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-CH2: Reproduction:
Diploid (2n) – contain 2 copies of each chromosome. Autosomal cells are Diploid. Humans have 46
Haploid (n) – contain one copy of each chromosome. Germ cells are Haploid. Humans have 23
Cell cycle – Specific series of phases during which a cell grows, synthesizes DNA, and divides.
Derangements of the cell cycle can lead to cancer.
Cell Cycle:
o 4 stages:
G1, S, G2, and M
Interphase – Consists of G1, S, G2. Longest part of the cell cycle. Genetic material
is in chromatin form, so its less condensed. Needs to be so its available to RNA
polymerase for transcription.
G0 stage - is within G1 stage. Cell is simply living and serving its function. No prep
for division.
o G1 stage: cells create organelles for energy & protein production, while also increasing cell size.
Passage into the S (Synthesis) stage is governed by the restriction point (- certain criteria that
needs to be met. Ie containing the proper complement of DNA)
o S Stage: cell replicates its genetic material so that each daughter cell will have identical copies.
After replication, each chromosome consist of 2 identical chromatids, bound at the centromere.
Cells entering the G2 have twice as much DNA as cells in G1.
o G2 Stage: Cell passes thru another quality control checkpoint. Cell checks to ensure theres
enough organelles & cytoplasm to divide btw 2 daughter cells. Cell also checks on the DNA
replication process to make sure errors are not replicated to the daughter cells.
o M Stage: consists of mitosis & cytokinesis. 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
telophase (PMAT). Cytokinesis is the splitting of the cytoplasm & organelles into 2 daughter
cells
Control of the Cell Cycle:
o Cell cycle is controlled by restriction points G1 -> S, G2 -> M
G1 --> S restriction points determine if the DNA is in good enough condition for
synthesis. If theres DNA damage, the cell cycle stops until the DNA has been repaired.
P53 protein is in control of this.
G2 --> M restriction point is mainly concerned w/ adequate cell size and correct
organelle replication to support 2 daughter cells
CHAPTER EMBRYO
Section 1.1