Int. J. Pres. Ves.

& Piping 58 (1994) 203-213

Comparison of local load stress calculation

methods for nozzles on cylinders
C. J. Dekker
Continental Engineering BV, Joan Muyskenweg 22, 1096 CJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands

(Received 4 May 1993; accepted 3 June 1993)

In publications presenting methods to assess so-called local load stresses, often

just a few nozzle geometries are used for an invariably favourable appraisal by
means of experimental results or F E M calculations. However, if one performs
a systematic comparison between accepted methods, i.e. WRC-107 and
Appendix G of BS 5500 (both from the 'pressure vessel' world) and the
Wordsworth/Smedley parameter equations (from the 'offshore' world), then
the picture becomes less clear. Of course, each method claims to be accurate,
either implicitly or even explicitly, but differences of up to a factor of 2
between these methods should not occur.

NOTATION W/S stands for W o r d s w o r t h / S m e d l e y

equations, see Ref. 3, and w h e n used
as subscript it means that the definition
Radial thrust load on nozzle
according to this reference is implied.
Circumferential m o m e n t load on nozzle
(out-of-plane bending)
Mi Longitudinal m o m e n t load on nozzle
Note that
(in-plane bending)
r Mean radius of nozzle - Y w / s = go/T = (R + ½T)/T
ro Outside radius of nozzle, ro = r + it = YwRc + 0"5
R Mean radius of vessel
Ro Outside radius of vessel, Ro = R + ½T
Wall thickness of nozzle thrust (force)
t circum ferentiol m o m e n t
T Wall thickness of vessel
longitudinal m o m e n t
Relative nozzle size with respect to
vessel size
W R C definition: fl = 0.875 × ro/R
W/S definition: fl = ro/Ro -- (a)
Y Relative thinness of vessel,
W R C definition: y = R / T
W/S definition: 7 = Ro/T ¢_ of nozzle
Thickness p a r a m e t e r of nozzle, • = t/T

W R C stands for W R C Bulletin 107, see

references, and w h e n used as subscript
it means that the definition according (b)
to WRC-107 is implied.

Int. J. Pres. Ves. & Piping 0308-0161/94/$07.00

© 1994 Elsevier Science Limited. Fig. 1. Nozzle on a cylindrical shell.
203
204
-/3w,s = r,,/no = r,_, n__
R'R,,
/3wRc R / T
0.875 R o / T
/3w c 7w c
0"875" Yw/s
/3wRc 7wR
0-875 " (TwRc + 0"5)
1 INTRODUCTION
Various methods are available to calculate the
so-called local load stresses in cylindrical shells at
the junction with externally loaded nozzles. Each
method claims to be sufficiently accurate for
meaningful stress evaluations of pressure vessel
nozzles. Often these claims are backed up by
comparisons with experimental stress measure-
ments and/or with F E M calculations.
In this paper are compared the maximum
stress intensities for single external load com-
ponents, i.e. radial thrust, longitudinal m o m e n t
(in-plane bending) and circumferential m o m e n t
(out-of-plane bending), as calculated with these
different methods. Methods included in this
systematic comparison are WRC-107' and App-
endix G of BS 55002 from the 'pressure vessel'
world and the Wordsworth/Smedley parametric
equations 3 from the 'offshore' world. Also the
approximate m e t h o d of sheet D l l 4 1 - - A p p e n d i x
1 from the Dutch Rules f o r Pressure Vessels 4 is
included.
The comparison proper will be by graphical
representation of the stress intensities as
calculated according to these methods. But first a
detailed description is given of how to arrive at
the stress intensities.
2 GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION
In all cases the expressions/values for the stress
intensities (S.I.) due to single load components
will be transformed (depending on the type of
load) into:
v -/T
S.I. (thrust) = SCF × - - × E
2:fro T
S.I. (circ. moment) = SCF × ~ × Me
S.I. (long. moment) = SCF × ~rr2~-~--x M1
C. J. Dekker
Obviously, the SCF is a function of the specific
nozzle and vessel geometry characterized by the
geometric parameters/3, 7 and T, and of the load
type. For constant values of r and 7 these SCF's
will be plotted against the parameter /3 (relative
nozzle size) to show any differences between the
various calculation methods.
Separate graphs are given below in Figs 2-7
for the three types of load, thrust, circumferen-
tial m o m e n t and longitudinal m o m e n t respec-
tively, and for two values of Y. Values for y are
selected as 25, standing for vessels with moderate
thickness, and as 50 for relatively thin-walled
vessels. In the experience of the author,
thick-walled vessels with say y-< 15 hardly ever
give problems with local load stresses and so are
not included here. The parameter 1: is set at a
value of 1.0 but in each calculation m e t h o d is
indicated the influence that T has on the local
load stresses in the vessel.
The parameters/3 and 7 as used in the graphs
are in accordance with the W R C definitions.
2.1 WRC Bulletin 107/August 1965 (revision,
March 1979)
The derivation according to W R C Bulletin 107 of
the SCF's as functions of the/3 and 7 parameters
for the maximum stress intensity equations was
given in an earlier paper by the present author. 5
It suffices here to say that the plotted WRC-107
curves in the graphs for the stress intensity due to
thrust, circumferential m o m e n t and longitudinal
moment, respectively, are completely in accord-
ance with Ref. 5.
The wall thickness of the nozzle (or, expressed
as the thickness ratio, the parameter r) has no
influence on these stress intensities whatsoever.
2.2 BS 5500, G.2.2 and G.2.3: local loads on
cylindrical shells
For a large number of nozzle configurations the
maximum stress intensities due to a single load
component, i.e., thrust, circumferential m o m e n t
and longitudinal m o m e n t respectively, were
calculated according to paragraphs G.2.2 and
G.2.3 of BS 5500. The resulting stress intensities
were used to back-calculate the corresponding
SCF in order to plot the 'BS 5500' curves in the
 Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders
various graphs presented here.
S.I. due to thrust acc. to G.2.2
S.C.F. (thrust) = V~-/T
--×F~
2:tro T
S.C.F. (circ. moment)
S.I. due to circ. moment acc. to G.2.3
VR/T
--xMc
¢rr2oT
S.C.F. (long. moment)
S.I. due to long. moment, acc to G.2.3
- V-k-/T
- - x M~
~tr2oT
In all cases the mean vessel radius R was taken as
400 mm and the vessel thickness T as either
16mm for 7 = 25 or 8 m m for 7 = 50. The mean
nozzle radii r were chosen such that the resulting
parameter 64 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2 would facilitate as
much as possible the interpolation of the
numerous graphs that are required for these
calculations. Furthermore, the nozzles were
deemed to be remote from any discontinuity like
vessel heads, i.e. in the graphs the curves for
2Cx/L=O.O1 were used. Outside nozzle radii
were determined by taking into account the
parameter T ( = t / T ) = l . 0 which results in
r o = r + ~× T/2. Otherwise the nozzle wall
thickness has no influence on the stress intensity
as calculated by (3.2.2 and (3.2.3 of BS 5500.
An overview of nozzle configurations used for
the calculations, the actual values as obtained
from the graphs in (3.2.2 and (3.2.3 and an
example calculation are given in the Appendix.
2.3 Wordsworth/Smedley equations
In offshore structures tubular members are often
used for trusses in space. The joints or nodes of
these tubes are highly stressed areas and so it is
very important to know the stress level in a joint
for any given load. Widely used parametric
equations for the various types of joints occur-
ring in the offshore industries, aptly named T-,
Y-, K- and K-T-joints, are the so-called
Wordsworth/Smedley equations. In a recent
paper by Wordsworth 3 it is stated that the
equations for the basic T-node can also be
applied to cylindrical pressure vessels.
These equations have the form
a = SCF × O'nom
205
where a is the stress in the cylinder, SCF is the
stress concentration factor, and Onom is the
maximum nominal stress in the branch (or
nozzle).
The parametric expressions for the SCF are
given in both the circumferential and the radial
directions with respect to the nozzle; subscripts C
and R are used to distinguish between the SCF's.
For a graphical comparison we have to
transform these Wordsworth/Smedley equations
into stress intensity equations of the same
mathematical form as stated before. The stress
intensity corresponding to the W/S equations is
simply the larger of the radial stress and the
circumferential stress. This is easily ascertained
by realizing that for thrust or moment loading
(either in-plane or out-of-plane) on a nozzle:
- - t h e stress in the thickness direction of the
cylinder is negligible (plane stress system in the
cylinder's wall)
--shear stresses do not occur at the
cylinder/nozzle junction
- - t h e stresses in the circumferential direction and
in the radial direction are both principal
stresses and have equal signs. (Although these
stress distribution characteristics are not
mentioned in Refs. 3, they are common
features of both WRC-107 and paragraphs
G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS 5500 and so are
assumed to apply here.)
2. 3.1 Stress intensity due to thrust
S.I. (thrust) = max (SCFc, SCFR) x a,om
The SCFc and the SCFR are given by
Wordsworth 3 both at the saddle position and at
the crown position. It appears that the radial
direction at the saddle position yields the higher
value.
SCFR = ),Tfl (6.78 - 6-42fl °5)
with ], and fl according to the W/S definitions,
and
F~
Onom 3.t.r 2 _ ,Tr(Fo - - t ) 2
with
~=t/T~t=~. T
]'WRC = R / T ~ T = R/)'WRC~t = ~'. R/)'wRc
0-875ro 0-875ro 0-875~:
t WRC-- t w,c ,w..ro
 206 C. J. Dekker

Hence 10.0

F~
O"11om
:rr2{1 _ ( 1 0.8753 )2 /

Consequently:
,
8.0
ii ~ w/s
S.I. (thrust) = ?w,stflw,s(6"78 - 6-42flw,s)"5

× E
r o{1 (,- ~ W R C " YWRC /
;/ )
6.0

and with

- w,o'"'o,
~/W/S = ~/WRC + 0 " 5 4.0

flw,s- ~'wRcx/~wRc
Yw/s 0"875
and noting that
LL
0 2.0
F~ Vr-R-/T 2T O9
~rr----~- 2~rroT × g × r o v e / T
2 × 0-875
= ,F~
YWRCflWRC~/YWRC× 2Xro T 0.0
0,05 0.1 0,15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0,35 0,4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6
g
10.0
Fig. 3. Stress intensity due to thrust for 7 = 50.

9.0
one eventually finds that
S.I.=
8.0
(~,w~ + 0.5)3 yw,~ . /~w,c
7WRC+ 0"5 0"875
7.0
BS 55D0, G.2 2
x (6.78-" "" / 7WRC flWRC~
O"4Z~/"Yw~C+ ().5 " 0.875 /
6.0
,-(1 -/~w~c~'w~c/;
5.0

4.0
WFIC 107 1"75 X/K-/ T
1.5
× - - × F ~
3.0
2~rro T

LL
0 2.o
oo
With the Wordsworth/Smedley equations as a
1.0 basis, the above expression between the square
brackets is the Stress Concentration Factor as a
0.0
function of the 7 and fl parameters (WRC
0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0,45 0.5 0.55 0.6 definitions) in the desired mathematical form as
--- 8 mentioned at the beginning of Section 2.
Fig. 2. Stress intensity due to thrust for y = 25. For ? = 25 and for ), = 50 this SCF is calculated
 Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 207

across the /3-range up t o / 3 = 0.55 and is plotted The above expression between square brackets
against the /3 parameter in Figs 2 and 3 for the is the SCF as a function of /3 and y ( W R C
appropriate y-value. The z-parameter is set at a definitions) in the desired mathematical form.
value of 1-0 but from further calculations it For y = 25 and y = 50 this SCF is calculated and
appears that the results are not very sensitive to plotted in Figs 4 and 5 against t h e / 3 range up to
the value of r anyway. /3=0.55. Hereby r = l . 0 but from further
calculations it appears that the results are not
2. 3. 2 Stress intensity due to circumferential very sensitive to the value of r anyway.
moment
S.I. (M~) = max (SCFR, SCFc) × O,om
2. 3. 3 Stress intensity due to longitudinal m o m e n t
For circumferential m o m e n t loading or out-of-
plane bending, the Wordsworth/Smedley expres- S.I. (M,) = max(SCFR, SCFc) x O,om
sions for the stress concentration factors are
For longitudinal m o m e n t loading or in-plane
S C F R = y't'/3 ( 1 . 6 - 1.15/3 5) bending, the Wordsworth/Smedley expressions
SCFc = 0.47 x S C F , for the stress concentration factors are
with y and /3 according to the W/S definitions, S C F R = 0 " 7 5 y ° ' 6 r ° ' s ( 1 . 6 / 3 o.25 - 0.7/32)
and M~
O'noll I ~ - - SCFc = 0.71 x SCFR
W
with with y and/3 according to the W/S definitions. In
J'C
W = -~ (ro4 - (ro - t)4)/ro a similar way to the circumferential m o m e n t case

Referring to the transformation of the thrust, one

finds:
M~ 1 M~ 10.0
O'no m = - - = X
W 1(, o8,.
/3W--~C- --~WW
RC/ -~r o 9.0
and noting that
Mc V ~ T 4T 8.0
- - - - - x M c x - -
'~' 3 :rr2oT roV~-/T
-~ro 7.0

4 x 0.875 V~T
yw,c/3w,cVyw.xc:rrgT x gc 6.0

one finds eventually

S.I.=
5.0 ~w/s
I .... Yw,¢ /3w,¢
(YWRC+ U'~)r YWRC+ 0"5 "
4.0

B S f i 5 ~ i
× ~1-6 - 1-15( YWRC -/ 3 -w a c ~ 5 ~ 3.0
t \YWRC "1" 0"5 " 0.875/ J
--7- LL
1- 1 - - - - - (.) 2.0
~k /3WRC. YWRC ) ~o

X
3.5

/3WRCYW.C 1.5
V-#-/ T
X ~rr2T X M~
ii0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0 2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45
= 13
0.5 0.55 0.6

Fig. 4. Stress intensity due to circumferential moment for

y = 25.
208 C. J. Dekker
10.0 10.0

9.0 9.0

8.0 8.0

7.0 W/S 70

6.0 6.0

5.0 50

4.0 40
BS 5500,

3.0 D 1141, App.1

I1 3.0 ~ .23
1..I-
(.) 2.0 / ~ D 1141, App.1 2.0
oo w/s
~WRC:107

1.0 1.0

0.0 0.0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 6 0.05 0 1 0 15 0.2 0 25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0 45 0.5 0.55 0.6
-- B --- B

Fig. 5. Stress intensity due to circumferential moment for Fig. 6. Stress intensity due to longitudinal moments for
7 = 50. y = 25.

one finds: 2.4 Approximate solution from D 1 1 4 1 -

;.I.= Appendix 1
O.75(.YWRC + 0.5)1,.6ro.8/1.6( Yw.R_~_c . X-g~:.flWRC
~1"2s
[ \ ' } / W R C "t- U'~ U'~)[,,~/
In the Dutch Rules for Pressure Vessels4 a highly
simplified assessment m e t h o d is given in sheet D
rw.c 1141--Appendix 1.
- °7(rw Tb.5 • 0.875/j The stress intensity due to a thrust loading in
,-(1 o.875 /4 the notation as used by the Rules is given as:

OF = 3C x x thrust
~r(De2 - dE)
3.5 "k/R/T with
X i-5 X ~ X M,
flWRCYWRC atroT
C= ld DG-d-d

As before, the expression between square where d and De are the wall thickness and
brackets is the SCF as a function of fl and 7 outside diameter of the vessel, respectively; and
(WRC definitions) in the desired mathematical d2 and De2 are the wall thickness and outside
form. For y = 2 5 and ) , = 5 0 this SCF is diameter of the nozzle, respectively. Adopting
calculated and plotted in Figs 6 and 7 against the our own notation, one then finds:
fl-range up to fl = 0.55. Hereby 7: = 1.0 but from
further calculations it appears that the results are I ~ _ RT 1 3ro
a=3x-~ x2JrrXE= x XFr
not very sensitive to the value of ~- anyway. r 2Jrro T
 Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 209

10.0 The SCF concept and similar substitutions as

above result in:
9.0
( flWRCX ~/WRC )2
Z SCF = 2 X flWRCX YWRC-- 0"4375 X V
. . . . . i .................
8.0 " •
According to sheet D l l 4 1 - - A p p e n d i x 1 this
approximate method is only applicable to nozzles
7.0 . . . . . for which De2-<0-25 × De, or in the notation
adopted here ro-< 0-125 (2R + T). This translates
6,0 " i " '
into:
7
5.0
~WRC~ ~ (2 + 1/7WRC) = 0"22

As obviously only small nozzles fulfil this

4.0
requirement, the SCF's are calculated and
plotted for nozzles with a wall thinner than the
3.0 : - i i : . . . . : . . . . . . . vessel wall, i.e. v = 0.75, but the influence of this
D 1141, A p p . 1 i i
thickness ratio is only limited. The SCF for
Ii
o
moment loading is plotted in the graphs for
C9
circumferential moments (Figs 4 and 5) as well as
' WRC'-107
' w/s in the graphs for longitudinal moments (Figs 6
and 7): after all, the method of D 1 1 4 1 -
Appendix 1 makes no distinction between these
00 L i two different moments.
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5 0.55 0.6

Fig. 7. Stress intensity due to longitudinal moments for

y = 50. 3 DISCUSSION A N D CONCLUSIONS

and using the concept of the stress concentration To start with a quotation from the introduction
factor, to Wordsworth's paper: 3 'Logically there should
SCF=3r°=3 ro be close similarity between stress calculation
r r o - ½t methods applied to all intersecting cylindrical
with shells whether they occur, for example, at the
t=~XT,
branches of pressure vessels on offshore plat-
ro = flWRC X R/0-875
forms or at the nodes of the jacket structures
flWRC X YWRC which support them'.
SCF = 3 X
flWRC X YWRC-- 0"4375 X V However, studying the stress intensity graphs,
The stress intensity due to moment loading (no one fails to see in general the 'close similarity':
distinction is made between circumferential - - T h e methods of G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS 5500
bending moments and longitudinal bending give consistently much higher stress inten-
moments) in the notation as used by the Rules is sities than WRC Bulletin 107; the differences
given as: are sometimes in excess of a factor of 1.5.
1 - - T h e stress intensities derived from the W/S
O"M = 8C X X moment equations are in close agreement with those
(Dc2 - d2) 2
from WRC-107 for longitudinal moments;
with C defined as above. With our own notation for circumferential moments the agreement
one finds: with WRC-107 is good for y = 25 and fair for
1~__~ 1 y = 5 0 , but for thrusts the W/S stress
aM = 8 X ~ X 4~r2 intensities are much higher than those from
WRC-107, especially so for 7 = 50 where the
r, V-ff / T difference is in excess of a factor of 2.
x moment = 2 7; x ~rZT × moment
- - T h o u g h the application is limited to
210 C. J. Dekker
relatively small nozzles, the simplified
approximation of sheet D l l 4 1 - - A p p e n d i x 1
from the Rules goes against the general
trends of all other calculation methods.
Stress intensities due to thrust loads and due
to circumferential m o m e n t s are much lower
than predicted by any other m e t h o d and for
longitudinal moments it is just the reverse!
From just a straightforward comparison of
different methods it is not possible to say
which one is the better method, but this
simplified approximation is definitely not
recommended.
Educated guesswork leads the author, himself
a vessel engineer, to believe that the
Wordsworth/Smedley parametric equations are
applicable only to heavy-walled cylinders and to
medium-walled cylinders, say y-< 30. After all,
these equations were developed for use in the
offshore industries and thin-walled tubes are not
much used for oilrig jackets.
Other important topics for a correct evalua-
tion, whether an external load on a nozzle is
acceptable or not, though not dealt with in depth
here, are:
- - T h e pressure induced stresses at the
nozzle/vessel junction. Preferably these
stresses should be given all around the
nozzle's circumference and be divided into
local membrane stresses and bending str-
esses. The only method known to the author
is 'Enquiry Case 5500/19' of BS 5500 and
this method gives only the maximum stress
intensity due to internal pressure.
- - T h e stress limit which should be applied.
The bending stresses at a nozzle/vessel
junction due to either pressure or external
load are always so-called secondary stresses.
The local membrane stresses due to pressure
are primary stresses and those due to
external loads are either primary stresses or
secondary stresses depending on the nature
of the external load. For external loads
according to both G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS
5500 and to WRC-107, the bending stresses
are always larger than the local membrane
stresses. Assuming the same applies to the
pressure induced stresses, then the control-
ling stress (intensity) limit is the limit for the
combination of primary and secondary
stresses. Normally this limit is three times
the basic design stress; see Appendix A of
BS 5500 and Appendix 4 of A S M E VIII
Div. 2. However, paragraph A.3.3.2 of BS
5500 specifically mentions a limit of 2.25
times the basic design stress.
- - L o a d to be used when different load cases
exist. The stress limit for the primary plus
secondary stress intensity is based upon the
'elastic shake-down' principle, i.e. the total
range of the stress tensor is important. The
stress intensity is to be calculated from the
individually largest stress tensor differences
between any two occurring loads. To do so
in an expedient way one should base the
local load stress calculation on the 'loading
range' load. The 'loading range' load
consists of load components which are the
absolute values of the largest differences
between the constituent load c o m p o n e n t of
each load case, including the 'zero' load
case. For example:
load case A: F~ = 5000 N,
M~ = 2000 N m, M~= 500 N m
load case B: E = 7000 N,
Mc = - 1 0 0 0 N m, M~= 1 0 0 0 N m
load case C: F~ = 1000 N,
Mc = - 2 0 0 N m, M~= 500 N m
loading range load: F~ = 7000 N,
Mc = 4000 N m, M~= 1 0 0 0 N m
In short, correct evaluation of nozzle loads,
which is more and more important due to
high-stressed vessel designs in combination with
restrictive plotplans resulting in high nozzle loads
from interconnecting pipework, is fraught with
difficulties, not least by the question which local
load stress calculation m e t h o d one should
use--after all, the various methods do show
differences of up to a factor of 2. It would be
very welcome if a local load stress calculation
method were to be presented with ample proof
concerning its accuracy.
Once the doubts about the accuracy are
resolved, the question concerning the applicable
stress limits is to be addressed. If the stresses
locally at a nozzle are calculated correctly then
surely no objections can be made against
applying a stress limit of three times the basic
allowable stress for the primary plus secondary
stress category.
At present the author is engaged in numerical
analyses of local load stresses at nozzles placed
 Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 211

on cylindrical shells. A wide range of nozzle 3. Wordsworth, A. C., Stresses in cylindrical pressure
vessels due to local loads. In Structural Integrity
geometries starting from fl = 0 . 1 right up to
Assessment, ed. P. Standley, Elsevier Applied Science,
fl = 0 . 8 7 5 ( = T ) f o r b o t h y = 25 and ~ = 50, and London, 1992.
with different ratios of nozzle thickness to shell 4. Rules for Pressure Vessels, 20th assignment, 1992.
thickness, are included in these FEM calcula- Published on behalf of the 'Dienst v o o r het S t o o m w e z e n '
by S D U Publishers, The Hague.
tions. In due time he hopes to publish the results 5. Dekker, C. J., External loads on nozzles. Int. J. Pres.
of these calculations in cooperation with the Ves. & Piping, 53 (1993) 395-50.
client/sponsor of these FEM studies and so shed
some light on the accuracy of the different local
load stress calculation methods. APPENDIX: CALCULATIONS
A C C O R D I N G T O G.2.2 A N D G.2.3 OF BS
5500
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The number of nozzle configurations for the
The author would like to thank Mr W. J. calculations resulting in the graphs for the stress
Stikvoort for his encouragement in the prepara- intensity according to G.2.2 and G.2.3 of BS
tion of this article. 5500 are as follows:

stress intensity due for y = 25:7

to thrust, for y = 50:7
REFERENCES stress intensity due to f o r ), = 2 5 : 5
circumferential moment, for y = 50:6
1. Wichman, K. R., H o p p e r , A. G. & Mershon, J. L., stress intensity due f o r ), = 2 5 : 6
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to to longitudinal moment, for y = 50:7
External Loadings. W R C Bulletin 107, August 1965,
Revision March 1979. Table A1 indicates which nozzle configurations
2. BS 5500:1991, G . 2 . 2 - - R a d i a l loads on cylindrical shells,
G.2.3---External m o m e n t s applied to cylindrical shells. were calculated for each single load component.
British Standards Institution, L o n d o n , 1991. If the parameter 64(R/T). ( C x / R ) 2 is g i v e n at

Table A1. Nozzle configurations for the calculations

M e a n nozzle P a r a m e t e r 64(R/T) (Cx/R) 2
radius r
(in m m ) y = 25 ), = 50

E Mc M, E Mc M,

37-20 . . . . 20
43.22 . . . . . 3
45.57 -- -- -- 30 -- --
52-61 20 20 . . . .
58.83 . . . . 50
61-13 -- -- 3 -- -- --
66-04 . . . . . 7
69-60 -- -- -- 70 -- --
74-41 40 . . . . .
78-93 . . . . . 10
83.19 -- 50 -- 100 100 --
93.38 -- -- 7 -- -- --
98.43 70 . . . . .
111-6 -- -- 10 -- -- 20
117.6 100 100 -- 200 200 --
136-7 . . . . . 30
157.8 -- -- 20 -- -- --
166.4 200 200 -- 400 400 --
176.5 . . . . . 50
186-0 -- -- -- 500 -- --
193.31 -- -- 30 -- -- --
203.8 300 -- -- 600 600 --
235.3 400 400 . . . .
249.6 -- -- 50 -- -- 100
 to

Table A2. Graph values as interpolated from BS 5500

64(R_](Cx) 2 From Fig. G.2.(5) with From Fig. G.2.(6) with From Fig. G.2.(7) with From Fig. G.2.(8) with
\T/\R / C,/Cx = C,/Cx = C,/Cx = C,/Cx =

0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3 0 ~ 1 3

3 0.320 -- -- 0.150 0-223 -- -- 0-135 -0-201 -- -- -0.185 -0-180 -- -- -0-163

7 0-280 -- -- 0-110 0.179 -- -- 0-093 -0.190 -- -- -0-164 -0.182 -- -- -0.154
10 0-263 -- -- 0.095 0.162 -- -- 0.079 -0.182 -- -- -0.152 -0.182 -- -- -0.149
20 0-230 0.204 0.153 0.069 0.130 0.121 0.103 0.053 -0-160 -0"153 -0-151 -0.126 -0.180 -0.177 -0-170 -0.137
30 0.213 -- 0.138 0-055 0.114 -- 0-089 0-040 -0.144 -- -0-135 -0.110 -0-178 -- -0-165 -0-127
40 -- -- 0-124 -- -- -- 0-077 . . . . 0.120 . . . . 0.160 --
50 0.188 0.162 -- 0.038 0-092 0.086 -- 0-026 -0.121 -0-115 -- -0-084 -0.173 -0.168 -- -0.107
70 -- -- 0.104 -- -- -- 0.058 . . . . 0.095 . . . . 0.147 --
100 0.161 0-138 0.092 0.023 0.072 0.064 0.048 0.014 -0-096 -0.092 -0-083 -0-059 -0.167 -0-159 -0.138 -0-079
200 -- 0.115 0-070 -- -- 0.045 0-030 -- -- -0-068 -0-058 -- -- -0.143 -0.120 --
300 -- -- 0.058 -- -- -- 0-022 . . . . 0.045 . . . . 0-107 --
400 -- 0-092 0.050 -- -- 0.032 0-016 -- -- -0-044 -0.036 -- -- -0.129 -0.096 --
500 -- -- 0-043 -- -- -- 0.011 . . . . 0.031 . . . . 0.084 --
600 -- 0.081 0-038 -- -- 0-026 0.010 -- -- -0.033 -0.026 -- -- -0-117 -0.078 --

Table A3. Example calculation for nozzles on cylindrical shells

Radial load (=thrust), W = 50-00 kN

R mean = 400-00 mm---~WRC-107 parameters: gamma = 50-000
T shell = 8.00 mm beta = 0-416
r nozzle = 186.02 mm
t/T ratio = 1.00 (hence ro = 1 9 0 - 0 2 )
C~ = 158-12 mm (=0-85 × r)
Cx = 158-12 mm (=C,)

parameter 64 x ( R / T ) × (Cx/R) 2 = 500.02

Graph Fig. G.2(5) M,/W = 0.043 6 × M , / ( T × T) = 201.6 MPa

Graph Fig. G.2(6) M,/W = 0-011 6 × Mx/(T × T ) = 51-6 MPa
Graph Fig. G.2(7) N, × t/W = -0.031 N,/T = -24.2 MPa
Graph Fig. G.2(8) Nd/W = -0.084 Nx/T = -65-5 MPa
N.B. Graph values of C,/Cx = 1.0 and 2 x Cx/L = 0 . 0 0 1 .
Maximum stress intensity = 225.8 MPa (SCF = 6.100)
 Local load stress for nozzles on cylinders 213

0.20

0.15

010

0 05

0 O0

-0.05

~ -0 10 G'2( I

3
-0 15

-0.20
1 1 10 I O0 1,000 10,000
parameter 64(R/T)(Cx/R) 2

Fig. A1. G.2(13), G.2(14), G.2(15) and G.2(16) as functions of parameter 64(R/T)(C~/R) 2.

any radius--load combination then this is a
calculated configuration. When the vessel para-
meter ) , = 2 5 then the mean vessel radius
R = 400 mm and the wall thickness of the vessel
T = 1 6 m m ; for ) , = 5 0 then R = 4 0 0 m m and
T=8mm.
Table A2 tabulates all the graph values as
interpolated from the graphs Fig. G.2.(5), Fig.
G.2.(6), Fig. G.2.(7) and Fig. G.2.(8) as
required for the calculations of the mentioned
nozzle configuration.
To facilitate the interpolation of Figs G.2.(13),
G.2.(14), G.2.(15) and G.2.(16) (see G.2.3.(a) of
BS 5500), values were determined from the
2Cx/L = 0-01 curves for X / C x = 5 at all available
parameter values of 6 4 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2, i.e. 0.4,
10, 200 and 3200.
From these values curves as functions of the
parameter 6 4 ( R / T ) . (Cx/R) 2 were constructed to
ease the interpolation of values at intermediate
parameter values, and the actual graph of these
functions is given in Fig. A. 1.
Table A3 shows an example of these local load
calculations.