, costs,
operating cash flows and thence their market value to substantial fluctuations. Firms which have
cross-border transactions-exports and imports of goods and services, foreign borrowings and
lending, foreign portfolio and direst investment etc, are directly exposed: but even purely
domestic firms which have absolutely no cross border transactions are also exposed because their
customers, suppliers and competition are exposed. Considerably effort has since been devoted to
identifying and categorizing currency exposure and developing more and more sophisticated
methods to quantify it.

Foreign exchange exposure can be classified into three broad categories:

 Transaction exposure
  Translation exposure
 Operating exposure

Of these, the first and third together are sometimes called “Cash Flow Exposure” while the
second is referred to as “Accounting Exposure” or Balance sheet Exposure”.

1.8.3. Transaction exposure

When a firm has a payable or receivable denominated in a foreign currency, a change in

the exchange rate will alter the amount of local currency receivable or paid. Such a risk or
exposure is referred to as transaction exposure.

For example , if an Indian exporter has a receivable of $100,100 due three months hence
and if in the meanwhile the dollar depreciates relative to the rupee a cash loss occurs.
Conversely, if the dollar appreciates relative to the rupee, a cash gain occurs. In the case of
payable, the outcome is of an opposite kind: a depreciation of the dollar relative to the rupee
results in a gain, where as an appreciation of the dollar relative to the rupee result in a loss.

1.8.4. Translation exposure

Many multinational companies require that their accounts of foreign subsidiaries and
branches get consolidated with those of it. For such consolidation, assets and liabilities expressed
in foreign currencies have to be translated into domestic currencies at the exchange rate
prevailing on the consolidation dates. If the values of foreign currencies change between a two or
successive consolidation dates, translation exposure will arise.

1.8.5. Operating exposure

Operating exposure, like translation exposure involve an actual or potential gain or loss.
While the former is specific to the transaction, the latter relates to entire investment. The essence
of this operating exposure is that exchange rate changes significantly and alter the cost of firm’s
inputs along with price of it output and thereby influence its competitive position substantially.
 Eg: Volkwagon had ahighly successful export market for its ‘beetle’ model in the US
before 1970. With the breakdown of Bretten-woods of fixes exchanged rates, the deuschemark
appreciated significantly against the dollar. This created problem for Volkswagan as its expenses
were mainly in deuschemark but its revenue in dollars. However, in a highly price-sensitive US
market, such an action caused a sharp decreased in sales volume-from 600,000 vehicles in 1968
to 200,000 in 1976.(Incidentally, Volkswagen’s 1973 losses were the highest, as of that year,
suffered by any company anywhere in the world.)

1.9. MEANING OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK:

Outside trade hazard (otherwise called FX chance, conversion scale hazard or money
chance) is a budgetary hazard that exists when a monetary exchange is designated in a cash other
than that of the base money of the organization. The trade chance emerges when there is a danger
of valuation for the base money in connection to the named cash or deterioration of the named
cash in connection to the base money. The hazard is that there might be an antagonistic
development in the swapping scale of the section money in connection to the base cash before
the date when the exchange is finished.

Outside trade hazard additionally exists when the remote backup of a firm keeps up fiscal
summaries in cash other than the revealing money of the merged substance.

Speculators and organizations sending out or bringing in merchandise and ventures or

causing remote speculations to have a conversion scale hazard which can have extreme monetary
results, however steps can be taken to oversee (for example lessen) the hazard.

1.10. FACTORS AFFECTING THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATE:

It is common to all that in a free market, the equilibrium exchange rate is determined by
the forces of demand and supply. It has already been stated above that floating rates of exchange
are forced flexibly up or down by the demand for and supply of goods and for capital movements
as well.
 The question arises before us — what are the reasons for which the demand and supply
change? We are going to analyze the following in order to present the answer:

a. Capital Movements:

We have already explained that the rates of exchange are largely affected by major
capital flows. Practically, the currencies of the countries which imports capital appreciate and
currencies of the countries which export capital depreciate on their respective currencies.

b. Structural Changes:

It is quite known to us that structural changes, e.g., the invention of new product, changes
in cost structure etc. which affect the pattern of comparative advantages may or often affect also
the rate of exchange.

c. Differing Rates of Inflation:

According to Lipsey, ―the exchange rates of countries that inflate fastest will be
depreciating, while the exchange rates of countries that inflate slowest will be appreciating.
Changes in relative price levels and exchange rates can exactly off set each other, leaving
relative international competitive position unchanged‖. This is quite true. This is the true sense of
the PPP Theory.

d. Role of Speculation:

Sometimes it is said that the rate of exchange changes by the active participation of the
speculators. If they expect that the price of rupee will go up in terms of dollar they will buy rupee
and they will sell dollars. Naturally, the supply of dollars will go up and the supply of
rupee will fall in the international market.

So, value of rupee will appreciate and dollar will depreciate. Thus, the effect of
fixed and floating exchange rates is due to the parts played by the speculators. Same thing
happens in the stock exchanges and commodity markets.
1.11. TYPES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGGE RISK

1.11.1. TRANSACTION RISK

A firm has exchange hazard at whatever point it has legally binding money streams
(receivables and payables) whose qualities are liable to unforeseen changes in return rates
because of an agreement being named in an outside cash. To understand the household
estimation of its outside designated money streams, the firm should trade remote cash for local
money. As firms arrange contracts with set costs and conveyance dates despite an unstable
outside trade showcase with trade rates always fluctuating, the organizations face a danger of
changes in the conversion scale between the remote and residential cash. It alludes to the hazard
related with the adjustment in the swapping scale between the time an undertaking starts an
exchange and settles it.

Applying open bookkeeping rules makes firms with transnational dangers be affected by
a procedure known as "re-estimation". The present estimations of legally binding money streams
are premeasured at each monetary record.

1.11.2. ECONOMIC RISK:

A firm has financial hazard (otherwise called figure chance) to the extent that its
reasonable worth is impacted by surprising conversion scale variances. Such swapping scale
changes can seriously influence the company's piece of the overall industry position with respect
to its rivals, the association's future money streams, and at last the company's esteem. Monetary
hazard can influence the present estimation of future money streams. Any exchange that opens
the firm to remote trade chance likewise uncovered the firm monetarily, however monetary
dangers can be brought about by different business exercises and ventures which may not be
negligible universal exchanges, for example, future money streams from fixed resources. A
move in swapping scale that impacts the interest for a decent in some nation would likewise be a
monetary hazard for a firm that sells that great.

1.11.3. TRANSLATION RISK:

A company's interpretation chance is the degree to which its money related announcing is
influenced by conversion scale developments. As all organizations by and large should get ready
merged budget reports for detailing purposes, the combination procedure for multinationals
involves interpreting remote resources and liabilities or the fiscal summaries of outside
auxiliaries from unfamiliar to local money. While interpretation hazard may not influence an
association's money streams, it could significantly affect a company's accounted for profit and in
this manner its stock cost.

Interpretation chance arrangements with the danger of an organization's values, resources,

liabilities, or pay. Any of these can change in esteem as a result of fluctuating outside trade rates.
Interpretation chance happens when a firm designates a part of its values, resources, liabilities or
salary in an outside cash. An organization working together in a remote nation will in the long
run need to trade its host nation's cash over into their residential money. Remote trade rates are
always fluctuating, and if trade rates acknowledge or deteriorate, huge changes in the estimation
of the outside money can happen. These critical changes in esteem make interpretation hazard
since it makes troubles in assessing how much the monetary standards will vary in respect to
other remote monetary forms. Interpretation hazard is the organization's budget summaries of
outside backups.

1.11.4. CONTINGENT RISK:

hazard from the vulnerability regarding whether that receivable will occur. A firm has
unexpected hazard when offering for outside ventures or arranging different contracts or remote
direct speculations. Such a hazard emerges from the capability of a firm to all of a sudden face a
transnational or financial outside trade chance, dependent upon the result of some agreement or
exchange. For instance, a firm could be hanging tight for a venture offer to be acknowledged by
an outside business or government that whenever acknowledged would result in a quick
receivable. While pausing, the firm faces an unforeseen

1.12. FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES:

MEANING:

When we talk about remote trade markets, hazard joins it mind. Hazard is an indivisible
component of forex markets. Hazard being an essential component in this massively unique
market can't be gotten away or totally maintained a strategic distance from. Since it can't be
totally kept away from, it is important for the players in the market to be totally equipped to
manage different sorts of exposures existing in the market. There are different Foreign Exchange
Risk Management Techniques and methodologies that can be characterized into inner and
outside procedures. It ought to be a strategy to utilize inner procedures and control hazard inside,
outside systems are connected just when inward strategies can't take care of the issue or can't
manage the hazard.

1.13. VARIOUS TECHNIQUES OF FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMENT:

1.13.1. Internal Foreign Exchange Management Techniques

There are various forex management techniques that make up the internal techniques and
strategies:

Invoice In Home Or Domestic Currency Or Denomination :

As indicated by this procedure an organization managing in universal exchanges must

make every one of its installments in its residential money and must have the approach of
tolerating just household cash from the account holders. Hence, all livelihoods are gotten and all
installments made in home cash. Such a system does not limit or relieve the hazard, it just
disregards the hazard to the next gathering of the exchange. This system anyway may ruin the
relations of the organization with the gatherings since they need to manage the dangers of
managing in remote trade. This inner procedure demonstrates to be suitable and practical just
when there is an imposing business model circumstance winning in the market for the
organization. In any case, this is a very implausible condition.

Driving and Lagging in the event that the merchant of the advantages in a universal
exchange can see that the money where installment is to be made to the exporter is probably
going to deteriorate in future he may attempt to slack the installment and move it further. To
profit such an advantage from deterioration in cash by surpassing credit limits or by making an
understanding. On the furthest edge the exporter with an idea of devaluation in cash in future
may surge up the installment as quickly as time permits. Exporter may bait the merchant by
offering a rebate to make this conceivable.
1.13.2. Matching:
A company that regularly deals in foreign transactions f is an active member in
international trade markets, might have payments to be made and incomes to be received in the
same currency.

An organization that routinely bargains in outside exchanges f is a functioning part in

worldwide exchange markets, may have installments to be made and wages to be gotten in a
similar cash. In such a circumstance installments and earnings can be coordinated and chance
expected for just the unmatched sum in the forex markets. It is a viable inward forex the board
procedure.

1.14. External Foreign Exchange Risk Management Techniques:

There are some effective external forex risk management techniques that can be used
when the internal techniques cannot be applied or prove to be ineffective. Some of them are:

1.14.1. Forward Contracts:

It principally is where cash or resource can be purchased or sold at a foreordained date at
a foreordained rate in future. The rate for the exchange is chosen today (known as forward rate)
however the exchange happens at a future date.

1.14.2. Future Contracts:

These are institutionalized over the counter exchange exchanges and contracts which can
be altered by the particular needs of the gatherings engaged with business. The swapping scale
for monetary forms is fixed for exchange at some future date. This is an exceedingly successful
forex outer hazard the executives strategy.

1.14.3. Options:
These are fundamentally the rights stretched out to brokers in forex markets. Such rights
are possibly utilized when one needs to manage a horrible circumstance in the market. It very
well may be a call alternative or a put cash. Choices are viewed as costly when contrasted and
advances or fate. Swaps like money and forex swaps are some other outer forex the board
systems that can be utilized.

1.15. TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREIGN

EXCHANGE RISK

Hedging exposures, sometimes called risk management, is widely resorted to by financial

directors, corporate treasurers and portfolio managers.

The practice of covering exposure is designed to reduce the volatility of a firm’s profits
and/or cash management and it presumably follows that this will reduce the volatility of the
value of the firm.

There are a wide range of methods available to minimize foreign exchange risk which are
classified as internal and external techniques of exposure management.

1.15.1. Internal techniques

Internal techniques of exposure management help to resolve exposure risks through

regulating the firms financial position. Thereby, they ensure that the firm is not endangered
through exposures. The fundamental stress minimizing of not complete elimination of exchange
losses that are likely to accrue as a result of exposure.

They use methods of exposure management which are a part of a firm’s regulatory financial
management and do not resort to special contractual relationship outside the group of companies
concerned. They aim at reducing exposed position or preventing them from arising. They
embrace netting, matching, leading and lagging, pricing policies and asst/liability management.

Internal techniques of exposure management do not rely on 3rd party contracts to manage
exposed positions. Rather, it depends on internal financial management.

1.15.2. External techniques

These refer to the use of contractual relationship outside the group of companies so as to
minimize the risk of foreign exchange losses. They insure against the possibility the exchange
losses will result from an exposed position which internal measures have not been able to
eliminate. They include forward contracts, borrowing short term, discounting bills receivable,
factoring, government exchange risk guarantees currency options.

1.16. TOOLS FOR FOREIGN EXCHANGE RISK MANAGEMNT

1.16.1. Forward exchange contract

A forwardeexchange contractwis a mechanism by which one can ensure the value of one
currency against another by fixingrthe rate of exchange in advance for a transaction expected to
take place at a future date.

Forward exchange rate is a tool to protecttthe exporters and importers against exchange
risk under foreign exchange contract, two parties one being a banker compulsorily inaIndia, enter
into a contract to buy or sell a fixed amounteof foreign currency on a specific future date or
future period at a predetermined rate. The forwardeexchange contracts are entered into between a
banker and a customer or between two bankers.

Indian exporter, for instance insteadeof grouping in the dark or making a wild guess
about what the future rate would be, enter into a contract with his banker immediately. He agrees
to sell foreign exchange of specified amount and currency at aespecified future date. The banker
on his part agrees toybuy this at a specified rate of exchange is thus assured of his price in the
local currency. For example, anrexporter may enter into a forward contract with the bank for 3
months deliver at Rs.49.50. This rate, as on the date of contract, isrknown as 3 month forward
rate. When the exporter submits his billrunder the contract, the banker would purchase it at the
rate of Rs.49.50 irrespective of the spot rate thentprevailing.

When rupee was devaluated by about 18% in July 1991, many importers found their
liabilities had increased overnight. The devaluationrof the rupee had effect of appreciation of
foreign currency in terms of rupees. The importers who had bookeddforward contracts to cover
their imports were a happy lot.

1.16.2. Date of delivery

 According to Rule 7 of FEDAI, a forward contract issdeliverable at a future date,
duration of the contract being computed from the spot valueddate of the transaction. Thus, if a 3
months forward contract is booked on 12th February, the period of twommonths should
commence from 14th February and contract will fall on 14th April.

Fixed and option forward contracts

The forward contract under which theedelivery of foreign exchange should take place on
a specified future date is knowndas ‘Fixed Forward Contract’.

For instance, if on 5th March a customereenters into a three months forward contract with his
bank to sell GBP 10,000, it means the customer would be presenting a bill or any other
instrument on 7th June to the bank for GBP 10,000. He cannotgdeliver foreign exchange prior to
or later than the determined date.

Forward exchange is a device bydwhich the customer tries to cover the exchange risk.
The purpose will be defeated if he is unable to deliver foreign exchange exactly on the due date.
In real situations, it is not possible forrany exporter to determine in advance the precise date. On
which heeis able to complete shipment and presentddocument to the bank. At the most, the
exporter can only estimate the probably date around which he would able to complete his
commitment.

With a view to eliminate the difficulty inofixing the exact date of delivery of foreign
exchange, the customer may be given aachoice of delivery the foreign exchange during a given
period of days.

An arrangement whereby the customerccan sell or buy from the bank foreign exchange
on any day during a given period of time at appredetermined rate of exchange is known as
‘Option Forward Contract’. The rate at which the deal takes place is the option forward sale
contract with the bank with option over November. It means the customer can sell foreign
exchange to the bank on any day between 1s to 30th November is known as the ‘Option Period’.

Forward contract is an effective ad easily available tool for covering exchange risk. New
instruments like options, futures and swaps can also be used to cover exchange risks. These
instruments are called financial derivatives as their value is derived from the value of some other
financial contract or asset. When there instrument are bought or sold for covering exchange risk
they are used for ‘hedging’ the exchange risk. When they are dealt in with a view to derive profit
from unexpected movements in their prices or other changes in the exchange market, they are
being used for speculative purposes. The scope of using these instruments for speculative
purposes is very much limited in India.

Some other Strategies may also be adapted to avoid exchange risk. These consist in
deciding on the currency of invoicing, maintaining in foreign currency and deciding on the
setting the debt.
 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE
 CHAPTER 2

COMPANY PROFILE

Granitech Private Limited is a Private incorporated on 25 April 1991. It is classified as

Non-govt company and is registered at Registrar of Companies, Bangalore. Its authorized share
capital is rupees. 2,000,000 and its paid-up capital is rupees. 1,599,600.It is involved in
Quarrying of stone, sand and clay.

Granitech Private Limited's Annual General Meeting (AGM) was last held on 28
September 2017 and as per records from Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), its balance sheet
was last filed on 31 March 2017

Directors of Granitech Private Limited are Chamarajanagar Narayana Swamy Vineeth,

Chamarajanagar Narayana Swamy Vishwanath and Veena Vishwanath.

Granitech Private Limited's Corporate Identification Number is (CIN)

U14102KA1991PTC011905 and its registration number is 11905.

The Granitech Private Limited company located in Attibele, Attibele industrial area,
Anekal taluk Bangalore. The company has some assets like land, building, machineries, vehicles
etc . Currently Grantitech private limited is active in producing and exporting the granites to the
various countries in the world.

Granitech Private Limited has made a name for itself in the list of top suppliers of
Marbles and Stones Handcrafted in India. The supplier company is located in Bengaluru,
Karnataka and is one of the leading sellers of listed products.

Granitech Private Limited is listed in trade India’s list of verified sellers offering supreme
quality of floor marbles, memorial headstones, etc.

This company had total annual revenue of two crore rupees along with the employees of
fifty to sixty members with three shifts per day to utilize maximum time for manufacturing as
well as quality checking, packing, transporting of goods along with the supervision in all the
steps to provide the best quality stones to their consumers with out compromise.

CIN U14102KA1991PTC011905

Company Name: GRANITECH PRIVATE LIMITED

Company Status: Active

RoC : RoC-Bangalore

Registration Number: 11905

Company Category: Company limited by Shares

Company Sub: Category Non-govt company

Class of Company : Private

Date of Incorporation: 25 April 1991

Age of Company : 27 years, 3 month, 21 days

Activity : Quarrying of stone, sand and clay

Manufacturing and Exporting

Number of members: 35-40

Director Details:
DIN DIRECTOR NAME DESIGNATION APPOINTMENT DATE

02561461 C N Vishwanath Director 25/04/1991

02561462 C V Vineeth Director 15/10/1992

2.1. VISION, MISSION AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMPANY:

2.1.1. VISION:

Get recognized as one of the best Granite and marble supplier from India.

2.1.2. MISSION:

To serve and meet customers needs and expectations, by means of transforming the rock
extracted in nature into granite that provide beauty and wellness.

2.1.3. VALUES AND ETHIC:

Respect to the human being and to the environment.

2.1.4. PRINCIPLES OF THE ORGANISATION

 100% Customer satisfaction for products as well services.

 Providing best place to work for employees.
 Quality driven manufacturing processes.
 Latest innovation based work processes.
 Employment for community.
 Safety for community and environment.

2.2. OBJECTIVES:

Our objective is to provide the most competitive market prices for high quality
construction marbles and granites without compromising any gap for quality, consistency, and
timely service. The team behind the company is passionate about knowing and caring the taste of
the customers and meeting their demands right as per their requirement.

With our knowledge, access to natural resources, and expertise in advanced technologies, we
remain committed to delivering most beautiful, royal, and sturdy cobbles and marbles to the
interior designing and architecture industry, we always ready to supply the required variety of
the marbles

2.3. PRODUCT PROFILE:.

Since its foundation, the organization has encouraged the broad utilization of rock since
the enormous amount of its items and broad residential generation has made stone moderate to
Greek buyers. The organization remains an innovator in this extended market, with a corporate
vision which spotlights on keeping up and improving its upper hands, some of which are
recorded underneath:

• The phenomenal nature of crude materials guaranteed by the organization gifted work force,
who have amassed more than twenty years of experience and ability, its recognized worldwide
associations and decisions, and proceeded with statistical surveying.

• The top nature of its items accomplished using best in class cutting and cleaning hardware, and
the experience and devotion of its staff.

• The continuous recharging and extension of the scope of improving materials which
incorporates items equipped for gathering the current and new prerequisites of end buyers and
division experts, just as giving new thoughts and application capacities.

• Ensuring an abnormal state of accessibility for every one of its items, because of its very sorted
out and completely loaded distribution centers and by reacting rapidly to new universal requests.

• The improvement of its business organize related to the top nature of its pre-and after-deals
administrations and the propelled dimension of its dispersion and conveyance administrations.

• Its globally aggressive item costs.

2.4. TYPES OF GRANITE THEY MANUFACTURE AND EXPORT

1.Granite Monuments
These type of monuments granites have more demand in foreign country. The foreign country
dealers give direct orders to the manufacturing companies, and the home country companies will
manufacture and exports those finished goods to the dealers. In India these kinds of granites are
used very rarely and they have the less demand in our country when compares to foreign
country.

2. Granite tiles

The Granitech pvt ltd company manufactures mainly two types of granites and it will
exports it to U S and FRANCE.
Granite stone:

Source: Google

Source: Google

Operations that are involved in the processing of granite are:

 Dressing
 Cutting/sawing
 Surface grinding and polising
 Edge-Cutting-Trimming
2.4.1. USES OF GRANITE:

2.4.2. SCULPTURE AND MEMORIALS Various granites (cut and polished

surfaces)

In certain regions, rock is utilized for tombstones and dedications. Rock is a hard stone
and expects ability to cut by hand. Until the mid eighteenth century, in the Western world, rock
could be cut distinctly by hand instruments with commonly poor outcomes.

A key leap forward was the creation of steam-controlled cutting and dressing devices by
Alexander MacDonald of Aberdeen, motivated by observing antiquated Egyptian stone carvings.
In 1832, the principal cleaned headstone of Aberdeen rock to be raised in an English burial
ground was introduced at Kensal Green Cemetery. It created an uproar in the London amazing
exchange and for certain years all cleaned stone arranged originated from MacDonald's. Because
of crafted by stone carver William Leslie, and later Sidney Field, rock remembrances turned into
a noteworthy grown-up toy in Victorian Britain. The imperial stone casket at Frogmore was most
likely the zenith of its work, and at 30 tons one of the biggest. It was not until the 1880s that
opponent hardware and works could rival the MacDonald works.

Current strategies for cutting incorporate utilizing PC controlled turning bits and
sandblasting over an elastic stencil. Leaving the letters, numbers, and symbols uncovered on the
stone, the blaster can make for all intents and purposes any sort of work of art or
commemoration.

The stone known as "dark rock" is typically gabbro, which has a totally unique substance
piece.

2.4.3. BUILDINGS:

Rock has been broadly utilized as a measurement stone and as ground surface tiles openly
and business structures and landmarks. Aberdeen in Scotland, which is developed mainly from
nearby rock, is known as "The Granite City". As a result of its plenitude in New England, rock
was normally used to assemble establishments for homes there. The Granite Railway, America's
first railroad, was worked to pull rock from the quarries in Quincy, Massachusetts, to the
Neponset River during the 1820s.

2.4.4. ENGINEERING:

Designers have customarily utilized cleaned rock surface plates to build up a plane of
reference, since they are moderately impenetrable and firm. Sandblasted concrete with an
overwhelming total substance has an appearance like harsh stone, and is regularly utilized as a
substitute when utilization of genuine rock is unfeasible. A most bizarre utilization of rock was
as the material of the tracks of the Hayter Granite Tramway, Devon, England, in 1820. Rock
square is typically handled into sections, which can be cut and formed by a cutting focus. Rock
tables are utilized broadly as bases for optical instruments due to stone's unbending nature, high
dimensional solidness, and amazing vibration qualities. In military building, Finland planted
stone rocks along its Mannerheim Line to square intrusion by Russian tanks in the winter war of
1940.

2.4.5. OTHER USES:

Twisting stones are customarily formed of Ailsa Craig rock. The primary stones were
made during the 1750s, the first source being Ailsa Craig in Scotland. On account of the
uncommonness of this rock, as well as can be expected expense as much as US$1,500.
Somewhere in the range of 60 and 70 percent of the stones utilized today are produced using
Ailsa Craig rock, in spite of the fact that the island is presently a natural life hold is as yet
utilized for quarrying under permit for Ailsa stone by Kays of Mauchline for twisting stones.

2.5. MAJOR COMPETITORS IN GRANITE INDUSTRY:

Key players operating in the granite market include Ablegroup Berhad, American
Marazzi Tile Inc., CaesarStone, Cosentino S.A., Craig Baker Marble Co. Inc., Levantina y
Asociados Minerals SA, Dakota Granite, Daltile, Duracite Inc., JNR Granite Import & Export
Ltd, Precision Countertops, GraniterTransformations, American Marble & Stoneworks Inc., and
Vangura Surfacing Products Inc.

The report offers an extensive assessment oftthe market. It does as such by means
of top to bottom subjective bits of knowledge, authentic information, and
unquestionable projections about marketmmeasure. The projections included in the
report have been determined utilizing demonstrated research approachs and
suppositions. Thusly, the examination report fills in as a storehouse of
investigation and data foreeach feature of the market, including yet not restricted
to: Regional markets, innovation, types, and applications.

2.6. SWOT ANNATYSIS OF GRANITECH PRIVATE LIMITED

S- Strength

W- Weakness

O- Opportunities

T- Threats

2.6.1. STRENGTHS:

1. Ownership of rawmmaterialseholds the largests quarries

2. Technology for stoneecutting and shaping

3. Diversification into relatediindustries construction, cement, etc.

4. Focus on products which attractethe end consumer.

5. Reliable suppliers – It has a strong base ofereliable supplier of raw material thus enabling the
company to overcome any supply chain bottlenecks.

6. Strong distribution network – Over theryears Granite Construction has built a reliable
distribution network that can reach majority of itsfpotential market.
2.6.2. WEAKNESS:

1. Overdependence on oneotype of raw material

2.Competition and Stagnantwgrowth rate is a concern

3. Limited successroutsideecore business – Even though Granite Construction is one of the

leading organizations in its industryeit has facedechallenges in moving to other product
segments with its present culture.

4. The profitability ratioeand Net Contribution % of Granite Construction are below the industry
Average..

2.6.3. OPPORTUNITIES:

1. Opportunity lto diversify in to other related industries

2. Rising inrteir 2 and 3 cities increasing demand

3. Infrastructure boommacross the nation – increasing demand

4. Lower inflation rate – The low inflationnrate bring more stability in the market,
5. lower interest rate to thefcustomers of Granite Construction.

2.6.4. THREATS:

1. Very high threat ofosubstitutes, low cost of switching

2. Seasonal consumptionnpatterns
3. Limited access to infrastructuredand growing competition.
4. Shortage of skilled workforce in certain global market represents a threat to steady
growth of profits for GraniteeConstruction in those markets.

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN

AND METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

3.1. LITERATURE REVIEW:

1. Author Name : David (1997)

Article name : A survey of foreign exchange risk management practices by forex bureaus.
Key Words : “The unexpected change rates will alter the home currency value of foreign
cash payments and receipts expected from a foreign. Findings: Each organization will
evolve its own system for the management of counterparty credit exchange risk. Risk
profiles differ greatly in the market place”.

2. Author Name : Allan Hicks

Article name : Managing currency risk using foreign exchange options.
Key words :” The foreign exchange options is a true financial derivative the risk/rewards
cannot be replicated in the underlying instruments”.

3. Author Name : Courtney D Smith

Article name : How to make a living trading foreign exchange.
Key words :” The core technique for risk management is called fixed fractional because,
We risk a fixed fraction of our portfolio on every trade. Findings: If you always risk a
fixed percentage of your account you will risk fewer dollar on each trade. Findings: All
the techniques risk management and psychology integrate into a total package of the
profit”.

4. Author Name : Karen A Horcher

Article name : Essentials of financial risk management.
Key words : “ The risk facing an a organization and may include disaster planning
investment policy and insurance, the traditional arena of risk management.
Findings: Technically the NADAQ is an over the counter market that is centralized in one place
It is a powerful combination that can create very massive profit for you. if we use all techniques
will reduce the risk the most”.

3.2. Statement of the problem:

In today’s Scenario, the fluctuationiof foreign currencygis more so the risk of loss is
more to the organization, so the scopedof risk management is more and the riskmmanagement
become the challenge to the organization to retain and completeain the market. So the study has
been undertaken oneforeign exchange risk management towards Granitech Pvt. Ltd.

3.3. Need of the Study:

The project attempt to study the difficultieseof the foreign exchange market. The main
purpose of the study is to get a better ideaoand the comprehensive details of foreign exchange
risk management.

3.4. Objectives of the Study:

 To know about the variouspconcepts and technicalities in foreign exchange.

 To know the variouswfunctions of the forex market.
 To get knowledgerabout the hedging tools used in foreign exchange.

3.5. Scope of the study:

The scope of the study is to identifyethe current issue in foreign currency exchange while
exporting goods to various countries in the world.

3.6. METHODOLOGY:
Quantitative research

It is mostly conducted in socialesciences using the statistical methods used above to

collect quantitative data from the research study.
3.7. Type of research:
Exploratory research

It is a research conducted for a problemfthat has not been studied more clearly intended
to establish priorities, develop, operational definitions and improve the final research design.

3.8. Data Collection Method:

Secondary Data: The data are collected through Books, Internet, News Paper, and
Organisation provided data.

3.9. CHAPTER SCHEME:

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

Chapter one includes the introduction and origin of the granite on the earth and the
characteristics and uses of the granite. It is also discussed about the granite industry ( industry
profile) and the development of granite industry in India size of the industry and latest
development in the industry and also an introduction about the topic foreign exchange risk
management and types of risk included in the foreign exchange and also some risk management
techniques.

Chapter 2

COMPANY PROFILE

Company profile includes some major information about the organization like revenue and
market share of the organization along with the value, ethics and some principles followed by the
organization. The work also discussed the objectives and product profile of the company.

Product profile discussed the product produced in the firm and it also its uses of granite in the
various fields. It analyses the strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats of the organization.
Chapter 3

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

It tells about the previous works did by the other authors previously and the statement of the
problem tells about the other problems along with the need of study and methodology of research
and the type research and type of research used for research.

Chapter 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

It analyses the data through table and graph by the provided data and interpretation of the results
by showing the graph.

Chapter 5

FINDING, SUGGESTION, AND CONCLUSION

It includes the findings gained in the research and provided some suggestions to manage the risk
and provided some conclusion for it.
 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

 CHAPTER 4

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

GRANITECH

DATA ANALYSIS

Table NO: 4.1. CURRENCY EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO RATES

PROFIT&LOSS A/C FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 2007

Income and Expenses@ 60% from foreign

Particulars (Rs.in crores)
(In dollars)

Average If the If the

Exchange rate Exchange Exchange
@Rs.41 rate@41 rate@40

INCOME

Net operating Income 3768.62 2261.17 2261.17 2206.02

EXPENSES

Material consumption 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Manufacturing expenses 577.24 346.34 346.34 337.89

Personal expenses 1322.59 793.55 793.55 774.20

Selling Expenses 17.82 10.69 10.69 10.43

Administrative Expenses 913.89 365.55 365.55 356.63

Capitalized Expenses 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cost of Sales 2831.54 1516.14 1516.14 1479.16

Reported PBDIT 937.08 745.03 745.03 726.86

Other recurring income 16.07 9.64 9.40

 Adjusted PBDIT 953.15 754.67 736.26

Depreciation 178.21 106.93 104.31

Other write offs 0 0.00 0.00

Adjusted PBIT 774.94 647.75 631.95

Financial expenses 20.6 12.36 12.06

Adjusted PBT 754.34 635.39 619.89

Tax Charges 75.87 45.52 44.41

Adjusted PAT 678.47 589.87 584.26

Non recurring-items 423.35 254.01 247.81

Other non cash Adjustments 0 0.00 0.00

Reported PAT 1101.82 843.88 823.30

GRAPH:4.1

2500

2000

1500
If the Exchange rate@41
If the Exchange rate@40
1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

INTERPRETATION:

This graph showing total revenues are alteration together, total revenues are decreased
Rs.2261.17 crores to 2206.02, and gross profit also decreased Rs.745.03 to
726.86.simultaneously all these values are changing the net income. If the Exchange rate had
fixed @ Rs.41, the revenues would have been same.
 GRANITECH

DATA ANALYSIS

TABLE NO.4.2. CURRENCY EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO RATES

PROFIT&LOSS A/C FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 2007

Income and Expenses@ 60% from foreign

Particulars (Rs.in crores)
(In dollars)

Average If the If the

Exchange rate Exchange Exchange
@Rs.41 rate@41 rate@39

INCOME

Net operating Income 3768.62 2261.17 2261.17 2150.87

EXPENSES

Material consumption 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Manufacturing expenses 577.24 346.34 346.34 329.45

Personal expenses 1322.59 793.55 793.55 754.84

Selling Expenses 17.82 10.69 10.69 10.17

Administrative Expenses 913.89 365.55 365.55 347.72

Capitalized Expenses 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cost of Sales 2831.54 1516.14 1516.14 1484.99

Reported PBDIT 937.08 745.03 745.03 708.69

Other recurring income 16.07 9.64 9.17

 Adjusted PBDIT 953.15 754.67 717.86

Depreciation 178.21 106.93 101.71

Other write offs 0 0.00 0.00

Adjusted PBIT 774.94 647.75 616.15

Financial expenses 20.6 12.36 11.76

Adjusted PBT 754.34 635.39 604.40

Tax Charges 75.87 45.52 43.30

Adjusted PAT 678.47 589.87 561.10

Non recurring-items 423.35 254.01 241.62

Other non cash Adjustments 0 0.00 0.00

Reported PAT 1101.82 843.88 802.72

GRAPH: 4.2

2500

2000

1500
If the Exchange rate@41
If the Exchange rate@39
1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

INTERPRETATION: This graph showing total revenues are alteration together, total revenues
are decreased Rs.2261.17 to 2150.87, and gross profit also decreased Rs.745.03 to
708.69.simultaneously all these values are changing the net income. If the Exchange rate had
fixed @ Rs.41, the revenues would have been same.
 GRANITECH

DATA ANALYSIS

Table NO.: 4.3 CURRENCY EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO RATES

PROFIT&LOSS A/C FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 2007

Income and Expenses@ 60% from foreign

Particulars (Rs.in crores)
(In dollars)

Average If the If the

Exchange rate Exchange Exchange
@Rs.41 rate@41 rate@42

INCOME

Net operating Income 3768.62 2261.17 2261.17 2316.32

EXPENSES

Material consumption 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Manufacturing expenses 577.24 346.34 346.34 354.79

Personal expenses 1322.59 793.55 793.55 812.90

Selling Expenses 17.82 10.69 10.69 10.95

Administrative Expenses 913.89 365.55 365.55 374.47

Capitalized Expenses 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cost of Sales 2831.54 1516.14 1516.14 1553.12

Reported PBDIT 937.08 745.03 745.03 763.20

Other recurring income 16.07 9.64 9.88

Adjusted PBDIT 953.15 754.67 773.08

Depreciation 178.21 106.93 109.54

 Other write offs 0 0.00 0.00

Adjusted PBIT 774.94 647.75 663.55

Financial expenses 20.6 12.36 12.66

Adjusted PBT 754.34 635.39 650.89

Tax Charges 75.87 45.52 46.63

Adjusted PAT 678.47 589.87 24774.71

Non recurring-items 423.35 254.01 260.21

Other non cash Adjustments 0 0.00 0.00

Reported PAT 1101.82 843.88 864.46

GRAPH: 4.3

2500

2000

1500
If the Exchange rate@41
If the Exchange rate@42
1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

INTERPRETATION: This graph showing total revenues are alteration together, total revenues
are increased Rs.2261.17 crores to 2316.3, and gross profit also decreased Rs.745.03 to
763.20.simultaneously all these values are changing the net income. If the Exchange rate had
fixed @ Rs.41, the revenues would have been same.
 GRANITECH

DATA ANALYSIS

Table NO.: 4.4 CURRENCY EXCHANGE BETWEEN TWO RATES

PROFIT&LOSS A/C FOR THE YEAR ENDED JUNE 2007

Income and Expenses@ 60% from foreign

Particulars (Rs.in crores)
(In dollars)

If the
Average If the Exchang
Exchange rate Exchange e
@Rs.41 rate@41 rate@43

INCOME

Net operating Income 3768.62 2261.17 2261.17 2371.47

EXPENSES

Material consumption 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Manufacturing expenses 577.24 346.34 346.34 363.23

Personal expenses 1322.59 793.55 793.55 832.26

Selling Expenses 17.82 10.69 10.69 11.21

Administrative Expenses 913.89 365.55 365.55 383.38

Capitalized Expenses 0 0.00 0.00 0.00

Cost of Sales 2831.54 1516.14 1516.14 1590.10

Reported PBDIT 937.08 745.03 745.03 781.37

Other recurring income 16.07 9.64 10.11

Adjusted PBDIT 953.15 754.67 791.48

 Depreciation 178.21 106.93 112.15

Other write offs 0 0.00 0.00

Adjusted PBIT 774.94 647.75 679.35

Financial expenses 20.6 12.36 12.96

Adjusted PBT 754.34 635.39 666.38

Tax Charges 75.87 45.52 47.74

Adjusted PAT 678.47 589.87 618.64

Non recurring-items 423.35 254.01 266.40

Other non cash Adjustments 0 0.00 0.00

Reported PAT 1101.82 843.88 885.04

GRAPH: 4.4

2500

2000

1500
If the Exchange rate@41
If the Exchange rate@43
1000

500

0
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23

INTERPRETATION:

This graph showing total revenues are alteration together, total revenues are increased
Rs.2261.17 crores to 2371.47, and gross profit also decreased Rs.745.03 to
781.37.simultaneously all these values are changing the net income. If the Exchange rate had
fixed @ Rs.41, the revenues would have been same.
4.5. The rupee-dollar Exchange rates over the last five years

Rates

49
48
47
46
45
Rates
44
43
42
41
40
1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008
 CHAPTER -5

FINDINGS, SUGGESSIONS AND CONCLUSION

5.1. FINDINGS

The company has to hammer out its approach to risk management taking into account its
specific circumstances.

Here is brief description of company in India have fashioned its strategy towards foreign
exchange risk management.

GRANITECH THCHNOLOGIES

GRANITECH is one of India's leadingAGranite Services companie, providing Granite

solutions, remote infrastructure management services and in 1999 after its IPO, GRANITECH
working with clients in areasA that impact and re-define the core of their business. The company
leverages an extensive global offshore infrastructure and its global network of offices in 5
countries to deliver solutions across select verticals.For the quarter ended 30th September 2007,
GRANITECH , along with its subsidiariesS had last twelve months (LTM) revenue of US $ 1.5
billion (Rs. 6363 crores) .

As its operations in many countries, the company is exposed to currency risk. Here is the
description:

1. They transact a majorSportion of their business in USD and the lesser extent other
currencies and is thus exposed to currency risk, The company manages risk on account
of foreign currency fluctuationstthrough treasury operations.

2. To mitigate the risk of changes in foreignRexchange rates on cash flows denominated in

USD, GRANITECH technologies purchases foreignRexchange forward contracts and
the company does not speculate the currency exchange.

3. Foreign exchange transactions of their revenues were generally in USD. The average
exchange rate of INR to USD in fiscal 2007 was Rs.41 against Rs.44 in fiscal 2006.
 The above description of riskUmanagement in GRANITECH is based on the information
provided in the annual reportdof GRANITECH for the year 2007.

5.2. CONCLUSIONS

 Despite marketaexpansion the profitggeneration is still ayquestion mark, so companies

have to search for areas of next generation like value added services,.

 In the present day economies are globalizedrand the stabilities of them is really at stake,
the onlyrrescue for the Granite companies is to improve their responsiveness to the
changing scenarios.

 Companies have to develop their services to the bench mark level or global standards so
that they can have acceptance all overtdthe world.

 The troubles of many exporters areenot a result of the volatility of the rupee but the
unfavourably high-cost structure. Exporters are viable only when foreign exchange
earnings get converted intovmore and more rupees. To improve rupee viability and
preserve profits, exporters need to bexefficient and productive and bring down aggregate
rupee cost.

 Poor viability will not be resolved byuhedging. Considering an inefficient exporter, it

requires a breakeven exchange rate of Rs.45 dollar to show profit. It will dazzle at a rate
above Rs.45. It will fizzle at anyfexchange rate below Rs.45.
 In case of forwardocontract. The forward contract locks in the exporter conversion of
dollar revenues to rupee revenues at Rs.41, the market forward price per dollar. The
market will surely not buy the exporters dollars at Rs.41 will bevwholly ineffective
exporters will be in serious trouble despite the perfect hedge.

 The problem of viability will be solved only whenrthe exporters breakeven moves down
to Rs.41 per dollar. By contrast, an inefficient exporter that is viable at Rs.41 peer dollar
can take advantagefof the hedge.

 The implicit dollar method will significantlyepreserve the dollar profitability exporters.
The employees and managers of exporting firms will be paid implicitly in dollars. The
cost to the company will be in dollars. But the payouttwill be in rupees and at the
prevailing exchange rates. If the dollar weakens, the dollar costs of employees and
managers will be paiduout in rupees at say, RS.39, if the dollar strengthens the cost of
employees and managers will be paid out in rupees at say, Rs.43.

 To overcome these problems exportersbshould make good governance by making

available superior human, social and business infrastructure even if the tax rates are high.
Good governance lower the costs of operationsoand lowers the aggregate costs of doing
business.
BIBLIOGRAPHY

Websites

www.google.com

www.mecklai.com

www.wipro.com

www.infosys.com

www.Granitechtechnologies.com

BOOKS

1. Foreign Exchange Arithmetic-M.jeevanandam

2. International financial management-Prasanna Chandra

3. International financial management-P.G.Apte