BAIBF 08005

BUSINESS LAW

SUBMITTED BY,

MOHAMED SHIFAS
PART A-

LAW OF OBLIGATIONS-

1.Anu has all rights because she is being affected by breach of contract. The
machine given to Anu was discovered faulty and she has the right to claim for
the damages. She also has the right to ask for her compensation money, by
moving in a intelligent and quick manner she can gain all her money back.

2. As kiran demanded for the full amount to be given back the suit by benny
will not work. The contract took place in specific conditions of building the
house. There were no specifications about the money to be given, so kiran can
get all his money back..

3.In this case all the money demanded by shyam is to be given to Ram because
an extra cost occurred due to unexpected damage which is reasonably
foreseeable. So, shyam should get the fixed sum of money that is the
22,00,000.

4. Here Milind is responsible for all actions of Binu. There is a misappropriation

in cash done by Binu for which Milind is fully obliged.

5. Here sachin did not repair the watch given by prakash due to his daughter’s
marriage. Even though he did not repair the watch he is obliged to get the
compensation for the work done.
PART-B

BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS & CAPITAL &FINANCING METHODS:

1. CO -OPERATIVES
(a) Mother Dairy Fruit & Vegetable Pvt Ltd is an Indian company that manufactures, markets
and sells milk, milk products and other edible products.[1] Its milk products include cultured
products, ice cream, paneer and ghee under the Mother Dairy brand. The company also
sells edible oils, fresh fruits and vegetables, frozen vegetables, and processed food like fruit
juices, jams, pickles etc. Mother Dairy was founded in 1974, as a wholly owned subsidiary of
the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). Sources of finance they have used are long
term sources which include share capital or equities and preference shares.

(b) MFA Incorporated is a Midwest-based regional agricultural Cooperative serving more

than 45,000 farmer/owners in Missouri and adjacent states. Founded on March 10, 1914,
MFA (which once stood for Missouri Farmers Association) traces its beginnings to a one-
room schoolhouse near Brunswick, Mo. In Newcomer School on March 10, 1914, seven
farmers met to discuss an article by William Hirth. Hirth owned a magazine called the
Missouri Farmer and Breeder. Sources of finance used are mid term sources
 Preference Capital or Preference Shares
 Debenture / Bonds
 Medium Term loans

(c) Creamery-In a dairy, the creamery is the location of cream processing. Cream is
separated from whole milk; pasteurization is done to the skimmed milk and cream separately.
Whole milk for sale has had some cream returned to the skimmed milk.
The creamery is the source of butter from a dairy. Cream is an emulsion of fat-in-water; the
process of churning causes a phase inversion to butter which is an emulsion of water-in-fat.
Excess liquid as buttermilk is drained off in the process. Modern creameries are automatically
controlled industries, but the traditional creamery needed skilled workers. Traditional tools
included the butter churn and Scotch hands.
The term "creamery" is sometimes used in retail trade as a place to buy milk products such
as yogurt and ice cream. Under the banner of a creamery one might find a store also
stocking pies and cakes or even a coffeehouse with confectionery. Sources are long term
methods that is:
 Trade Credit
 Short Term Loans like Working Capital Loans from Commercial Banks
 Fixed Deposits for a period of 1 year or less
 Advances received from customers
 Creditors
 Payables
 Factoring Services
 Bill Discounting etc.
2. NGO’S-
(a) The Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. (WMF) is an American non-profit and charitable
organization headquartered in San Francisco, California. It is mostly known for participating
in the Wikimedia movement. It owns the internet domain names of most movement projects
and hosts sites like Wikipedia. The foundation was founded in 2003 by Jimmy Wales as a
way to fund Wikipedia and its sister projects through non-profit means.[5][6]
As of 2015, the foundation employs over 280 people, with annual revenues in excess
of US$75 million.[7] Christophe Henner is chairman of the board.[8] Katherine Maher is the
executive director since March 2016. Sources used are:
 Retained Earnings or Internal Accruals
 Debenture / Bonds

(b) Acumen Foundation(formerly known as Acumen Fund[1]) is a non-profit global venture

fund that uses entrepreneurial approaches to solve the problems of poverty.[2] Its aim is to
help build financially sustainable organizations that deliver affordable goods and services that
improve the lives of the poor. Acumen is a 501(c)(3) organization headquartered in New York
City, with regional offices in India, Pakistan, Kenya and Ghana Acumen was incorporated on
April 1, 2001, with seed capital from the Rockefeller Foundation, Cisco Systems Foundation
and three individual philanthropists. Acumen’s investors and advisors include also the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, Google.org and the Skoll Foundation.[4] Jacqueline Novogratz is
the founder and CEO of Acumen.[5] Ali Jahangir Siddiqui is Director of Acumen Fund
Pakistan.. Sources used are:
 Term Loans from Financial Institutes, Government, and Commercial Banks
 Venture Funding
 Asset Securitization

(c) Ceres is a non-profit organization advocating for sustainability leadership. We mobilize a

powerful network of investors, companies and public interest groups to accelerate and expand
the adoption of sustainable business practices and solutions to build a healthy global
economy. the sources used are:
 Financial Institutes
 Government, and
 Commercial Banks
 Lease Finance
 Hire Purchase Finance

3.COMPANIES:
(a) Indian Oil Corporation- Indian Oil Corporation (IndianOil) is India's Largest
Commercial Enterprise, with a net profit of ₹103.99 billion (US$1.5 billion) for the financial
year 2015-16.[2]
In accordance with its corporate vision of being ‘The Energy of India’, IndianOil has been
successfully meeting the energy demands of India for more than five decades. It is the leading
Indian Corporate in Fortune's prestigious ‘Global 500’ listing of world's largest corporates at
161st position for the year 2016,[3] and has a 33,000 strong workforce.
IndianOil's business interests overlap the entire hydrocarbon value-chain, including refining,
pipeline transportation, marketing of petroleum products, exploration and production of crude
oil, natural gas and petrochemicals. Also, IndianOil has ventured into alternative energy and
globalisation of downstream operations. With subsidiaries in Sri Lanka, Mauritius and the
UAE, IndianOil is scouting for new business opportunities in the energy markets across Asia
and Africa. It has also formed about 20 joint ventures with reputed business partners from
India and abroad to pursue diverse business interests. The main sources used are:Loan stock
and Retained earnings
(b) Tata Motors Limited (formerly TELCO, short for Tata Engineering and Locomotive
Company) is an Indian multinationalautomotive manufacturing company headquartered
in Mumbai, India, and a member of the Tata Group. Its products include passenger cars,
trucks, vans, coaches, buses, sports cars, construction equipment and military vehicles.Tata
Motors has auto manufacturing and assembly plant
in Jamshedpur, Pantnagar, Lucknow, Sanand, Dharwad, and Pune in India, as well as in
Argentina, South Africa, Great Britain and Thailand. It has research and development centres
in Pune, Jamshedpur, Lucknow, and Dharwad, India and in South Korea, Great Britain and
Spain. Tata Motors' principal subsidiaries purchased the English premium car maker Jaguar
Land Rover (the maker of Jaguar and Land Rover cars) and the South Korean commercial
vehicle manufacturer Tata Daewoo. Tata Motors has a bus-manufacturing joint venture
with Marcopolo S.A. (Tata Marcopolo), a construction-equipment manufacturing joint
venture with Hitachi (Tata Hitachi Construction Machinery), and a joint venture with Fiat
Chrysler which manufactures automotive components and Fiat Chrysler and Tata branded
vehicles. sources are: Bank borrowing
· Government sources
· Business expansion scheme funds.
(c) Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) is an Indian state-
controlled oil and gas company headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The Corporation
operates two large refineries of the country located at Mumbai and Kochi. The company is
ranked 358th on the Fortune Global 500 list of the world's biggest corporations as of 2016
Bharat Petroleum Corp Ltd (BPCL) has managed to raise USD 500 million through a maiden
10 year bond issue. The move market the debut of BPCL into the international debt market
and the proceeds from issue would be used by the company to fund its capital expenditure.
-Bharat Petroleum Corporation has given the Bonus in the Ratio of 1:1
- 2014 -Bharat Petroleum - BPRL announces Increase in Recoverable Natural Gas Resources
in Mozambique. -Bharat Petroleum - Gas Discovery in Cauvery Basin, India by ONGC -
BPRL Consortium.
2015
-Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) has received approval from Environment
Ministry for Rs 4,588 crore expansion at its refinery facility -BPCL acquires additional shares
of Petronet CCK Limited -BPCL,along with GAIL Gas, a 100% subsidiary of GAIL India
will jointly develop the City Gas Distribution Network (CGD Network) in Haridwar district.
-BPCL has commissioned a new art Crude Distillation Unit (CDU) in Mumbai.

.sources used here are done in a process where Ordinary shareholders put funds into their
company:(a)by paying for a new issue of shares
(b) through retained profits.