Formula Sheet, Physics 1P22/1P92 1

Mathematics centripetal force and acceleration (α = 0): standing waves (nodes at both ends, string length L)
2
quadratic equation, ax + bx + c = 0 : vT2 v
Fc = mac = m = mω 2 r fn = n n = 1(fundamental); 2, 3, ...(harmonics)
√ r 2L
−b ± b2 − 4ac
x= work (= F d) done by a conservative force sound intensity
2a
I
trigonometry: Wc.f. (~r → ~r ′ ) = − [U (r~f ) − U (~
ri )] = −∆U (~r) β = 10 log , dB I0 = 1 × 10−12 W/m2

a
I0

vi
a2 + b2 = c2 gravitational potential energy point source
sin θ = a/c P P
 Fgravity = −mg → Ug = mgy =
I=
c  cos θ = b/c A 4πr 2


d
 a tan θ = a/b ~ Doppler (upper sign = approach, lower = recede)
kinetic energy of translation with velocity V
 sin θ

re
 tan θ = 1 ± vvo
 
b 1
 θ cos θ Kt = mV 2 f = fs s=source, o=observer
2 1 ∓ vvs

ha
circular arc (θ in rad):
conservation of total mechanical energy
s = θr = 2πr for θ = 2π (a full circle)
∆ (U + Kt + Kr ) = Wnon–c.f.
Electricity

s
Coulomb’s Law
power = rate of doing work = W/∆t = F V
Fundamental Constants

as
1 Watt = 1 J/1 s and 1 h.p. = 746 W q1 q2 1 Nm
2

N2L in terms of linear momentum p ~

~ = mV F =k k= = 8.99 × 109 2
g= 9.80 m s −2
r2 4πε0 C
c= speed of light in vacuum = 3.00 × 108 ms−1

w
e= charge of electron = 1.60 × 10−19 C ~ ∆t = ∆~ ∆~
p ~ =F
electric field, E ~ /q; potential V = kq/r
Impulse = F p or F~ = lim
me = mass of electron = 9.11 × 10−31 kg ∆t→0 ∆t
mn = mass of neutron or proton = 1.67 × 10−27 kg q σ q/A

m e
NA = Avogadro’s number = 6.022 × 1023 per mol conservation of momentum for a system as a whole E=k (point charge) E= = (charged sheet)
kB = Boltzmann’s constant = 1.38 × 10−23 J/K r2 2ε0 2ε0
µ0 =
ε0 =
k= co rc
Permeability of Free Space 4π × 10−7 Wb A−1 m−1
Permitivity of Free Space 8.85 × 10−12 C2 N−1 m−2
Coulomb Constant 8.99 × 109 Nm2 C−2
X
F~ext = lim
∆t→0
∆~
ptotal
∆t
(elastic collision, ∆E = 0) electric potential ∆V = Ed, work W = −∆U = −∆V q
Capacitance C = Q/V , Energy Stored U = 21 CV 2
o. ou
h= Planck’s constant 6.63 × 10−34 Js Capacitors in parallel Cef f = C1 + C2
Waves and Sound in series 1/Cef f = 1/C1 + 1/C2

simple harmonic oscillator, F = −kx, U = 21 kx2 Ohm’s Law:

er res
Mechanics
q ∆V 2 L
P = ∆V I = I 2 R =
p
uniform linear acceleration a = const: f = 1/T ω = 2π/T = 2πf = k/m I= ∆V = IR R=ρ
( ∆t R A
v = v0 + at x = A cos φ = A cos ωt
v = −Aω sin ωt 1 1 1
eH y

1 series Req = R1 + R2 + . . . parallel = + +...

d = v0 t + at2 a = −Aω 2 cos ωt Req R1 R2
2
rs ud

v2 = v02 + 2ad traveling wave

Newton’s Laws: 2π 2π
ou st

y = A cos( x± t), v = λ/T = λf

1 ~ λ T
N2L: ~a = F
m total waves on a string under tension F
is

N3L: ~A on B = −F
F ~B on A r
′ F
mm vstring =
Th

Gravity: F =G 2 m/L
r

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 Formula Sheet, Physics 1P22/1P92 2

Magnetism Electromagnetic Waves Quantum Physics

magnetic field of a long straight wire Properties: photons: E = hf , p = E/c , λ = h/p
Intensity in photon picture:
µ0 I speed of light in vacuum c = 3.00 × 108 m/s
B= (corkscrew rule)
∆N
2π r electromagnetic spectrum c = λf I= hf
∆t
magnetic field at the center of εo 2 1
energy density E + B2

a
2 2µo photoelectric effect
µ0 I N

vi
loop: B = N solenoid of length l: B = µ0 I εo
2R l average intensity I = Eo2 c mv 2
2 hf = U +
E,B size dependence E = cB 2
force on a moving charge / on a wire of length l

d
de Broglie’s matter waves
F = B q v sin θ F/l = B I sin θ

re
2
polarized light Iout = I0 cos θ h
~ ~v , palm = B,
~ force = thumb 2πrn = nλ for H atom λ= for any body
right-hand rule: fingers = I, unpolarized light Iout = I0 cos2 θ = 21 I0 mv
torque on a current-carrying loop two-slit interference fringes (m = 0, 1, 2, . . .)

ha
p2 1 h2
τ = N IAB sin φ λ

1

λ K.E. = =
sin θ = m (bright) sin θ = m + (dark)
2m 2m λ2
d 2 d Bohr’s quantization of angular momentum

s
magnetic flux Φ = BA cos φ
Faraday single-slit interference minima (m = 1, 2, . . .) h

as
∆Φ mvr = n = h̄n, n = 1, 2, . . .
E = −N λ 2π
∆t sin θ = m
back-emf Eb = V − IR a Bohr’s stationary orbits

w
self-inductance thin film interference  
h̄2
∆I N
 2 (f does not change; λf ilm = λ
n
; v = c/n) rn = n2 = (0.0529 nm)n2 n = 1, 2, . . .
E = −L Lsolenoid = µ0 A l ke2 m

m e
∆t l 1
2t = mλf ilm 2t = (m + )λf ilm discrete lines in the spectrum of hydrogen
transformers
I1
I2
=
V2
V1
=
N2
N1 co rc 2
diffraction-limited resolving power (first dark fringe, aper- ∆E = hf = 13.6 eV

1 1
− 2

for a ni −→ nf transition
o. ou
ture size d) n2f ni
λ λ
θmin = (slit) θmin = 1.22 (circular)
er res
d d
eH y
rs ud
ou st
is
Th

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