16ME6202 & METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - I

BASICS OF METROLOGY

1) What is metrology?
Metrology is the science of measurements, it includes all theoretical & practical aspects of measurement.

2) State the needs for measurement.

i) To determine the true dimensions of a part.
ii) To increase our knowledge & understanding of the world.
iii) To convert physical parameters into meaningful numbers.
iv) To evaluate the performance of a system.

3) List out the basic methods of measurements.

 Direct method, Indirect method, Comparative method, Coincidence method, Fundamental method

4) What are the elements of generalized measuring system?

i) Primary sensing elements
ii) Variable conversion element
iii) Variable manipulation element
iv) Data transmission element
v) Data processing element
vi) Data presentation element

5) List out various types of measuring instrument.

i) Deflection & Null type instruments
ii) Analog & Digital instruments
iii) Active & Passive type instruments
iv) Automatic & Manually operated instruments
v) Absolute & Secondary instruments
vi) Contacting & Non-Contacting instruments
vii) Intelligent instruments

6) What do you mean by sensitivity?

Sensitivity of a instrument is defined as the ratio of the magnitude of the output signal to the magnitude
of input signal. It denotes the smallest change in the measured variable to which the responds.

7) How is stability achieved in measuring instrument?

 The ability of a measuring instrument to retain its calibration over a long period of time is stability.
 Stability determines an instruments successive results over time.

8) What is readability of a measuring instrument?

 It is defined as the closeness with which the scale of an analog instrument can be read.
 Readability depends on both instrument & observer.

9) What is range of a measuring instrument?

The limit of measurement values that an instrument is capable of reading.
Eg: A tape measure can display lengths of between 0 & 10 meters.
10) State the differences between precision and accuracy.
Sl.no Precision Accuracy
The repeatability of a measuring process is
The closeness of measured value to true
i) precision. The closeness of measured values to
value is accuracy.
each other is called precision.
Reducing systematic error will increase
ii) Reducing random error will increase precision.
accuracy

11) State the importance of accuracy in measuring instruments.

When taking scientific measurements, it is important to be both accurate and precise. Accuracy
represents how close a measurement comes to its true value.

12) What is accuracy in a measuring instrument?

It is the closeness of measured value to true value.

13) Differentiate between static response and dynamic response

Sl.no Static Response Dynamic Response
The performance criteria for the measurement The relationship between the system
i) of quantities that remain constant or vary input & output when the measured
only quite constantly quantity is varying rapidly with time.

14) Distinguish between precision and accuracy in measuring instrument.

Sl.no Precision Accuracy
The repeatability of a measuring process is
The closeness of measured value to true
i) precision. The closeness of measured values to
value is accuracy.
each other is called precision.
Reducing systematic error will increase
ii) Reducing random error will increase precision.
accuracy

15) What do you understand by the term repeatability of an instrument?

Repeatability is defined as the closeness of agreement among the number of consecutive measurements
of the output for the same value of input under the same operating conditions.

16) Distinguish between repeatability and reproducibility.

Sl.no Repeatability
Repeatability is defined as the closeness of
i) agreement among the number of consecutive
measurements of the output for the same value
of input under the same operating conditions.
Reproducibility
Reproducibility is the closeness of the
agreement between the results of
measurements of the same measurand
carried out under changed conditions of
measurement.

17) What are the types of error in measurements?

i) Systematic Error
ii) Random Error
18) State the importance of calibration.
The goal of calibration is to minimize any measurement uncertainty by ensuring the accuracy of
test equipment. Calibration quantifies and controls errors or uncertainties within measurement processes to an
acceptable level.

19) Mention the purpose of calibration.

i) To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other measurement.
ii) To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
iii) To establish the reliability of the instrument, that it can be trusted.

20) What is meant by Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerance?

Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is a system for defining and communicating
engineering tolerances. It uses a symbolic language on engineering drawings and computer-generated three-
dimensional solid models that explicitly describe nominal geometry and its allowable variation.
 16ME6202 & METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - II

LINEAR AND ANGULAR MEASUREMENTS

1) List the various types of linear measurements.

Length, Width & Thickness

2) Classify the various types of linear measuring instruments.

i) Vernier Caliper
ii) Micrometer
iii) Slip gauges
iv) Comparators

3) Mention the uses of vernier height gauge.

It is used to measure & mark vertical distance above a reference surface.

4) Give the advantages of digital vernier caliper.

i) Simple to read and reading can be directly taken.
ii) Provide long measurements ranges.

5) Classify the types of micrometers.

i) Inside micrometer
ii) Outside micrometer
iii) Stick micrometer
iv) V- Anvil micrometer
v) Blade type micrometer
vi) Pitch measuring micrometer

6) What is slip gauge?

Slip gauges are very precisely manufactured measuring standards used for measuring , setting up of
sizes and also to calibrate precision measuring instruments or inspection gauges.

7) What is wringing of gauge blocks?

Wringing is nothing but the process of combining the faces of slip gauges one over the other.

8) Mention briefly about comparators.

Comparator is one form of linear measurement device which is quick and more convenient for checking
large number of identical dimensions by comparing the actual dimensions with standard dimensions.

9) Classify the various types of comparators.

i) Mechanical comparators
ii) Electrical comparators
iii) Electronic comparators
iv) Pneumatic comparators

10) Mention the important parts of electrical comparators.

i) Transducer
ii) Amplifier
iii) Display meter
11) Classify pneumatic comparators.
i) Flow or Velocity type
ii) Back pressure type

12) Enumerate the two merits of pneumatic comparator.

i) Friction is less due to less number of moving parts
ii) Work piece is cleaned by supplying air during measurement.

13) What are limit gauges?

Limit gauges are use to determine whether the measured part is within prescribed limits of tolerance.

14) State Taylor’s principle of gauge design.

It states that GO gauge should check all related dimensions. Simultaneously NOGO gauge should check
only one dimension at a time.

15) List out the application of tool makers microscope.

i) Angle measurements in threaded tools, punches
ii) Measurements of thread parameters such as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch, thread angle

16) List out any four angular measuring instruments used in metrology.
i) Sine bar
ii) Bevel protractor
iii) Autocollimator
iv) Angle dekkor

17) What is a sine bar?

Sine bar is a high precision & accurate angle measuring instrument. It uses the sine principle for
measurement.

18) What are the constructional requirements of a good sine bar?

i) The rollers must be of identical diameters and round to within a close tolerance.
ii) The distance between centres (L) must be precisely known.

19) Difference between sine bar & sine center.

Sl.no Sine Bar Sine Center
Sine bar is a high precision & accurate angle Sine center are used for mounting conical
i) measuring instrument. It uses the sine principle work which are difficult to inspect on a
for measurement. conventional sine bar.

20) Mention the uses of Autocollimator in mechanical measurements.

i) Measurement of parallelism or perpendicularity of two surfaces.
ii) Checking the flatness and straightness of surfaces.
 16ME6202 & METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - III

FORM MEASUREMENT

1) What do you understand by screw threads?

It is the helical ridge produced by forming a continuous helical groove of uniform section on the external
or internal surface of a cylinder.

2) Name the various types of errors found in screw threads.

i) Major diameter error
ii) Minor diameter error
iii) Effective diameter error
iv) Flank error
v) Pitch error

3) Define flank.
The surface between crest & root is called flank.

4) What is major diameter error in screw threads?

This error leads to reduction in the flank contact and interference with the matching threads.

5) Name the various methods for measuring effective diameter.

i) One wire method
ii) Two wire method

6) What is floating carriage micrometer?

A floating carriage micrometer, sometimes referred to as an effective diameter measuring micrometer, is
an instrument that is used for accurate measurement of 'thread plug gauges'.

7) Name the various methods for measuring pitch diameter.

i) Pitch measuring machine
ii) Tool makers microscope

8) What are thread gauge?

A thread gauge is used to measure the pitch or lead of a screw thread.

9) What are the applications of toolmaker's microscope?

Its application is used to measuring lengths, angles as well as major diameter, minor diameter, pitch and
thread angle in small parts.

10) Classify the types of gears.

i) Spur gear
ii) Helical gear
iii) Bevel gear

11) Define module.

Module= pitch circle diameter/ number of teeth.
12) Define pitch circle.
Pitch circle is the imaginary circle on the gear about which it may be supposed to roll without slipping
with pitch circle of another gear.

13) State the various methods used for measuring the gear tooth thickness.
(i) Gear tooth Vernier.
(ii) Constant chord method.
(iii) Base tangent method.

14) What is gear run out?

Runout is the maximum variation of the distance between a surface of revolution and a datum surface,
measured perpendicular to that datum surface.

15) What are the methods used for evaluating the surface finish?
i) Inspection by comparison
ii) Direct instrument measurements

16) Name the various stylus probe instruments used for surface finish measurements.
i) Stylus probe instrument
ii) Tomlinson Surface Meter
iii) Taylor hobson Roughness tester
iv) Profilometer

17) List out the straightness measuring instruments.

i) Straight edge
ii) Autocollimator

18. What is meant by roundness?

Roundness is the measure of how closely the shape of an object approaches that of a circle.

19. List the causes of out of roundness of shafts.

i) Poor bearings in the spindle
ii) Poor alignment of shaft between centers.

20. Name the devices used for measurement of roundness.

i) Rotating on centers
ii) V-Block method
iii) Roundness measuring machines
 16ME6202 & METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - IV

ADVANCES IN METROLOGY

1) Why is LASER preferred in Engineering Metrology?

Non-contact inspection, Measuring speed is high, Precision & Accuracy.

2) Write the applications of Laser inspection.

Metrology, Aerospace, Automotive, Computers, Electronics.

3) State any two applications of laser in machine tool metrology.

Surface inspection & Dimensional Measurement.

4) Classify the types of laser sources.

i) Gases Laser
ii) Chemical Laser
iii) Solid State Laser
iv) Semi Conductor Laser

5) State the advantages of laser in metrology.

i) Automatic inspection system.
ii) Reduced inspection cost.
iii) Online-in process inspection.

6) State the disadvantages of laser in metrology.

i) High capital investment.
ii) Thermal effect is more.

7) List out the characteristics of laser sources.

i) Monochromatic
ii) Directional
iii) Coherent
iv) Collimated light

8) List out the different methods of dimensional measurements using laser.

i) Laser Telemetric System
ii) Scanning Laser gauging

9) What is interferometer?
Interferometer is optical instruments used for measuring flatness and determining the lengths
of slip gauges by direct reference to the wavelength of light.

10) Name the different types of interferometer.

i) NPL flatness interferometer.
ii) Michelson interferometer.
iii) AC Laser interferometer
11) List out the various components in laser interferometer.
i) Two frequency Zeeman laser sources
ii) Beam Splitters
iii) Fixed internal cube corners
iv) External Cube corners
v) Photo detectors
vi) Amplifiers
vii) Pulse converter

12) What is the purpose of beam splitter in laser interferometer?

It divides laser beam into separate beams along different axis.

13) What is CMM?

A coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is a device that measures the geometry of physical objects by
sensing discrete points on the surface of the object with a probe.

14) List out the various types of CMM

i) Cantilever Type
ii) Bridge Type
iii) Column Type
iv) Gantry Type

15) Mention the advantages of coordinate measuring machines.

i) The inspection rate is increased.
ii) Accuracy is increased.
iii) Operator's error can be minimized.

16) List the disadvantages of coordinate measuring machines.

i) Initial cost of machinery is high.
ii) Power consumption is high.

17) State any two applications of CMM.

i) Dimensional measurement - 3D
ii) Profile measurement

18) What are CMM probes?

CMM probes are transducer that converts physical parameters into electrical signals.

19) What is the purpose of video probes in CMM?

Video probes are used to capture the image of the object and compare with a standard image.

20) List out the various types of stylus used in CMM.

i) Star Stylus
ii) Straight Stylus
iii) Disc Stylus
iv) Pointer Stylus
 16ME6202 & METROLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL

TWO MARKS QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

UNIT - V

PROCESS CONTROLS FOR VARIABLES

1) What is meant by quality?

Quality is the degree to which a product meets the requirement of a customer.

2) Mention about quality of design.

Quality of design of a product is the tightness of the specifications for manufacturing the product.

3) What is quality of conformance?

Quality of conformance refers to the ability to maintain the specified quality of design.

4) State the importance of quality control.

Quality control is essential to building a successful business that delivers products that meet or exceed
customers' expectations.

5) Mention the objectives of quality control.

i) Reduce errors and enhance quality and productivity.
ii) Reduction of scrap and rework.
iii) Efficient use of men & machines.
iv) Economy in use of materials.

6) List out the three stages of quality control.

i) Inspection.
ii) Statistical Quality Control.
iii) Reliability

7) What is Statistical Quality Control?

Statistical Quality Control refers to the use of statistical methods in the monitoring & maintaining of the
quality of products & services.

8) List out the benefits of Statistical Quality Control.

i) It provides a means of detecting error at inspection.
ii) It leads to more uniform quality of production.
iii) It improves the relationship with the customer.
iv) It reduces the inspection costs.

9) List out the limitations of Statistical Quality Control.

i) Employees of an organizations have to be trained.
ii) Lot of paper work will be involved due to introduction of SQC.

10) What is meant by quality assurance?

Quality assurance is the process of verifying whether a product meets required specifications and
customer expectations.
11) List the quality assurance functions.
i) Collection of field complaints & processing them.
ii) Quality rating of outgoing products.
iii) Quality audit or survey.
iv) Preparation of reports on quality.

12) Why do you need quality audit?

Quality audit is the evaluation of the quality system of a company.

13) What is meant by quality specification?

Quality specifications starts in the design stage of a product it is important to specify quality
characteristics along with their tolerance to meet customer satisfaction.

14) Mention about quality cost.

Quality cost is a measure of the efficiency of an organizations work related to quality.

15) State the significance of process capability.

Process capability refers the ability of a process to produce uniform products with very low variations.

16) What is process capability ratio?

It is the ratio between specification limit and natural tolerance limit.

17) What is meant by control chart?

The control chart is a graph used to study how a process changes over time. Data are plotted in time
order. A control chart always has a central line for the average, an upper line for the upper control limit and a
lower line for the lower control limit.

18) List out the objectives of control charts.

i) To constantly monitor a process to find whether it is in control or not.
ii) To improve existing production procedures.
iii) To reduce the cost involved in inspection.

19) Classify the types of control charts.

i) Control charts for variables - x̄ - R charts, x̄ - S charts
ii) Control chart for attributes - p chart, np chart

20) Mention the advantages of control charts.

i) Product quality is improved.
ii) It reduces wastage of material in production.
iii) Cost of product will be reduce.