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Listing of Intel ISEF Project Abstracts
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2008 AS001
SEROTONIN GIVES YOU A GOOD SHIVER
Neel Pandit
Westview High School, Portland, OR
The temperature of the environment around us is constantly changing and our body has to adapt constantly to maintain homeostasis. Shivering in skeletal muscles is our last strategy to defend o
challenges from the environment. There is still much to be known about this mechanism. Although it is known that serotonin (5HT) plays an important role in the central nervous system mechani
responses, how 5HT contributes to the basic mechanism for producing a shivering response to cold stimuli remains unknown. In this project, I found that 5HT, acting through 5HT2A receptors i
the central neural process that evokes involuntary muscle contractions in response to environmental cooling. Cooling of the rat’s trunk skin increased the electromyographic (EMG) activity record
the skin coolingevoked activation of EMG was reduced by 63% following an intravenous injection of katanserin, a 5HT2A receptor blocker (antagonist). In a separate set of animals, a 5HT2A re
iodoamphetamine (DOI), produced an EMG activition similar to skin coolingevoked subcutaneous muscle contraction, which was maintained even after an interruption of the neuronal pathway. T
potentiates the neuronal signals transmitted from the brain to the spinal cord that facilitates involuntary contractions in skeletal muscles in response to reduced environmental temperatures.
2009 AS001
TO WHAT DEGREE DOES ANNULI COUNT REFLECT AGE IN MANOURIA EMYS? AN ANALYSIS OF METHODOLOGY, YEAR FIVE OF THE MANOURIA EMYS INVESTIGATIONS
Richard Schinco Schaffer
Stanton College Preparatory School, Jacksonville, FL
Manouria emys is a critically endangered species Southeast Asian tortoise. Assurance colonies are needed in which animals bred in captivity, later are repatriated if conditions improve.
growth is necessary. Fifty Manouria emys were studied. Tortoise’s shells were cleaned to optimize accuracy. Annuli were counted manually and with digital photography for the second t
tortoises had scutes casted. Data from observations were then analyzed, graphed, and correlation calculated. The correlation between age and fourth vertebral scute was stronger (R2 =
0.9652 for photographic analysis (P)) over the second (R2=0.883 PE and 0.9642 P) or the third (R2 =0.8801 PE and 0.9576 P). The value for the average of the three scutes was strongest (R2 =
correlation existed between age and annuli count, strongest in the middle age cohorts (3 to 5 years) because the annuli are well defined yet not obscured by wear. Fourth vertebrals had slightly be
The average of the three scutes yielded the most accurate because it diminished individual scute differences. Digital photography was the most accurate to determine age because of the ability t
The casting was the least effective due to the difficulty to perform and read the casts, especially for the oldest and youngest tortoises.
2010 AS001
EFFECTS OF OVEREXPRESSION AND DELETION OF TBPH GENES ON MOTOR FUNCTION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Joshua Miles Dreyzen
Southridge High School, Beaverton, OR
ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease in humans. The TDP43 protein has been implicated as an important factor in neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS. In Drosophila melanogaster, TB
TDP43. Scientists in my lab created several lines for which TBPH was partially deleted. In another line, TBPH was overexpressed in motor neurons using the GAL4UAS system. My experiment
modifications on the speed of larval crawling. I also incorporated peristaltic wave frequency by counting the number of peristaltic waves in the linear locomotion burst. This allowed me to find wav
crawling. Thus, I could find which aspect of crawling speed was decreased, and therefore assess whether the deficiency in crawl speed results is due to only to deleterious effects in motor neuron
generator (part of the CNS) is somehow involved. I discovered that both deletion and overexpression significantly reduce crawling speed of drosophila larvae. Furthermore, this deficiency is a resu
distance per wave, as previously hypothesized. The fact that all TBPHmodified lines showed fewer waves per second suggests that the CPG is involved, since there was a change in rhythmic m
modifications, the CPG remains intact, but TBPH modifications most likely prevent the motor neurons from properly receiving signals fired by the CPG, and so wave rate, and hence overall crawl
2011 AS001
EFFECTS OF RESVERATROL ON WEIGHT GAIN, FEED CONVERSION, AND LITTER COMPOSITION OF GALLUS GALLUS CHICKS
Wendell Shane Riels
Seminary Attendance Center, Seminary, MS
Broiler production is a major component of Mississippi’s economy. Weight gain, feed conversion, and the health of the flock are of utmost importance. Organic production is also a concern becau
https://apps2.societyforscience.org/abstracts/absresults.cfm 1/3835
deposited into the environment through the litter; consumers ingest these additives, which could then impact their health. The focus of the current study is to replace the antibiotics and
produced naturally in fruit. This supplement is resveratrol. If ingestion of resveratrol enhances growth, lowers feed conversion, and suppresses bacteria growth, then introducing chicks to this sup
grown broiler with positive economic impacts on the farmer. For this experiment, the chicks were separated into three groups of fifteen chicks: a control, a low dose, and a high dose gro
resveratrol into water. Two groups were given specific doses of the solution in their water for eight weeks. All groups were fed the same amount of feed each day. At the end of each week, the ch
taken, and feed conversion was calculated. The pH and bacteria count of groups L and H showed a significant difference compared to the control: C group had higher moisture content w
groups L and H were more desirable than the control. Although the results look encouraging, more testing must be done before resveratrol can replace antibiotics in large scale broiler production.
2012 AS001
STUDY OF FOOD RELATIONS OF CAVE INVERTEBRATES
Ondrej Vosta
AngloCzech High School, Czech Budejovice, CZECH REPUBLIC
Feeding preferences of cave invertebrates have been studied by several methods. A cave ecosystem serves as a suitable model of environment for studying decomposition processes crucial in
interactions in a cave are more simple than the interactions in the soil. Studying the process of decomposition is one of the most important aims of soil biology. Several species of cave
study. The activity of three enzymes important for digestion (trehalase, celulase, chitinase) have been examined. It has been found out that springtails contain all tested enzymes which indicates
sugars included in cell walls of plants and fungi. Furthermore, two types of feeding preference tests have been carried out. Springtails were offered 16 species of fungi, 7 species of algae, and 1 c
preferred alga was Chlamydomonas sp. and the most preferred fungus was Cladosporium herbarum. Following methods have been tested methodically. A microscopic analysis of excrem
microscope can tell us clearly what food was really consumed and digested. Another method is based on the detection of food marked by fluorescent staining in guts of living animals under ultrav
that springtails prefer several cave microorganism species which are easily consumed and digested. A combination of more methods is the best way to understand the feeding biology of cave inv
and fluorescent marking to these study purposes has been verified successfully.
2013 AS001
NEW FACTS FROM EXPERIMENTS ON TARDIGRADES IN ANHYDROBIOTIC STATE
Marie Svarcova
Veterinary High School, Hradec Kralove, CZECH REPUBLIC
Tardigrades are claimed to be the most resistant organisms on the Earth. Their resistance ability even increases when in a state of anhydrobiosis. This project investigates the degree of
unfavorable conditions. Experiments conducted were aimed at providing the answer to whether the resistance depends on the location where tardigrades live, and whether it depends on the degre
were collected in three different locations and were exposed to following extremities:(a) extremely high temperatures for certain periods of time,(b) extremely low temperatures for certain periods o
nitrogen,(d) gamma and(e) X rays. The most resistant tardigrade genus was determined and its survival limits for high temperature were assessed. The tardigrades were held in a state of anhydro
Experiments were performed on a particular number of individual tardigrades. The results show that resistance of tardigrades in unfavorable conditions depends on the locality, on the inte
of tardigrades and on the way tardigrades are put into the state of anhydrobiosis. Experiments revealed that tardigrades living in a location where conditions are extreme are more resistant than ta
conditions are mild. From all the types researched, the most resistant tardigrate genus is Hypsibius pallidus. The experiments proved that this genus is able to survive conditions temperature 374
temperature 303,8 F (151 C). The experiments have indicated a very resistant genus which might an interesting topic for subsequent experiments.
2014 AS001
DISTRIBUTION AND PATTERNS OF MOVEMENT OF THE WEEVIL DIAPREPES ABBREVIATUS IN EUCALYPTUS (CORYMBIA TORELLIANA), A FASTGROWING BIOFUEL CROP
Evan MacKay
Vero Beach High School, Vero Beach, FL, United States of America
Because a previously identified male pheromone failed to attract females in the wild, these experiments were designed to gain understanding of the distribution and movement patterns of the wee
torelliana, a fastgrowing biofuel crop. Diaprepes are invasive pests of citrus, sugarcane, and other crops and have no costeffective treatment. In test A, weevils were separated by sex in a grid t
separated from the opposite sex. Test B placed 40 weevils in a small area to see how weevils would disperse from a high population density environment. Weevils were collected from the field, m
Recapture of marked weevils approached 50%. Displacement of males and females was similar at all times after release, and movement of aggregated weevils was equivalent to that of nonaggre
males moved to females more than females moved to males, suggesting the presence of a femaleproduced pheromone. The behavior observed in the field suggests that the chemical ecology of
explained by just the presence of a male pheromone. The direction of weevil movement was correlated with wind direction, but the magnitude of displacement was not correlated with wind speed.
between tree height and number of weevils per tree. These experiments contribute to an understanding of the chemical ecology and ethology of Diaprepes and should contribute to the eventual di
method.
Awards won at the 2014 ISEF
First Award of $3,000 Animal Sciences
2007 AS001
THE EQUINE EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL BEHAVIOR CONNECTION
Katlin Jayne Hornig
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, Colorado, United States
With the large amount of knowledge being attained regarding horses and alternative methods of training, there has been a surprisingly minimal amount of knowledge gathered regarding their behav
research done on equine behavior in relation to particular physical attributes that horses exhibit. I wanted to determine if there was any connection between a horse’s dominant leg and the behavio
hoped to find information that could be discovered regarding a horse’s brain and the horse’s “handedness“. I hypothesized that a horse’s leg preference would be related to certain behaviors that h
deduct a possible relation to their most commonly used side of the brain, as in humans. In the process of interpreting this, I have recognized other attributes that horses exhibit and how that corre
and relationship to brain activity. Although there is not as high a number of similarities as I had first believed, I did discover some intriguing similarities in an equine’s physical and mental behavio
trainers and novice equestrians in their ability to communicate with and understand their equine partner better. To test this, I requested evaluations from the horse owners in regard to their horse’s
each horse to determine its leg preference and observed his general behavior.
Fourth Award of $500 Animal Sciences Presented by New Mexico State University
Winners receive an all expense paid trip to Operation Cherry Blossom in Tokyo, Japan. Each trip winner will also receive three $1,000 U.S. Savings Bonds, $300 from the Association of the Unite
certificate of achievement. United States Army
2013 AS002
GENDER DETERMINATION OF LOVEBIRDS
Nicholas Michael Badeaux
Catholic High School, New Iberia, New Iberia, LA
The purpose of this project was to determine the accuracy and reliability of gender determination methods in lovebirds. In the pelvic sexing part of this study 16 lovebirds were examined by 26 pa
levels of experience of working with lovebirds, ranging from 0 to 75 years. Each participant would pelvic sex a lovebird as I brought the bird around to them. They would mark off on a score card i
female. This was a blind study. The second phase of the research included collecting additional morphometric measurements on the same group of lovebirds. The measurements were analyzed u
of the results. The results showed that pelvic sexing is accurate only 70% of the time. This is mainly due to the bone structure of the pelvis of the lovebird. If the bones are too wide it co
are too small they could be mistaken for a male. Likewise there was no significant difference in the morphometric measurements which would lead to accurate gender determination.
2014 AS002
THE USE OF QUANTITATIVE PCR TO DETERMINE THE IMPACT OF ZYGOSITY (HEMIZYGOTES VS. HOMOZYGOTES) ON THE FITNESS AND IMPACT IN THE WILD OF TRANSGENIC
Adrianna Danielle Pollak
Cloquet Senior High School, Cloquet, MN, United States of America
Danio rerio are tropical transgenic zebrafish that contain a mutant strain, making them glow when their muscles fluoresce (Zebrafish, 2010). The question was: Can Quantitative Polymerase Chain
transgenic zebrafish zygosity (hemizygotes vs. homozygotes) and relate it to fitness? Hemizygous red transgenic zebrafish (GloRFP/Glo) were naturally bred. The twentytwo offspring were seda
(grams) were measured; a tissue sample of the caudal fin was obtained. Each tissue sample was prepared for amplification, and QPCR analysis was done. The dilution equation determined the v
water, to obtain a final concentration of fifty nanograms per microliter. To calculate QPCR threshold cycle (Ct), the velocity, (rate of change in fluorescence per number of QPCR cycles) was subt
determine the second derivative max [threshold cycle (Ct)]. Next, zebrafish were sorted by zygosity in order to differentiate hemizygous from homozygous red, and wild type grey fish, to relate zy
original hypothesis was supported; QPCR can be used on transgenic fluorescent zebrafish to determine zygosity, relating zygosity to fitness. A fitness advantage was noted for hemizygous RFP
homozygous fish with twice the relative quantity of the inserted transgene, and wild fish, ANOVA p<.046. It appears that extra burden of biosynthesizing the fluorescent protein is only manifested
know if the hemizygote’s advantage would be duplicated in a nonnative wild environment.
2012 AS002
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMOSENSORY ON THE NUTRITIONAL BEHAVIOR OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Tori Erica Graf
Hillsboro High School, Hillsboro, OR
This project studies the ability of Caenorthabditis elegans (C. elegans), a microscopic nematode worm, to use chemosensory to detect the presence of a food source. C. elegans typically detect
mechanoreceptor neurons. Research was done to see if C. elegans react to autoinducer 2 (AI2), a chemical released by large populations of E. coli. AI2 was placed in the C. elegans environme
were recorded and compared to data from tests where E. coli was placed in the environment, instead of AI 2. An Unpaired Ttest found a significant difference between the C. Elegans' reaction to
chemosensory to detect the presence of bacteria. This conclusion could lead to studies of the genetics of nerves relating to chemosensory and the digestive system.
2011 AS002
ARTHROGRYPOSIS MULTIPLEX, PHASE TWO
Bailey Lynne McKay
Franklin Public Schools, Franklin, NE
Arthrogryposis multiplex is a lethal genetic defect in a specific line of Angus cattle when two carrier parents are mated. The calf is born dead with a bent and twisted spine, is small and thin due to
rigged contracted or highper extended legs. This genetic defect is caused by a simple recessive gene. The purpose of this study is to test the recessive defect in purebred Angus carrier cows tha
The carrier females were flushed to non carrier males and the embryos were tested prior to implanting in a recipient female. It was hypothesized that fifty percent of the embryos would be non car
fertilized embryos from fifteen cows that were flushed were biopsied. One eighth of the embryo was biopsied using an inverted microscope and a biopsy knife. The biopsied part was placed in a te
multiplex. The data showed that 157 out 289 embryos were non carriers or 55%. All of the fertilized embryos from each flush were tested making this an excellent sample. The results support the
hypothesis correct. A question remains why there are 30 embryos or 10.38% that were unreadable. These embryos can not be retested until they calve. The contributions of this project will help u
on futre genetic defects casued by simple recessive genes.
2010 AS002
EXAMINING DIETARY PREFERENCES IN MANOURIA EMYS BASED ON OLFACTORY AND VISUAL CUES: A BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF FOOD SELECTION, YEAR SIX OF THE M. EM
Richard Schinco Schaffer
Stanton College Preparatory High School, Jacksonville, FL
Manouria emys is a critically endangered Southeast Asian tortoise. Assurance colonies, where animals are bred in captivity, later to be repatriated if conditions improve, are desperately needed. O
thus necessitating study. This study involved 51 Manouria emys. An pilot study examined relative food preference among 18 different food items. Three top foods were studied further to
as the impact of visual and olfactory cues in determining food preference. For the pilot study, the top food choice was Xanthoma. It was chosen in 40 of 51 trials (78.43%). The other top
times/64.71%), banana (29 times, 56.86%), mushrooms, and papaya (both 28 times/ 54.90%) tied for fourth. Aroids were excluded due to their controversial and exclusive nature. The ne
only the top three dietary items. Corn was chosen most often (116 of 249 trials/46.59%), followed by mushrooms (58 times/23.29%), and bananas (37 times/19.61%). This was followed
which again yielded corn as the most popular dietary item (27 out of 153/17.65% and 48 of 153 trials/31.37%, respectively). However, in both of these trials, there were increased occurrences of “
versus 15.26% in straight food preference trials), thus tortoise confusion. The animals have obvious preferences and use multiple senses for food selection.
2009 AS002
NAVIGATION IN THE ODOROUS HOUSE ANT, TAPINOMA SESSILE
Sebastian Luke Scofield
Home school, Hillsboro, OR
The purpose of this project was to discover whether odorous house ants, Tapinoma sessile, are able to orient through visual cues alone when pheromone trails are removed. The experiments invo
source, and then removing the recruitment trails with rubbing alcohol. The paths the ants took were then recorded and compared to the original route taken to the food source. In addition, the time
house ants were found to be capable of orienting on visual cues alone when odor trails are absent, but this orientation is much slower and more inefficient, showing that odor trails are the primary
2008 AS002
THE EFFECTS OF FEEDING AVIAN ANTIBODIES SPECIFIC TO CLOSTRIDIUM PERFRINGEN A TO PREVENT PORCINE CLOSTRIDIAL INFECTIONS
Brady John Welu
Marshall High School, Marshall, MN
Our farrowing barn has been affected by moderate scours for quite some time. I took fecal samples of some piglets and they were diagnosed with having Clostridium perfringens A for which there
decided to try avian antibodies. My hypothesis was that I should be able to get a 100 to 250 grams of weight gain per day difference when the piglets are on avian antibodies. 
an anaerobe chamber. Then I centrifuged the bacteria out and took the broth and the packed cell volume and made an immunogen with both the bacterin and the toxoid. I injected 25 chickens wit
weeks. After 4 weeks I took 6 of their eggs and did an E.L.I.S.A. test on them. The test proved that the antibodies bound to the bacteria. I made two products out of the chicken eggs, one for sow
farrowing barn into four separate groups: sows get product, sows and piglets get product, just piglets get product, neither get product (control). I took litter weights every 3.5 days. 
in August for this test. Clinical signs and data on 12 of the sows and piglets proves my theory this far, but am still collecting data on another 8. When I get a big enough sample size I will statistic
2007 AS002
THE EFFECT OF SALINITY ON FIDDLER CRAB GROWTH
Faith Elizabeth Venning
CAT/Lakewood High School St. Petersburg, Florida, U.S.A.
The most common of the fiddler crab species in the American southeast is the mangrove fiddler crab. These creatures live in a wide variety of bodies of water and salinities, and despite being of
sizes depending on the body of water. The average growth of the crabs on the gulf coast is much higher than those that live on the Atlantic coast even though the temperatures and food supply a
growth rate may be a factor of the salinity of the water in the crabs’ environment. The experiment was designed to determine how the growth of Atlantic mangrove fiddler crabs is affected
environment. The control group crabs were given an environment where the water was at 35ppt, about the same salinity as the Gulf of Mexico. Then, after taking all necessary
in an environment with 30ppt, one group was put an environment with 40ppt, one group in a 45ppt environment and one in a 50ppt environment. The mass of each crab was recorded daily. <b
of what was hypothesized. Instead of the higher salinities have a higher growth rate, like was predicted, the subjects in the lower salinities (30 and 35ppt) had the highest rate of growth.
the growth rate. 
2007 AS003
DOES THE USE OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY IN THE MILK OF DAIRY COWS DETECT MASTITIS BEFORE THE COW SHOWS ANY CLINICAL SIGNS? A THREE YEAR STUDY
Joy Lynn Burnham
Okeechobee High School, Okeechobee, Florida, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to determine if electrical conductivity in milk could detect mastitis before the cow shows any clinical signs. I performed this experiment because intramammar
Florida because of the hot, damp climate. I hypothesized that electrical conductivity could detect mastitis before clinical signs are exhibited. To test my hypothesis, I used data from 42
University of Florida. When these cows were milked, the conductivity of their milk was tested. If their conductivity was two standard deviations above their ten day average, the number was flagg
weekly. When I received the data, I recorded the flagged numbers into a spreadsheet. To analyze my data, I compared the flagged cows to cows that received treatment for mastitis.
had been flagged three days prior or the day of their entrance to the treatment herd. I completed a TTest to see if the conductivity percentages of cows that were treated were statistically higher
that were treated for mastitis were statistically higher than the cows that were not treated. I also completed specificity and sensitivity calculations. Specificity was 96.7% and sensitivity was 51%
correct. Electrical conductivity can detect mastitis before it is visible to the human eye.
2008 AS003
FIELD STUDIES OF THE CIRCADIAN MIGRATION PATTERNS OF ARGOPECTEN IRRADIANS
Molly Helen Reichert
Columbia High School, Lake City, FL
Argopecten irradians, the Florida bay scallop, is a bivalve that possesses a simple ocular system and a method of movement. If scallops use vision to direct movement, is there a circadian patte
made that scallops would travel farther in daytime than at night because their ocular system works better in light. To study this in the field, scallops were collected and tagged using cyanoacrylate
They were returned to the water near a marked buoy and after twelve hours they were located and their migratory distance and direction were recorded. The first two experiments focused on the d
movement in the day versus the night (n=62). It was discovered that the average migration distance during the day was 8.0 feet while at night it was 8.7 feet. There was no statistical difference in
the night (p=0.05). Additional experiments were performed to find out if there was another reason for the distance and direction of the scallop’s movement. The next four experiments studied the a
scallop migratory patterns. A number of scallops were placed in sand while other scallops were placed in grass (n=47). The average distance traveled when placed in grass was 4.7 feet, while in s
This time there was a statistical difference, and scallops placed in sand migrated farther than those in grass (p=0.05). The probable explanation is that scallops preferred to stay in the relative pro
migrate very far. But when placed in sand, scallops naturally migrated farther to reach the grass and its protection. Argopecten irradians represents a multimillion dollar renewable resource to the
procedure offers scientists a valuable tool to study the affects of ecosystem changes on Florida bay scallop behavior.
2010 AS003
TESTING METHODS TO ISOLATE AND GROW EQUINE LAWSONIA INTRACELLULARIS
Samantha Kay Welu
Marshall Senior High School, Marshall, MN
The purpose of my project is to try to isolate Lawsonia intracellularis from an equine fecal sample. A horse farm in my area has been having yearly problems with lawsonia outbreaks. The lawson
which was first discovered in the 1990's and is a hard bacterium to isolate. There was one foal that had contracted suspected lawsonia this year, which I made a part of my project. Because of th
treated it with avian antibodies to swine Lawsonia. To start with, I collected a fecal sample from the foal, and streaked it out onto agar plates, grew it, and gram stained the slides.
not L. intracellularis. Then, I tried to infect McCoy cells with L. intracellularis in tissue culture flasks by centrifuging the bacteria into the cells, and by just adding the bacteria to the cells.
therefore when I isolate the bacteria, I can grow it in McCoy cells. Next, I ran an ELISA test to see if L. intracellularis would bind to specific antibodies. When I analyzed the results, I found some
numbers somewhat unreliable. Next, I did an immunofluorescence assay. In conclusion, I was not able to isolate L. intracellularis due to the special needs of the bacteria. I would have l
(PCR) test, but the lab did not have the equipment to run the test. Next year, I would like to make an egg based product to administer to the foals to prevent the lawsonia.
2011 AS003
"SLOW YOUR ROLL"/GOT SLEEP?: THE BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC SLEEPING AND ENERGY AIDS
Candace Elizabeth Wheeler
Greenwood High School, Greenwood, MS
Today, millions of people around the world drink coffee and energy drinks every day. Yet, the rising popularity of these synthetic energy aids is being paralleled by increasing use of melatoninbas
Bulls”. Typically, these drinks have two to five milligrams of the hormone melatonin, twenty to fifty times the body’s natural amount. The sleeping beverages often contain other supplemental slee
antioxidant, and valerian root, whose effects are in the same class as Xanax and Valium. This research project examines the effects of synthetic sleeping drinks, energy drinks, alternating sleepi
cycles, dependency, pulse rate, behavior (sleeping, alertness, and sociality), weight gain and waste excretion in Mus musculus. My hypothesis was that the drinks will have significantly different
behavior as compared to the water control and each other. The findings showed statistically significant perturbed sleeping cycles and sleeping/wakefulness amounts, quality of sleep, weight gain,
behavior. The highest differences occurred when mice consumed only sleeping drinks and with alternating energy and sleep beverages. These findings implicate serious effects which have impor
young adults and children who drink these beverages.
2012 AS003
DANAUS PLEXIPPUS' RESPONSE TO ANTIHERBIVORY DEFENSES OF ASCLEPIAS CURASSAVICA
Kirsten Nicole Geiger
Martin County High School, Stuart, FL
The unique relationship between A. curassavica, Tropical Milkweed, and D. plexippus, the Monarch butterfly, has been a model system in which to study the reciprical dynamics between two coe
signals of the attack trigger changes to antiherbivore defenses and these changes are referred to as induced responses. A. curassavica's induced responses include: increase in cardenolide com
latex production, leaf toughness, foliar trichome density, and nitrogen content. In my experiment, I studied the effect of simulated leaf herbivory, via hole punching, in terms of caterpillar weight(g)
plant treatments to test these two variables. Plants in Treatment 1 had no damage, those in Treatment 2 had 10% of each leaf removed, and those of Treatment 3 had 50% removed. Results from
significant difference in the weight of caterpillars among the three treatments, specifically between the 0% and the 10% simulated herbivory, and between the 0% and the 50% simulated herbivory
heavier than those on both of the simulated herbivory treatments. However, there was no statistically significant difference between 10% and 50% simulated herbivory treatments in terms of cate
results from the ANOVA showed that there was no statistically significant difference among the three treatments. I propose that the amount of the induced responses is not proportional to the am
weight threshold that must be met in order for the caterpillar to be capable of pupating. Thus, overall weight did not affect the duration of time spent as a caterpillar.
2014 AS003
EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS THAT INFLUENCE EMERGING RATE ON SMALL HIVE BEETLES
Enoch Park
Pulaski Academy, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to find out at what temperature (29°C, 23°C, 20°C) adult small hive beetles(SHB) emerged first from the soil. The hypothesis of this experiment was if tempera
SHB, then adult SHB will emerge from the soil at a high temperature than a low temperature. In this experiment, a large amount of larvae was collected. After filling up 3 plastic containers with so
container. Each container was placed in a distinct temperature (29°C, 23°C, 20°C). After waiting until the first adult SHB emerged from the soil, the number of SHB that emerged was collected an
until no SHB emerged from the soil. The hypothesis was supported because the 29°C container's adult SHB emerged from the soil sooner and stopped emerging from the soil quicker than both th
containers. In the 29°C container, adult SHB significantly emerged for 23 days from the first instar of larvae to adults. In the 23°C container, adult SHB showed a similar emerging pattern to 29°C,
after 23 days after setup and finished on the 40th day. in the 20°C container, adult SHB showed slow increasing emerging rate but rapidly decreased, and the first adult SHB emerged on the 31st
SHB's emerging rate was the quickest in 29°C.
2013 AS003
WASMANNIA AUROPUNCTATA: DIFFERENT COMMUNICATIONS IN POWER SEARCH!
Joimarly de Morais Ferreira
School Public Mineko Hayshida, Laranjal of Jari, BRASIL
This research on Wasmannia auropunctata popular called "fire ant" was conceived taking into account the need to control this insect and its attacks that cause great problems in health and econo
people saying they have blisters all over the body because of these ants attacks, besides being a very common practice the waste of food caused by these insects. For this reason, I claimed for
homes, but, how to do that without previously knowing them? This task would be difficult if not impossible, so, I decided to develop this research. In the beginning, I had a very great curiosity to k
these small animals used to organize themselves, and, during the research, our curiosity became stronger and I were fascinated by those beings. So, as the work advanced, I simulated the smel
to prove the hypothesis that "fire ants" use smell to locate their food and that they prefer sweet and fatty food. I also see there is no relationship between "fire" and "black ants" and that they com
waves. As they are known, by human beings, as predators, ants are wrongly interpreted, and what seemed to be sordid, proved to be innocent and organized. In order to minimize and repel the an
of garlic mixed with red pepper.
2009 AS003
COPEPODS AND CHOLERA: AN ASSESSMENT OF FRESHWATER COPEPODS USED FOR BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL AS A RESERVOIR FOR THE CHOLERA CAUSING BACTERIU
Madeleine Amanda Ball
Ursuline Academy of Dallas, Dallas, TX
Macrocyclops albidus, a freshwater copepod, is an effective ambush predator that shows promise as a biological control of containerbreeding mosquito larvae. However, some brackish copepods
reservoir for the choleracausing bacteria V. cholerae. This study assesses whether M. albidus is a reservoir for pathogenic strains of V. cholerae. Copepods were assayed in static microcosms o
copepod density for 7 days and then tested for the presence of V. cholerae 01 and 0139 using direct fluorescentmonoclonal assays specific for the surface antigen of O139 lipopolysaccharide, a
cholerae O139, and colorimetric immunoassays with a reagent specific to the V. cholerae 01 antigen. Contrary to my hypothesis, coccoid “viable but not culturable” vibrio were detected in microc
copepods were not required for vibro survival in brackish water, but were required for survival in freshwater. Cannibalism by copepods was prevalent in trials with copepod density greater than 1co
copepods from attaining requisite bacterium density needed for human contraction of cholera. Results demonstrate that M. albidus is a freshwater host and reservoir for V. cholera but not a prima
traditional vibrio hosts will aid in the prevention and early detection of cholera. This study suggests that utilization of copepods for mosquito control is inappropriate in regions where human consu
prevented.
First Award of $1,000 and a plaque American Veterinary Medical Association
Second Award of $1,500 Animal Sciences Presented by Intel
First Award of $600 North American Benthological Society
2012 AS004
AN INVESTIGATION OF BRAIN LATERLIZATION AND INTELLIGENCE IN CONURES
Alexandra Kaye Badeaux
Catholic High School New Iberia, New Iberia, LA
The purpose of this project is to investigate brain lateralization (foot preference and verbal abilities) and intelligence in conures. My hypotheses are that brain lateralization will be demonstrated via
preference will be an indication of intelligence, while the ability to mimic speech will not. Four subjects were used, each from a different species of conure. The first test was an object permanenc
and a small wooden cover. The birds were scored based on their response time and actions. 25 trials were conducted along with 5 nonreward trials. The second test was a spatial, orientation tes
always present on the right or left, which concluded when they achieved a 90% criterion. The third test probed their ability to learn that food was always present under a certain color. Once they re
set of colors (one being a familiar color that was not rewarded previous). 2,480 presentations were conducted over the course of the study. Results were calculated using the subject’s overall perf
speaking birds performed better than nonspeaking. Right foot dominant birds also performed better than left foot dominant birds. All subjects studied demonstrated brain lateralization. These resu
spatially oriented rather than feature oriented.
2011 AS004
THE EFFECTS OF LECITHIN ON THE BEHAVIOR OF THE WILD STRAND, DPY11 STRAND AND BLI1 STRAND OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Tori Erica Graf
Hillsboro High School, Hillsboro, OR
This lab was designed to find the effects of lecithin, a phospholipid, on three different strands of Caenorhabditis elegans worms when it is placed in their environment. A single, small drop of lecith
strand of worms. This was repeated with 10 trials for three (3) strands of worms. The time worms spent in contact with the lecithin was measured and population estimations were taken. Results w
wild strand and bli1 strand of worms entered the lecithin, then crawled away. The dpy11 strand of worms did not leave the lecithin; I stopped recording at 180 seconds. The results of this lab sho
strand and bli1 strand. The lecithin had an effect on the dpy11 strand of Caenorhabditis elegans; their life cycle was paused, and there were no eggs present in the environment for 4 days. Thes
metabolic processes in Caenorhabditis elegans that allow the worms to process fat.
2008 AS004
VITAMIN A: THE SUPPLEMENT'S AFFECT ON THE MINDS OF FANCY MICE
Chelsea Noel Kenny
Franklin W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, FL
The purpose of this experiment is to try and find an answer to the medical debate on whether or not vitamin supplements are beneficial to the mind. Thirtytwo Mus Musculus (fancy mice) were us
Vitamin A supplement and sixteen not. Half of each group were male, the other half female. Once a week, after the cages where cleaned the mice would be tested by showing each mouse a treat
the treat would be hidden in one of three different shaped boxes. The mice where placed in an enclosed area 120cm back from the boxes. Once the mouse started going after the correct box, the
until the mouse knew to run directly to the correct box, recording each time it takes. The mice where given fresh food, water, and vitamins (for those receiving them) daily as well as being talked
done over a one month period, and the mice were kept as pets. The mice on Vitamin A did not have a smaller average than the mice not taking the supplement, so the hypothesis was proven cor
proven to be statistically insignificant (Wilcoxon RankSum test only yielded a difference of one).
2009 AS004
REGENERATION OF BROWN PLANARIA FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO THE DRUG COLCHICINE A 2YEAR STUDY
Celena Louise Letcher
Okeechobee High School, Okeechobee, FL
The purpose of the experiment was to determine if DNA alteration due to exposure to the drug Colchicine affects the regenerative and reproductive rates of Dugesia tigrina (Brown Planaria).
reproductive rates would be inhibited. Three groups of 80 planaria each received the drug Colchicine, in concentrations of .0001% (A), .001% (B), and .01% (C) per liter of spring water. Group D on
planaria in each group were laterally cut, and daily observations were made for 12 days to determine regenerative and reproductive rates. The average number of days for anterior Groups
6.83, 0, and 4.15, respectively. The overall average was 3.85, with a standard deviation of 3.06. The average number of days for posterior Groups to regenerate heads was 5.18, 5.95, 0, and 5.78
standard deviation of 2.69. The number of offspring produced from Whole Groups was 15, 10, 0, and 23, respectively, with an overall average of 12, and a standard deviation of 9.63. No offspring
groups. The number of offspring produced from posterior Groups was 17, 6, 0, and 14, respectively, with an overall average of 9.25, and a standard deviation of 7.72. Following data analysis, I co
exposure to Colchicine affected the regenerative and reproductive rates of Dugesia tigrina. Further investigations may determine implications in the research of genetic variation in stem cell repro
2010 AS004
THE EFFECT OF PLUMAGE COLORATION ON EXTRAPAIR PATERNITY IN THE INDIGO BUNTING
Eugenia Pushkarskaya
Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Lexington, KY
Sociallymonogamous birds often produce offspring that do not genetically match the social father. This phenomenon, known as extrapair paternity, is prevalent in the majority of avian population
morphological traits contributing to such variation remains unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the role of plumage coloration on extrapair paternity in Indigo Buntings. This study
phase Indigo Buntings were measured, banded, and samples were taken by the qualified scientist. In the second phase, feather samples were quantified in terms of saturation, hue, and brightnes
extrapair paternity was assigned by comparing the genotypes of males and nestlings using PCR and gel electrophoresis. Logistic regression tests showed that the average hue of the throat and
the incidence of extrapair paternity. This demonstrates that “bluer” males have significantly more extrapair nestlings in their nests and could be considered lower quality males.
Third Award of $1,000 Animal Sciences Presented by Intel
2014 AS004
AUTISM IN FRUIT FLIES II: BEHAVIOR OF DROSOPHILA MGLUR PATHWAY MUTANTS
Elise Nicole Paietta
Carroll High School, Dayton, OH, United States of America
The study of genetic variations that cause autism and the identification of associated defects in synaptic signaling pathways may lead to more effective treatments for autism. The hypothesis tha
glutamate receptor) pathway genes will result in a common defect of autistic behavior was tested. Drosophila melanogaster strains with mutations in the dlg1, dnl2, shank, and tsc1 genes were
Initial testing of the mGluR pathway mutants showed general behavioral responses of phototaxis and chemotaxis that were essentially normal. The social interaction test was performed in a cham
mesh screen and the total time the test subject fly was nearby the other fly was used as the measure of social interaction. The mGluR mutant strains showed impairment in the social interaction
10% of the level seen in wild type. This finding demonstrates that genetic defects in the mGluR signaling pathway can cause a common behavioral defect of autistic behavior. Rbaclofen, a poten
administered to wild type and the mGluR pathway mutants. The social interaction test performance in Rbaclofen, but not Sbaclofen (an inactive isomer), treated mutant flies improved to 6481%
mGluR antagonist, was also effective in improving the level of social interaction. This shows that a common treatment approach can potentially help multiple defects in the mGluR signaling pathw
Third Award of $1,000 Animal Sciences
2007 AS004
"HISTOPATHOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN PLANARIANS SECONDARY TO ULTRAVIOLET A, B, & C EXPOSURE"
James Edward Fichtelman
Saint Edward's Upper School, Vero Beach, FL 32963
Sunlight’s ultraviolet radiation has long been recognized as a cause of pathologic changes in otherwise normal human skin. Also, planaria have been used in whole animal bioassays investigating
resulted in this study’s use of living planaria to evaluate the possible carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation. UVA, B, and C light were administered in set schedules of multiple sublet
was correlated to the degree of pigmentation of the animal by the use of black, brown, and white planaria. This was done because the degree of pigmentation of other animal models is inversely p
ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet C illumination caused the most pathologic changes and subsequent mortality. Variable pathologic changes of a lesser degree were produced using UVA a
planaria with the highest melanin concentration suffered the least amount of gross and microscopic damage. As to the question of carcinogenesis; significant, reproducible, gross and m
to UV radiation. Small benign tumorlets (Type I) were produced in a small percentage of planaria. A larger percentage developed progressive, malignant tumors (Type II) composed of monotonous
particular interest in this study was the surface epithelial changes unrelated to Type I and II tumors. Rhabdites produced as a planarian response to radiation injury both morphologically and histoc
employment of planaria in both carcinogenic bioassay experiments and melanin research is strongly supported by this research. 
Third Award of $1,000 Animal Sciences Presented by New Mexico State University
2013 AS004
RESPONSE OF SOIL INVERTEBRATES TO ELECTROMAGNETIC STIMULI
Teva Paul Ilan
Howard High School, Macon, GA
Successful foraging is critical to the fitness of soil dwelling invertebrates. Thus, investigating stimuli that impact foraging behavior is important. Certain soil organisms use electromagnetic cues to
investigated attraction to electromagnetic fields in two soil invertebrates: the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, a biological control agent used for pest suppression, and the
an invasive pest species. In prior research S. carpocapsae responded directionally to electrical current. However, it was unclear whether they responded only to electrical current or electrical field
to magnetic fields remained untested. My first objective was to determine response to electrical and magnetic fields. Directional response was determined on agar plates. Treatments included ele
magnetic field. The control had no electromagnetic stimulus. Results indicated that nematodes respond to electric and magnetic fields. Conceivably, attraction to electromagnetic fields might be l
efforts. S. invicta causes severe damage to electrical equipment. My second objective was to determine if ants are attracted to electromagnetic fields or pheromones emitted from electrocuted an
emerging towards an electromagnetic field, electrocuted ants, and a control. No treatment effects were detected. The inconclusive results were likely caused by a drastic decrease in ant activity
statistically correlated to a substantial decrease in temperature. Future research is needed to address this objective, but warmer temperatures are required.
Fourth Award of $500 Animal Sciences
2007 AS004
"HISTOPATHOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN PLANARIANS SECONDARY TO ULTRAVIOLET A, B, & C EXPOSURE"
Saint Edward's Upper School, Vero Beach, FL 32963
Sunlight’s ultraviolet radiation has long been recognized as a cause of pathologic changes in otherwise normal human skin. Also, planaria have been used in whole animal bioassays investigating
resulted in this study’s use of living planaria to evaluate the possible carcinogenic effect of ultraviolet radiation. UVA, B, and C light were administered in set schedules of multiple sublet
was correlated to the degree of pigmentation of the animal by the use of black, brown, and white planaria. This was done because the degree of pigmentation of other animal models is inversely p
ultraviolet radiation. Ultraviolet C illumination caused the most pathologic changes and subsequent mortality. Variable pathologic changes of a lesser degree were produced using UVA a
planaria with the highest melanin concentration suffered the least amount of gross and microscopic damage. As to the question of carcinogenesis; significant, reproducible, gross and m
to UV radiation. Small benign tumorlets (Type I) were produced in a small percentage of planaria. A larger percentage developed progressive, malignant tumors (Type II) composed of monotonous
particular interest in this study was the surface epithelial changes unrelated to Type I and II tumors. Rhabdites produced as a planarian response to radiation injury both morphologically and histoc
employment of planaria in both carcinogenic bioassay experiments and melanin research is strongly supported by this research. 
First Award of $3,000 United States Air Force
2009 AS005
CLASSIFICATION OF DIFFERENTIATION FACTORS CONTROLLING BINUCLEATE CELL DEVELOPMENT IN BOVINE PLACENTA
Joy Lynn Burnham
Placentation in bovines is a complicated process about which little is known. Binucleate cells form along with the placenta, but how they form, and what triggers them to form, is unknown.
what placental differentiation factors are present in bovines and which factors localize binucleate cell differentiation. The hypothesis is that the differentiation factor HAND1 will be found in placen
HAND1 in these tissues. In conclusion, the gene HAND1 was found in both tissue types. More research is needed to determine the presence of other genes, and to find the localization sites of
2008 AS005
THE COMPARISON STUDY OF CENTRIFUGATION VS. PASSIVE FLOTATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTESTINAL PARASITISM IN CANINES
Kayla M Dunn
Cape Coral High School, Cape Coral, FL
Parasitic infections are a common problem in domestic canines. When these infections go untreated severe health risks and even death can occur. Most private veterinary clinics use only one m
parasitic analysis are centrifugation and passive flotation. This experiment observed whether centrifugation was more effective than passive flotation when testing for intestinal parasitism in canin
collected from various breeds of canines at Baywood Veterinary Hospital in Cape Coral, Florida. The samples were taken by a skilled veterinarian technician and were divided and tested using the
(centrifugation and passive flotation). Once tests were complete, all fecal solutions were examined under a microscope at a magnification of 10x. Samples were examined and compared to one a
65% of the trials demonstrated an absence of parasites. However, the results of centrifugation provided significantly more positive results when compared with the positive flotation method. <
demonstrated centrifugation as the most effective procedure for the diagnosis of intestinal parasitism in canines. All canines should be tested with this method although they are not. When visitin
their vets what method is used for the welfare of their companions.
2012 AS005
MYOSTATIN MARKER: EFFECTS ON CATTLE PERFORMANCE
Bailey Lynne McKay
Franklin Public Schools, Franklin, NE
Myostatin, or growth and differentiation factor 8 (GDF8) has been identified as the factor causing a phenotype known as double muscling. Double muscling increases meat yield and muscle size,
muscle. The double muscling phenotype is a heritable condition that primarily results from an increase in the number of muscle fibers rather than the enlargement of individual muscle fibers.
myostatin marker require a greater quantity of dietary crude protein as a result of increase rate of protein synthesis. The purpose was to determine how cattle with intermediate frequencies of the
rations versus cattle without the myostatin maker. Steers with a variation of the GDF8 F94L myostatin marker were used. Cattle were fed a 13% crude protein concentration. Body mass, hip heig
weigh days. Hip height and ADG averages were comparable between groups, though not statically significant P≤.42 and P≤.75 respectively. The steers homozygous for myostatin proved to visib
recording a higher muscle score on average versus the control and steers heterozygous for myostatin but not statically significant P ≤ .24. Steers heterozygous for mysotatin had the heaviest bo
homozygous for myostatin as predicted. Future studies on how individual feed intakes affects ADG, weight and muscle scores would be beneficial. 
2010 AS005
HOW MUCH WORM IS A WORM?
Monica Michelle Hernandez
Okeechobee Freshman Campus, Okeechobee, FL
The purpose of the experiment was to determine how much of a worm can be left to be able to regenerate. My hypothesis was that the worm will be able to regenerate if no more than half of its bo
used were compost, plates, cups, worms, rubber bands, and saran wrap. Fifteen worms were divided into three groups equally: Group A, Group B, and Group C. One worm was used as a "Contro
tail cut off> Group B had 1/2 of its tail cut off. The 5 worms in Group C had 3/4 of its tail cut off. All worms were placed in cups and stored in a cool, dark place. Every three days, observations w
results of this experiment were that when the worm was cut more than half its size, it died. Both Group A and Group B stayed alive and regenerated. On the other hand, all the worms in Group C
the whole experiment. After careful analysis of the data, I concluded that my data does not support my hypothesis. Both Group A and Group B survived and regenerated. Unlike Group C
died. All the worms in Group C probably died because of its fairly small size and it had barely any of its body left, just its head.
2014 AS005
ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED EPIGENETIC TRANSGENERATIONAL INHERITANCE AND GENDER DOMINANCE IN LOCOMOTORY BEHAVIOR OF D. MELANOGASTER
Hannah Pagels
Grove High School, Grove, OK, United States of America
Environmental factors have a significant impact of the biological world. Much scientific research has focused on the adverse effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on wildlife and humans.
whether exposure to an endocrine disruptor, Ethinyl estradiol, multigenerationally in Drosophila melanogaster would result in changes in larval foraging behaviors, offspring numbers, and gender do
as in subsequent generations after Ethinyl estradiol was removed. The study exposed Drosophila melanogaster to Ethinyl estradiol for seven generations in three concentrations: (E=10m
compared to a control. After the seventh generation, Ethinyl estradiol was removed and five subsequent generations observed. The locomotion of instar larval path was studied in terms of rover (
numbers, and male/female ratios for both sitters and rovers were also analyzed. A parallel “sitter only” population was bred for six generations to test foraging behavioral responses in the absence
that the presence of Ethinyl estradiol does impact the approximate phenotypic frequencies of larval forage polymorphisms rover/sitter in exposed populations and in subsequent populations after
impacting offspring numbers when compared to the control.
2007 AS005
AUGMENTING HABITAT FOR DRYMARCHON CORAIS, A THREATENED SPECIES
David Brown Futch
Winter Haven Senior High School, Winter Haven Florida, USA
This longitudinal study sought to determine if threatened Indigo snakes or other wildlife would inhabit simulated manmade gopher tortoise burrows. It was hypothesized that Indigo snakes would i
study consisted of constructing six burrows using plastic water meter boxes modified to accept 10.2 cm diameter flexible tubing, 1.8 meters in length angled to the box, and buried ½ meter below
top of each box, a PVC pipe with solid or vented caps was connected for internal viewing of inhabitation of each simulated burrow. This third year of the study investigated relative humi
and natural burrows to replicate the conditions found in natural burrows. With the use of a data logger, temperature was recorded in both manmade and natural burrow indicating that the solid cap
26.5ºC. The temperature study demonstrated a similar temperature between the solid capped burrow and the natural burrow throughout the hottest months would make these burrows desirable for
was also measured to establish a comparison between the natural burrow, manmade burrow and the outside humidity. The results of this study indicated that the simulated burrows with solid cap
the box about 97%, which closely aligned to the relative humidity and temperature found in the natural burrows and the simulated burrows were being inhibited by Indigo snakes, opossums, rats a
Second Award of $700 American Veterinary Medical Association
2013 AS005
DAPHNIA DEVELOPMENT: A COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE AND PHOSPHORUS TOLERANCE EXPERIMENT USING RESURRECTION ECOLOGY OF DAPHNIA PULEX
Nicole Marie Biddinger
Bartlesville High School, Bartlesville, OK
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of climate change on genetic evolution in Daphnia pulex through comparative temperature tolerance and phosphorus tolerance compe
resurrected clones ranging in age from the 1500s to present. Heat tolerance data was collected at 28, 32, 34, 35 and 36 degrees Celsius in triplicate. Competition experiments at 20°C and 30°C a
incorporated to determine genotype dominance between ancient and young clones within the test environment. Survival rate for the younger clones was double that of the ancient clones beginning
clones lived at 35°C when the ancient clones were unable to survive. All ancient clones died at 36°C while 12 percent of the younger daphnids were tolerant, showing a significant correlation betw
heat shock protein evolution with qPCR run for analysis at the molecular level. In the competition experiments at 20°C, 86.6 percent of ancient clones were dominant or equal to the number of you
which tapered to 50 percent after 30 days. At 30°C after 10 days, the ancient clones were 73.3 percent dominant, due to a potential phosphorus tolerance adaptation that occurred. These experim
of present and ancient clones of daphnids, reaffirming their ability to sustain themselves through this century, and provided a cornerstone for research on heat shock proteins linked with numerou
First Award of $3,000 Animal Sciences
2011 AS005
THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINIC ACID, RESVERATROL, AND RAPAMYCIN ON THE LIFE SPAN, REPRODUCTION, AND ABILITY TO COPE WITH TEMPERATURE STRESS OF DROSOPHI
Aaron Samuel Greenfield
Keystone School, San Antonio, TX
According to the Whitehead Institute and Harvard University, two important pathways, the Sirtuin1 gene and Target of Rapamycin protein, have shown to increase lifespan and ability to cope with
chemicals: nicotinic acid, resveratrol, and rapamycin. The purpose of this study was to determine whether various concentrations of nicotinic acid, resveratrol, and rapamycin affected lifespan, ab
reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster. The hypotheses were increasing concentrations of nicotinic acid and resveratrol would increase ability to cope with temperature stress and lifespan of flie
have a synergetic effect and would prolong lifespan. Rapamycin would not increase the hardiness of the flies. Reproduction would not be negatively affected as well. Flies were anesthe
flies were placed in seven tubes. There were six experimental groups, each with either 0.3g of nicotinic acid, 0.3g of resveratrol, or 50mg of rapamycin. The offspring of the flies were placed into a
Test was performed, which showed results were statistically significant with pvalues less than 0.01. In conclusion, nicotinic acid and resveratrol increase lifespan and ability to cope wi
melanogaster. Adding rapamycin allowed for greater lifespan extension without any effect on their ability to cope with temperature stresses. Continual study of the sirtuin gene is extremely import
retarding age related diseases, may be discovered by unlocking the mysteries of this gene.
Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $8,000 Office of Naval Research on behalf of the United States Navy and Marine Corps
2013 AS006
A COMPARISON IN HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS FECAL EGG COUNTS BETWEEN THREE DIFFERENT ORGANIC PARASITE PREVENTION STRATEGIES IN GENETICALLY SELECTE
Case Coleman Erwin
St John Lutheran School, Ocala, FL
The purpose of this study was to determine which parasite prevention strategy would be best at eliminating Haemonchus contortus egg concentrations within Boer goat fecal samples. I hypothesi
be the most effective at eliminating H. contortus from fecal egg counts of Boer goats. Fifteen Boer goats from Camelot Acres Goat Facility were separated into 3 test groups. Two groups were as
strategy (Pasture Rotation and Ruminal Copper) and a control group. Group 1 rotated pastures every two weeks. Group 2 was given a copper supplement once in the beginning of the project. Gro
changed throughout the designated time. Fecal samples were collected from each goat. The goats were weighed. Fecal flotation was performed on each fecal sample and a microscope was used
counts per slide. These values were recorded and compared. Collections and treatment was performed on Sept. 16th, Sept. 30th, Oct.14th, Oct. 28th, Nov. 11th, Nov.25th, Dec. 9th, and Dec. 23
greatest overall decrease in the average fecal egg counts per slide ( initial count = 22.2eggs/slide, final count = 8.2eggs/slide). My hypothesis was supported by the results of this study. Pasture
producing a lower number of H. contortus.
2010 AS006
USING TOADS: AN EFFECTIVE METHOD OF DESTROYING INSECTS
Phuong Thi Xuan Doan
Duc Trong High School, Duc Trong, Lam Dong, VIETNAM
Nowadays, most farmers use more pesticides to protect vegetables, which causes bad outcomes such as adversely affecting human’s health and environmental pollution. From the idea of produ
to human health, I made a project entitled "Using toads an effecttive method of destroying insects”. In the project, I conducted 2 experiments. Firstly, to test the toad’s ability to kill ins
Two vegetable gardens with the same area of 100m2 were used. In one garden (1) 5 toads were present. In the other there were 10 toads. After 20 days, some insects were still found in first one(
Meanwhile, no insects were found in the latter. Next, for comparison, two vegetable gardens of 500 m2 were used. In one garden, 32 toads were applied to kill insects to protect vegetables.In the
toads. After 20 days of observation, the vegetables in the garden with toads developed as well as the other without being destroyed by insects.However,the quality of vegetables was different as
vegetables sprayed with pesticides. Using toads as insect killers is obviously beneficial, economical and good for consumers' health. Based on the result of the experiments and charact
to be feasible and profitable.In addition, it made a small contribution to protect our enviroment which is highly polluted partly by using pesticides to protect crops in general, vegetables in particula
2011 AS006
STUDY ON MECHANISM OF CONTROLLING WHITEFLY USING THE LEACHING SOLUTION OF LEMON LEAVES
Xiaoyang Yu
Beijing No. 101 High School, Beijing, Beijing, CHINA
Abstract: This study was based on our previous work on controlling whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) using the aqueous leaching solution of lemon leaves. The present experimental results sh
controlling effect on whitefly. The killing rates of whitefly from 93% to 100% were observed when the solution at the concentrations of 6% (CT1), 10% (CT2), and 13% (CT3) was added. The effec
ability of whitefly treated for 12, 24, 36 and 48 h were analyzed. The results showed that the leaching solution could impair the movement ability of whitefly, and the repression effect was more ob
concentration and treatment time, which was reflected by the movement distance in 3 min reduced from 94.25 mm (control) to 28.50 (CT1), 15.25 (CT2), and 12.25 (CT3) mm in 48 h, respectively
determine the expression of six genes related to the movement ability of whitefly. It was found that the leaching solution of lemon leaves could inhibit the expression of Troponin, Tropomyosin an
for 48 h. Therefore, the controlling mechanism of leaching solution to whitefly could be preliminarily explained by starvation death of the insect for the loss of movement ability caused by inhibiting
genes. As a result, the cultivated plant of rose could grow more healthily and flourishingly. Key words: Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum); Leaching solution of lemon leaves; Movemen
2009 AS006
EGG SHELL QUALITY AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY YEAR 2 DOES THE AGE OF A QUAIL HEN EFFECT EGG SHELL THICKNESS?
Hannah Camille Roberts
Sumrall High School, Sumrall, MS
The purpose of this project was to determine if the age of a quail hen effects the specific gravity of the eggshell. The procedure was initialized from April 2008 to July 2008. Twenty eggs from one
ten months of age were used. These eggs were separated into five groups of four eggs. The grouping was based on the eggs' overall weight and air cell size. The dry weight was then obtained by
scale in grams. The wet weight was measured by submerging the eggs into water at room temperature. Specific gravity was then calculated by using the specific gravity formula. The results were
the eggs' size increased, but the eggshells' quality decreased. The hypothesis was supported because the eggshell thickness declined as the quail hens' age increased.
2007 AS006
GRADED FOOD RECRUITMENT IN APHAENOGASTER OCCIDENTALIS
Home educated, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine whether ants of the species Aphaenogaster occidentalis use a graded recruitment system and, if so, how it is implemented. Last year, I did an exper
preferred, and this led me to wonder how A. occidentalis workers recruit other workers to food sites and if they employ a graded food recruitment system. The experiments involved mea
scouts’ contact with other workers in the nest. This was done by placing the food sample in the foraging area of the ant colony kept in the lab. The number of ants at the food sample, the number
food sample, the number of ants that returned to the nest after finding the food sample, and the number of ants that carried the food sample back to the nest were observed and recorded at interv
food sample was brought into the nest. Aphaenogaster occidentalis ants were found to use a graded recruitment system to increase their colony's response to richer food sources, which
trails. The results further show that ants of the species A. occidentalis are solitary foragers on small insect prey, but, when large prey items are discovered, they lay pheromone trails, using rapid
back to the nest. 
2012 AS006
INVESTIGATION RHACODACTYLUS GECKO ADHESION USING COMPUTER IMAGE ANALYSIS
Holly Jeanne Flann
InTech Collegiate High School, North Logan, UT
Geckos have evolved one of the most versatile and effective adhesives known. They can run up a wall or across a ceiling because of their remarkable toes which are covered by microscopic hai
adhesion involving the setae on the toes of geckos has been the focus of scientific study for over a century. The potentials for a fabricated gecko tape are almost limitless. The goal of this projec
gecko adhesion, using computational image analysis to make data more accurate. I hypothesized that the force involved was either Van Der Waals Dispersion forces, or Capillary Attraction, Van
the gecko was adhering using Capillary Attraction, it would better adhere to the hydrophilic surface than the hydrophobic surface. The surfaces reaction to water would not matter if the gecko stuc
were placed onto vertical glass surfaces of varying properties and recorded climbing. The video was then fed through two object tracking programs; one that measured the amount the gecko was
recognized and highlighted the gecko’s feet. After running all the trial videos through the computer tracking programs, no adherence preference was visible. This shows that Van der Waals was a
hypothesis was proven correct. New knowledge about the remarkable adhesive ability of geckos will be instrumental in the pursuit of new and better inventions.
Full tuition scholarship Drexel University
2014 AS006
HOT BIOLOGY: USE OF THERMAL IMAGING TO DETECT NESTING BEHAVIORS OF THE ENDANGERED HAWAIIAN COOT
Sarah 'Alohilani Jenkins
Molokai High School, Ho'olehua, HI, United States of America
I inquired; Can artificial floating nests (AFNs) be used to improve Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai) reproductive success in a mangrove forest or at wetlands where no predator control is conducted? <b
between nesting behaviors of the Hawaiian Coot in a mangrove forest at Pipi‘o Pond, Molokai (site #1) versus openwater wetlands at Keaukaha Fishpond, Big Island (site #2). Baseline data was
determination was reached that locations were suitable to introduce AFNs. Based on data and bird observations, three AFNs were deployed at desirable locations at each site where nests were in
predators and spaced to avoid territorial disputes for foraging birds. Thermal imaging technology was used to detect reproductive patterns at site #1 enabling viewable images of coots n
accessible to observe with binoculars. Images were analyzed to determine compatibility of nesting on AFNs in openwater versus nesting in forested areas. AFNs were reengineered to be more e
versus ABS Piping, scaled down to minimize predation of coots by black crowned night herons, and nesting material added to assist nest construction. Although coots arranged nesting
AFNs, coots at site #1 were determined to nest in the mangrove, as coots are known to nest at the same place even if their offspring are unsuccessful. Furthermore, it was inconclusive that the a
reproductive and fledging success at site#2. However, typical nesting season of the Hawaiian Coot is DecemberMarch, this may be answered through continued observations as my study progre
2012 AS006
INVESTIGATION RHACODACTYLUS GECKO ADHESION USING COMPUTER IMAGE ANALYSIS
Holly Jeanne Flann
InTech Collegiate High School, North Logan, UT
Geckos have evolved one of the most versatile and effective adhesives known. They can run up a wall or across a ceiling because of their remarkable toes which are covered by microscopic hai
adhesion involving the setae on the toes of geckos has been the focus of scientific study for over a century. The potentials for a fabricated gecko tape are almost limitless. The goal of this projec
gecko adhesion, using computational image analysis to make data more accurate. I hypothesized that the force involved was either Van Der Waals Dispersion forces, or Capillary Attraction, Van
the gecko was adhering using Capillary Attraction, it would better adhere to the hydrophilic surface than the hydrophobic surface. The surfaces reaction to water would not matter if the gecko stuc
were placed onto vertical glass surfaces of varying properties and recorded climbing. The video was then fed through two object tracking programs; one that measured the amount the gecko was
recognized and highlighted the gecko’s feet. After running all the trial videos through the computer tracking programs, no adherence preference was visible. This shows that Van der Waals was a
hypothesis was proven correct. New knowledge about the remarkable adhesive ability of geckos will be instrumental in the pursuit of new and better inventions.
2008 AS006
THE EFFECT OF HABITAT LOSS ON SURVIVAL POTENTIAL AND DECREASING SALINITY ON TENACITY OF THE FOOT IN THE MARINE SNAIL, NERITA ATRAMENTOSA: POSSIBLE
WARMING?
Nina Imalka Pinto
Hornsby Girls High School, Hornsby, NSW, AUSTRALIA
Habitat destruction and decrease in salinity have been predicted as consequences of global warming. This study assesses the comparative survival potential of the intertidal snail Nerita atramen
on the tenacity of its foot. The survival potential was assessed using a quadrat in five replicates on gully, rock pool and plateau habitats at La Perouse, Australia. Nerita atramentosa had an interm
two habitats compared to Nodilittorina uinfasciata in three habitats and Morula marginalba in one. Tenacity of N. atramentosa was determined using acclimatized organisms attached to the sides
glued to the snail shell and hooked to a string that passed over a pulley with a weighing pan on the other end. Weights were added systematically to the pan till the snail lost its grip. Tenacity was
100%, 75%, 50%, 25%, and 0% sea water and without water. The average tenacity ranged from 52g in 100% sea water to 8g in freshwater. The highest average tenacity of 55g was for the unsu
would dislodge snails and expose them to predators, this experiment shows another potential effect of global warming.
Third Award of $1,000 Animal Sciences Presented by
2008 AS007
STRUCTURE AND PRINCIPLES OF FORMATION OF FLOODPLAIN MALACOCOMPLEXES AT THE EXAMPLE OF BEREZINA RIVER AND ITS INFLOWS
Yuliya G. Petukhova
Borisov Lyceum, Borisov, Minsk, BELARUS
The floodplain is a unique ecosystem where terrestrial and aquatic species inhabit at the same time. Floodplain dwelling and having opposite ecological demands mollusks share the same ecosys
species finds here its environment. The parts of the floodplain situated at the depressions and slopes are characterized by the most species diversity of mollusks. It was established that the com
It is due to the dissociation of their ecological niches. It was found that terraneous mollusks are distributed in accordance with the humidity gradient, and aquatic mollusks are distributed subject t
floodplain ecosystem is Lymnaea truncatula mollusks. Lymnaea truncatula is an intermediate host of Fascila hepatica, the dangerous parasite of herbivorous animals and of man. The neighborho
not occasional. The cattle create an environment for Lymnaea truncatula. Therefore the common liver fluke (Fascila hepatica) uses just Lymnaea truncatula (pond snails) as an intermediate host.
hepatica disease to organize the pasture at a distance of such places to prevent the transformation of micro relief at the border with waterlogged grounds. The surface covered with hoof hollows
truncatula deep into the pasture. The competitor of Lymnaea truncatula is Lymnaea palustris. The sign of the absence of Lymnaea truncatula is a high number of Lymnaea palustris.
2011 AS007
ENDOCRINE DISRUPTION AND POPULATION INHIBITION EFFECT OF PLANT ESSENTIAL OIL ON THE DIAMONDBACK MOTH
Lin Gan
Fuzhou No.1 High School, Fuzhou, Fujian, CHINA
The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella is a major cosmopolitan pest of Brassica and other crucifer crops all over the world. Over use of insecticides has dramatically increased its resi
friendly control methods is increasingly emergent. In this project, the hormone extraction and detection procedure for juvenile hormone (JH) and moulting hormone (MH) in DBM was est
Chinese Prickly Ash (CPAEO), Zanthoxylum bungeanum, Star Anise (SAEO), Illicium verum , and Felon Herb (FHEO), Artemisia argyi on JH and MH titers of DBM was determined, the changes
by the chosen essential oil were investigated, and finally the control efficacy of the essential oil on DBM in the field was tested.. The results indicated that essential oil from CPAEO and SAEO a
could significantly change expression dynamics of both JH and MH in the 3rd instar larvae of DBM. Moreover, the application of essential oil from CPAEO on the parental population of DBM coul
and this was confirmed in the field. So, essential oils from plants could be used in DBM control. Management of insect pests based on endocrine disruption is practicable and more environmental
insecticides and it should become an alternative way for pest control.
2012 AS007
THE CONUNDRUM CONTINUES: A SECOND YEAR STUDY ON THE TERATOGENIC AND REPRODUCTIVE EFFECTS OF SYNTHETIC HORMONES ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Hannah Claire Pagels
Grove High School, Grove, OK
Scientific concern regarding the adverse effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals in the environment has been fueled by wildlife studies, laboratory experiments, and human experiences.
success, and other developmental problems have occurred in many invertebrate species, wild fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. This study exposed Drosophila melanogaster to the s
norethindrone acetate, both known teratogenic agents and endocrine disrupting compounds. Five generations of continuous exposure in two concentrations (E=10mcg/L P=500mcg/L, and E=20m
control. A total of 12,228 flies were sexed and evaluated to determine whether the presence of synthetic hormones resulted in increased phenotypic abnormalities, examples of male feminization,
male/female sex ratios. This study also evaluated the reproductive impact of teratogenically compromised Drosophila exposed to synthetic hormones for over 16 generations. Selected Drosophila
long term synthetic hormone exposure compromised reproduction. The findings suggest that the presence of synthetic hormones does impact the male/female sex ratios demonstrating
generations. Evidence of reproductive effects was found in the ability to reproduce and offspring numbers in teratogenically compromised Drosophila.
2014 AS007
GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION OF CAPELIN (MALLOTUS VILLOSUS) IN THE BERING STRAIT AND SOUTHEAST ALASKA
Raven Ward
JuneauDouglas High School, Juneau, AK, United States of America
The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a genetic difference in the two populations of Capelin (Mallotus villosus). The null hypothesis was that the two populations are not genetically
extracted from each fish and analyzed on an ABI Genetic Analyzer. These data were read in Gene Mapper and input into Genepop so a HardyWeinberg and a Gtest could be used to determine h
Given a significance threshold of p=0.05, the data suggested that the populations are indeed different since three of the four loci had a significant pvalue. Capelin are a small, silvery sp
temperatures ranging from 5.5 °C to 8.5 °C and migrate elsewhere if the temperature is not in that range. Capelin are vital to the diet of many commonly eaten fish, certain whales, and sea birds t
Southeast Alaska. With climate change and the prospect of changing water temperatures in the future, it is possible that Capelin will migrate and their predators will follow. This would affect fishe
enjoy the fish and whales. If my research was extended and two genetically distinct populations were found and identified, Capelin movement or loss of populations could be better detected in the
identifying the population structure of Capelin throughout Alaskan waters. This would be beneficial in understanding ocean dynamics in a changing environment.
2010 AS007
STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PANONYCHUS CITRI BY USING FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS
Qijin Wu
Fuzhou No. 1 Middle School, Fuzhou, Fujian, CHINA
Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is an important citrus mite. After studying the mite’s biological characteristics, Verticillium lecanii was bioassayed for its lethal effect on this mite. The Median le
estimated with probit analysis. An endochitinase gene Vpchitl from the fungus was cloned. In the field trails against this mite, a newly developed fungal insecticide formula, using nonwoven fabri
lecanii, was applied to the citrus orchid in Fuzhou suburb. The result shows: (1) V.lecanii has lethal effect on mite eggs and adults; (2) Strain Vp28 has the strongest activity aga
4.57×10,000 spores/ml; (3) Strain V3450 has the strongest activity against adult mites, with LC50 value of 3.47×10,000,000 spores/ml; (4) Vlchitl gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) whic
and interrupted by three short introns; (5) The control effect reached 90% in the field trail. Conclusion: V.lecanii could be a promising mite control agent and replace chemical acaricide. (2) Firstly found the lethal effect of V.lecanii against P.citri eggs with bioassay. (3) Firstly estimat
P.citri with probit analysis. (4) A newly developed fungal insecticide formula, using nonwoven fabric bands impregnated with V.lecanii, was applied in field trials. Key words: Citru
lecanii; fungal biocontrol agent; biological control;
HM American Statistical Association
2007 AS007
MATERNAL EFFECTS OF DIET RESTRICTION IN FRUIT FLIES
Yihe Dong
Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, Georgia, U.S.A.
Diet restriction (DR) has been shown to increase longevity and stress resistance in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. It is hypothesized that the DR fly progenies are more stress resistant an
progenies. This study could show how the parents’ environment can induce changes in their offspring’s health. The study began with expanding the Drosophila population, half of which w
other half to standard diet for 20 days. Afterwards, males and females were transferred to regular diet bottles to mate and lay eggs. Then 3200 virgin offspring were collected and placed into singl
offspring were fivedayold, starvation and oxidative stress resistance was tested in both sexes. Stress resistance was determined by checking mortality every two hours for 186 consecutive hou
checking fly mortality every three days until all flies die. The results of KaplanMeier estimate and logrank tests confirmed the hypothesis, showing a significant difference between DR a
(p=0.0024) and males (p=0.0001) in oxidative stress resistance; and females (p=0.0006) but not males (p=0.2516) in starvation resistance, hinting it is sexspecific in starvation. All control groups
experiment, DR progenies showed lower longevity than R diet progenies in both males and females; which may be explained with the Ymodel of energy tradeoff. Maternal effects could be explai
inheritance, and maternal genes expression. Progeny fecundity can be measured to determine the effects of DR on offspring fitness.
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Animal Sciences Presented by New Mexico State University
2010 AS007
STUDY ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PANONYCHUS CITRI BY USING FUNGAL BIOCONTROL AGENTS
Qijin Wu
Fuzhou No. 1 Middle School, Fuzhou, Fujian, CHINA
Citrus red mite (Panonychus citri) is an important citrus mite. After studying the mite’s biological characteristics, Verticillium lecanii was bioassayed for its lethal effect on this mite. The Median le
estimated with probit analysis. An endochitinase gene Vpchitl from the fungus was cloned. In the field trails against this mite, a newly developed fungal insecticide formula, using nonwoven fabri
lecanii, was applied to the citrus orchid in Fuzhou suburb. The result shows: (1) V.lecanii has lethal effect on mite eggs and adults; (2) Strain Vp28 has the strongest activity aga
4.57×10,000 spores/ml; (3) Strain V3450 has the strongest activity against adult mites, with LC50 value of 3.47×10,000,000 spores/ml; (4) Vlchitl gene contains an open reading frame (ORF) whic
and interrupted by three short introns; (5) The control effect reached 90% in the field trail. Conclusion: V.lecanii could be a promising mite control agent and replace chemical acaricide. (2) Firstly found the lethal effect of V.lecanii against P.citri eggs with bioassay. (3) Firstly estimat
P.citri with probit analysis. (4) A newly developed fungal insecticide formula, using nonwoven fabric bands impregnated with V.lecanii, was applied in field trials. Key words: Citru
lecanii; fungal biocontrol agent; biological control;
2013 AS007
THE BISPHENOL BLOWFLY BLITZ: AN ASSESSMENT OF THE PLASTIC MONOMER BISPHENOLA ON THE METAMORPHIC ACTIVITY OF SARCOPHAGA BULLATAA A FORENSICS
Andrew Clark Hopkins
Phillip O. Berry High School, Charlotte, NC
The environmental disbanding of Bisphenol A has led to problems in the growth cycle of many organisms. The goal of our research was to assess BPA’s impacton the metamorphic activity of S.
was introduced to Sarcophaga bullata within progressive concentrations over the course of its metamorphic development, then its life cycle rate would be retarded by a minimum of 1% per increm
were obtained and divided into 5 terrariums. Each was provided with 6 hours of light, 150 grams of soil, and 5mL of water, but differed in Bisphenol A concentrations (0ug/kg, 1 μg/kg, 10 μg/kg, 10
(5 grams of a sugar and powdered milk mix at adult stage and liver with proportional BPA concentrations at the maggot stage). All groups were observed for 11 days under 4x magnification to hal
delays. While BPA tended to increase the size of the S. bullata pupae, it typically retarded the size of the adult (Adult Width:0.96%Adult Length: 5.76%Pupae Width: 6.10%Pupae Length:6.25%)
Width:5.92%Adult Length:1.73%Pupae Width:1.86%Pupae Length:2%)under the 10ug/kg treatment,(Adult Width:8.48%Adult Length:0.61%Pupae Width:9.42%Pupae Length:7.50%) under 100u
Length: 11.29%Pupae Width: 11.41%Pupae Length: 2%)under the 1mg/kg treatment. The 1 ug/kg treatment had no impact on the percent rate of change on S. bullata metamorphic cycle (0%). H
treatments demonstrated a 3% retardation rate impact, (10ug/kg=3.228%100ug/kg=3.228%1mg/kg= 3.228%) rejecting the stated hypothesis.
2009 AS007
ISOLATION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS HYICUS AND STREPTOCOCCUS EQUISIMILIS AND USE OF ISOLATE TO DEVELOP AVIAN ANTIBODIES TO BE USED IN THE PREVENTION OF P
Samantha Kay Welu
Marshall High School, Marshall, MN
The purpose of my project is to prevent the mastitis on our hog farm, which we have been battling for many years. Last year, I proved that the bacteria that was causing the mastitis which was S
antibodies (IgY) in an ELISA test. As a continuation this year, I made a product to deliver to the sows. First, I collected milk and uterine samples, and sent them to a state university lab
Staphylococcus hyicus and Streptococcus equisimilis. I reconfirmed the bacteria by streaking it out onto blood agar plates, grew it, gramstained it, and identified it as Staphylococcus hyicus and
microscope. I created an immunogen with the bacteria, and injected it into chickens. In two weeks, I collected the eggs and did an ELISA test on them. The antibodies binded, therefore, I used th
delivery methods were: an udder spray, a feed additive. I also had a control group. Five bred sows were used per group. I took birth and weaning weights on the piglets. I took the results and calc
piglet. The udder spray group gained the most weight. Then, I calculated the total profit per piglet, per group. The udder spray had the most profit per piglet, which was $1.76. In conclus
was able to find a product delivery method that worked.
Second Award of $1,000 States United for Biomedical Research (SUBR)
2014 AS008
IMPROVING APIS MELLIFERA HIVE IMMUNITY THROUGH ENVIRONMENT MANIPULATION
Rebecca Layman
Southmoore High School, Moore, OK, United States of America
This project, as a continuation upon the previous year’s project, centers around the ultimate goal to solve the mystery that is Colony Collapse Disorder. Colony Collapse Disorder is a multitude of
combined have that resulted in the downfall of one of the world’s primary pollinators. This project investigates a new hive ventilator system that is said to make a hive more natural like, boost a h
through the hive year round so that condensation build up does not occur. To test the hive ventilators, samples of 30 bees from multiple hives that use ventilators and hives that do not use ventil
systems of both samples were tested. Along with that, the weight of each hive collected were taken and compared. The bees from the ventilated hives were also on average 1.2 grams heavier th
This indicates an overall increase in the bee’s health and vigor, if the ventilators are used. When tested via the KirbyBauer method the ventilated hives were twice as likely to show a zone of inhi
100% of the time. A Second Phase was conducted in which Hive Ventilators were implemented on hives in an attempt to increase the immune system productivity of the hives. The same trend f
tests ran after three and a half months of ventilation, the immune systems showed improvement.
2013 AS008
S.T.E.P. (SUMMER TRANSITION EASEMENT PROGRAM)
Corvin John Schoen
Oak Ridge High School, Oak Ridge, MO
A common problem in the production of milk has been the large drop in milk production in dairy cows in the late summer and early fall months. This is especially noticeable in cows that calve in t
if dry cows are housed in shaded, dry facilities, and provide a custom tailored fresh cow transition program, average herd milk production will be greater than years before this program was implem
hypothesis as the participating herd showed an average overall increase of 8% of milk production per day during the period where production was normally at its yearly low point.
2012 AS008
PROSTAGLADIN F2A INDUCING LUTEOLYSIS FOR REPRODUCTIVE ENHANCEMENTS IN THE CAPRA HIRCUS
Kaitlyn Margaret Wiley
Hicksville High School, Hicksville, OH
The experimental design was to test the hypothesis that the use of prostaglandin F2alpha to induce a timed and controlled luteolysis of the corpus luteum. Thus propagating a subsequent decline
ovulation and behavioral estrus will allow more accurate use and timing of advanced reproductive techniques such as artificial insemination in the Capra hircus. The purpose of the expe
labor requirements to be focused in a finite timeframe. The second is by using this synchronization technique, enhanced reproductive techniques such as artificial insemination can be used to aid
genomes from the worlds top sires. The experimental design consisted of a test and a control group. Does were of similar age and were all reproductively sound animals in excellent hea
environment, feed intake, water intake, mineral intake and nutritional supplements. Standard animal husbandry practices were followed for the duration of the trial. Any animals not meeting the ab
 The test animals were injected with 10mg of prostaglandin f2alpha which resulted in a mean time to behavioral estrus of 13.2 hours with a range of 11.514.25 hours. The mean time to b
was 259.2 hours with a range of 48648 hours. The hypothesis was confirmed. The test group's estrous cycle were tightly synchronized when compared to the control group.
2010 AS008
ARE THE FEEDING PRACTICES OF APIS MELLIFERA SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECTED BY DEVIATION(S) FROM FORAGING SCHEMATA THROUGH LANDMARK MANIPULATION OR TRAN
Andrea Lynn Lazzari
Melbourne High School, Melbourne, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of deviations from foraging schemata through landmark manipulation and transposition on the feeding practices of Apis mellifera. If h
count landmarks in order to forage effectively, then the manipulation and transposition of such landmarks will not significantly affect their feeding practices. To analyze the effe
transposition, tunnels containing stripes and shapes were placed at the entrances of three Langstroth hives. Watch glasses containing water or a sucrose solution were placed at each of the tunn
fourth stripe containing the sucrose solution. In Experimental Tunnel One (ET1) the effects of landmark manipulation were assessed by changing the distance between stripes. The effects of land
changing the order of shapes in Experimental Tunnel Two (ET2). Foraging activity was quantified by: 1) calculating the daily change in mass of each watch glass; 2) accounting for the total numb
glass location. An ANOVA SingleFactor was used to analyze the effects of manipulation and transposition of landmarks on mean mass differences and Apis mellifera counts
The results indicated no significant differences in the data collected. Additionally, the Fvalues suggest that the alternate hypotheses should be rejected. This implies that the feeding practices of
their counting ability as current research proposes.
2011 AS008
BEHAVIORAL EVIDENCE FOR CEREBRAL ASYMMETRY IN GREEN ANOLES
Rachel Emily Reon
The Governor's School for Science and Technology, Hampton, VA
In a lateralized brain, processing of cognitive information is evenly distributed between two hemispheres. Researchers previously thought this characteristic to be uniquely human and result in sup
that lateralization of the brain is not only present in humans, but also widespread in vertebrates. The objective of the current study was to identify behaviors that indicate cerebral asymmetry, also
Green Anole (Anolis carolinensis). Behavioral assessments administered were: startle response test, predatory response test, feeding choice test, and other secondary tests. The lizard’s eating b
preference in striking direction and their success rate in relation to the strikes in a specific direction. Consistent preferences in these behaviors indicate evidence for cerebral asymmetry in reptile
response (water response) indicated a 49% preference to the right side, a 30% preference for the left side, and 21% of the time the lizard showed no preference. In the snake response (predatory
showed a 3:1 favoring to the right eye, indicating that fear is perceived by the right eye and left side of the brain. In the striking tests, the lizards showed an equal favoring to right and left strikes.
contribution to the field of comparative cognitive neuroscience by providing a new animal model that offers unexpected insights into the evolutionary origins and neuronal mechanisms of cerebral
Third Award of $500 American Psychological Association
2008 AS008
THERMOREGULATION OF THE ZEBRA (EQUUS BURCHELLI)
Zoegne du Preez
Hoerskool Waterkloof, Pretoria, Gauteng, SOUTH AFRICA
Literature research shows that black and white stripes of zebras are for identification, social interaction and camouflage against predators. Mention is made of a possible role in thermoregulation,
reason could be found. This research focuses on whether the unique black and white stripes also play a role in possible thermo regulation of zebras, by causing small vortexlike air movements a
temperatures of black and white striped carton, the stripes of a zebra hide (trophy skin) and the stripes of a live zebra were recorded. Black stripes were constantly warmer than white stripes: ( 8,
zebra hide and 1,88°C in a live animal). Black and white striped carton were left in the hot sun for more than two hours. Smoke from rocketfuel and colored smoke bombs were used to demonstra
black stripes and downward flow of cooler air above cooler white stripes. Photos were taken to visualize vortex effect. Results clearly showed that black stripes absorbed more radiation e
heat, warming up the air above the black stripes. This resulted in an upward flow of warmer air above the black areas, while the cooler air above the white areas circulated downward. This results
(vortex effects) all around the body of the zebra to help cool it down during very hot days.
2007 AS008
INTELLIGENT AVIARY II
Igor Germano Seibert
Fundacao Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha Novo Hamburgo RS Brasil
Having in mind the ambient temperature maintenance necessity within the chicken thermal comfort zone, from 15ºC to 25ºC (59ºF to 77ºF), and the serious problem of thedroppings accumulation
Aviary II” intends toimprove through the proposition of a temperature control electronic system and adroppings removal hydraulical system the laying aviculture, having as a goal to increasethe eg
contribute with a bigger aviculture and chicken’slife quality preventing the proliferation of sicknesses like the Chicken Flu. The prototype was submitted to several tests in ambiental situa
ambient temperature remained within the thermal comfort zone and thedroppings were removed properly. Therefore, its functionality was validated. Further, asample of six chickens, in a context o
to theprototype in order to prove the benefits of the project. It was possible to verify that eggs production increased in 20% compared with the others chicken productivity and that with th
generated: renewable energy production (Biogas), organic fertilizer (Biofertilizer), andsicknesses prevention, such as Chicken Flu and Newcastle sickness, bigger productivityand life quality. <
project is validated, which allows its implementation in aviaries considering the benefits and contributions generated to the aviculture and the population and aviculturists health. 
2009 AS008
STUDY ON THE FUNCTION OF STABILIMENTUM AND SILK IN THE EGG SAC OF ARGIOPE BRUENNICHI
Hange Li
Beijing No.2 Middle School, Beijing, CHINA
The author found two special behaviors of the Argiope bruennichi by accident, thus initiated this project. The two special behaviors were: firstly, the Argiope bruennichi wrapped up the quarry with
the Argiope bruennichi had a kind of flocculent gossamer in its egg capsule, which had not been found in any reference. The research included extensive and multiangle observations and place t
study, paired observations on sample plots that, firstly, the retinaculum of cobweb could assist spiderlings on predation; secondly, the flocculent gossamer in the egg capsule was the food for sp
told us that the Argiope bruennichi in Beijing reproduced every year, being spread widely but in a small amount. Reasons could be their short growingup period, spiderling’s incapability of overwin
capsules produced in late September.
Fourth Award of $500 Animal Sciences Presented by Intel
2010 AS009
NUTRITIONAL RESPONSES: THE EFFECTS OF DIETARY CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, AND PROTEINS ON THE MEMORY AND NEUROMUSCULAR RESPONSES OF PROCAMBARUS C
Bretton Roy Medlin
Do carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins have an effect on the escape reflex and memory retention of crayfish? It was hypothesized that carbohydrates and proteins would increase escap
retention. It was also hypothesized that the lipids would have little effect on escape reflex distances and memory retention. For escape reflex testing 8 crayfish were used per group.
commercial food for 8 days and their escape reflex distance was measured after each feeding. To test the escape reflex the crayfish were fed one gram of each concentration of food. After feedin
Plexiglas chamber and prodded to shoot backwards. The distance of this escape reflex is then measured in centimeters. After this, the crayfish were fed for 8 days with the special diets of carbo
their escape reflex distance was measured. The crayfish escape reflex distance was measured three times after each feeding. In memory retention testing 7 crayfish were used per group. To tes
amounts of food, then placed in a tshaped Plexiglas chamber. They were then allowed to go either right or left. When crayfish chose left they were shocked in order to persuade to go right. Crayf
food for 8 days, and the amount of times turned right were recorded 10 times before shocking was introduced, then were recorded 30 times after shocking was introduced. Then crayfish were fed
lipids and proteins for 8 days, and the amounts turned right were recorded 30 times after each feeding. The results of the experiment showed that the protein enriched food caused the gr
distance. The memory retention tests showed decreases in all tests on the percentages of turning right. One thing that was shown in testing is that on average the crayfish gained weight after the
and proteins.
2011 AS009
BIRDS EYE VIEW: DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD TO DETERMINE GENDER IN GREEN CHEEK CONURES
Alexandra Kaye Badeaux
Catholic High School New Iberia, New Iberia, LA
This project was a study to see if a method to determine gender of a green cheek conure could be developed using UV illumination. To discover if there were any visible differences, birds were ph
under UV light using modified cameras. 400+ photos were taken in three different settings, one to capture full spectrum lighting, another to capture UV fluorescence, and a third to photo
photographed were chest, vent/underside of tail, cheek, back, upper side of wing, underside of wing, and upper side of tail. Three different types of green cheek conures were used: normal, yellow
were analyzed visually and transparencies were made highlighting the fluorescent or reflectant areas. After further analysis, three of the regions where the most visible differences were found wer
with defined guidelines to properly score each bird. This scoring system was then applied to a blind study, with an accuracy rate of 93.75%. Interrater reliability was also test with twenty inexperi
showed that there is a visible and statistically significant difference between the males and females in UV fluorescence (p<0.00005) as well as in UV reflectance (p<0.001). Females show more fl
males. Statistical significance remains in the blind study (p<0.005), and in the interrater reliability phase (p<0.003). The difference may seem minimal to us, but birds have much better vision tha
2012 AS009
THE EFFECTS OF HIGH FRUCTOSE CORN SYRUP AND MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE ON THE HEART RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA
Margaret Donovan Doyle
Yorktown High School, Arlington, VA
Heart rates of over 120 Daphnia magna were counted three times each: before, during and after exposure to one of six concentrations (10 %, 5 %, 2.5 %, 1.25 %, 0.625 %, and 0.3125 % weight/
syrup(HFCS)solutions, monosodium glutamate (MSG)solutions and a mix of both solutions. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if higher concentrations would result in higher heart r
and after exposure were compared with baseline rates: the mean of the three rates before exposure. With MSG, heart rates decreased with increased concentration and showed no clear recovery
HFCSMSG mix, heart rates over time showed no clear correlation to concentration and while some heart rates appeared to head toward baseline rates, only 0.3125 % HFCS leveled out near the
experiment. Overall, the variation in response, as measured by the standard deviation of the percent change from baseline rates, increased over time and with concentration. A oneway analysis
showed no statistical difference in Daphnia heart rate with time. ANOVA tests showed that MSG and HFCS significantly affected heart rate after but not during exposure and the HFCSMSG mix
The null hypothesis was rejected. The data did not support the hypothesis that rate would increase and recovery would be slower with increasing concentration.
2013 AS009
IDENTIFICATION OF VANADIUMBINDING PROTEINS AND GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HAWAII SEA CUCUMBER POPULATIONS
Nalani Sachiko Kaku
Kamehameha Schools Kapalama High School, Honolulu, HI
Sea cucumbers are one of the many important species in the marine ecosystem that have unique genetic and physical features. There is an abundance of diversity between different species of s
analyze the CO1 and 16S mitochondrial genes and to identify a vanadiumbinding protein (vanabin) located in several tissues of sea cucumbers. The vanabin protein was expressed in the Holothu
tissue and the Opheodesoma spectabilis (Conspicuous Sea Cucumber) intestinal tissue using SDS PAGE. The CO1 and 16S genes were amplified in several tentacle samples of the Opheodeso
native to Hawaii and located in different areas of Kaneohe Bay and marine center. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in several tissues of the Holothuria atra located in Makapu
were found in the tissues of the Opheodesoma spectabilis, Actinopyga obesa, Actinopyga mauritiana, and Holothuria pervicax.
2014 AS009
THE EFFECTS OF ALLIUM SATIVUM ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MEAT QUALITY OF GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Chrysta Noelle Beck
Pettisville High School, Pettisville, OH, United States of America
The problem studied the effects of Allium sativum on the development and meat qualityof Gallus domesticus. The discovery of natural coccidiostats is a step towards reductions in the amount of
hypotheses were the broilers treated with garlic solution on wire flooring will grow the largest efficiently (H1), the broilers treated with garlic solution will have the most desirable meat quality (H2), a
coccidia in broiler flocks (H3). The procedure included collecting data on food consumption, body mass, and water consumption over 6 weeks. Data on moisture retention, taste, and coccidian pre
 Broilers grown on wire flooring/ no garlic grew the largest (average of 2.348 kg). Broilers on wire floors/ garlic solution grew the least (average of 2.144 kg). An ANOVA statistical analysis
growth between broilers, but the difference was marginally significant (F=2.617, p=0.067). Broilers on wire flooring/ no garlic had largest average food consumption but had the least efficient food
tests showed that broilers treated with garlic had more desirable meat (desirability of 5.65/7). The broilers grown on wire flooring/ garlic had the least moisture loss (0.020 kg). Fecal flotations show
coccidian/ high power lens sweep. Broilers with no garlic had 1215 coccidian/ high power lens sweep (significantly more). H1 was not supported, H2 was supported, and H3 was supported.
2009 AS009
AN ANALYSIS OF CRUDE PROTEIN ON THE GROWTH RATE AND CARCASS WEIGHT OF GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Abigail Jane Styron
Hilltop High School, West Unity, OH
The purpose of this project was to determine if a certain level of crude protein would affect a chicken’s growth rate and final carcass waste. It was hypothesized that chickens receiving a 24% cru
average growth rate gain, and have a lower percentage of final carcass waste than those with a 16% or 20% protein diet. Twentysix chickens were divided into three different groups at t
were fed commercial poultry feed containing either 16%, 20%, or 24% crude protein. Daily rate of gain and carcass weight data were statistically analyzed using Ttests. The group that r
average 73 grams daily gain compared to the 20% crude protein, which gained an average of 77 grams per day. The 16% crude protein percentage gained an average of 53 grams per day. The 16
waste of 39%. The 24% group with an average of 37% carcass waste and the 20% group with a carcass waste of 32% had significantly less waste than the 16% group (p<=.04). Overall
lowest carcass waste, and it had a higher average grams gained per day. The results of this research suggest that a 20% crude protein feed is the most efficient and profitable marketing strategy
2007 AS009
AN OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ON HOW ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AFFECT DAPHNIA MAGNA
Melissa Danielle Lewis
Eastern High School, Pekin, Indiana, Us
An electromagnetic field (EMF) is a force of invisible lines that surrounds an electrical device or wire. Daphnia magna are small crustacean animals that range in size from .2 and 5 mm in length.
determine the effect of electromagnetic fields on Daphnia magna. It was hypothesized if Daphnia magna were contained within an electromagnetic field, then there would be a negative effect on th
electric alarm clock and quart mason jars were purchased at WalMart and an EMF detector was purchased from www.lessemf.com. Daphnia magna were purchased from Carolina Biological. Tan
and boiled egg yolk. The alarm clock was connected to a series of extension cords and wrapped around the experimental tank to create an electromagnetic field (EMF), the control tank did not ha
tanks contained thermometers to insure proper water temperature and were placed in the same room with the same amount of sunlight. The EMF was measured within and surrounding the tanks.
slides and were observed using a swift M3500D microscope at 4x power. Their heart rates in beats per minute were calculated to determine stress levels, and compared to the heart rate of the Da
rates were not significant (p=0.22) using Student’s ttest. However, mortality rates were found to be highly significant (p=.001) when individual containers were established to determine the LD50.
2008 AS009
THE EFFECTS OF SEROTONIN ON CIRCADIAN PATTERNS AND BEHAVIORS IN DROSOPHILA
Ann Simone Cooper
Lafayette Senior High School, Lexington, KY
It is established that adult Drosophila show circadian patterns that are regulated by gene expression. Circadian cycles in adults can be induced and set by exposure to light as early as the embry
evident throughout the larval stages. I hypothesize the maintenance of the circadian pattern throughout the larval stages can be modulated by altering the serotonin expression levels in the larvae
circadian pattern. To approach this I exposed larvae, at various stages, to a drug (pCPA, 10mg/ml of food) that blocks the synthesis of serotonin and then examined circadian patterns in adults.
cycle and in continuous darkness. I also assayed whole animal adult behaviors (i.e. response to light and righting reflex) in controls and larvae that were fed pCPA. In order to measure circadian
activity of adults as individuals and groups. The fundamentals of the device are an IR light source with a detector monitored by an online program. The results of feeding larvae pCPA led to a mo
contrary to my hypothesis. As adults, the pCPA fed larvae showed a slower climbing response to light (p<0.05, n=15, Ttest). Associative learning assays showed that the pCPA fed larvae show
CPA fed larvae had a compromised immune system. In summary, pCPA fed larvae had altered circadian patterns and behaviors as adults.
Second Award of $1,500 Animal Sciences Presented by
2007 AS010
CHICKEN EMBRYO GROWTH AFTER EXPOSURE TO MMT, A FUEL ADDITIVE
Tess Linnea Peterson
Episcopal High School, Jacksonville FL, USA
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effect of exposure to Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) on the growth of chicken embryos. MMT is a fuel additive used
in an internal combustion engine known as knocking. The manganese in MMT neutralizes the alkyl radicals formed when fuel decomposes that cause knocking. Manganese is an essential trace
50 experimental eggs were put into the incubator in separate trays where they remained for 120 hours to allow initial growth. A 0.01% solution of MMT, the concentration found in gasoline, was m
were submerged in the MMT solution then placed back into the incubator. The control eggs were submerged in pure ethanol then placed back into the incubator. The eggs remained in the incubat
3°C for 48 hours then thawed for 24 hours. Each egg was cracked open and the length of the embryo was from the tip of its beak to the bottom of its torso. The control embryos had an average g
exposed to MMT had an average growth of 6.5 cm. The embryos exposed to MMT had 5.8% less growth in the first trial and 7.5% less growth in the second trial. Using a ttest, the difference in g
significant. Because MMT has proven to have toxic effects on chicken embryos, further studies should be conducted to further understand the toxic effects of MMT on other organisms, such as
more prevalent. 
2014 AS010
THE EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS MELATONIN ON THE DIURNAL PHOTOTACTIC BEHAVIOR OF DAPHNIA MAGNA
Mikayla Noel Carlton
Central Virginia Governor's School/Rustburg High School, Lynchburg, VA,
The purpose of this study was to determine if melatonin had an effect on the diurnal phototactic behavior of Daphnia magna. A group of 20 Daphnia magna were randomly selected to be observed
filled with 200mL of spring water that was visually divided into four segments. The organisms were observed for ten minutes and their phototactic behavior was recorded based on segment placem
to melatonin (2.7e6 g/L) and were allowed a ten minute acclimation period before the posttest began. The posttest was conducted in the same manner as the pretest. The average segment pla
the average segment placement for the posttest was 3.85. The means were analyzed for statistical significance by using a paired ttest. With an alpha value of 0.05, a pvalue of 0.184 was produ
insignificant value did not support the research hypothesis that if Daphnia magna were exposed to melatonin, then they would demonstrate increased negative phototaxis. In summation,
Daphnia magna to melatonin did not significantly affect their diurnal phototactic behavior.
2013 AS010
FIDDLES AND PHALANGES, 2: DO STRING PLAYERS HAVE LONGER LEFT FINGERS?
Eleanor Nell Stafford
MacArthur Junior High School, Jonesboro, AR
Hypothesis: Adults who started playing a stringed instrument before age 18 will have longer left fingers than right fingers. There will be a less distinguishable difference in finger length am
instrument after age 18. Experiment/Procedure: This is a twoyear project where I studied the finger length of string players. I am a fiddle and guitar player. I became interested in
fingers were longer than my right fingers. This year, I expanded my study to see if the age a person begins playing a stringed instrument influences finger length. Data: I surveye
over age 18. I collected my data by measuring each subject’s middle left and middle right fingers. In order to test my hypothesis, I had to determine if the subjects had a longer left middle finger,
fingers were the same length. Conclusion: Based on my measurements, I concluded that my hypothesis is correct. Adults who started playing a stringed instrument before age
than right fingers. 84% of the adults who began playing a stringed instrument before age 18 had longer left fingers than right. Adults who began playing after age 18 are less likely to have longer le
left fingers than right.
2010 AS010
CIRCADIAN RHYTHMS INTERRUPTED: THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON THE REPRODUCTION RATE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Joshua A Mease
The purpose of this project is to determine if sleep deprivation affects the reproduction rate on fruit flies. If so, the results will be comparable to humans being deprived of sleep. It is hypo
in a constant agitation apparatus will produce a fewer number of eggs than fruit flies that are not deprived of sleep. It is further hypothesized that fruit flies in later generations adapt to sleep depriv
reproduction rate as much. This hypothesis is tested by observing the larva count for sleep deprived and nonsleep deprived Drosophila. These flies are sleep deprived in an agitation app
group that has a regular sleep pattern. It is hypothesized that fruit flies deprived of sleep in a constant agitation apparatus will produce a fewer number of larva than fruit flies that are not
accepted. Evidence supporting this hypothesis: The first and second generation groups were notably smaller than the control. It was further hypothesized that a second generatio
cycles in the agitation apparatus will adapt to sleep deprivation and thus have increased reproduction rates over the first generation of fruit flies deprived of sleep. This hypothesis was accepted.<
accepted: The first generation control an average number of larva per vial of 134.90 and the first generation testing group had average number of larva per vial of 59.20. The second generation co
larva per vial of 129.20. The second generation testing group had an average number of larva per vial 76.60. Thus showing signs of adaptation.
2008 AS010
A MOSQUITO'S QUEST FOR SUGAR: A NOVEL APPROACH IN THE DETECTION OF PLANT SPECIES AFFECTING MOSQUITO SUGAR FEEDING BEHAVIOR AND ITS IMPLICATIONS I
Joseph Concepcion Roney
Clay High School, Green Cove Springs, FL
This project in its present form is the result of a study of eight plant species that were targeted as possible nectar sources for the mosquito species Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes albopictus, an
research and development of future residential and commercial pesticide products relating to mosquito control and, indirectly, control and prevent arthropodborne pathogens such as West Nile vir
encephalitis. Both male and female Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus had high survival rates of 53.5 and 78.9 % respectively on Pentas lanceolata and 55.9 and 48.1% on Quercus v
survival rates on Asclepias curassavica and Persea borbonia with 55.5 and 52.5% respectively. Nectar sources were determined through the collection and isolation of plant species, asp
percent mortality observations in 24 hour increments within mosquito species grouped by the plant species, and fructose readings from Cold Anthrone Testing. Chemical isolation and verification
Reaction and performing a choicebox chamber test is ongoing. The contributions of this study are twofold. First, there is a strong correlation between flowering plants and high survival ra
demonstrated through the presence of sugar detected from Cold Anthrone Testing. Secondly, all mosquito species used in the experiment yielded unexpected survival rates on Quercus virginiana
statistically significant evidence which supports further investigation of these plant species as nectar sources for mosquitoes.
2011 AS010
THE UROGENITAL SYSTEM OF MALE RHYACOTRITONIDAE: AN ANATOMICAL AND PHYLOGENETIC STUDY
Emily Rachel Wilson
Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, MO
This study documents the urogenital anatomy of the salamander family, Rhyacotritonidae through histological and gross anatomical methods, in effort to better understand the urogenital system o
urogenital characters in a phylogenetic context. Observation of the urogenital system included the testis, kidney, collecting ducts and cloaca in four specimens of Rhyacotritonidae. The pelvic (ca
ducts that did not anastomose with each other or the Wolffian duct similar to the collecting duct condition of Cryptobranchidae and Hynobiidae; all emptied into the cloaca individually. Collecting d
mating season (spring) as did cloacal gland size. The Mullerian duct was not contained in the lamina propria of the Wolffian duct, as observed in other amphibians. A central testicular canal opene
to the Wolffian duct. The use of nine novel urogenital characters, and seven from Sever and colleagues (1991), reconstructed a phylogeny for Urodela with a tree length of 26 steps and a monoph
urogenital system of Rhyacotriton shares characteristics with Cryptobranchidae and Hynobiidae, the phylogenetic reconstruction placed them in a collapsed clade with Dicamptodontidae, Ambyst
Plethodontidae. Urogenital characters presented as valid and valuable characters for phylogenetic analysis, as the reconstructed phylogeny provided a respectable view of urogenital relationships
when traced on supported phylogenies with MacClade, supported the morphological phylogeny published by Duellman & Trueb in 1986.
2012 AS010
EVIDENCE FOR A ROLE OF GENETICS AND FOALING DATE IN EQUINE WOBBLER SYNDROME
Miranda Nickole Richardson
Cervical Stenotic Myelopathy (CSM), commonly known as Wobbler Syndrome, is a musculoskeletal disease of young horses. Malformations in cervical vertebrae cause structural narrowing of th
neurological deficits through spinal cord compression. CSM is a complex disease with proposed contributing factors of genetics, high planes of nutrition, trauma, and rapid growth. Due to the com
genetic and environmental factors is suspected. Two specific aims were addressed in this study: 1) Examine the role of foaling date as a predisposing factor to CSM, and 2) Perform a genome w
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to identify the role of genetic determinants in the development of CSM. For the first objective, foaling dates were collected on 225 Thoroughbreds with a c
compared to the general population of registered Thoroughbreds (n=105,757) over an 11year period. Both groups were limited to foals born in Kentucky. A significant shift to earlier foaling dates w
0.0204). For the second objective, venous blood samples were drawn for DNA isolation from 57 Thoroughbreds with CSM and 414 Thoroughbreds from the general population. Genotyping was per
SNP50 and SNP70 chips. The analysis yielded several regions displaying evidence of genetic associations, specifically loci on equine chromosomes 2 and 28 with multiple closely related SNPs
disequilibrium. The combined results are consistent with both environmental and genetic factors contributing to CSM.
Award of three $1,000 U.S. Savings Bonds, a certificate of achievement and a gold medallion. United States Army
2009 AS010
CREATING RNAI ANTHELMINTICS
Elizabeth LoRa Dick
Seguin High School, Seguin, TX
Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus threatens U.S. ranchers. Resistance to all anthelmintics exists within the nematode’s population. Current anthelmintics shut down parasites met
The question of this study was, “Can individual genes in H. contortus be targeted and blocked using RNAi (RNA interference) based anthelmintics?” Last year’s experiment tested the via
between 0O C and 40O C using Ceanorhabditis elegans as a model for H. contortus. C. elegans has one of the most highly studied genomes and the most complete organism database for gene a
are tested using a C. elegans model. The purpose of this year’s experiment was to research C. elegans genes that regulate drug resistance, compare conserved genes between C. elegans and H
matches for use in RNAi drenches. The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) was used to compare seven H. contortus and C. elegans proteins and genes and to analyze probab
with ivermectin resistance were well conserved between C. elegans and H. contortus. For all seven C. elegans proteins, the complementary H. contortus protein with the lowest E value was blast
contortus base pair sequence. Primers were created for two of the resulting H. contortus sequences and PCR was performed; no product was identified. In conclusion, three genes (AVR
ivermectin resistance appear to be the best candidates for creating an RNAi drench.
First Award of $3,000 Air Force Research Laboratory on behalf of the United States Air Force
2011 AS011
THE EFFECT OF ERYTHROMYCIN ON THE EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF ZEBRAFISH
Kody Michelle Nelson
Central High School, Saint Joseph, MO
The purpose of the investigation was to determine what effects erythromycin had on the embryonic development of zebrafish, Danio rerio. Erythromycin is an antibiotic in a group of drugs called m
growth or kill bacteria in the body. It does this by preventing the bacterial cells from producing proteins by binding to the 23S rRNA molecule and blocking the exit of the peptide chain, without inte
used to treat many different bacterial infections caused by bacteria such as, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisse
10ppm of erythromycin and 7.2pH phosphate buffer were prepared and groups of 10 embryos were exposed to the different concentrations along with a control. They were observed microscopical
taken with a digital microscope. The embryos in the control hatched at a normal rate, meaning they hatched from their egg sacs within 72 hours of fertilization, according to the The Zebrafish Boo
the 1ppm solution had a reduced hatching rate of about a day. This showed little significant data to support or reject an alternative hypothesis, however more data is still being collected from the d
trials of the control for comparison.
2013 AS011
STRONGYLE CONUNDRUM, YEAR THREE
Addison Thomas Hilyard
Central High School, Brooksville, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to see if Large Strongyles have been extirpated from domesticated horse populations. A feral horse population was used as a comparison. The hypothesis wa
domesticated horse is placed in a coproculture then it will have significantly less Large Strongyles than a feral horse because domesticated horses have been over treated with anthelmentics des
proven to be true. The feral horse population that was used was the same as the previous two years. The collection sites remained the same. Two of the domesticated horses from the p
this year’s study. A single Large Strongyle was found in one of the samples from the domesticated population.
2014 AS011
FLAGELLUM CAUSES EUGLENOID MOVEMENTS BY DETECTING CONTACT STIMULI IN EUGLENA
Ayaka Suda
Saitama Prefectural Ohmiya Senior High School, Saitama, Saitama, Japan
Euglena, a phytomastigophora, moves either with its flagellum beating vigorously or with its body surface crooking and twisting. The latter movement, known as euglenoid movement, is frequently
contact stimuli. I hypothesized that the flagellum detects contact stimuli and causes euglenoid movement. Using newlydeveloped quantitative stimuliexposing device, euglenoid movem
of Euglena exposed to various frequencies of contact stimuli. It was found that euglenoid movements were increased according to an increment in contact frequencies. When Euglenas w
were soon completely removed. These ethanoltreated, deflagellated organisms failed to show any euglenoid movements. The flagellum was later reconstructed and euglenoid movements were g
 Euglenas were then treated with nickel sulfate to prevent their flagellum movements. Nickeltreated organisms invariably failed to move their flagella and thus exhibited no euglenoid moveme
chloride solution promoted recoveries of flagellum movements in these nickeltreated organisms. Euglenoid movements in these magnesiumexposed, nickeltreated organisms started again earli
organisms. The results clearly exhibited that euglenoid movements were caused by contact stimuli detected at the flagellum in Euglena. The present experiments incite new int
detection of external stimuli in Euglena.
2007 AS011
DOES SUSCEPTIBILITY TO HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS AFFECT PARASITE BURDEN, PACKED CELL VOLUME, AND SERUM IGA LEVELS IN OVIS ARIES DURING GESTATION?
Joshua Clay McCann
Giles High School, Pearsiburg, VA, United States
Most sheep breeds are highly susceptible to internal parasites which can damage gastrointestinal tissues or even kill the animal. Drugs used to control internal parasites, anthelmintics, are admin
performance of the animal. With increased anthelmintic resistance, a predisposition to parasite resistance would be economically advantageous in commercial sheep. Previous work indicated tha
to the most detrimental parasite, Haemonchus contortus, but defense mechanisms are unclear. This study investigated how serum IgA levels were affected during gestation in hair (n=10) and wo
infected with 10,000 third stage Haemonchus contortus larvae. Fecal eggs counts (FEC) and packed cell volume (PCV) were monitored on each individual during the five week trial. Results from
indicated no difference in FEC during any week after infection. Both groups had increased FEC during the experiment, thus neither elicited a sufficient immune response to control parasite infectio
four weeks after infection suggesting less negative effects due to worm burden. An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay was used to determine total IgA levels in the serum during the experimen
effect (P<0.05) on days 0, 3, 5, 7, 21, and 28 after previous infection with the hair sheep having higher levels at each significant day. Both groups elicited an immune response that peaked initiall
contortusspecific IgA ELISA is being conducted. Upon completion, the immune response can be more clearly discerned in both groups. With increased knowledge about immunological difference
mechanisms that determine resistance to Haemonchus contortus may be used to design vaccines and select for parasite resistance.
2008 AS011
EVALUATION OF ARTIFICIAL DIETS FOR REARING METAMASIUS CALLIZONA (COLEOPTERA: DRYOPHTHORIDAE)
David Arthur Pick
Olivet Private School, Port Saint Lucie, FL
The Mexican bromeliad weevil, Metamasius callizona (Coleoptera: Dryophthoridae), is threatening 12 species of native Florida bromeliads to extinction. Presently, M. callizona and its natural ene
(Diptera: Tachinidae), are being reared in a biological control program using the unreliable resource of pineapple crowns from local supermarkets. Investigating other diet resources could increase
in south Florida. This project aims to study the use of 7 oligidic diets for rearing M. callizona: 1) fresh pineapple leaves (control); 2) fresh and 3) lyophilized pineapple core; 4) fresh and 5) lyophiliz
Spanish moss. Weevils on every diet except fresh and lyophilized pineapple core diets developed to adulthood. Weevils fed pineapple leaves had the highest mean female and male, pupal weigh
respectively) and female and male adult weights (80.17±5.85 mg and 69.33±1.71 mg, respectively). Weevils fed pineapple leaves also had the shortest mean developmental time from egg to pupa
females. Larvae on Spanish moss had a higher survivorship rate than larvae on other diets. An emergency plan can be developed using this data since M. callizona and L. franki could continue to
moss in the event of a pineapple crown shortage.
2009 AS011
THE EFFECTS OF CHEMICALS PYRETHRIN AND CARBARYL ON CRAYFISH PROCAMBARUS CLARKII
Shuang Xu
Crayfish are keystone species. Thus, aquatic pollution not only harms the crayfish themselves, but also their predators through biomagnifications and producers through ecological imbalance. Th
a common crayfish species, to determine the distinct physiological and behavioral effects of the chemical pollutants pyrethrin and carbaryl. The physiological effects are measured via heart rate (
behavioral effects include the observable crayfish state, and crayfish responses to sensory stimuli (ie. a bead drop in their holding tank and a direct tail touch), which simulate natural stimuli. 
25.5µMol, pyrethrin has a more potent and immediate effect on crayfish. Physiologically, over 3 days, there is a uniform decrease in HR in crayfish under both chemicals, displaying a sickness. P
carbaryl contributes to an acute VR increase. Behaviorally, with pyrethrin application, there are relatively lower and shorter durations of HR/VR changes with a stimulus, displaying the crayfish’s in
there is little HR change but an increase in VR after the stimuli. Under the toxic environments, the crayfish may fail to perform tail flips or form aggressive posture. Tail flip and aggressive posture
to perform the acts portray behavioral decline. By the end of the experiment, the crayfish may lay on their backs with only the swimmerets in erratic motion, signaling physical deterioration. This s
should be avoided if not eliminated from implementation.
2010 AS011
BIRDS OF QUAIL HOLLOW RANCH: A STUDY OF AVIAN DIVERSITY
Alexander M. Rinkert
San Lorenzo Valley High School, Felton, CA
Quail Hollow Ranch County Park, nestled in the foothills of the Santa Cruz Mountains in California, is wellknown for its natural diversity. Among the most understudied, however, is the park’s avi
provide an insight to the birds of the park, as limited information is known and no other documented, scientific study of birds has been performed at this biologically important area. From the 1920
changed dramatically. Formerly an open grassland surrounded by sand chaparral and sand parkland, mixed evergreen forest and riparian associated habitats have become dominant through seco
disappear, avian species do as well. This led us to ask “What is the relationship between avian diversity and ecological succession?” We have been birding Quail Hollow Ranch since 2003 and be
Through a process of weekly monitoring using pointcounts, binoculars, GPS and a weather indicator, we are able to analyze and interpret which species occur in the park, and determine their hab
“guide” to the park’s present avifauna, and how it may change as ecological succession proceeds.
2012 AS011
THE EFFECTS OF ROUNDUP® AND ITS COMPONENTS ON PALAEMONETES PALUDOSUS THROUGH VARIOUS MEANS OF EXPOSURE.
Emily Catherine Seitz
Melbourne Senior High School, Melbourne, FL
Glyphosate and polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) are two components of RoundUp®. Glyphosate influences metabolic processes of the Shikimate Pathway by mimicking the molecule phos
necessary growth enzymes (Ho, 2005). POEA, the primary surfactant, is known to be toxic to human placental cells (Richard, 2005). While the parent company of RoundUp® c
this research set out to identify RoundUp® as an Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) inhibitor. Furthermore the research will identify which system(s) come under attack. To do this, Ghost shrimp we
and POEA through direct exposure, environmental contamination and bioaccumulation. Using the Ellman method to analyze AChE activity, tissue was directly exposed to the c
AChE inhibitor (p<0.01). Next, digestive and respiratory systems were assessed by exposure through environmental contamination and bioaccumulation. AChE activity was inhibited (p<0.01) und
integument system was assessed using a Bradford Assay to analyze mucoprotein concentrations when the Ghost shrimp’s environment was contaminated. Mucoprotein concentrations were not
RoundUp®. This research suggests RoundUp® and its components attack an organism through its digestive and respiratory systems but not through the integument system.
blood stream through folds in the gill tissues and through the digestive tract. Further research regarding the effects of RoundUp®, glyphosate, and POEA on the respiratory and digestive system
pinpoint diffusion locations.
2008 AS012
PROVIDING HABITAT FOR THREATENED DRYMARCHON CORAIS COUPERI UTILIZING SIMULATED GOPHERUS POLYPHEMUS BURROWS
David Brown Futch
Winter Haven High School, Winter Haven, FL
This longitudinal study provided threatened Eastern Indigo snakes a secondary habitat, modeled after gopher tortoise burrows. It was hypothesized that Eastern Indigo snakes would inhabit simul
were similar to natural burrows and that during the fourth year study a larger percentage of burrow inhabitation would be observed due to the burrows commingling with nature over time. Four years
and analytical research on annually selected factors were conducted to evaluate and determine inhabitation. During the fourth year study, two additional burrows were installed.
burrow caps were replaced with solid caps. Relative humidity and temperature were investigated more extensively, analyzing and comparing both variables during summer and winter with twowee
conditions changing with seasons. During the summer months, the simulated and natural burrows provided a constant average temperature of 27°C and 96% relative humidity. During the winter, t
relative humidity. This year’s study has seen an increase in inhabitation as compared to previous years. This year, 87.5% of the simulated burrows were inhabited compared to 50% during previo
sightings of four indigo snakes and ten opossums. After close analysis of these factors, it was concluded that conditions were highly correlated with the interior of a natural burrow.
2009 AS012
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG MAMMALIAN ENAMEL STRUCTURES, ENAMEL MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND FEEDING HABITS
Jiankui Zhao
Jilin Provincial Experimental School, Changchun, JiLin, CHINA
While many studies on human teeth have been carried out, the studies on other mammalian teeth are limited. The purpose of this project is to explore the relationships among enamel structures,
feeding habits of mammals. A total of 581 mammalian teeth of nine species from four regions of China were collected. With the help of a CCD installed to a stereoscopic microscope, I recorded t
teeth and an ocular micrometer by computer. Then, the real value of enamel prism lengths, enamel prism angles relative to enameldental junction (EDJ), and HunterSchreger band widths were a
from the video screenshots by Photoshop. Furthermore, enamel microstructure and morphology were studied by scanning electron microscope. Result comparisons showed that enamel structure
feeding habits and environment. For example, the different ranges of enamel prism distribution angle relative to EDJ were discovered. To explore the correlations between structure and function, e
stress analyses in finite element models, which were designed based on the measurement results, were carried out. Result statistical analyses not only show how enamel structures are closely r
also confirm my previous hypothesis that enamel should have optimized structure, which significantly regulates its stress distributions to better match mammalian mastication manner. These res
bionic materials, mammalian taxonomy as well as the behavioral ecology of mammals.
2007 AS012
COLORED LIGHT AND THE NOCTURNAL HUNTER
Lucia CalderonArrieta
Murphy High School, Mobile, AL, United States of America
The purpose was to ascertain if the hunting time of a primarily nocturnal hunter, the Florida Brown & Yellow Wolf Spider (Lycosa Miami), is affected by the color of light it hunts in. Crickets were c
correct size relative to the spider, and are easily attainable. My hypothesis was that the colored light would affect the spiders’ hunt time; being nocturnal, it would be least in dim light. Be
prepare “homes”, purchase crickets, and set up the test site. The test begins with the cricket and spider on opposite sides of the enclosure. Turn on the light (if appropriate), shift the partition out
Observe, noting anything of interest and the spider’s catch time. Data supports the hypothesis, numerically. More interesting is the lack of active hunting by the spiders. Sources describ
their prey or pouncing” (Bohart Museum.) In dim light, there was no active hunting, versus two instances in green light (spiders 5 and 9). This, despite that green light had the highest average catc
caught. Only spider 3 stalked in the white light trial. The cold weather coupled with their disorientation was probably the cause of the spiders’ contradictory performance. They were ordered from F
least 5 degrees higher than in Mobile. Disorientation means the spider had no indicator to orient itself from. 
2013 AS012
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERING AMOUNTS OF CAFFEINE ON THE METAMORPHOSIS RATE OF DARKLING BEETLE LARVAE
Sarah Ana Henriquez
Atonement Academy, San Antonio, TX
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of differing amounts of caffeine on the metamorphosis rate of Darkling Beetle larvae (Tenebrio molitor). Caffeine stimulates an increase
effect on adenosine receptors. Additionally, caffeine has been linked to a decrease in calcium levels (as well as calciumbinding proteins), which are key factors in development. Literary research
repair protein at the G2/M checkpoint in mitosis (Blasina, Price, Turenne, and McGowen 11351138). The hypothesis was if different sets of Darkling Beetle larvae consumed increasing amounts
would inversely decrease. 50 milligram and 100 milligram caffeine caplets were crushed and dissolved in 2 milliliters of water in two separate vials. Three 50 milligram solutions were mix
diet; the same process was applied for the 100 milligram solution in three more containers. A final set of three containers functioned as the control (i.e., no caffeine was added). Three larvae were
lamp. Daily activity of all sets was recorded. It was observed that there were higher activity levels in the larvae that consumed 50 milligrams and 100 milligrams of caffeine. The results a
larvae metamorphosis rate decreased as the amount of caffeine was increased. In conclusion, the results supported the hypothesis.
2010 AS012
THE EFFECTS OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND PH ON THE METABOLIC RATE OF JUVENILE BLUE KING CRABS (PARALITHODES PLATYPUS)
Lia Katherine Domke
JuneauDouglas High School, Juneau, AK
Increased global CO2 emissions are causing a drop in the ocean’s pH. This could have adverse affects on marine animals, one of which is the blue king crab (Paralithodes platypus). Blue king cr
one of many commercially fished species in Alaska. It would be important to know if BKC and other crabs could be impacted by global climate change. Juvenile BKC were placed in airtight conta
5.7°C, and 9.1°C) and 3 different pHs (8.1, 7.62, and 7.08) to determine environmental effects on metabolic rates (MR). Oxygen consumption was measured with an Ocean Optics oxygen probe e
cold water (n=6) had an average MR of 1.4 mlO2/h/g; crabs, in ambient (n=8) water, 1.5 mlO2/hr/g; crabs in warm water (n=8), 2.8 mlO2/hr/g. The data shows no significant difference in MR betw
therefore I accept the null hypothesis. Crabs in the high CO2 (n=7) had an average MR of 3.4 mlO2/hr/g; crabs in low CO2 (n=8), 2.6 mlO2/hr/g; crabs in ambient CO2 (n=8), 1.45 mlO2/hr/g. Ther
the low and high CO2 a post hoc twosample ttest determined a significant difference between each pH and ambient pH (p<.05). One important application of this project is determining how incre
subsequent rise in ocean acidity affects animals. According to my data, an increase in ocean acidity increases MR of juvenile blue king crabs.
Scholarship Award of $12,500 per year, renewable annually Florida Institute of Technology
2011 AS012
CONTRACEPTIVE CONUNDRUM. A MULTIGENERATIONAL STUDY OF EXPOSURE TO BIRTH CONTROL IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
According the Contaminant Candidate List 3 distributed by the U.S. EPA, ethinyl estradiol (estrogen) and norethindrone acetate (progestin) are present in public water systems. The presence of b
water has been associated with reproductive abnormalities in animals. The purpose of this experiment was to see the multigenerational effects of birth control on offspring sex ratios and reproduc
Sameaged Drosophila were exposed to the synthetic estrogen, ethinyl estradiol, and a synthetic progestin, norethindrone acetate, in five concentrations (E=2mcg/L P= 100mcg/L, E=5mcg/L P=2
E=20mcg/L P=1000mcg/L) for three generations. It was hypothesized that populations of female to male Drosophila would increase in successive generations as compared to the contro
majority of exposed concentrations, resulting in less male, more female offspring and a number of flies of unknown sex. The highest concentration produced less female and more male offspring,
groups and the control. It was also hypothesized, that birth control would increase reproduction rates in Drosophila compared to the control. This hypothesis was rejected. The total numb
rather than the hypothesized increase.
Certificate of Honorable Mention Endocrine Society
2012 AS012
REPELLING EFFECT OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON BEESA STUDY ON PREVENTING BEES FROM PESTICIDE TOXICITY
YiHua Xu
Bengbu No.3 High School, Bengbu, Anhui, CHINA
Recently more types and excessive amount of pesticides are being used to control plant pests; however, this led to harm bees which are pollinating on the plants. So protecting bees from pestici
objective of this study was to explore plant extracts to protect bees by driving them away from pesticidesprayed plants. The extracts are made by soaking Mozzie buster, Artemisia and Lavende
in pesticides. Research methods and conclusions are as follows: The three kinds of plant extracts with concentration 100 ml/L can significantly repel bees when mix the extract
Lavender with sucrose in Petri dishes, respectively. Next, we mixed three plantextracts at concentration 100 mL/L with pesticide to spray on the rapes respectively. The results
pesticidesprayed flowers compared with the flowers which were sprayed pesticides only. The efficiency of repellency is order of Mozzie buster> Lavender > Artemisia. All of them last three days
protect bees from pesticides.
First Award of $3,000 Animal Sciences Presented by Intel
2014 AS012
LEG PROPOSES, ANTENNAE DISPOSES: ANTENNAE ULTIMATELY DETERMINE THE TURN DIRECTION OF THE PILL BUG
Yasuhito Hayashi
Toyama Prefectural Takaoka High School, Takaokacity, Toyamapref, Japan
The isopod, Armadillidium vulgare, or pill bug, is about 1 cm long, has 14 legs and no wings. Isopods tend to turn in alternating directions—that is, to turn in the opposite direction of the preceding
to bilaterally asymmetrical leg movements (BALM). However, I noticed that one antenna always touches an obstruction just before the pill bug turns. The likelihood of either antenna con
contact between the bug and the obstruction. To understand the role of antennae in the alternating turning behavior, pill bugs were released in a maze of consecutive Tjunctions, which were mod
oblique contact angles, where one antenna is more likely than the other to contact the wall, alternating turning behavior was observed. However, when both antennae were equally likely to contact
obstruction), the alternating turning behavior did not occur. Antennae therefore appear to be involved in determining turn direction. However, I do not entirely reject the BALM hypothesis b
of the pill bug turned toward the wall before the antenna touched it. Consequently, alternating turning may be initiated by BALM and ultimately determined by antennae. Better understand
as the pill bug could lead to improvements in the programming of autonomous robots, such as those used for domestic cleaning, search and rescue, and related areas.
Second Award of $1,500 Animal Sciences
2014 AS013
DEVELOPMENT OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO ASSESS TERRITORY ESTABLISHMENT BY THE FIDDLER CRAB, UCA LACTEA, BASED ON TRACKING WALKING TRAJECTORIES
Yuki Mochizuki
Miyazaki Omiya High School, MiyazakiCity, MiyazakiPref., Japan
Several studies have attempted to model territory establishment by small animals. However, verification of these models is often difficult by insufficient data. The small crab, Uca lactea, was sel
of this species contrasts clearly with the tidal wetlands it inhabits, facilitating the collection of motion analysis data used for validating the developed model. Timeseries movement data captured
programming. Specifically, functions were developed to predict the direction in which the crabs would move based on the proximity of adjacent crabs. The functions revealed walking pat
function narrows down an individual's predicted position to 5.724% of the entire activity area to an accuracy of 70%, and showed that not only immediate neighbors, but also second and third clo
patterns of crabs. Crabs typically establish circular territories with burrows at the center. Burrows of different sized crabs that were in close proximity to each other were expected to have asymm
was defined by the perpendicular bisector of the line connecting the two burrows, implying that boundaries were determined based on the proximity and position of burrows relative to other burrows
carapace width, also showed that walking activity was inversely correlated with population density. The development of more accurate functions will increase our understanding of territory
density the carrying capacity of an environment. Furthermore, this technique could be employed to analyze territory establishment behavior for other species.
2011 AS013
COPING WITH COPEPODS: THE INFLUENCE OF MACROCYCLOPS ALBIDUS ON THE SURVIVAL AND MORPHOLOGY OF VIBRIO CHOLERAE 01
Freshwater copepods have been successfully used to control mosquito larvae in lab and field trials. Still, an assessment of the unintended consequences of that use is warranted. This project ex
copepods into environmental water samples impacts the presence and morphology of naturally occurring Vibrio cholerae 01. It was hypothesized that the choleracausing vibrio could survive in fre
when live copepods were present. Individual 50ml static bioassays were performed exposing both live and deceased, mature, nongravid, copepods to distilled and effluent, lotic, and lentic enviro
enhanced salinity levels. Controls excluding copepods were performed. Assays were then tested for the presence of Vibrio cholerae 01 using a fluorescent stain specific for the surface antigen of
membrane. Viablenonculturable vibrio was found in all microcosms, excluding controls, at all salinity (0.051ppt) and pH (6.68.4) levels. Adding live copepods resulted in 27% fewer colonies, bu
demonstrated vertical biofilm architecture associated with viable vibrio. Conversely, increasing salinity alone resulted in more, but less organized, vibrio colonies. Viablenonculturable vibrio also
copepods; however, these colonies lacked advanced biofilm formations after 96 hours. Unintentional importation of Vibrio cholerae 01 is problematic as demonstrated by the ongoing Haitian chole
biocontrol for containerbreeding mosquitoes will create new and/or enhance existing reservoirs for Vibrio cholerae 01 in or near human environments.
2007 AS013
IS MASS MEDICATION OF HIGHRISK UNWEANED, COMINGLED, EASTERN U.S. CATTLE JUSTIFIED?
Lacey Jayne Newlin
Burlington High School, Burlington, Oklahoma, USA
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) or shipping fever is a respiratory disease complex of enormous significance to stocker operators, feed lots, and other beef industry operations where cattle are in
companies spend millions of dollars each year in research and in advertising to control the (BRD) problem. The problem that feed lots face is whether or not mass medication is justified by lower
economical. My hypothesis was that mass medication of highrisk, unweaned, comingled Eastern U.S. cattle originating from various sale barns would be justified by lower mortality rates and low
unweaned, comingled heifers averaging 545 pounds were randomly placed into three study groups at a NW Oklahoma preconditioning lot while data was collected for 33 days. This study compar
of cattle with Nuflor, Tetradure, or no mass medication. The study compared cost per head, mortality rates, morbidity rates and feed consumption rates. The study found that at this preconditionin
was not justified and the control group exhibited the highest feed consumption. Continued research is needed to access the conditions in which mass medication is justified.
2013 AS013
THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF THE DIAPREPES ROOT WEEVIL: OLFACTORY RESPONSES TO CONSPECIFIC AND PLANT ODORS
Evan Cliff MacKay
Vero Beach High School, Vero Beach, FL
Citrus is a major industry, especially in Indian River County, but the trees are very susceptible to pests and disease including the Diaprepes root weevil. Adult weevils feed on the citrus leaves, b
stage; larvae eat the citrus roots. The current method to combat Diaprepes, pesticides, is unattractive because of toxicity, resistance, and difficulty delivering the poison to the roots where the lar
been helpful combatting many other insect species. Scientists identified a male Diaprepes pheromone that worked very well in the lab but has not been working in the field; something is missing.
females also produce an attractant pheromone or 2) plant kairomones like carvacrol and linalool are attractants. To test this hypothesis, leaves fed upon by males (mFUF) were tested in an olfact
instrument used to precisely control odors and test the sense of smell for experiments involving pheromones. The mFUF was attractive to both males and females in a statistically significant ma
shown. When female fed upon leaves (fFUF) were placed in the olfactometer against pure air, fFUF was attractive to males. When fFUF was compared to mFUF each sex chose the fed upon lea
plant compounds carvacrol and linalool were tested individually against air, they were not attractive, and carvacrol did not even provoke a response. The next test was mFUF against a combinatio
Remarkably, the blend of odors was an attractant for both males and females; the plant kairomones worked synergistically with the pheromones in a statistically significant manner. The last test
carvacrol, and linalool; though it wasn’t statistically significant there was a numerical trend towards the blend. This project has two major findings; first of all, female Diaprepes produce a pheromo
shown to attract weevils. This information is vital and could possibly impact the worldwide problem of the Diaprepes root weevil. Pheromones can be used for mating disruption, traps, or measure
rid the citrus industry of a major pest.
New American University Provost Scholarship Arizona State University
2008 AS013
HISTOPATHOLOGIC INVESTIGATION OF CARCINOGENESIS IN PLANARIANS SECONDARY TO ULTRAVIOLET C, B & A EXPOSURE, YEAR TWO
Planaria, freeliving hermaphroditic flatworms, propagate asexually by binary fission, regenerate from small fragments, and culture easily in the laboratory environment. The presence of pigment p
white (Dugesia dorotocethala, Dugesia trigina, Phagocata morganii, respectively) make planaria an attractive model for studies in pigment cell biology. Subepithelial glandular cells, rhabdoids, pro
containing rhabdites through the basement membrane to the overlying epidermis and influence the gross pigment phenotype. For this study, these different pigment phenotypes were treated with
relevance of using planaria for studies of UVinduced changes in pigmentation. Effects of UV induction include changes in terms of survival, tissue damage, suggestive tumor formation
electron microscopy reveal a tanning response to the radiation insult. The planarian pigmentary system reacts to ultraviolet radiation with the increased production of rhabdites. Confocal laser sca
and rhabdoids as fluorescence quenching factors. In addition, transmission electron microscopy illustrates morphological differences in rhabdites and rhabdoids after radiation exposure. 
responses establish the planaria as a model system for studies of pigment cell and cancer cell biology.
2013 AS013
THE CHEMICAL ECOLOGY OF THE DIAPREPES ROOT WEEVIL: OLFACTORY RESPONSES TO CONSPECIFIC AND PLANT ODORS
Evan Cliff MacKay
Citrus is a major industry, especially in Indian River County, but the trees are very susceptible to pests and disease including the Diaprepes root weevil. Adult weevils feed on the citrus leaves, b
stage; larvae eat the citrus roots. The current method to combat Diaprepes, pesticides, is unattractive because of toxicity, resistance, and difficulty delivering the poison to the roots where the lar
been helpful combatting many other insect species. Scientists identified a male Diaprepes pheromone that worked very well in the lab but has not been working in the field; something is missing.
females also produce an attractant pheromone or 2) plant kairomones like carvacrol and linalool are attractants. To test this hypothesis, leaves fed upon by males (mFUF) were tested in an olfact
instrument used to precisely control odors and test the sense of smell for experiments involving pheromones. The mFUF was attractive to both males and females in a statistically significant ma
shown. When female fed upon leaves (fFUF) were placed in the olfactometer against pure air, fFUF was attractive to males. When fFUF was compared to mFUF each sex chose the fed upon lea
plant compounds carvacrol and linalool were tested individually against air, they were not attractive, and carvacrol did not even provoke a response. The next test was mFUF against a combinatio
Remarkably, the blend of odors was an attractant for both males and females; the plant kairomones worked synergistically with the pheromones in a statistically significant manner. The last test
carvacrol, and linalool; though it wasn’t statistically significant there was a numerical trend towards the blend. This project has two major findings; first of all, female Diaprepes produce a pheromo
shown to attract weevils. This information is vital and could possibly impact the worldwide problem of the Diaprepes root weevil. Pheromones can be used for mating disruption, traps, or measure
rid the citrus industry of a major pest.
Award of $3,000 China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
2012 AS013
A STUDY OF THE ENDOGENOUS ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF THE MARINE ISOPOD EXOSPHAEROMA TRUNCATITELSON
Sasha Carmen Holloway
Springfield Convent School, Cape Town, Western Cape, SOUTH AFRICA
The aim of this project was to explore the activity rhythms of the South African endemic isopod Exosphaeroma truncatitelson, and to investigate whether such rhythms are endogenous and linked
collected on days aimed at coinciding with either a neap or spring tide. High and low energy beaches were selected as study sites. Isopods were placed in glass tanks with different experimental
measured every hour for 50 hours by recording the number of isopods swimming actively during a 30 second period. A novel method was developed whereby sinusoidal curves where fitted to the
differences across variables were tested. The activity cycle of the isopods coincides with that of the tidal cycle with a period of 1213 hours. Sinusoidal curves were fitted to all activity da
occur shortly after the high tide as the tide starts to ebb. Similar activity cycles were observed for both neap and spring tides and at different times of the year. Results also indicated that the acti
is similar. E. truncatitelson has clear activity rhythms linked to the tidal cycle. This behavioural mechanism would assist these isopods to cope with survival in the harsh intertidal environ
ebb tide ensures the isopods are not left stranded on the exposed portion of the beach once the tide has retreated.
2010 AS013
WHY SPIDERMAN CANNOT DO WITHOUT HIS SILK? EFFECTS OF DRAGLINE SILK ON JUMPING PERFORMANCE OF JUMPING SPIDER (HASARIUS ADANSONI)
YungKang Chen
National Taichung First Senior High School, Taichung City, Taiwan, CHINESE TAIPEI
Spider silk has long been known as a remarkable material with great extensibility, strength, and toughness, which are thought to relate to its complex molecular structure and production
to vary with production conditions and its material properties can be controlled by the spiders. To date, most studies on spider silks were based on webbuilding spiders; however, few studies con
spiders (e.g. jumping spiders), which cannot construct a web. In this study, we examine the jumping behaviors of jumping spiders Hasarius adansoni, and the effects of dragline silk on their jump
(a) dragline silk is necessary for the spiders to allow them land safely, and (b) jumping spiders can control their postures (e.g. body angles) to maintain its balance in the air. Our analyses show th
spider’s velocity, the dragline silk also plays a significant role in this process due to the resistant force from the stretched silk (as depicted by Hooke’s Law). Therefore, besides controlling body p
jumping spiders also use dragline silk to ensure safe landing.
2008 AS013
2009 AS013
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF STOREDPRODUCT PEST MITES: A STUDY ON THE APPLICATION OF CHEYLETUS MALACCENSIS TO THE SUPPRESSION OF TYROPHAGUS PUTRESC
Yuting Lin
Fuzhou No.1 Middle School, Fuzhou, Fujian, CHINA
This project explored the possibility for biologically controlling Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Shrank), a storedproduct pest mite that causes serious damage to grains. By using innovative methods
predator mite named Cheyletus malaccensis was identified as an effective means for suppressing Tyrophagus putrescentiae. In the process of research, difference significance analysis and mat
data analysis, and chisquare test was carried out to verify the difference between the estimated and the measured values. Among its major findings are (1) at 25 degree Celsius, an adul
Tyrophagus putrescentiae per day and on more than 100 during lifetime; (2) the functional response of different stages of Cheyletus malaccensis to Tyrophagus putrescentiae matches Holling II’s
prefers the larva and nymph to the adult of Tyrophagus putrescentiae, its selection coefficient of the larva and nymph (1.47) is higher than that of the adult (1.04) ; (4) female adult Cheyletus mala
efficiency and handle the largest amount of prey in the shortest time, and (5) with an interdisturbance constant of 0.5970, excessive population density of Cheyletus malaccensis would diminish
experiments showed that a pest mortality rate of 86.17% could be achieved 30 days after releasing Cheyletus malaccensis on Tyrophagus putrescentiae at the ratio of 1:1015 in infested storeho
significantly more effective and more environmentfriendly way for preventing pest mites in stored grains.
2008 AS013
2007 AS014
THE EFFECTS OF CELL PHONE RADIATION ON SUBSEQUENT GENERATIONS OF DROSOPHILA
Jonathan James Hill
Texico High School Texico, New Mexico USA
Our society and world uses cell phones every day, a habit that was not common to humans merely 20 yers ago. Children and adults alike are using these devices for many hours. The problem is
electromagnetic radiation. Only time will tell if years of cellular phone usage will biologically effect human organisms, including changes in intracellullar ionic concentrations, the synthesis rate of d
rates, and ultimately, reproductive capacities. Condsidering the atomic bomb the US released on Japan, its catastrophic effects and the way it still affects the offspring of those who live
radiation has biologically altered a portion of the human race. Of course that example involved a lot more radiaition than cell phones release, but it must be taken into account that over years of d
accumulate as we have yet to see. Our subsequent generations could experience some biological difficulties related to the vast exposure of cell phone radiation in their ancestors. 
second, and third generations of Drosophila that were radiated had no changes in eye color from the control group or the previous generation. Eye color never varied in any of hte Drosophila teste
were noted, though they were subtle and inconsistent. More notable were the changes in the development and growth of wing structure, and even leg mutations. Vulnerabilities to the DN
directly equal that of humans, but it is intended that this project will address the issues and hand and lend insight about exposure to radiation.
2009 AS014
LYSINE AND METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTED LOWPROTEIN CHICK DIETS: EFFECT ON GROWTH AND ECONOMIC RESPONSE
Rosemary Frances Chapple
Waterloo High School, Waterloo, IL
In recent years the cost of soybean meal and other commodities typically used in commercial broiler diets has escalated. Conversely, synthetic amino acid prices have been relatively stable.
determine how much soybean meal in chick diets can be replaced with only methionine, lysine and corn without sacrificing chick growth or feed efficiency. Thirteen diets were each fed to three pe
hatch. Corn, soybeanmeal diets formulated to three dietary protein levels (23, 20 and 17%) were compared to a positive control diet containing 30% protein. Dietary protein content was achieved
each reduced protein level, methionine and/or lysine were factorially supplemented to determine which amino acid was first limiting and evaluate growth response to dietary amino acid concentrat
maximized with methionine addition to the 23% protein diet indicating that methionine was indeed first limiting. Both methionine and lysine were required to optimize growth when fed 20% protein
fortification allowed chicks to grow maximally when fed 17% protein diets. Under current price conditions, the addition of synthetic methionine and lysine to 20% protein diets would save approxim
compared to feeding only intact protein sources. Further savings may be possible using 17% protein diets, but these diets would require fortification with other amino acids in addition to methionin
2012 AS014
TRANSRESVERATROL, NATURE’S NEW FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH: A LONGEVITY STUDY OF ITS EFFECT ON ASCARIS SUUM, YEAR SEVEN
Erin Renae Brasser
South O'Brien Community High School, Paullina, IA
transResveratrol’s ability to extend an organism’s life span was tested. Ascaris Suum, a parasitic worm found in swines' small intestines, was the focus based on their average short life span of
prepared saline solution. Worms collected from a slaughter house were placed into a saline solution (1.1 g NaH2PO4, 17g NaH2PO4, 126 g NaCl /1000mL to total 15L), then heated to 3
and cranberry puree were added to separate containers of 700 mL saline along with 5 mL ethanol. Ethanol dissolves water insoluble transResveratrol. Ascaris Suum were distributed am
remained in controlled saline with ethanol. Worm activity was observed twice daily and deceased worms were recorded and discarded. Worms treated with transResveratrol showed an
after the average projected life span of A. Suum. The test group showed an average life span of 127.66 hours compared to the control group’s average life span of 86.53 hours. A single Anova tes
groups with a significant 1.49E06 pvalue. ftests were used to show if there were variances between treatments. A ttest of unequal variances between test and control groups had a significant p
the control group and cranberry extract showed no significant difference at a .80170 pvalue. This was confirmed with multiple intracellular electrode analyses of the worm hypodermis. This data
ability to increase the life span of organisms—at least in invertebrate nematodes. This research could potentially support the longevity of humans if ingested as a dietary supplement.
2014 AS014
THE EFFECT OF WEANING AGE ON FEED CONSUMPTION AND RATE OF GAIN IN GOAT KIDS
Lauren Elizabeth Haley
Chillicothe High School, Chillicothe, MO, United States of America
This experiment’s purpose was to study the effect of weaning age on feed consumption and rate of gain in goat kids. Weaning can be a management practice that will affect the profit of the produ
and benefit the economy. Weaning allows the producer to control the feed intake and evaluate the growth of the goats. The control in this experiment was 90 day weaning, traditionally the time wh
with the same environmental, vaccination, and feeding history were separated into three different weaning age groups: 60 day, 75 day, and 90 day weaning. The amount of feed consumed was m
determine the total feed consumption over a five week period. Kids were weighed at 60 and 90 days to determine rate of gain. The 60 day group had the highest feed consumption while
control group had the highest average rate of gain while the 75 day group had the lowest. A student ttest was conducted to analyze the data. The results show statistical significance comparing t
consumption and for rate of gain. Comparing the 75 day and control groups there was statistical significance for feed consumption and rate of gain. There was no significance comparing the 60 an
consumption and rate of gain. Evaluating these results from an economic perspective indicates 60 day weaning is most cost efficient. Results show weaning age does have an impact on feed co
2013 AS014
EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE AVIAN PARATYMPANIC ORGAN: AN ETHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Zoe Pierce Buccella
Home School, Barnesville, OH
The paratympanic organ, discovered by Giovanni Vitali in 1911, is a sensory structure located in the avian middle ear. Vitali hypothesized that the paratympanic organ (PTO) allows avians to dete
recent study of the organ's morphology has supported this theory (von Bartheld 1994). Although the PTO is known to respond to barometric pressure, how avians utilize the organ is still unknown.
investigate the paratympanic organ through an analysis of barometric pressure and other meteorological conditions on avian feeding patterns. The hypothesis was that low barometric pressure, an
would yield higher feeding rates, pointing to the possibility that the PTO plays a role in adaptive avian feeding behavior. The experiment consisted of (N=81) fifteenminute observation sessions. D
of avian visits was recorded. A visit was recorded when an avian attempted to feed from a feeding device. After all data was collected, summary statistics, singlefactor ANOVA tests, and twosa
eleven avian species studied supported the hypothesis, displaying higher mean visitation during low barometric pressure (100,440.33 pa—101,253.06 pa). In darkeyed slatecolored juncos (Junco
cardinalis), and European starlings (Sturnus vugaris) this preference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The paratympanic organ has been proven to detect barometric pressure. This study open
adaptive mechanism, is responding to low barometric pressure and driving increased feeding behavior prior to inclement weather.
Third Award of $500 American Meteorological Society
2011 AS014
SEEING WHAT YOU WANT TO SEE: VISUAL EXPERIENCE AND TOPDOWN PROCESSING IN HONEYBEE
Kevin Sean Chen
The Affiliated Senior High School of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, CHINESE TAIPEI
Prior visual experience information can strengthen the ability of pattern discrimination. Such ability of utilizing prior learning experience to increase discrimination ability is socalled topdown proc
eyes communicate the information of patterns to the brain. A Ymaze was used to conduct a series of behavioral experiments, training and testing honeybees to discriminate patterns. A
patterns, honeybees had performed topdown process and then were able to discriminate those complicated patterns which they could not do so before training. We found that the pathw
colorblind in the communication network. The geometrical information such as shape, visual angle, and contour can be topdown processed, but neither position nor color. We also discovered tha
information, such as searching for moved features or discriminating contrast pattern groups which are beyond the original threshold. The mechanism of honeybee’s topdown process is c
visual information more effectively. The particular communication path accelerates the selected patterns to the brain and awakens previous relevant visual experience, which enhances the ability
1 mm3, honeybee can deal with complicated visual information. It works because of the feature extraction and topdown process mechanism.
2013 AS014
EFFECTS OF METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS ON THE AVIAN PARATYMPANIC ORGAN: AN ETHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Zoe Pierce Buccella
Home School, Barnesville, OH
The paratympanic organ, discovered by Giovanni Vitali in 1911, is a sensory structure located in the avian middle ear. Vitali hypothesized that the paratympanic organ (PTO) allows avians to dete
recent study of the organ's morphology has supported this theory (von Bartheld 1994). Although the PTO is known to respond to barometric pressure, how avians utilize the organ is still unknown.
investigate the paratympanic organ through an analysis of barometric pressure and other meteorological conditions on avian feeding patterns. The hypothesis was that low barometric pressure, an
would yield higher feeding rates, pointing to the possibility that the PTO plays a role in adaptive avian feeding behavior. The experiment consisted of (N=81) fifteenminute observation sessions. D
of avian visits was recorded. A visit was recorded when an avian attempted to feed from a feeding device. After all data was collected, summary statistics, singlefactor ANOVA tests, and twosa
eleven avian species studied supported the hypothesis, displaying higher mean visitation during low barometric pressure (100,440.33 pa—101,253.06 pa). In darkeyed slatecolored juncos (Junco
cardinalis), and European starlings (Sturnus vugaris) this preference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The paratympanic organ has been proven to detect barometric pressure. This study open
adaptive mechanism, is responding to low barometric pressure and driving increased feeding behavior prior to inclement weather.
Renewable Tuition Scholarship Awards West Virginia University
2008 AS014
CAN DIFFERENCES IN FATPROTEIN RATIOS IN THE MILK OF DAIRY COWS INDICATE KETOSIS? A FOURTH YEAR STUDY
Joy Lynn Burnham
The purpose of my experiment was to determine if fatprotein ratios, taken by the AFILAB Milk Analyzer System, could be used to indicate ketosis, a metabolic condition. I hypothesized that the
based on research I had read. To test my hypothesis, I used data from 420 Holstein cows at the Dairy Research Unit at the University of Florida. When these cows were milked, the fat a
each cow at each milking. These measurements were recorded by the AFILAB computer system and sent to me weekly. When I received data, I calculated fatprotein ratios of each cow at each
composed a spreadsheet of all the ketosis negative cows and the ketosis positive cows. I developed a base line ratio of 1.50 and considered cows with ratios of 1.50 and over "flagged" for ketos
was 34%. A data change calculation showed that cows that tested positive for ketosis had statistically higher fatprotein ratios than cows that tested negative for the disorder. My hypoth
a data change calculation.
Scholarship Award of $3,000 China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
2011 AS014
SEEING WHAT YOU WANT TO SEE: VISUAL EXPERIENCE AND TOPDOWN PROCESSING IN HONEYBEE
Kevin Sean Chen
The Affiliated Senior High School of National Kaohsiung Normal University, Kaohsiung, CHINESE TAIPEI
Prior visual experience information can strengthen the ability of pattern discrimination. Such ability of utilizing prior learning experience to increase discrimination ability is socalled topdown proc
eyes communicate the information of patterns to the brain. A Ymaze was used to conduct a series of behavioral experiments, training and testing honeybees to discriminate patterns. A
patterns, honeybees had performed topdown process and then were able to discriminate those complicated patterns which they could not do so before training. We found that the pathw
colorblind in the communication network. The geometrical information such as shape, visual angle, and contour can be topdown processed, but neither position nor color. We also discovered tha
information, such as searching for moved features or discriminating contrast pattern groups which are beyond the original threshold. The mechanism of honeybee’s topdown process is c
visual information more effectively. The particular communication path accelerates the selected patterns to the brain and awakens previous relevant visual experience, which enhances the ability
1 mm3, honeybee can deal with complicated visual information. It works because of the feature extraction and topdown process mechanism.
2014 AS015
EFFECTS OF THE TRANSGENIC AND TRADITIONAL CORN PLANT DEVELOPMENT ON THE GROWTH RATES AND DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF AN EVOLVED DIET STRAIN OF
(LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Manuela JojoaPortilla
Home School, Cleveland, MS, United States of America
Spodoptera frugiperda (FAW) is an important pest of maize. Bt resistance has been studied for more than 50 years, however there is still an interrogation on the susceptibility to the BtCry protein
susceptibility. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to continue, for a second year evaluations of an evolved diet strain of FAW; which consisted in a series of nine bioassays in order to comp
growth rates, and demographic parameters using transgenic and traditional young corn plants. After combined results from last year’s research, no significant differences in stage development we
young or fully developed plants. The rejection of the diet strain FAW to its natural host also was observed in young tissues of both varieties. Growth disruptions were found from third to sixth insta
showed a better survival than those fed with fully developed plants. In general, this investigation clearly indicates: 1) The adaptation of FAW to artificial diet; 2) FAW certainly will be able to evolv
based on the ability of the late larval stages to grow on Bt1F; 3) FAW populations found in the field should not necessarily be considered as a Bt resistant, because that populations could be orig
corn plantations; and 4) insects developed on artificial diet cannot be used for Bt resistance studies due to false susceptibility.
2013 AS015
OH, HOW YOU AFFECT MY HEART!
Samantha Rose Theriot
Houma Junior High School, Houma, LA
Problem: To determine the effects of turmeric on the heart rate of a Daphnia. Hypothesis: If the Daphnia are exposed to turmeric then it will decrease their heart rates. Experime
Control, Caffeine, Turmeric. Mix 100ml of water with 3.75mg of crushed caffeine in the beaker labeled caffeine. Mix 12ml of water with 0.2g of turmeric in the beaker labeled turmeric. Measure the
Daphnia. Place all Daphnia in the caffeine solution for 25 minutes. Then measure the heartbeats for another 10 seconds, using one Daphnia at a time. Place all Daphnia in the turmeric solution fo
the Daphnia for 10 seconds, placing one Daphnia at a time on the slide. Repeat steps for a second set of Daphnia. Results: After leaving the Daphnia in the caffeine solution for 25 minu
increased from 35.2 to 35.5 beats per 10 seconds. The second group’s average heart rate decreased from 33 to 26.4 beats per 10 seconds. After leaving the Daphnia in the turmeric solution for 2
rate decreased to 0.3 beats per 10 seconds. The second group’s average heart rate decreased to 0.9 beats per 10 seconds. Conclusion: The heart rates of the Daphnia did not seem to b
hand, the turmeric did seem to lower the heart rates significantly. Therefore, I accept my hypothesis. 
2012 AS015
RESEARCH OF LENGTHENING THE LARVAL STAGE OF YELLOW MEALWORMS, (TENEBRIO MOLITORS L.)
Hengli Zhang
Shanhu High School, Chongqing, CHINA
I like birds, and I have learned that there’s a lack of protein feed for insectivores in winter. Therefore, I’m determined to do research on lengthening the larval stage of yellow mealworms. 
groups and then fed them differently. At the same time I carried out contrast experiments. In addition, I observed and studied the four developmental stages of yellow mealworms. Metho
yellow mealworms have been found. The method involves feeding the yellow mealworms in ideal conditions. The most suitable temperature for feeding is 2225 degrees celsius. The most suitable
mixed feed for feeding is 100grams of wheat bran, 50grams of apples, 20 grams of glucose, 0.5 gram of cholesterol, 0.02 gram of choline chloride, 0.5 milligram of lactoflavin, 40 milligrams of wa
days, the pupa stage to 810 days, the larval stage to 115122 days. About 130140 days are needed to develop from eggs to adults. As a result, the larval stage can be lengthened for more than
adults can lay more eggs, and the rate of hatchability can rise. In conclusion, thanks to the scientific feeding, it is possible to lengthen the larval stage of yellow mealworms. Thus,more f
for insectivores all year round. Besides, the results can provide reference for the businessmen who feed yellow mealworms to make money.
2011 AS015
BIOLOGY OF LAND SNAILS IN NAKHONSAWAN PROVINCE NORTH OF THAILAND
Suwatthanachai Phomprasith
Takhliprachasan School, Nakornsawan
From the preliminary observation of the area in Takhli District Nakhonsawan Province ,which is covered with lime stones, there were many living organisms not usually found in other geological s
plentiful organisms observed. The objectives of this project was to survey the diversity of land snails in local area and the physical and biological conditions of their habitats. The life cycle,
The limestone areas was divided into 11 stations where the snails present in each station were recorded and classified. A total of 2 subclasses , 16 families, 24 genera and 31 species of land sna
varieties of plants and animals in the area:10 species of plants and 13 species of animals. General geographic and environmental description of the area were also noted. Different eating behavio
found in the area: consumption of only fruits and vegetables, consumption of bothplants and animals especially small land snails. We chose to further study on Cryptozona siamensis because it
abundant. Their life cycle, behaviors in breeding, hybernations and humidity were recorded. The snail hang themselves from a surface with the help of secreted mucus which could carry very larg
Cryptozona siamensis also exhibited antibacterial activity such as inhibition of growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. This study can be the basic knowledge for conservation of l
2009 AS015
CATTLE GRAZING EFFECTS ON TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDERS
Nathaniel Wade Hubbs
Camden Central High School, Camden, TN
Cattle grazing results in significant impacts to ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cattle grazing would have adverse impacts on salamander populations.
monitoring salamanders in grazed and ungrazed areas. Artificial cover boards were used for population monitoring and were placed along transects in each study area. After nine months, salaman
The mean monthly salamander count was similar between the two study areas. A comparison of the monthly counts showed no significant difference between the study areas (P < 0.05).
they were more evenly distributed in the No Cattle Study Area. Salamanders were not observed at the middle stations where cattle were most prevalent. The No Cattle Study Area had approxima
than the Cattle Study Area. The length frequency distribution showed the No Cattle Area had both juvenile and adult salamanders while the Cattle Area had only adult salamanders. Therefore, it c
supported and that cattle did have an adverse impact on the salamander population where cattle grazed.
2007 AS015
DETERMINING COLOR PREFERENCE FOR EGG LAYING IN MILKWEED INSECTS
Kari Abraham Jackson
Benjamin E. Mays High School, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
One serious problem facing farmers is destruction of crops by members of the insect order Hemiptera. These insects are pests to a variety of crops, and there is currently no effective way to con
reproduction. In this experiment, however, it was hypothesized that these insects might have a color preference for where they choose to lay their eggs. If such a preference exists, it could poten
this experiment, twenty large milkweed insects were placed in a plastic arena with access to green, yellow, red, and blue pieces of cotton on which to lay eggs. Milkweed insects were chosen as
pests, they have many characteristics in common with insects that are, including similar “tastes” for plants. The number of eggs that the milkweed insects laid on each color of cotton was monito
to prefer yellow and green. They laid an average of 149 eggs on these colors, while they laid an average of 100 on blue and red. Insects also appeared to have a directional preference, as they lai
the plastic arena. Future experimentation might explore the reasons for these preferences and their possible application to agricultural techniques.
2010 AS015
RELAY LANDSCAPE LEARNING: A NEW MODE OF LEARNING IN HONEYBEES, APIS MELLIFERA
Neil Kondamuri
Munster High School, Munster, IN
Relay Landscape Learning: A New Mode of Learning in Honeybees, Apis mellifera Abstract Honeybees (Apis mellifera) often face the problem of finding their way home from a d
kilometers. Although much is known about the learning capabilities of honeybees, how honeybees locate their home (or hive) in a novel environment is unclear. I asked the question of whether ho
(increased homing when bees are released close to a previously released site). Indeed, I found this to be true when the relay distance was 0.8 km. When the relay distance was increased to 2 km
Furthermore, I did not see a significant difference between the vanishing bearings (the direction that bees flew the moment they vanished from view) between the two groups: the relay bees (those
which they had successfully returned home previously) and the control bees. Based on these results, I propose that when bees are released in a novel environment, they search randomly for fam
them to find their home. The search radius is between 0.5 and 1 km. Understanding landscape learning in honeybees will improve our understanding of the mysterious “colony collapse disorder.”
2008 AS015
CHICKEN EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT AFTER EXPOSURE TO MMT, A FUEL ADDITIVE, YEAR TWO
Tess Linnea Peterson
Episcopal High School, Jacksonville, FL
Methylcyclopentadienyl Manganese Tricarbonyl (MMT) is an organometalic compound that works as an octane booster in gasoline. MMT contains the hard metal manganese. Researchers at Iow
exposure triggered apoptosis in PC12 cells. Researchers at Tsinghua University found that Mn triggered apoptosis in yeast cells. With this information, it was hypothesized that exposure to MMT
stem cells, causing retardation and possible deformation in chicken embryo development. To test this hypothesis, fertilized chicken eggs were exposed to concentrations of 0.01%, 0.1%
of incubation/embryonic life. Each of the 6 days of exposure, 3 eggs were exposed to pure ethanol. These eggs created the + control group. Three eggs were exposed to no substances.
incubated for 16 days total. At the end of 16 days, the eggs were removed from the incubator and placed in a freezer to terminate embryo development. The eggs were removed from the freezer a
embryos were measured. A second trial was performed. In both trials, embryos exposed to a 0.01% MMT solution on day one of embryonic life experienced the most growth retardation 37.60% i
proven statistically significant using a ttest. Tissue samples were taken from the embryos in this group. Corresponding samples were taken from embryos in the + and – control groups.
on the tissue samples to measure the concentration of Mn in the tissue. Zero Mn was detected in any samples. DNA fragmentation was observed in an agarose gel electrophoresis. The DNA had
were obtained. With this information, the tentative conclusion was made that Mn induced apoptosis does not cause growth retardation in chicken embryos, which did not support the hypothesis.
Second Award of $1,500 United States Air Force
2009 AS016
EFFICACY OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AS GROWTH REGULATORS IN AEDES POLYNESIENSIS LARVAE (PHASE I)
Samuel Ioka Meleisea
Tafuna High School, Pago Pago, AMERICAN SAMOA
The aim of this project was to study the efficacy of phytochemicals as growth regulators in Aedes polynesiensis larvae against three plants: neem (Azadirachta indica), sugar apple (Annona squa
Collection of larvae was carried out by placing buckets filled with tap water in locations suitable for Aedes polynesiensis breeding around the Meleisea residence in Tafuna, American Samoa. Extr
traditional method. Fresh neem, sugar apple, and ilangilang leaves were blended separately in tap water using a blender and then filtered through a fine cloth. Leaf extracts were tested in different
Aedes polynesiensis. Growth and mortality data were collected every 24 hours and analyzed. Results show neem with high toxicity along with sugar apple. Ilangilang has minimum effect in inhibit
extracts successfully retarded the normal growth patterns of Aedes polynesiensis larvae.
2008 AS016
NONINVASIVE ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY OF SMALL LABORATORY ANIMALS
Garik A. Melkumian
School No. 42, Lugansk, Luganskaya Oblast, UKRAINE
Current project is dedicated to the development of noninvasive instrumental complex for determination of the cardiac rhythm of small laboratory animals (rats and mice). Project is focused on the
according to the 3R strategy (Replace, Reduce, and Refine). Noninvasive ECG that is performed on human subjects is impossible for the laboratory animals due to the size, necessity to shave c
Motional activity of the animal also impairs registration of cardiac electric potentials. Current measurement methods involve immobilization, anesthesia or implantation of the electronic sensor dev
subsequent morbidity for the animal and giving unreliable ECG readouts. Suggested instrumental complex for cardiac rhythm variability measurement in small animals consists of a spec
conductive readout electrodes that register electrocardiac activity through its feet. Observational studies indicated that animal is motionless during drinking; therefore specially designed insert wit
positioned at 45degree angles was placed under the water nozzle. Such setup ensures that all neighboring feet are in contact with alternating electrodes that are connected to the preamplifier of t
steady readout. In order prolong the time animal spends drinking, special water nozzle with smaller aperture is implemented. Electrical signals are routed via preamplifier to the computer sound ca
MATLAB software. Suggested measurement method provides good reliable readouts and no animals are hurt during procedure.
2011 AS016
THE EFFECTS OF METHYL FARNESOATE ON THE MOLTING BIOLOGY OF JUVENILE RED KIN CRABS (PARALITHODES CAMTSCHATICUS)
Lia Katherine Domke
Crustaceans, commercially important animals, grow by molting—shedding their exoskeleton. Hormones regulate crab molting biology and chemicals that mimic crustacean hormones may interfer
hormone secreted from the mandibular organ in crustaceans, aids in molting, morphogenesis and developement. MF is similar to insect juvenile hormones for which pesticides were developed. M
act like MF, resides in the environment for up to 150 days. To determine effects of MF on red king crab (RKC) molting biology, specifically to investigate whether MF would change circu
RKC were exposed to dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; solvent control) or MF four times over forty days. Hemolymph was sampled three weeks after starting the treatment and 18 days later. Ecdyson
enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. Crabs exposed to DMSO (n=9) exhibited ecdysone levels that increased from 6.6 ng/ml to 34.1 ng/ml while crabs exposed to MF (n=10) exhibited levels tha
There was not a significant difference between control and experimental crabs (ttest p>0.05). Some control group crabs started a molt cycle and had high ecdysone levels after three weeks, lead
present in the MF treatment. With a larger sample size the effects of MF might have been detected. Statistical analysis showed a nonsignificant trend for MF to decrease circulating ecdysone (p
whether methoprene or analogs affect the molting cycle of juvenile RKC.
2012 AS016
EFFECTS OF TFA ON THE LIFE SPAN AND THE OVIPOSITION NUMBER OF C. ELEGANS
Song Jin
Experimental Senior High School Affiliated to Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, CHINA
Using C.elegans as a biological model, the research observed the effects of TFA on the life span and the oviposition number of three generations(P, F1 and F2) under three concentrations(0.05%
influence that TFA brought to human’s health. We found that under the condition of 3 concentrations, Trans Fatty Acids can shorten the life span of 3 generations to Caenorhabditis elega
concentration have no such effect. So it is clear that the input of Trans Fatty Acids does affect the Caenorhabditis elegans’ life span and the influence is dosage dependent. We also found that T
reducing effects to F1 and F2 C.elegans’ oviposition numbers even in low concentration, and the affect can be accumulated. The conclusion showed the relationship between TFA and the life spa
C.elegans which provides valuable references for food safety assessment. In addition to this, it also further provides that different doses of TFA and CFA have effects on human beings and anim
of Action.
2007 AS016
VULNERABILITY OF NEWBORN FRESHWATER PORPOISE IN CHINA'S YANGTZE RIVER
Wanyi Zhang
No.1 Middle School Attached to Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
The Yangtze finless porpoise is an endangered freshwater porpoise which is endemic to China's Yangtze River. The high mortality among newborns is a concern for scientists trying to conserve t
determine and understand the factors that reduce newborns chances of survival and use this information to aid the development of an effective conservation strategy for the species. To
observed social behaviors and the development of echolocation of a newborn in captivity. Changes in the calf's breathing rate and proximity to its mother were monitored when the individual was p
 The mothercalf distance was 040cm in the first month and gradually increased to 105cm in the fifth month. The frequency of mothercalf eye contact was 13384 times/hr in the first month
the fifth month. No exploratory behavior was observed until the 21st day and no echolocation was recorded until the 27th day. When the calf was exposed to ship traffic noise its breathing rate an
79.2% and 392.1% respectively. My data suggest that the first month for a calf is the most vulnerable period. Given the calf's physical reaction to the recordings, I can infer that ship traf
separate the calf from its mother during the period. A future conservation strategy should consider trying to reduce ship traffic noise in the porpoise nursery grounds.
2014 AS016
HAPLOTYPE VARIATION IN BANDED SUNFISH (ENNEACANTHUS OBESUS) FROM THE PECONIC RIVER, LONG ISLAND, NEW YORK
Allison Mary Murphy
Sayville High School, West Sayville, NY, United States of America
The banded sunfish (Enneacanthus obesus) is a threatened species in New York State. In July, 2011 and 2012, E. obesus were collected by the PI (IACUC Protocol #371/ NYSEDC Threatened a
within the Peconic River at six ponds in the Town of Brookhaven. Frozen tissue samples were provided to me in July, 2013 to determine whether E. obesus collected from these ponds would sho
and/or whether they were geographically and genetically isolated within ponds and if there was evidence for genetic flow between ponds. Oligos and thermocycler temperature settings were based
extracted using a Qiagen DNeasy blood and tissue kit. Samples underwent PCR and those that showed strong bands through gel electrophoresis were purified using a Qiagen PCR Purification kit
to a Certified Sequencing Laboratory. Trace files were checked using FinchTV to confirm that the forward and reverse pairs were valid. Mega 5.2 was used to generate a Clustal W analysis and M
phylogenetic tree. There are at least seven genetically diverse groups of E. obesus currently residing in the Peconic River system. Three SNPs were observed at site 170 (C>T), site 220 (T>C), a
result of the Clustal W Alignment. The ML bootstrapped phylogenetic tree suggests that individual fish within the system are interbreeding, but it is not clear whether this is due to management ac
2013 AS016
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DIFFERENT STRAINS OF GALLUS DOMESTICUS
Chrysta Noelle Beck
Pettisville High School, Pettisville, OH
Different strains of Gallus domesticus were studied and analyzed. Hypothesis I stated the Ross 708 X Hubbard strain will grow largest as it has two family lines that support high food efficiency a
Hypothesis II stated the Ross 708 X Hubbard strain will have the most desirable meat, as they won’t be affected by environment due to the strain’s genetics. Three pens with same dimensions w
by disinfecting each, spreading sawdust, hanging feeders, hanging lamps, and filling waterers. 25 straightrun chicks of each strain were placed in each pen. Chicks were massed weekly, and foo
 The Jumbo Cornish X had the largest average mass (2.62 kilograms), and the Cobb X Cobb had the smallest (2.16 kilograms). There is a significant difference in the average mass of the dif
Jumbo Cornish X was most efficient in converting food into body mass, and Hubbard X Ross 708 was the least efficient. Body measurements of the strains discovered Hubbard X Ross 708 brea
was longer. The meat with the most water retention was Cobb X Cobb. Both hypotheses were not supported. A pecking order may have developed in the flock, causing some birds to consume m
2010 AS016
EFFECT OF RESVERATROL, A PHYTOALEXIN, ON WEIGHT GAIN, LEG LENGTH, AND WING LENGTH OF GALLUS GALLUS CHICKS
Wendell Shane Riels
Seminary High School, Seminary, MS
This experiment explores the possibility of replacing antibiotics and synthetic growth enhancers used on baby Gallus gallus with a phytoalexin that is produced naturally in fruit. This natural comp
resveratrol enhances growth, then introducing chicks to high doses will result in a substantially larger chick. The chicks were seperated into three groups of fifteen chicks: a control, a low dose, a
was made by diluting 250mg of resveratrol into 20ml of water. Each week for three weeks the low dose group was given 5 ml of stock diluted with their daily 1000ml of water and the high dose wa
of water. All groups were given the same amount of feed each day. At the end of each week, the chick's individual weights and measurements were documented. The H group showed a larger we
to the control chicks; however, the wing length was actually shorter. The weight increase of the H group proved that resveratrol does have a positive effect on the growth rate and these results su
stockier and more compact bird, which could benefit the poultry industry. This experiment proved that it is possible to replace commonly used antibiotics with resveratrol and achieve positive resu
more testing should be done to determine the longterm benefits and potential adverse effects of using resveratrol.
Second Award of $1,500 Air Force Research Laboratory on behalf of the United States Air Force
2012 AS017
THE SECRETS OF SOIL ECOSYSTEM ENGINEERS: SPECIES COMPOSITION AND BIOMASS IN SPACE AND TIME VARIATION IN JAPAN
Sarasa Yano
Seishingakuen High School, Kashima, Ibaraki, JAPAN
Soil fauna has been recognized as important in engineering ecosystems. In particular oribatid mites, which play a significant role in litter decomposition in terrestrial ecosystems. However the det
The aim of the present research is to document the function of oribatid mites in forest ecosystems. Oribatid mites were extracted from the litter of temperate and cooltemperat
and different decay classes, and classified into species. The ratio of width to length (W/L) of chelicerae was measured to investigate morphological adaptations to different food types. Stable isot
sampled oribatid mites and the litter were analyzed by GCMS to confirm that the mites were feeding on the substrate they inhabited. Seasonal fluctuation of oribatid mite fauna
examined. Based on the habitat segregation of the mites, and the correlation of C/N ratios between mites and their substrates, it was revealed that the oribatid mite fauna also varies with decay c
closely linked to feeding preference. Various decay stages exist in the litter systems of different climatic zones and seasons, and these findings suggest that different species of oribatid
Specifically, oribatid mites with robust chelicerae feed on and inhabit fresh (early decay) litter materials, whereas those with less robust chelicerae feed on fungi or microorganisms, and inhabit so
2011 AS017
NATURAL PARASITIC RESISTANCE
Addison Thomas Hilyard
Central High School, Brooksville, FL
The purpose of the experiment is to see if a feral horse population that's left untouched in their natural environment will build up and immunity to the parasites in their environment over time. The h
that's never been treated for parasites is exposed to certain parasites in its environment over a series of generations then it will build up a natural immunity because of genetic evolution. 
very sufficient. First, you went to Cumberland Island and found five spots that had feral horses in them. Then, you collected fresh fecal samples from those five sites. Next you suspended the fe
the liquid under a microscope in a McMaster slide. The number of eggs viewed is multiplied by 25 to get the Eggs per gram. Then you disposed of the liquid in a safety area. The data c
for each of the five testing sites. For site 1 Dungeness Ruins: 290 epg, site 2 Dungeness Dunes:183 epg, for site 3 Dungeness Dock: 127 epg, site 4 Seacamp: 387 epg, site 5 Stafford Field: 662
that since the horses do in fact have parasites they have not built up an immunity but they have built up an extreme tolerance to the parasites in their environment.
2014 AS017
DEER’S PREFERENCE: TROPHY ROCK OR BIO ROCK
Reese Nelson King
Home School affiliated with Palmetto Independent Educators, Aiken, SC, United States of America
Do deer prefer trophy rocks or bio rocks? I selected this project because I love spending time outdoors and studying the habits of wild animals, especially deer. Also, the city of Aiken has a large
enjoy observing wildlife and could benefit from this information. From this project I hope to determine what kind of readily available “deer block” is the most beneficial for the purpose of attracting w
hunting. I predicted that deer would prefer trophy rocks over bio rocks. To conduct the experiment I bought trophy rocks and bio rocks, decided on two observatory locations, placed the c
were placed perpendicular to the deer trail), and checked the cameras and recorded the data every 67 days. Periodically, the trophy rock and bio rock positions were switched. Initially, th
which was located on the right. Once the blocks were switched, however, the deer preferred the trophy rock, which was now located on the right. Finally, when the blocks were switched again, the
though it was now on the left. At site 2 the deer showed an obvious preference for the trophy rock the whole time. Therefore, deer showed an obvious preference for the trophy rock, whe
or not.
2008 AS017
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ORGANIC METHOD TO COMBAT VARROA DESTRUCTOR BEE MITES, YEAR III
Ernest G Wright
Terre Haute South Vigo High School, Terre Haute, IN
The importance of bees to our economic welfare can not be over emphasized. They not only provide honey and wax, but serve as pollinators for some of major crops worldwide.
bees. Various treatments have been developed to rid hives of these parasites, but many of the treatments harm the bees and reduce queen production and longevity. This paper reports on the us
fumigate hives. The results were promising with 61% more mites killed by this method as compared to the control. Last year, the active ingredients of the sassafras smoke were tested to determ
on the honey bees and how much effect the chemicals, individually, had on the bee mites. Three major chemicals of sassafras were tested—safrole, limonene, and camphor. Initial tests have sh
varroa mites. This year I made extractions of sassafras root. I ran the extractions through a gas chromatogram mass spectrometry in order to determine what method of extraction is most efficien
beekeepers would like a pure product instead of a “home remedy” sort of treatment. The ideal procedure would extract a high volume of safrole and camphor. I am also working on developing a pr
that are isolated from honeybees, as there is currently no practical method of culturing or isolating bee mites. I would also like to figure out whether sassafras smoke leaves any harmful residue in
for isolating many varroa mites from bees in order to verify my initial results.
2013 AS017
THE EFFECTS OF ETHINYL ESTRADIOL ON LARVAL FORAGING BEHAVIOR AND PUPATION SITE PREFERENCES IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
The possible adverse effects of endocrine disrupting compounds on wildlife and humans are the focus of much current scientific research. Documented evidence of exposure to synthetic hormon
abnormalities in animals but few studies exist on the behavioral impacts of longterm endocrine disrupting compound exposure. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of E
behaviors and pupation site preferences in developing Drosophila melanogaster. The study exposed Drosophila melanogaster to the synthetic hormone Ethinyl Estradiol for seven generations in t
E=20mcg/L, and E=70mcg/L), compared to a control. The locomotion of third instar larval path length was observed in terms of the foraging behavior polymorphism rover (long path) and sitter (sh
isolated and allowed to pupate. Pupation site preferences in terms of vertical height from medium/food were recorded and analyzed. The findings suggest that the presence of Ethinyl Est
approximate phenotypic frequencies of the larval forage polymorphisms rovers/sitters in exposed populations when compared to the control. Evidence of variations of pupation site preferences wh
discovered in exposed populations. When larval foraging paths (rover/sitter) and pupation height were analyzed, a significant departure from previously observed studies, as well as the control, we
2010 AS017
IRON CONCENTRATION OF QUAGGA MUSSEL GLUE AND ITS EFFECT ON SHIPWRECKS
Amanda Grace Savagian
Divine Savior Holy Angels High School, Milwaukee, WI
Quagga mussels entered the Great Lakes in 1988, and have since spread prolifically through the freshwater system, altering ecosystems, food webs, and lake compositions. In addition to their im
also adhered to numerous historic shipwrecks within Lake Michigan, covering the wrecks entirely. A concern for their preservation led me to examine the possible effects quagga mussels may ha
explore the possible reasons for these effects; one reason would be the presence of iron, which discolors wood, in quagga glue. I tested the effect of quagga glue on oak and beech by allowing th
observed the woods’ conditions. Neither oak nor beech were discolored or otherwise altered, and thus quagga mussels do not impact submerged wood during a short period of time. Qua
substrate treatments (PVC, aluminum, painted aluminum, brass, steel, steel with POR15, copper, fiberglass, glass, and rocks) to determine the source of iron in quagga mussel threads.
attached, or is it accumulated from iron filtered from the surrounding water? Samples of threads attached to the beakers, threads attached to substrates, threads attached to mussels, bodies, and
through a spectrophotometer to determine iron concentration. The concentrations showed that iron is both accumulated from the substrate and filtered through the water; I also produced a reliable
2009 AS017
ANTHROPOGENIC RESTORATION OF AN ENDANGERED PLANT INDUCED THE INITIAL SYMPATRIC DIVERGENCE OF A BUTTERFLY
WenHao Tan
Taipei Municipal ChienKuo Senior High School, Taipei City, Taiwan(R.O.C.), CHINESE TAIPEI
Over the past ten years, Hygrophila pogonocalyx, a rare plant species with an original narrow distribution in wetlands along the west coast of central Taiwan, has been purposely cultivated cross T
extensive anthropogenic planting of certain plant species may cause sympatric divergence of herbivore insects. Here, I show that a nymphalid butterfly Junonia iphita iphita, which originally relied
formosanus, can now recognize H. pogonocalyx as a new hostplant. The potential effects of H. pogonocalyx restoration on J. i. iphita are analyzed and discussed. J. i. iphita collected fro
pogonocalyx showed distinct female oviposition preference for one or the other species, a preference that was heritable for three generations tested. Their respective preference for S. formosanus
male territoriality. The male territorial behavior together with female egglaying preference could increase the opportunity for assortative mating, which reduces the gene flow between individuals w
better growth performance on the hostplant which their parents preferred. Moreover, the survival rate of hybrid offspring was decreased, reducing the fitness of hybrid individuals. Genetic differenc
compared by analyzing microsatellite and RAPD markers. Taken together, the behavioral and physiological differences suggest that divergence has occurred between these populations. The cho
represent an early stage of sympatric speciation via host shifting.
2014 AS018
THE COMPOSITIONAL AND HORMONAL DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ORGANIC AND CONVENTIONAL MEAT, YEAR II
Sarah Elise Wanjura
Christ the King Cathedral School, Lubbock, TX, United States of America
Organic and conventional beef, chicken, and turkey were tested for both hormonal and compositional levels. It was hypothesized that the organic samples would have lower hormone levels than t
infrared analyzer was used to test the compositional levels of each sample including the fat, moisture, protein, and collagen levels. After the samples were tested using the FOSS analyzer, the s
LCMS. All samples were tested for trendione, 17Betatrenbolone, 17alphatrenbolone, estrone, betaestradiol, alphaestradiol, and melendestrol acetate. Results were collected and analyzed, and
hormones were found in higher levels in organic samples, while synthetic hormones were found in higher levels in conventional samples. The hypothesis was therefor not supported. All data was
controlled lab.
2011 AS018
A STUDY OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND ACTIN AND MYOSIN PRODUCTION
Nathan Lyne Frantz
Fleming High School, Fleming, CO
“A Study of Dietary Supplements and Actin and Myosin Production” looks at how dietary supplements effect Actin and Myosin production in muscle cells. The data was collected by DCprotein a
were purchased as the test animal and banded. They were then fed three different combinations of dietary supplements, creatine, amino acids plus electrolytes, and creatine plus electrolytes. Leg
were frozen for further testing. A leg was amputated from each crayfish once a week. After 21 days the legs that had been amputated were dissected to retrieve muscle tissue. This was massed,
tissue. Tests were done to determine protein content and estimated Actin and Myosin Content. As the period of ingestion and digestion of the dietary supplements increased, the mass extracted
however the content of protein (measured in µg) decreased significantly. All values returned for protein content were statistically significant with a 95% confidence interval. The largest value return
0.040186. The amount of estimated Actin and Myosin did not show very much indication of change with the largest change being .36%. This data does not support the hypothesis. However, it do
suggesting that the increased muscle mass is due to cellular hydration. This data is important in that it lends information on how to increase the body weight of a person or an animal relatively ea
2010 AS018
EFFECTS OF ALTERNATE FEEDING TIMES ON HAMSTERS
Hagan Maree Capnerhurst
BatesburgLeesville High School, BatesburgLeesville, SC
My purpose in performing this experiment was to determine if hamsters would be effected by a change of feeding times; not being fed for one night, yet being fed the following day. I wanted to lea
same routine of eating less during the day than at night, or if they would break habit, and make up for the night they did not receive food by eating more during the following day. I predicted that if
night, they will continue their usual routine, eating less during the the next day than on a regular night. In my experiment, I gave each hamster food during a night and a day and measured how mu
night and day. This was my control group. I then removed the food for one night, then replaced the food the following day and measured how much food was removed from the bowl for that day. B
correct. On average, the hamsters continued to consume less during the day after the night the food was removed than on a normal night. 
2007 AS018
DISPERSAL PATTERNS OF RELOCATED THREETOED BOX TURTLES (TERRAPENE CAROLINA TRIUNGUIS)
Alex Brendan Heeb
Heeb Homeschool, Chaffee, Missouri 63740
Much evidence shows declines in populations of threetoed box turtles (Terrapene carolina triunguis), a terrestrial species whose range includes Southeast Missouri. Relocation of turtles has been
populations and for reestablishing extirpated ones. This study, the first to examine movement in box turtles relocated from different distances and habitats, was conducted at two large w
Scott County, Missouri. I compared movements of a group of resident turtles and three groups of relocated turtles. Movements were recorded by radio telemetry or incidental capture. The relocate
in Oran (6 km. S. from point of release), New Hamburg (6 km. ESE), and Washington (200 km. NW). On average, turtles collected at Washington traveled twice as far as the relocated t
(statistically significant). Resident turtles moved considerably less than relocated turtles (statistically significant). The resident turtles have home ranges of a few hectares. Some relocat
establishment, but most wandered in a certain direction and continued in that direction until brumation. Both Washington and Oran turtles appeared to show some nonrandom directiona
detected in relocated turtles. Results suggest that relocation must be done carefully to prevent turtles from leaving the site or crossing hazards. While relocation may be useful for reesta
that other measures to preserve existing populations would be more effective than supplementing them with relocated turtles.
First Award of $1,000 American Statistical Association
2013 AS018
A STUDY OF TRANSPOSITION EVENTS OF THE GYPSY RETROTRANSPOSON IN THE NEURAL CELLS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND ITS RELATION TO NEURONAL DECL
Trinity Russell
Commack High School, Commack, NY
Transposable elements (TEs) are ubiquitous genomic components which occupy 40% of the human genome, 30% of the Drosophila genome, and a significant portion of many other eukaryotic or
elements which amplify via RNA intermediate, have the ability to induce mutations by inserting randomly throughout chromosomal DNA. This genomic instability disrupts gene function and de nov
fifty reported types of human diseases. In addition, TE activation in human and Drosophila brain cells is correlated with neuronal deterioration and the aging process. However, the source of the in
associated with the activation remains unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if de novo TE integration events resulted in elevated agedependent expression. A novel trapp
allowed for the visualization of transposition events through the expression of GFP. Results indicated that retrotransposons actively mobilize and proliferate throughout the genome of Drosophila m
suggests the novel hypothesis that the agedependent activation of transposable elements may disrupt functional genes and contribute to neuronal decline and disease. Transposable elements m
alter the regulatory and developmental phenotype, and contribute to genomic evolution. Thus it is crucial to have a thorough comprehension of their behavior with respect to mutagenesis, neurona
2008 AS018
DNA GENDERING OF SAWWHET OWLS (AEGOLIUS ACADIUS)
Catherine Elizabeth Ishitani
Mayo High School, Rochester, MN
Current gendering of most nonratite bird species is performed using physical characteristics such as weight and wing chord length. Using specific ratios derived from these measurements, bird g
certain size ranges. However, a significant portion of birds cannot be labeled male or female, because of borderline malefemale ratio results. The purpose of this experiment was to deter
specifically Sawwhet owls (Aegolius acadius), using noninvasive DNA molecular gendering techniques combined with physical measurements. Under the supervision of Quarry Hill Natu
caught in standing mesh nets. Physical measurements of the owls were taken, including weight, wing chord length, and culmen and halix length. Next, buccal swab DNA samples were collected,
microcentrifuge tubes. The DNA from the swabs was then isolated using a Qiagen DNeasy DNA extraction kit. After elution, the DNA was concentrated and underwent PCR and gel electrophores
owls based on DNA fragment band placement techniques. DNA fragments were sequenced, confirming correct gene amplification. Data suggests female owls have larger wing chord leng
Culmen length was determined to be a strong marker of gender differentiation. A procedure for molecular sexing of Sawwhets using buccal swabs was optimized. The success of this experiment
noninvasive buccal swab DNA can be used to gender nonratite birds, and Sawwhet owl gender correlates with physical characteristics.
2009 AS018
THE EFFECT OF THE ADIPOSE60 MUTATION ON THE LOCOMOTION OF WILD TYPE AND VESTIGIAL WINGED DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Alyssa Chelsea Ehrlich
South Side High School, Rockville Centre, NY
Obesity, a metabolic disorder characterized by the excess accumulation of body fat, has reached epidemic proportions. Genetics may be a contributing factor in the obesity epidemic. Drosophila
fruit fly, is an ideal model for genetic studies as its genome is very similar to that of humans. A genetic mutation, adipose60, abbreviated adp60, was identified in a population of obese Drosophila
the adipose gene causes loss of adipose activity, which results in increased lipid content. Adp is an evolutionarily conserved gene that controls lipid storage; it is present in mice, fruit flies, C ele
the experiment was to determine if a gene that functioned to increase lipid storage would consequently reduce energy production. In this experiment, the walking speeds of adp60, vestigial winged
were compared. The time it took each fly to walk up a vial a distance of 8 cm was measured. Two trials for 25 flies in each group were recorded, for a total of 100 flies and 200 trials. Locomotor p
metabolic function. Average times in seconds for the groups are adp60 15.178, vgadp60 12.619, vg 4.304 and wild 7.507. The data reveals taht the presence of adp60 greatly increases the w
mutation slightly decreases walking time. Adp60 appears to hinder the fat burning metabolism and consequently energy production.
2010 AS019
DOES SIZE MATTER? A STUDY OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS AND CELLULAR HYDRATION
Nathan Lyne Frantz
Fleming High School, Fleming, CO
The purpose of the project “Does Size Matter” was to look at the effects of dietary supplements on cell hydration. The effects of these supplements was be measured by measuring pictures of m
 Crayfish were purchased and banded and allowed to acclimate in their new surroundings. Crayfish food was then treated with different dietary supplements. These supplements included Crea
Muscle fibers were placed on microscope slides and pictures were taken using a digital camera. Muscle fiber size was then measured. As the period of ingestion and digestion of the die
the cells increased. The Creatine plus Electrolyte group showed the most overall growth, with a 383% growth. The control group showed the least amount of growth with a 160% growth. All of the
amount of growth compared to the control group. This data can be applied in the real world to help increase the overall amount of protein available. With a growing demand for protein in th
effective way to produce more protein, without having to purchase more animals. Creatine supplementation can be very costly however. A combination of Amino Acids and Electrolytes showed a
Creatine by itself. These two things are inexpensive when compared to Creatine. This is a cost effective way to increase overall amount of protein available for a growing world population.
2011 AS019
HOG WILD: AN INDEPTH STUDY COMPARING THE PRODUCTIVITY OF SUS SCROFA DOMESTICA BEING FED ORGANIC SWINE FEED AND CONVENTIONAL SWINE FEED
Austin James Rohrs
South O'Brien Community High School, Paullina, IA
Organic livestock production is becoming popular. Because of this, an experiment that compared the productivity of hogs with conventional versus organic feeds was designed. Hogs were tested
togain ratios, and ending carcass qualities as determined by an ultrasound. The purpose of the project was to inform pork producers which feed would be more productive. The project wa
January 2 resulting in 9 weeks of experimental data. Four littermate gilts were purchased to start the project. Two gilts were housed in each pen. The gilts were weighed every Sunday night during
the test period Kelly Bruns, Animal Science Professor at SDSU, used ultrasound to obtain the additional data needed. Using the equation (8.588(21.89*BF) + (3*LEA) + (.465*HCW)/HCW)*100, th
 Conventionally fed gilt’s ADG was 1.96 lbs. per day while the organically fed gilt’s ADG was 1.89 lbs. per day. There was a 38% difference in feed efficiency between the two test groups
3.58 lbs. feed/1 lb. gain while the organic gilt’s ratio was a staggering 5.76 lbs. feed/1 lb. gain. The conventional fed gilts ranked first and second with lean percent’s of 59.84% and 60.12% and or
percent’s of 56.85% and 57.54%. This research clearly showed that conventional swine feed is more productive and profitable for pork producers than organic feed.
2013 AS019
ANALYSIS OF C. ELEGANS LIFESPAN ON RESVERATROL AND SPERMIDINE
Rohan Mabbu Prasad
Bellefontaine High School, Bellefontaine, OH
Resveratrol is an antimicrobial compound found in many natural substances including grapes, wine, and sea weed. Spermidine is a polyamine found abundantly in sperm and grapefruit. Previous
Spermidine extend the lifespan of yeast cells, fruit flies, and other model organisms. Similar results have been observed in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The purpose of this study was t
Spermidine on the lifespan of C. elegans. To measure lifespan, synchronous culturing was conducted by incubating L4 stage animals on nematode growth media (NGM). Fluorodeoxyuridine (FUd
reproduction. The live animals were then counted during periods of 27, 814, and 1530 days. For treatment with Resveratrol and Spermidine, the drugs were mixed into two different NGM batche
DR1309 strains were tested. DR1309, a daf16(m26) daf2(e1370) double mutant, was used to investigate the effects of Resveratrol and Spermidine on nematodes with decreased lifespan. Eight
analysis shows that the mean values were higher in Wild on Resveratrol and Wild on Spermidine when compared to control and mutant on Resveratrol and Spermidine. When broken down into tim
average wild with Resveratrol had 5.6% more living nematodes when compared with Spermidine, and mutant with Resveratrol had 11.6% more living nematodes when compared with Spermidine.
2008 AS019
ACTUAL VS. EXPECTED: A TWO YEAR STUDY OF CHAROLAIS BULL STATISTICS
Abbey Elaine Thiel
Isabel High School, Isabel, SD
My research this year included two objectives. Both objectives were designed to compare traits and EPDs to price of a purebred Charolais bull. The goal of my first objective was to find the perce
their predicted price, using a formula derived from last year’s project. The goal of my second objective was to find which type of data more accurately predicted price, EPDs or actual traits. <
from Charolais breeders around the country. After receiving the data, I used Microsoft Excel to enter the data. For objective 1, I found the percentages of bulls within certain dollar amounts of the
simple regression and the Pearson Product Moment Correlation to find the coefficients of each trait to price. I then used multiple regressions and the Data Analysis Toolpak on Excel to come up
which I derived two formulas. One formula included only EPDs; the other formula included only actual traits. In objective 1, I found the greatest percentage of bulls were within $251 to $7
I found that the actual traits formula was more accurate in predicting price. Greater numbers of bulls were closer to their predicted price when applied to the actual traits formula than the EPD form
producers will better understand the traits desired by their customers when purchasing seed stock.
2009 AS019
GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF VECTORBORNE PATHOGENS
Timothy Sterling Hurd
Sumner High School, Sumner, WA
Global climate change will have far reaching consequences, which may include changes in transmission of vectorborne pathogens. Anaplasma ovis is a tickborne pathogen of sheep transmitted
I examined the correlation between A. ovis infection in flocks with the tick activity period, which is a product of the climate where the flocks are located. The percent of sheep infected in
commercially available cELISA on serum samples collected from each flock. To determine the tick activity period I used an analysis based on cumulative degreedays, with a lower temperature t
cumulative degreedays. I estimated the period of tick activity as the time between the average daily temperatures rising above the 5˚C cutoff and the accumulation of 330 degreedays. I then com
flock against the percent of sheep that tested positive for A.ovis infection. There was a strong linear relationship between tick activity period and infection (y = 1.06x – 17.2, y = % infecti
Based on this analysis I accepted my hypothesis that the longer the period of tick activity the higher the percent infection of the flock. Using this equation I can predict the effect climate change
percent of infection will increase approximately 1 percent for each day added to the tick activity period.
2007 AS019
TROPHOTAXIS BEHAVIORS OF HIRUDO NIPPONIA AND THEIR USE IN SELECTING VEGETAL REPELLENTS
LiYan Xie
The First Senior Middle School of Loudi,Loudi 417000 Hunan China
 The Japanese leech Hirudo nipponia is an invertebrate species living in paddyfields; its development and reproduction depend on biting human and domestic animals and sucking their b
spreading of many human and animal diseases. The study focused on its behavior ecology; trophotaxis reactions to different plant macerating solutions were observed so that to find out
The study also found that water wave, animal body temperature and blood smell exhibited obvious attraction to Hirudo nipponia, but sound itself did not. For different plant macerating solutions, C
satioum,Polygonum flaccidum, and Nicotiana tabacum (leaf and stalk) were selected and tested. Camellia oleifera and Nicotiana tabacum (leaf and stalk) were proved to be best candidates as re
economical,practical and environment friendly.
2014 AS019
OPTIMAL EQUINE BALANCE: APPLICATION OF BIOPHYSICS TO ASSESS AND REDUCE EQUINE INJURY, PHASE II
Erika Nicole Mueller
Clearfield High School, Clearfield, UT, United States of America
When equines fracture their phalanx, the most common ‘treatment’ is euthanasia because of the high cost and risk of surgery. Additionally, few noninvasive preventative measures and/or treatm
injuries. The purpose of this project was to investigate the application of existing digital technology to improve video analysis of a horse’s phalanx, while studying the fracture pathology of the P2
strategies. A secondary outcome is the ability to observe and predict a horse’s medical predisposition and maximum athletic performance potential, by observing speed and accelerations at natur
test methods by incorporating video analysis with threedimensional motion data and the application of physics principles, to generate reliable data to substantiate a horse’s conformation and sou
the P2 bone before, during, and after impacting the ground were examined using the aforementioned methods. Highspeed cinematography was combined with digital accelerometers to c
analysis and to identify and investigate anomalies that could be associated with the specific pathology that leads to phalanx fractures. To accomplish this, paper reference dots were placed on th
hoof, 1st, and 2nd phalanxes. Attach a small wireless accelerometer above the hoof adjacent to the P2 bone to gather data. Film each horse three times for each gait, in each test (10m straight l
were analyzed utilizing LoggerPro software.
2012 AS019
LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF EFFECTS OF BESTRADIOL ON REPRODUCTION AND LONGEVITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Laura Kathryn Irons
Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY
This longitudinal study determines if exposure to the “newly emerging contaminant” ßestradiol in five successive generations plays a role in reproduction and longevity of fruit flies. The next phas
are reversed when successive generations are raised on traditional waterbased medium. Fruit flies were bred and raised in medium containing water, 1,000 and 10,000 ng/L ßestradiol.
mate for 96 hours. Each day newly emerged flies were sexed and separated so that their lifetimes could be noted. New generations were started as soon as sufficient parents had emerged. Data
 During ßestradiol exposure, more males emerged than females. Throughout successive generations, ßestradiolexposed flies substantially outnumbered the control, especially at 10,000 ng
longer than flies not exposed to it. Females generally outlived males, but male lifespan significantly increased with the hormone. Postexposure to the hormone, ßestradiol lines were als
reproduction, with the lower concentration line emerging in greater numbers. The ßestradiol lines continued to outlive the control, suggesting an epigenetic effect. Overall, both reproduction and li
exposure.
2008 AS020
DO WILD BIRDS HAVE A SCENT PREFERENCE?
Elizabeth Anne Salvaterra
Bishop Donahue High School, McMechen, WV
My project’s purpose was to determine if the scent of wild bird food will effect how much of it is consumed. I wanted to determine if it is worth purchasing more expensive bird seed mixes that hav
more money for special blends like this, but it is known that birds have a very poor sense of smell. My hypothesis was that the scent would have no effect on how much food was consumed. 
different scents/flavorings on batches of seeds. I placed identical bird feeders, each with a different scent and a control with no scent, outside. Every third day I weight what remained in each of t
recorded all of this data. After twelve days, I repeated the experiment with double the amount of flavoring to determine if the concentration of the scent changed the results. After I had c
the first run of the experiment, the totals showed no correlation because some scented seeds were consumed more, and others less. The second run, with double the amount of flavoring, resulted
scented seeds had a higher total consumption by at least 2.2%. From this I concluded that the birds could use their weak sense of smell to distinguish the different smells of the seeds.
commercially sold scented blends.
2013 AS020
THE SCIENCE OF ANXIETY: THE EFFECTS OF LIGHT/DARK PREFERENCE ON SIMULATED PREDATORY EVASION IN DANIO RERIO
Benjamin Michael Hummel
Florence High School #141, Florence, SD
This experiment focuses on avoidance, and more specifically anxiety. Zebrafish were novel models, due to their similar neurological makeup to humans. They were also more appropriate than hu
are scared of is so varied. Finding the avoidance response of a zebrafish was as easy as discovering their natural predator, the Indian Leaf Fish. The student researcher hypothesized t
with both allopatric and sympatric predators, it would prefer the dark, due to its habit of trying to appear still when predators are near. The experiment started with 20 zebrafish that were p
minutes to acclimate to the tank, so as not to overstress the specimen. Next, the student researcher incorporated a direct source of light, only illuminating one half of the tank. Finally the student
showing the four projections of the sympatric and allopatric fish, and marking the transitions of the zebrafish from the light to dark sides of the tank. According to the data of this experim
for either the light areas of the experimental arena, but did show more visual reactions to the sympatric and allopatric predators than they did the harmless fish. In conclusion, the hypoth
prefer dark when presented with the projections, but when the projection was shown on the dark side, they all gathered to the light side of the tank.
2011 AS020
SWINE WEANING WEIGHTS: HOW DOES THE INJECTION TIME OF OXYTOCIN EFFECT WEANING WEIGHTS?
Cayla Pieper
Holy Trinity Catholic Junior Senior high School, Fort Madison, IA
I chose this project because my family owns a farrow to finish hog operation. In our operation when the sows are finished farrowing the piglets are reliant upon the mother’s milk for 21 days. The s
days one and two after farrowing. Oxytocin can be given to the sow to help during the second and third stages of labor. It also can give the sow the feeling of relaxation around other sows. In my
Oxytocin in relation to its “Letdown Reflex”. The “Letdown Reflex” is when mother sows are lactating the Oxytocin acts upon the mammary glands to help release milk for the piglets to drink. I wa
more than the first two days could effectively produce heavier piglet weights at weaning time. Based on my research, my hypothesis is that injecting Oxytocin on days one through five would be m
weaning weights. Obtained Oxytocin and other materials. How I tested my hypothesis is that I divided the sows into four different groups according to the times of injections. All sows were
different days there after for the four groups. We weighed piglets on day 20 (the day before piglets are weaned off of their mother). My hypothesis was not upheld. The piglets that had the highest
received Oxytocin on days one, two, seven, eight, nine, and ten.
2009 AS020
DIFFERENTIATION OF BOVINE ADIPOSE DERIVED ADULT STEM CELLS
Melissa Severn McDowell
Saint Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge, LA
The current success rate for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is about 12% as a result of the inability of the donor cell to be properly reprogrammed. The objective was to ultimately develop a
project characterized adult somatic stem cells from bovine adipose tissue for their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. Bovine adiposetissue derived stem (ADAS
centrifugation with phosphate buffered saline. The treatment ADAS cells and the negative control bovine fetal derived skin fibroblasts were plated into T12.5 sized flasks. The cells were cultured
differentiation conditions, and the media was changed every 34 days. After three weeks, all cells were stained and observed for a qualitative result. ADAS cells stained positive for adipocytes, c
control fetal derived skin fibroblasts did not uptake the stain, indicating a lack of induced differentiation. These results suggest that bovine ADAS cells demonstrate the appropriate characteristics
success rate of SCNT when used as donor cells. In addition, these cells can be used for tissue regeneration without the risk of rejection and will also circumvent the controversies associated with
Third Award of $500 American Physiological Society
2010 AS020
LYSINE AND METHIONINE REQUIREMENTS OF CHICKS FED LOW PROTEIN CORNSOYBEAN MEAL DIETS: A THREE YEAR STUDY
determine the amount of synthetic lysine and methionine supplementation required for low protein diets to maximize chick growth and efficiency. Eight diets were each fed to four replicate pens o
replicates contained one chick per pen and two replicates contained two chicks per pen. A basal, 20% protein cornsoybean meal diet was formulated which provided lysine and methionine plus c
NRC suggested levels, respectively. Lysine (0.30%) and methionine (0.372%) were added to the basal diet to create a summit diet containing 110% of NRC levels. Intermediate, equally spaced d
amino acid in two additional diets by appropriate supplementation while supplying a surplus of the other amino acid (110%). A 23% protein diet served as the positive control treatment. Lysine req
data were 1.19% and 1.25%, respectively. These were similar to that suggested by the NRC (1.20%). The same criteria resulted in methionine plus cystine requirement estimates of 0.89% and 0
than the 0.93% NRC suggested level. Methionine was confirmed to be the first limiting amino acid in the 20% protein basal diet. However, lysine was apparently used more efficiently than methio
body weights and grown one bird per pen grew faster, but less efficiently.
2012 AS020
WHAT STINKS?
Terrence A. Price
Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, MD
Halyomorpha halys Stål (brown marmorated stink bug, BMSB), native to several parts of Asia, is an invasive species in North America, a nuisance in homes, and an enormous crop pest (over $3
apple industry in 2010). Unfortunately, in our nation the BMSB damages over 200 different crops, is resistant to many common insecticides, and has no natural enemies. Insect specific diseases
quickly controlling this insect. Artificial diets were rehydrated with bacterial suspensions, and because the BMSB draws its food using its proboscis, the insects ingested the bacteria. When seve
for pathogenicity against the BMSB, insects in the control groups began dying. While this would normally be a setback, the controls seemed to be dying from a natural occurring pathogen and a p
was isolated from the gut of several dead insects from the control group. When TPSB07 was fed to other adult BMSB, the insects died and the same bacteria was then isolated in pure culture fro
were fulfilled, identifying TPSB07 as the pathogen. Various microbial identification methods were inconclusive, in that none of the results matched each other. TPSB07 seems to be most closel
differs in pigment and urease production. The first naturally occurring pathogen known to kill the BMSB, TPSB07 is a novel species with the potential to control the detrimental effects of the inse
2014 AS020
EFFECT OF TURMERIC ON MEMORY CURVES OF PLANARIANS: AN INVESTIGATION INTO CHEMICAL MEMORY
Supraja Chittari
George C. Marshall High School, Falls Church, VA, United States of America
The concept of chemical memory is supported by research showing memories passing between Dugesia dorotocephala (planarian) specimens. My previous year’s research demonstrated C. longa
dorotocephala through classic conditioning. Therefore, this investigation combines these two concepts and explores chemical memory of D. dorotocephala and its interactions with antioxidants in
dorotocephala specimens were divided into two groups. Only one group was exposed to a maze. All specimens were decapitated and each regenerated either a head or a tail in the presence of C
annuum, red chili). A specimen from each group (n=10) was placed in the maze under light stress and the time taken to exit the maze was recorded in a blinded manner. TTest determined statis
specimens performed significantly more quickly than unexposed specimens, suggesting the presence of chemical memory. Regenerating or retaining a head did not significantly impact time spen
control, C. annuum, showed any significant effect in most cases. C. longa showed a significant difference in specimens exposed to the maze that retained the head, suggesting that memory path
interacts differ fundamentally from those of chemical memories. Bioinformatics analysis revealed largely unannotated motifs in planarian genes and significant homology with human genes involv
results provide a glimpse into chemical memory, and these concepts can be extrapolated in neurobiological research and medical treatment.
2009 AS020
DIFFERENTIATION OF BOVINE ADIPOSE DERIVED ADULT STEM CELLS
Melissa Severn McDowell
The current success rate for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is about 12% as a result of the inability of the donor cell to be properly reprogrammed. The objective was to ultimately develop a
project characterized adult somatic stem cells from bovine adipose tissue for their ability to differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes and osteocytes. Bovine adiposetissue derived stem (ADAS
centrifugation with phosphate buffered saline. The treatment ADAS cells and the negative control bovine fetal derived skin fibroblasts were plated into T12.5 sized flasks. The cells were cultured
differentiation conditions, and the media was changed every 34 days. After three weeks, all cells were stained and observed for a qualitative result. ADAS cells stained positive for adipocytes, c
control fetal derived skin fibroblasts did not uptake the stain, indicating a lack of induced differentiation. These results suggest that bovine ADAS cells demonstrate the appropriate characteristics
success rate of SCNT when used as donor cells. In addition, these cells can be used for tissue regeneration without the risk of rejection and will also circumvent the controversies associated with
2007 AS020
AGONISM BETWEEN TWO EPIBENTHIC FRESHWATER DECAPODS
Alexander MeeWoong Kim
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
Agonism and shelter competition between red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii Girard) and bigclaw river prawns (Macrobrachium carcinus Linnaeus) were examined under captive conditions.
to define interspecies trends of competitive and behavioral dominance. Segment I established for both species a baseline of shelter usage under noncompetitive conditions. Segment II entailed a
species, to compete for possession of a single shelter. The organisms in such pairings were placed on opposite sides of a divided aquarium to acclimate prior to removal of the barrier and allowan
occupancy exchanges, the outcomes of all agonistic incidents during the experimental phase were recorded, as were the frequencies of certain behavioral sequences: meral spread, chela wave,
retreat. M. carcinus was found to exhibit a significant overall advantage over P. clarkii in terms both of agonistic victory and of shelter retention (as compared against the expected occupancy est
suggest that M. carcinus may be capable both of resisting P. clarkii invasion in its native range and precipitating faunal displacements as an introduced species elsewhere, with notable implicatio
2010 AS020
LYSINE AND METHIONINE REQUIREMENTS OF CHICKS FED LOW PROTEIN CORNSOYBEAN MEAL DIETS: A THREE YEAR STUDY
determine the amount of synthetic lysine and methionine supplementation required for low protein diets to maximize chick growth and efficiency. Eight diets were each fed to four replicate pens o
replicates contained one chick per pen and two replicates contained two chicks per pen. A basal, 20% protein cornsoybean meal diet was formulated which provided lysine and methionine plus c
NRC suggested levels, respectively. Lysine (0.30%) and methionine (0.372%) were added to the basal diet to create a summit diet containing 110% of NRC levels. Intermediate, equally spaced d
amino acid in two additional diets by appropriate supplementation while supplying a surplus of the other amino acid (110%). A 23% protein diet served as the positive control treatment. Lysine req
data were 1.19% and 1.25%, respectively. These were similar to that suggested by the NRC (1.20%). The same criteria resulted in methionine plus cystine requirement estimates of 0.89% and 0
than the 0.93% NRC suggested level. Methionine was confirmed to be the first limiting amino acid in the 20% protein basal diet. However, lysine was apparently used more efficiently than methio
body weights and grown one bird per pen grew faster, but less efficiently.
2013 AS021
THE PROFITABILITY OF BMR CORN SILAGE VS. CONVENTIONAL CORN SILAGE
Bennett Lee Gibson
Fremont High School, Ogden, UT
Profitability is a constant challenge on a dairy farm. Background research has shown that cows fed with Brown Midrib (BMR) corn silage have a higher milk production over cows fed with convent
seeds cost more and yield less per acre. The purpose of this project was to determine whether BMR Silage or Conventional Corn Silage is more profitable on a dairy farm of 1150 cows.
the difference in cost per pound to grow and harvest both conventional corn silage and BMR silage. Then the cost to feed one cow per day was calculated. Data showed that the BMR corn had an
two was to find the milk production per cow when they were fed conventional corn silage, a combination of both, and finally just BMR corn silage. Data showed that the milk production per cow inc
milk per day for cows fed just BMR corn silage. The profitability was then calculated using the price per pound that is paid to the farmer for milk multiplied by the milk production rate. The extra co
subtracted. Calculations showed that a farmer using BMR Corn Silage will have a profit of $0.80/cow/day. On a dairy of 1000 cows, this can mean an increase of over $292,000.00 a year!
2014 AS021
A SIXMONTH ANALYSIS OF THE DESERT BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS NELSONI) TRANSLOCATION PROJECT IN THE SANTA CATALINA MOUNTAIN RANGE
Meagan Alanna Bethel
Tucson Magnet High School, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
Desert Bighorn Sheep thrived in the Santa Catalina Mountains of Arizona until twenty years ago, when the population became extinct from causes yet undetermined. A multigroup restoration effo
bighorn sheep from two populations were reintroduced back into the area. This project measured the viability of the translocated population, analyzing their mobility, habitat, herding, and survival r
thirtyone sheep was observed and their radiocollar data was tracked from 11/18/13 to 04/21/14. Individuals initially scattered 27.78 km, none in conjunction with their herd, with many heading int
quality and predation, and with males striving for mountain ridges. By week four, bighorns began entering regions classified as better for survival, and by week twelve a Wilcoxon Signedranks tes
reductions in the distances traveled (M=3.114 km, SD=3.079; Z = 1.98, p < .05) and elevations explored (M=307.863km, SD=285.342; Z = 3.061, p < .01). However, by week twelve, there were
predation. Mortalities slowed only after three predators (mountain lions) known to be responsible for the deaths were removed. By the final two weeks of this study, all sheep had moved to within
in areas rated as “good” quality habitat. Four births were documented, and to this date, all survive. The rate of survival of this population remains the topic for continuous study. The dat
whether the controversial bighorn reintroduction scheduled for November 2015, should continue as planned.
2009 AS021
RESEARCH ON THE COCONUT RHINOCEROS BEETLE, ORYCTES RHINOCEROS
Natasha Leinaala Asopa'epa'e Fuiava
This experiment was to use two different methods of introducing the Oryctes virus to the rhinoceros beetle larvae in order to create the most significant way of controlling the beetle. The first trial
healthy larvae, serving as a straight introduction to the virus. The second trial extracted the virus into 5mL which was tested in four different solutions of purified water (12.5mL, 25mL, 50mL and 1
sterilized coconut husk. The control solution for the experiment was 50g of sterilized coconut husk deficient to either solutions. The reason this trial held different concentrations were to vary betw
 Each trial was held with the duration of six days, in which I observed the adequacy of each method. It was hypothesized that the best method would be the first trial, because it served as a s
Results showed that within trial one the larvae illustrated the mortality rate of thirty, fortyfour and seventyseven percents whereas trial two showed no mortality rate.
2010 AS021
EFFECTS OF STARVATION ON WILD TYPE AND ADIPOSE60 MUTANT DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Obesity, an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that presents a significant risk to health, has reached epidemic proportions worldwide. Studying genes that influence adipogenesis is a prom
the public health crisis presented by obesity. Mutation of the adipose gene, an evolutionarily conserved gene that controls triglyceride storage, causes obesity in Drosophila melanogaster. Compa
have increased longevity under starvation conditions. In this experimental study, various effects of 24hour starvation on wild type and adipose60 mutant flies were compared. To starve flies by a
nutrients, flies were transferred to an agar medium. To test locomotion, walking speeds of individual flies were measured. A manometric microrespirometer was constructed to measure oxygen co
metabolic rate. Triglyceride content was quantified using the Infinity Triglycerides Reagent; glycogen content was quantified using the Pointe Scientific Glucose Oxidase Reagent. The results of t
of prior experiments. The effect of starvation on glycogen content was nearly identical for both fly strains. Starvation decreased walking speed for wild type flies and increased walking speed for m
elevated metabolic rate; in mutant flies, starvation lowered metabolic rate. Starvation depleted triglyceride stores in wild type flies more radically than in mutant flies. Thus adipose60 flies appear
combination of increased energy storage and decreased rate of energy expenditure in response to starvation.
First Award of $1,500 American Physiological Society
2008 AS021
DETERMING ODORPREFERENCE IN LARGE MILKWEED BUGS
Kari Abraham Jackson
Benjamin E. Mays High School, Atlanta, GA
Based on the current research of Johnson (2007), many species of insects that are in the Order Hemiptera the sub – order Heteroptera are responsible for millions of dollars in damage to fruit and
of insecticides to control these pests, Miller (2007) research revealed that insecticides are ineffective in controlling many of the insects of the Order Hemiptera. The problem of this study was to u
attractants or deterrents in Oncopeltus fasciatus’ odor sensory the most frequently. Oncopeltus fasciatus were the subjects used to conduct this investigation despite the fact they are not pest. N
were selected because there are commonalties with those insects who are pests and have similar plant preferences. The hypothesis of this study was that Oncopeltus fasciatus were most likely
natural attractants: sunflower seeds, contact pheromones, and scent glands. The methodology was conducted by placing Oncopeltus fasciatus in glass ttubes that were laced with different odors
monitored for movement. The research revealed that Oncopeltus fasciatus were not attracted pure Hexan, a chemical used to extract contact pheromones from insects, and extract odors from su
demonstrated that females Oncopeltus fasciatus were slower in their movements, unlike males, who were quicker to respond. The data from this study should be utilized to identify more effective
particularly those of the order Hemiptera.
Scholarship Award of $1,500 per year for four years Kennesaw State University College of Science and Mathematics
2010 AS021
First Award of $1,000 Endocrine Society
2012 AS021
IDENTIFICATION OF OCELLAR DEVELOPMENTAL GENES IN DROSOPHILA
TyngShiuan Hsieh
Taipei First Girls High School, Taipei City, CHINESE TAIPEI
The visual system in Drosophila is composed of two large compound eyes and three simple eyes (ocelli). Since the compound eye and ocelli originates from the same eyeantenna disc, I am inte
controls the differences between the compound eye and the ocelli. I would like to screen the genes involved in compound eye/ocelli cell fate determination and also genes that play significant role
conducted by using UAS/ GAL4 system as the method to express or knockdown specific genes, singly or in combination. I use trolGal4 to express genes in the ocellar precursor cells during the
ocellar phenotype and ocellar marker gene expression pattern can be observed by microscopy and confocal microscopy respectively. So far, I found that expression of several genes in the ocelli
strongest phenotype comes from ras. Expressing the dominant negative form of ras (ras[DN]) causes the disappearance of ocelli; in contrast, expression of ras resulted in one extra ocellus. I als
form (Egfr[DN]) also causes the reduction of ocelli. Since ras is a signaling component downstream of Egfr, I suggest that EGFRRAS and downstream signaling pathway control the ocellar deve
genetic interaction of the EGFRRAS and downstream signaling pathway in ocellar development.
2007 AS021
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF A COMMON CORN CRIMINAL PHASE 4: A FOUR YEAR STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF HETERORHABDITIS NEMATODES ON THE CARPOPHILUS, LUGUBR
DJ Ray Horton
Hotchkiss High School, Hotchkiss Colorado, USA
The aim of this project has been to develop a practical application for applying nematodes as a biological pest control to a crop. Phase 4 of this project aimed to test the “T” trap, a biological cont
 In experiment 1, colonies of five hundred, secondgeneration, laboratoryreared sap beetles were placed in traps in a simulated cornfield environment. A separate group of five hundred beetle
released into the experimental area. After a sixday period the number of dead beetles in the colonies was counted. It was found that the mean number of dead beetles in the experiment
group. These results supported the hypothesis that that a small number of nematodeinfected sap beetles could result in a mass colony infection. In experiment 2 local sweet corn plots w
experimental site or a control site. One modified trap was placed at each site before and after experimentation. A count was taken of the number of beetles in each trap. This count served as an e
field before and after experimentation. Experimentation consisted of placing “T” traps containing nematodes in the fields. The “T” trap decreased beetle population in the fields by almost
which supported the hypothesis that nematodes in “T” traps can control sap beetle populations. 
Second Award of $1,500 Animal Sciences Presented by New Mexico State University
2011 AS021
COPEPOD CULTURING: CONDITIONS FOR MAXIMUM YIELD PER GENERATION
Julian Ohiro Kimura
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates, CA
Today, certain marine animals cannot be kept for research due to their specialized diet on microorganisms known as copepods. This is caused by the copepod’s unusually long period of sexual m
cannot keep up with the demand for food, forcing laboratories to keep multiple cultures. This project aims to eliminate the need for excess cultures and maximize the productivity of copepod repro
conditions. This study tested three variables: food, light, and water temperature. Each trial measured one variable at a time, lasting four weeks. Cultures were five gallon buckets hooked
culture started with 100 gravid females of the species Tigriopus Californicus. Every two weeks, water was agitated, forcing copepods into suspension, and three 20ml samples were taken. Next, t
used to estimate the population. Results showed that of the three types of algae used, Isochrysis yielded up to 360% more individuals. Temperature trials showed that copepods will not
degrees, and a temperature of about 69 degrees was ideal. Finally, a light intensity of 75 watts produced slight increases in population. The data shows Tigriopus Californoicus cultures p
Isochrysis algae paste, kept at 69 degrees Fahrenheit, and kept under 75 watt bulbs. With this data, a wider variety of marine animals such as corals and pipefish would be able to be kept for bot
2007 AS021
DJ Ray Horton
Scholarship Award of $25,000 Ricoh
2010 AS021
2007 AS021
DJ Ray Horton
2013 AS022
FLOATING NESTS/PLATFORMS FOR IMPROVED REPRODUCTIVE SUCCESS OF THE HAWAIIAN COOT (FULICA ALAI) AT PIPI‘O POND, MAPULEHU, MOLOKAI, HAWAI‘I
Sarah 'Alohilani Jenkins
Molokai High School, Ho'olehua, HI
The Hawaiian Coot (Fulica alai), endemic to Hawai‘i, is an endangered bird species. On Molokai, numerous wetlands are utilized by the Hawaiian Coot, but few are suitable nesting habitats which
chicks from landbased predators or other threats. This problem initiated my inquiry; Can artificial floating nests/platforms (AFNs) be used to improve Hawaiian Coot reproductive success in a ma
predator control is conducted? I collected baseline data on Pipi‘o Pond, an inland fishpond located in Mapulehu, Molokai, to determine if the site was suitable for coot reproduction and to
using GIS equipment/software to create a map of the current water line area and the surrounding mangrove forest. I calculated pond depth, pH, salinity, do, turbidity, and temperature. I document
pursulane (Sesuvium portulacastrum), Akiaki a native sedge, and Gambusia all of which are known as a viable food source and part of the coots’ diet. Baseline research and months of b
as a suitable nesting site. I engineered and deployed three AFNs in desirable nest locations that were inaccessible to both landbased and aerial predators and spaced to avoid territorial disputes
improve the reproductive and fledgling success in a mangrove forest or at wetlands where no predator control is conducted. Although Hawaiian coots were observed atop AFNs, it's incon
and fledging success in a mangrove forest. However, as the typical mating season for coots are MarchMay, this may be answered through continued observations as my study progresses.
2010 AS022
COMPARISON OF CANINE LYME DISEASE BETWEEN VIRGINIA AND MARYLAND
Shahleen Zehra Ahmed
Chantilly High School, Chantilly, VA
Human Lyme is difficult to track, but dogs are sentinels for disease and present Lyme similarly. This study used Canine Lyme to discover high exposure areas and specific factors that cause Lym
originally hypothesized that the rural counties (under 360 ppl/mi2) of Maryland would have higher exposure to Lyme than rural counties of Virginia. 2,517 samples from 22 counties were collected
squares tabulated from the Mini tab program indicated population density, county, and region as strong factors that influence Canine Lyme in both states (P=0.000). However, rural areas in Virgin
rural areas in Maryland (St Resid = 1.77 vs 0.34). But there were twice as many rural counties in Virginia, which might have caused bias. In Virginia, suburban counties (361—1200 ppl/mi2), the N
of Winchester, Prince William, and Loudon are most exposed to Lyme Disease based off of their standardized residual values(St Resid = 3.35, St Resid = 3.47, St Resid= 6.22, St Resid =5.70
more urban counties exposed to Lyme (St Resid = 3.55), but individually, the rural Southern Region and Charles County were most exposed (St Resid = 9.21). Socioeconomic status was insignifi
Maryland (P=0.014 vs P= 0.000), especially the high income counties of Montgomery, Anne Arundel, Howard, Charles, and Wicomico. In the end, the data did not support my hypothes
Lyme than in Maryland. However, the study fulfilled its objectives. Thus, the lack of a definitive Canine Lyme database and weak human surveillance systems merits further research in this field.
2011 AS022
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TICKS TO PREVENT LYME DISEASE USING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
Ryan Daniel Kerr
Danbury High School, Danbury, CT
Lyme disease is a serious health concern in the U.S. with more than 30,000 reported cases each year. It is caused by the bite of a blacklegged tick infected by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. S
neurological complications, arthritis and paralysis, and it is resistant to treatment in many instances. I measured the prevalence of B. burgdorferi infection to be as high as 92% using direct immu
the only method to control tick populations is through environmentally harmful insecticides. These insecticides kill not only ticks, but other nontarget species including mammals. In order to solv
control was tested using entomopathogenic nematodes: naturally occurring microscopic roundworms. I tested the effectiveness of two different species on their ability to kill ticks over a 7 day pe
killing normal adult ticks. However, both were effective in killing engorged adult females with an LD50 of 60/cm2. The nematodes were approximately half as effective against ticks compared to a
25/cm2). Since only engorged female ticks lay eggs, entomopathogenic nematodes can potentially be used on a large scale to decrease tick populations and prevent Lyme disease in an environm
2012 AS022
WE COME IN PEACE! ORCONECTES RUSTICUS DISPLAYS MINIMALLY AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIORS WHEN COMPETING WITH APPALACHIAN CRAYFISH IN MESOCOSMS
Vincent Jacob OLeary
Wheeling Central Catholic High School, Wheeling, WV
Invasive animals pose a serious threat to biodiversity and economic growth. An invasive species of crayfish, Orconectes rusticus, damages aquatic plants, hurts fish populations, and eliminates
by anglers, O. rusticus is currently found in 23 states, Canada, and France. O. rusticus is about to reach the Great Lakes and damage a multibillion dollar fishing industry. Aggression is suspect
native species when competing. To see if aggression does give O. rusticus an advantage, I observed interactions between Cambarus carinirostris, Cambarus robustus, Orconectes obscurus, and
mimic conditions based on my field observations. I hypothesized that O. rusticus would cause more frequent and longer fights. Crayfish interactions were observed over an 84 hour period. Data a
or length of aggressive interactions, disproving my hypothesis. Analysis of over 20,000 minutes suggests O. rusticus uses a more conservative approach in invasion than predicted. Rather than o
aggression, O. rusticus appears to overwhelm native species through more indirect methods. This investigation delineates a mechanism for invasion by a nonnative species of crayfish and lays
management techniques.
2011 AS022
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF TICKS TO PREVENT LYME DISEASE USING ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES
Ryan Daniel Kerr
Danbury High School, Danbury, CT
Lyme disease is a serious health concern in the U.S. with more than 30,000 reported cases each year. It is caused by the bite of a blacklegged tick infected by the Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria. S
neurological complications, arthritis and paralysis, and it is resistant to treatment in many instances. I measured the prevalence of B. burgdorferi infection to be as high as 92% using direct immu
the only method to control tick populations is through environmentally harmful insecticides. These insecticides kill not only ticks, but other nontarget species including mammals. In order to solv
control was tested using entomopathogenic nematodes: naturally occurring microscopic roundworms. I tested the effectiveness of two different species on their ability to kill ticks over a 7 day pe
killing normal adult ticks. However, both were effective in killing engorged adult females with an LD50 of 60/cm2. The nematodes were approximately half as effective against ticks compared to a
25/cm2). Since only engorged female ticks lay eggs, entomopathogenic nematodes can potentially be used on a large scale to decrease tick populations and prevent Lyme disease in an environm
2007 AS022
THE EFFECT OF IMIDACLOPRID RESISTANCE ON THE IMMUNOCOMPETENCE OF LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA
Bushra Wazed
Townsend Harris High School, Flushing New York, United States of America
The current study examined immunocompetence of resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata, to determine whether immunity is a cost of imidacloprid resistan
different ways: resistance to Beauveria bassiana and encapsulation response. Resistant larvae had higher mortality when exposed to B. bassiana. The significant mortality data analyzed by the L
Wilcoxon Test (p=0.0031) indicate that resistant beetles have a weaker immunity. Analysis of the encapsulation response by the Wilcoxon Rank Sum Tests provided contradictory but nonsignific
was no significant difference in the encapsulation response between resistant and susceptible Colorado potato beetles. The methodology used in the encapsulation test calls into question those r
be repeated to resolve the difference.
2008 AS022
REPELLING SHARKS THROUGH THE MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF THE AMPULLAE OF LORENZINI
Brooks Daniel Ruder
Keystone Upper School, San Antonio, TX
People have long searched for safe, reliable ways to repel sharks from beaches and commercial fisheries. Repellants are often harmful or fatal to sharks. This project’s goal was to move towards
magnetic properties that repel sharks by utilizing their ampullae of Lorenzini. This project examined the reaction of Whitespotted Bamboo Sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) to high strength neody
territorial and feeding situations. Because these sharks hide in tubes, two types of tubes (magnetic and nonmagnetic) were placed in the shark pools. The number of times the shark swam into e
feeding situation, dishes with or without magnets were placed in a feeding apparatus with four pieces of food. It was hypothesized that in both situations, the NIBMs would slow, if not completely
tests, one shark was never tested with magnets as a control. The sharks swam into the non magnetic tubes 286 times, and the magnetic tubes 31 times. The probability of this happening by cha
test data appears inconclusive, although there may be a small deterrent effect. In conclusion, NIBMs strongly repel sharks in territorial, although not in feeding, situations. If strong magnetic field
eventually incorporate magnets into aquatic activity gear as a repellent, which could provide a cheap and strong barrier to recreational divers, sport fishermen, and tribal fishermen alike.
Fourth Award of $500 Animal Sciences Presented by
2009 AS022
NATURAL MOSQUITO CONTROL, YEAR VII: FIELD EVALUATION OF BOTANICAL EXTRACT MEXICAN MARIGOLD, TAGETES MINUTA LUCIDA, AS A BARRIER SPRAY FOR MANAGIN
Taylor Paige Wood
Sam Houston High School, Lake Charles, LA
Over one million people die every year from mosquitoborne diseases. While it is not possible to eliminate all mosquitoes, it is important to take measures to reduce the risk of people being bitten
transmission of these diseases. My research was to assess, under field conditions, the efficacy of plant extract from Mexican marigold, Tagetes minuta lucida, as a barrier spay against various m
sprays were made from the plant leaves into 3.4% and 10.1% concentrations. Both concentrations and Riptide, a commercial insecticide used as a comparison, were tested with an outdoor autom
system. Mosquito populations were measured at the treatment and control site with EVS traps. Two 15 day trials were conducted; three nights of pretreatment, seven nights spraying, followed by
 The results of the tests conducted revealed that the Mexican marigold treatment sprays were effective in reducing adult mosquito populations. An analysis of variance and ttest showed tha
significantly different. The population reductions due to the treatments were calculated by using Mulla’s formula. Riptide showed a 78% reduction of mosquitoes followed by Mexican marigold 10.1
concentration at a 29% reduction. The obvious benefits of these plant extracts would provide a natural alternative in controlling mosquitoes therefore protecting the public and the enviro
significant impact could be worldwide because of existence and sustainability of these plants located in various countries where production could possibly be done simply and affordably.
2014 AS022
THE IPOMOEA BATATAS LEAF: ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ITS MOSQUITO LARVICIDAL AGENT
Margaret Donovan Doyle
Yorktown High School, Arlington, VA, United States of America
Past research shows that Ipomoea batatas leaf solutions yield high mortality rates in Aedes albopictus larvae (Doyle, 2013). The purpose of this project was to isolate and identify effective larvici
batatas. The hypothesis was that if Aedes albopictus larvae were added to solutions of isolated Ipomoea batatas leaf compounds, one or more solutions would be as effective as the leading com
were fed into a juicer. The juice was then funneled to remove solids. The remaining solution was then separated into components with flash chromatography and gas chromatography (GC). The co
mass spectrometry (MS). Pharmaceutical grade samples of the identified compounds through GCMS were ordered and tested on the larvae in varying concentrations and combinations.
acid, 0.04% stearic acid and a mix of both acids at 0.04% yielded 100% mortality. At 24 hours, 0.04% stearicpalmitic acid yielded 57% mortality but all remaining live larvae were notably moribu
needed to achieve 90% mortality was a 0.027% mix of stearic and palmitic acid. The hypothesis was supported. Future studies would focus on smallscale field trials with these solutions. <b
batatas leaves make their application as a mosquito larvicide promising. As Aedes albopictus invade through the international used tire trade, a 0.027% stearicpalmitic acid mix sprayed on tires
world could be an effective supplement to the oviposition traps already in use.
2008 AS022
REPELLING SHARKS THROUGH THE MAGNETIC STIMULATION OF THE AMPULLAE OF LORENZINI
Brooks Daniel Ruder
Keystone Upper School, San Antonio, TX
People have long searched for safe, reliable ways to repel sharks from beaches and commercial fisheries. Repellants are often harmful or fatal to sharks. This project’s goal was to move towards
magnetic properties that repel sharks by utilizing their ampullae of Lorenzini. This project examined the reaction of Whitespotted Bamboo Sharks (Chiloscyllium plagiosum) to high strength neody
territorial and feeding situations. Because these sharks hide in tubes, two types of tubes (magnetic and nonmagnetic) were placed in the shark pools. The number of times the shark swam into e
feeding situation, dishes with or without magnets were placed in a feeding apparatus with four pieces of food. It was hypothesized that in both situations, the NIBMs would slow, if not completely
tests, one shark was never tested with magnets as a control. The sharks swam into the non magnetic tubes 286 times, and the magnetic tubes 31 times. The probability of this happening by cha
test data appears inconclusive, although there may be a small deterrent effect. In conclusion, NIBMs strongly repel sharks in territorial, although not in feeding, situations. If strong magnetic field
eventually incorporate magnets into aquatic activity gear as a repellent, which could provide a cheap and strong barrier to recreational divers, sport fishermen, and tribal fishermen alike.
Third Award of $1,000 United States Coast Guard
2010 AS023
THE EFFECTS OF GENOTYPIC PHEROMONES ON INBREEDING OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Rio Anthony McMahon
Spring Creek High School, Spring Creek, NV
In my project, I set out to inbreed Drosophila melanogaster. After comprehensive research, I discovered that it would be possible to “trick” them into inbreeding. The way that this is possible is thr
different genotype then that of the flies being inbred. This all had to be done while isolating flies in containment area, making sure that they were of the same genotype. The way I achiev
chamber.” The way that this is done is done is by connecting two tubes with a light sponge stopper in between them. On one side of the divider was a general population of flies – Flies of differen
other side there was the inbred population – Flies of the same genotype, which were “tricked” into inbreeding. The way this contraption works, is it uses the pheromones that flies release
male courts a female, he releases a pheromone, which the female can smell and decipher how genetically close she is to the male, naturally helping prevent inbreeding. When the general populat
travel with the ambient airflow through the sponge (which serves as a barrier for both populations, and contains the inbred population to that of the same genotype), it “tricks” the female into accep
they are off the same genotype. In the end, my procedure worked, and I successfully inbred 4 generations. I found multiple mutations, mostly including some sort of pigmentation differe
mutations which I named mutants. These specimens showed major pigmentation differentiations, as well as an altered abdominal shape.
2012 AS023
THE EFFECT OF THE REMOVAL OF THE RHOPALIA ON THE AURELIA AURITA, YEAR THREE
Manu Vaish
The Aurelia aurita, or moon jellyfish, is the most commonly found jellyfish on the California coastline. The jellyfish has eight rhopalia symmetrically spaced out across the bell. The rhopalia are th
serve to sense light and gravity in the water. The objective of this study was to determine if the removal of a certain pairing of rhopalia would result in a hulahoop movement of the A
eight rhopalia would be similar to our human nervous system. One pair of rhopalia would function as the brain while the other six rhopalia would act as neurons. With the main brain pair of rhopalia
movement, whereas if a neuron pair of rhopalia were removed the jellyfish would still function normally. One pair of adjacent rhopalia was removed from 60 jellyfish and, the jellyfish w
movement without those rhopalia. There were seven different parings of rhopalia possible; therefore in order to provide support for the theory 1/7th of the cut jellyfish should have shown the hula m
exhibited the movement. Running this data through a chi square test, resulted in a 0.0918 chi square value supporting the idea that the two populations were statistically similar yet they differed in
 This study was done in order to better understand the regenerative capabilities of the Aurelia aurita, in order to one day apply the same techniques in regenerative medicines for humans.
2008 AS023
ISLAND BIOGEOGRAPHY THEORY AND SPECIES EQUILIBRIUM ANALYSIS OF FRAGMENTED FORESTS
Christina Marie Brinster
Kent Island High School, Stevensville, MD
The Wilson and MacArthur (1967) Theory of Island Biogeography proposes that the number of species on an oceanic island is a stable equilibrium resulting from the opposing rates of colonization
apply their model to bird species found in five terrestrial forest fragment “islands”. Each fragment was censused annually over 4 years. A handheld GPS unit was used to determine the
navigate a census transect created by mapping software. I determined the average number of species on each, annual rate of immigration and extinction, and the total species pool able to coloni
different, but constant (equilibrium) number of species set by the loss of some species and the introduction of new ones between censuses. I constructed an equilibrium model of each “island” by
(yaxis) against species number (xaxis). The extinction rate line connects (0,0) and the equilibrium point. The immigration rate connects (species pool, 0) and the equilibrium point. The lines inter
of species. Similar to Wilson and MacArthur’s prediction, my models indicate the extinction rate declined as forest “island” size increased. Unlike their prediction, my models indicate th
larger forest fragments. This may be attributed to habitat diversity or forest configuration which were not factors in their study of oceanic islands.
2007 AS023
SEX DETERMINATION OF SAROTHERODON BY OFFSPRING RATIO, MASS, AND LENGTH; YEAR THREE
Gabriel Heath Miller
Lefors High School, Lefors, Texas, United States of America
 Sarotherodon (Tilapia) are one of the largest cultivated aquatic species. Researchers and producers face problems when sexing Tilapia; manually sexing may present stress to the fish w
This project is an experimentation to determine a less stressful form of sexing Tilapia by use of offspring ratio, mass, and length. After researching Sarotherodon reproduction and growth patterns
ratio would be 1:1, and male Tilapia would have a greater mass and length than female. Two tanks were divided into four sections in setup. Four hundred Tilapia were used with
tank division housed 25 Tilapia, which were fed three times daily, with water added to keep tank levels equal. Observations were made daily. At maturity, the Tilapia were identified as male or fem
remained undisturbed except weighing and measuring weekly. The fish were then moved to a new section for later comparison. This was repeated two times. Out of 200 fry, th
Tilapia outgrew female Tilapia an average of 52.4 percent in mass, and 36.8 percent in length. This project finds a less stressful method of sexing Tilapia. During sexing, males
when compared to female. Offspring ratio is an ineffective technique of sexing Tilapia. Usage of mass and length comparison is not only less stressful, but also increases profit for producers and
2014 AS023
DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS ON PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLIES VANESSA CARDUI
Simiao You
Holyoke Catholic High School, Chicopee, MA, United States of America
This experiment aimed to determine the effects of artificial night lighting on the life cycle of butterflies. Painted lady butterflies, Vanessa cardui, were exposed to various light sources with differen
Light intensity and temperature were monitored by data collection devices placed in each experimental unit. Butterfly development and life cycle stage length were observed and recorded regularly
night light, which had high CCT (5000K and 6500K), were wider and longer than the larvae that grew under low CCT lights (2700K). The butterflies that grew under high CCT light sources pupated
the ones that were under low CCT lights. This research suggested that artificial night light stimulates the development of the painted lady butterflies. Whether artificial night light induces similar ef
to be explored, but light induced changes in phenology could have ecosystem wide effects.
2009 AS023
IDENTIFYING AND CLASSIFYING EVOLUTIONARY INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SWEAT BEES AND NEMATODES
Tara Anjali Adiseshan
Ramana Academy, Charlottesville, VA
Sweat bees and commensal nematodes are involved in intimate ecological relationships, the evolutionary consequences of which are relatively unexplored. This study is original and attempts to c
between sweat bees and nematodes through the examination and comparison of the phylogenetic trees of both organisms. Determining the evolutionary relationships between sweat bees and nem
understanding of the interactions between these organisms, but will also provide insights into the evolutionary history of these two species. It was hypothesized that sweat bees and nem
cospeciation, which was based on the level of intimacy between host and symbiont. Congruent phylogenies can indicate that the common ancestor to the symbiont clade infected the common an
cytochrome oxidase 1 was sequenced from multiple samples from six species of sweat bees that host nematodes. These sequences were used to construct a phylogenetic tree, which was then
for nematodes. DNA sequences were edited with the program Sequencher, then aligned in the program MEGA. With this data, a phylogenetic tree was created using the MEGA phylogeny analysi
phylogenetic trees showed clear evidence of cocladogenesis, thus supporting the hypothesis. The relationship between bees and nematodes is therefore ancient, with speciation in a host bee res
Trip to attend the China Adolescents Science and Technology Innovation Contest in July. China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
A Scholarship of $50,000. Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Animal Sciences Presented by Intel
2011 AS023
THE EFFECT OF URBANIZATION ON OCCUPANCY AND DETECTION RATES OF EASTERN SCREECH OWLS IN SUBURBAN AREAS
Kyle Thomas Bardwell
Ossining High School, Ossining, NY
Little research has been done to determine eastern screech owls (Megascops asio) sensitivity to human encroachment, and how the habitat preferences of these owls have changed due to urban
occupancy and detection of eastern screech owls relative to different degrees of human development. A novel method of detection was designed and employed using citizen science volunteers.
broadcasting calls, and detection and occupancy rates were calculated. Geographic Information System was used to determine the distance between owl survey points and preferred developmen
points, 37 eastern screech owls were located. Using detection and occupancy models, we found the significance of development features on the locations of owls. The top occupancy model psi(d
that screech owls were predominantly located in areas further away from forest and further away from high development. However the top detection model psi(.),p(dFOR+dHD) shows the detectio
and high developed areas. Eastern screech owls show a preference to live in areas in close proximity to open development described as an area with less than twenty percent impervious surface
population is resistant to low levels of human encroachment.
2013 AS023
THE EFFECT OF TURMERIC ON THE MEMORY CURVES OF PLANARIANS
Supraja Shivakumar Chittari
George C. Marshall High School, Falls Church, VA
This behavioral study aimed to determine the effect of Curcuma longa (turmeric) on the memory curves of the in vivo model Dugesia dorotocephala (brown planarian). It was hypothesized that if t
then the D. dorotocephala ability to “learn” would increase, since C. longa contains curcumin, an antioxidant that promotes neurological repair mechanisms and protection. Specimens were expos
million (ppm) concentrations of C. longa. The same concentrations of Capsicum annuum (red chili) powder were the negative control, and no antioxidant was the control. Through classic condition
were collected as data. C. longa gave positive results. The growth factor derived from the exponential curves of response time, from 0 – 200 ppm of C. longa, were 0.597, 0.510, 0.484, 0.451,
indicates increasing response rate, and Ttest shows statistically significant differences. The growth factors for negative control were not significantly different compared to the control. Therefore,
longa's positive effects, and blind testing further validated the results. Through a BLAST analysis, DjCHC gene, regulating neural regeneration, in D. dorotocephala was homologous to the clathrin
which codes for neuronspecific regulation. The GSK3 gene, involved in neural polarization and axon growth, in D. dorotocephala was homologous to the GSK3beta gene in H. sapiens, involved i
sequence alignment) also showed motifs that should be further investigated. Therefore, C. longa may potentially be a treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.
2014 AS023
DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF CORRELATED COLOR TEMPERATURE OF ARTIFICIAL LIGHTS ON PAINTED LADY BUTTERFLIES VANESSA CARDUI
Simiao You
Holyoke Catholic High School, Chicopee, MA, United States of America
This experiment aimed to determine the effects of artificial night lighting on the life cycle of butterflies. Painted lady butterflies, Vanessa cardui, were exposed to various light sources with differen
Light intensity and temperature were monitored by data collection devices placed in each experimental unit. Butterfly development and life cycle stage length were observed and recorded regularly
night light, which had high CCT (5000K and 6500K), were wider and longer than the larvae that grew under low CCT lights (2700K). The butterflies that grew under high CCT light sources pupated
the ones that were under low CCT lights. This research suggested that artificial night light stimulates the development of the painted lady butterflies. Whether artificial night light induces similar ef
to be explored, but light induced changes in phenology could have ecosystem wide effects.
2007 AS024
HOW OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AFFECTS THE SURVIVAL RATE AND SHELL MASS OF SITKA PERIWINKLES (LITTORINA SITKANA)
Jurgen Mitchell Rieselbach
JuneauDouglas High School. Juneau, AK, USA
Increases in atmospheric CO2 over the next century are predicted to cause significant reductions in ocean pH. This will change the solubility of calcium carbonate in seawater, a cause of concern
carbonatebased skeletons constitute a vital part of marine ecosystems. Currently, little is known about the sensitivity of marine invertebrates to changes in ambient pH. The sensitivity
examined by measuring their mortality rates after exposure to different pH levels for 24 or 48 hours. The effects of decreasing pH on shell mass was determined by soaking large and small shells
days and recording the mass loss. The 24hour assay resulted in an exponential relationship with a statistically significant increase (P < 0.0001) in mortality around a pH of 6.0.
relationship though not statistically significant, likely due to a smaller range of pHs assessed. There was an inverse linear relationship between pH and mass loss for both shell sizes and pH (r^2
shell mass occurred at pH < 6.0, while mass losses in large shells were not statistically significant despite a similar trend. Ocean pH is projected to decline by 0.5 units from the current
project indicates that intertidal mollusks are sensitive to pH changes. Pending decreases are likely to have dramatic effects on the structure of intertidal communities.
2008 AS024
EFFECTS OF LARVAL AGGREGATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF ASCIA MONUSTE
Bruna Favetta
Escola Americana de Campinas, Campinas, SP, BRASIL
Ascia monuste is a common butterfly of the family Pieridae, occurring in urban areas in Southeastern Brazil. They are usually found feeding on plants of the family Brassicaceae. The present stu
aggregation on A. monuste performance. The hypothesis is that aggregated larvae should have a superior performance than the larvae in smaller groups or isolated. A total of 104 butterfly larvae
plant is collard greens) in 6 boxes with ten larvae each, six boxes with five, and 14 boxes with one larva. After emerging, all butterflies were killed. For each treatment, it was recorded larval deve
wing length). The average wing length was of 3.31 cm for butterflies in groups of ten, 3.42 cm for butterflies in groups of five; and 3.37 cm for isolated larvae. There was no strong difference betw
treatments. In contrast, the isolated larvae took longer to develop when compared to the other treatments. The conclusion is that the degree of larval aggregation affected the performance of this
remained more time in the host plant, being more exposed to predation than aggregated larvae.
2009 AS024
THE EFFECT OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED BACTERIA ON CULEX TARSALIS
Julia Teuila Laufiso
Clearfield High School, Clearfield, UT
Mosquitoes are major carriers of pathogens that cause life threatening illnesses to humans and other organisms. Millions die each year due to mosquito transmitted Malaria alone
 accelerate mosquito abatement. Genetic engineering is one of the many ways to stunt the mosquito population. This study focused specifically on biological larvicide applic
to test the effect of genetically modified bacteria on mosquito growth and development. Data was gathered in the Farmington Bay Area in Northern Utah. The biological l
VectoBac G and VectoLex CG. The results of the new combination of biological larvicides from the initial field data demonstrated long term results, effecting the mosquito’s 
immediate results by rupturing the mosquito’s gut. To investigate the concentration necessary to be effective, an experiment was conducted in order to find the Lethal D
larvicide with the highest rate of larvae extermination using the biological larvicide VectoBac 12AS. The larvae were exposed to dilutions of the VectoBac 12AS in concentrations
data showed that ninety percent of the population was killed with the dilution of 20.0 ppm. These results verified that the VectoBac was effective in exterminating the larvae at<b
environmentally safe.Continuing to use gentetic engineering and testing biological larvcides for mosquito control is imperative and will save millions of lives.
2013 AS024
HOW DIFFERENT PESTICIDES AFFECT THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MEALWORMS?
Elizabeth Ann Maack
Central High School, Aberdeen, SD
This experiment was to show the affects of pesticides on mealworms. Ten mealworms were put in to ten different containers. The containers had a base towel then 100 grams of oatmeal put on t
up pieces of paper towel to absorb the pesticide. They were fed either carrots or apples. There was one controlled group and three experimental groups. The controlled was sprayed with water. Th
pesticides containing Deet, Deetfree, and Permethrin. The three pesticides were made into three different solutions: a full solution, a 1:10 solution, and a 1:100 solution. The containers and spray
pesticide. Then the carrots or apples were replaced and then the containers were sprayed according to their pesticide. This was done for about four weeks and the data was collected throughout t
with the ANOVA test of statistical analysis. This showed that the Permethrin solutions had the most significant difference in mortality rate compared to the Water. The Deet solutions had the sec
rate compared to the Water. The Deetfree solutions showed no significant difference in mortality rate compare to the Water. In conclusion the ANOVA test of statistical analysis does support the
insect’s growth rate or development is slower or mutated, then the pesticide could be harming other insects, ultimately the environment. The Permethrin and Deet solutions showed the most diffe
solutions showed the most mutations in the experiment.
2014 AS024
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY REGULATING COLD SENSITIVITY IN C. ELEGANS, A TWOYEAR STUDY
Michael Shao
Detroit Country Day Upper School, Beverly Hills, MI, United States of America
Acute cold is important to animal survival as temperature plays an important role in metabolism, lifespan, and other physiological phenomena in animals. An experiment is conducted to determine
sensation using the nematode C. elegans. The purpose of the project is to find the neural and molecular mechanisms responsible in mediating the sensitivity of cold in C. elegans. Through screen
defective in their response to cold stimuli. cat2 is used along with N2 wild type worms as a control to test the other candidates that encode for downstream neurons. Preliminary experiments sho
temperature to test C. elegans, as it is the temperature at the threshold that separates the nematodes’ swimming (>13°C) and coiling (<13°C) behavior. Worms were transferred to tubes containin
placed inside an insulated testing chamber I built, which serves to keep the temperature constant. Body thrashes were counted when the tube was exposed to both 20°C water (control) and 13°C
rate of locomotion, an easy and obvious indicator of behavioral changes in C. elegans. The body thrashes are then normalized and plotted. Candidates that showed a significantly higher amount o
were determined to be defective in reacting to cold temperatures. It is concluded that dopamine receptors and the CEP/ADE/PDE Dopaminergic neurons are involved in the neneural circuitry regu
better understanding of cold sensation can lead to mechanisms targeting specific neurons in more complex organisms to manipulate the way they sense or respond to cold stimuli.
2010 AS024
QUANTIFYING THE RELATIVE ABUNDANCE OF JUVENILE ATLANTIC STURGEON IN THE HUDSON RIVER
Sean Patrick Maiorano
Past studies have shown a significant decline of the Atlantic (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) and shortnose sturgeon (Acipenser brevirostrum) populations throughout the eastern seaboard; specifically
study was the first of its kind to monitor the Atlantic sturgeon population in the Hudson River since the closure of the commercial fishery in 1996. Relative abundance sampling for sturgeon took p
River, (River Kilometer 58 66) using anchored gill nets. During March and April of each season in which this longitudinal study took place, Atlantic (2009 CPUE .295, 2008 CPUE .082) and shortn
sturgeon catch per unit effort (CPUE) improved suggesting potential population increases of both species. It was determined that distance to the salt front had the greatest impact on the CPUE T
more frequently when we sampled below the salt front, in conditions with a higher salinity. The shortnose sturgeon show nearly an opposite preference regarding the salt front, found more frequen
front in water which has a lower salinity. These first two years of data are important as indices for future years and will help to determine the change in population and the continued effect of salin
2011 AS024
A CONTINUING STUDY OF AGGRESSION DURING SHELTER COMPETITION BETWEEN INVASIVE AND INDIGENOUS SPECIES OF CRAYFISH
Vincent Jacob O'Leary
Orconectes rusticus is an invasive species of crayfish that has spread throughout the country at an alarming rate. Orconectes rusticus propagates quickly, displacing native crayfish, and can des
which can quickly lead to the devastation of aquatic life. This project’s goal was to determine if O. rusticus is more aggressive than native crayfish and to see if this increased aggression aids in
research led me to hypothesize that an increase in aggression, either offensive or defensive, will lead to an increase in residency. Orconectes rusticus and Cambarus carinirostris participated in 8
the shelter. Resident crayfish would have to defend its shelter from an invading crayfish for 10 minutes. The observed behaviors were given a numeric value based on their level of aggression.
to find an average cumulative sum of the aggression and the percentage of time spent underneath the shelter. The data partially confirmed the primary hypothesis, since O. rusticus, especially w
more aggressive than C. carinirostris (P<0.0001), but there was no relationship between overall aggression and residency. Interestingly, O. rusticus did not show as much aggression when fightin
defending it (P<0.0001), an adaptive behavior that may be key to its success as an invader. A better understanding of O. rusticus was gained by this project and should lead to methods of preven
2012 AS024
JUMPING GALLS: A NOVEL MECHANISM FOR MOTILITY
Saige Jessica Manier
Harbor High School, Santa Cruz, CA
Goals/Objectives In four experiments, my goals are to determine why the Neuroterus saltatorius galls jump, at what optimum temperature, how much energy is required/how do galls jump
effecient are the galls? Experiment can be applied, using the same principle of momentum transfer to develop a landing rover for Mars, which has no external moving parts, using fuel efficiently.<
sense humidity? Measure the jumping rate of galls at one minute intervals. 10 galls in each of the following environments:dry(created by calcium chloride in the petri dish),humid (created
control 2: Optimum Temperature *Record jumping rate/min beginning at 0*C,continuing at intervals of 5*C 3: Energy, Jumping Mechanism, Model Test hypothes
Find the amount of fat (in grams) that the gall must contain in order to jump for its lifetime. Using the model, measure distance that the mousetrap will jump using different amounts of weight. 
 Use photographs to find distance gall can jump/min,multiply by length of galls jumping cycle. Results: Galls jump at a higher rate in dry than humid environments. Galls do n
increases to about 3035*C,then levels off. Each gall must contain 1.857x10^7 g fat to jump for the duration of life. Each gall contains 6x10^3 g fat. Galls use fat to jump through momentum tran
mile,and are very fuel efficient. Conclusions: Galls jump at a high rate in dry environments,likely to avoid drying. Galls don't jump below 20*C,so are active primarily during day.A
rate.Galls jump by momentum transfer of fluid inside larva.
2014 AS025
THE EFFECT OF D. RETICULATUM MUCUS AS A DETERRENT TO OTHER SLUGS
Katie Gwaltney
Union Grove High School, McDonough, GA, United States of America
This project is the result of experimentation on the effect of mucus of Deroceras reticulatum (slugs) as a deterrent to other slugs from garden Fragaria ananassa (strawberries). The hypothesis wa
mucus would deter other slugs from approaching plants watered or treated with their mucus. Mucus was collected from 25 slugs and then used to form a solution to water and moisten st
then introduced to the treated strawberries. Slugs were deterred from strawberry plants treated with mucus of dominant slugs. Slugs moved away from mucustreated strawberry plants on average
moved away from the controlled strawberry plants 41 percent of the time. Slugs barely attempted to move towards the experimental group. They approached the experimental group 8 percent of t
the control group. The data supported the hypothesis that mucus residue of dominant slugs would deter neophyte slugs from strawberry seedlings. The chisquared test also supported that treate
results of this experiment could lead to several practical applications. Deterring slugs from small areas would be more humane and less intrusive to the general environment. Chemical pesticides
precipitation. Using a hydrophilic protein found in slug mucus would attract water; therefore, precipitation would not wash it from the garden. Another practical application is with the push towards o
safely as a natural pest deterrent on their crops.
2010 AS025
CAN HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON EGGS CAUSE STERILITY IN ALL TROUT SPECIES?
Tylynn Marie Barker
Weber High School, Pleasant View, UT
Can Hydrostatic Pressure on eggs cause sterility in all trout species? Trout produced at local hatcheries pose a threat to Native Cutthroat Trout in the Western States. This project will help protec
pressure after fertilization on the egg causes the spindles that connect the two sets of chromosomes inside the egg to break resulting in a triploid zygote. Rainbow eggs were held at 10,000 psi fo
10,000 psi for 6 minutes, and Brook eggs were held at 10,000 psi for 7 min. The length of time varied under pressure depending on how fast or slow each species developed as an embryo. The eg
they hatched. When the fish grew to about 2 inches long, a blood sample was taken. I observed that the red blood cells of each pressure induced species were larger than the control group. Rese
cells would be larger and have a rippled appearance. To confirm that the fish were indeed triploid, blood samples were sent to an independent lab for confirmation. There are substantial benefits th
more sterile trout are produced at local, hatcheries, these fish can be stocked in lakes and streams without threatening the gene pool or habitat of Native Cutthroat Trout. Secondly, this technolog
invasive species such as Zebra and Quagga Mussels.
2009 AS025
THE EFFECT OF MALE SIZE ON CYTOPLASMIC INCOMPATIBILITY IN THE PARASITIC WASP ENCARSIA PERGANDIELLA
Mahwish Rani Khalid
Tucson High Magnet School, Tucson, AZ
Cardinium is a symbiotic bacterium that causes cytoplasmic incompatibility in the parasitic wasp Encarsia pergandiella. Cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) results in no or few offspring produced wh
with an uninfected female. Larger male wasp may house a higher density of Cardinium thus having a greater occurrence of CI. In this study the correlation between male size and cytoplasmic inc
was detemined by hind tibia length. Three treatments consisting of crosses of uninfected males with uninfected females, smallinfected males with uninfected females and large infected males w
Offspring from each treatment were counted to determine the occurrence of CI. It was expected that the larger males would have a greater degree of CI. The average number of offspring for the la
the control produced and average of 31.5 offspring.The results implied that there was no correlation between male size and the degree of CI.
2008 AS025
REFINING THE ESTABLISHMENT OF LEFT/RIGHT ASYMMETRY IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Pukar Hamal
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills, NY
Left/Right asymmetry has been quite an age old topic in science; much research has been done on different animal species to understand this asymmetric phenomenon and its longterm develop
refine the established understanding of left/right asymmetry in the nervous system exemplified by the two ASEL (left) and ASER (right) gustatory neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans. The FOZI1
involved in proper development of the ASE neurons. To further study the generation of asymmetry among both ASE neurons the transcription factor FOZI1 was labeled with YFP (yellow fluoresc
introduced into the worms as an extrachromosomal array containing DNA sequence encoding for the fusion protein FOZI1::YFP, which then was genomically integrated. This integrated strain of f
advanced microscopes and genetic crosses with mutant strains to further understand the importance of this gene regulatory factor. Based on expression of previous gene regulatory factors in the
exhibits a biased and dynamic expression pattern. It was discovered that FOZI1 does indeed have this dynamic expression pattern in the context of the ASE head neurons; thus raising further q
development of the ASE. This research will further the understanding of asymmetry generation/development of the ASE neurons and the true implications of fozi1 into this process. Studying suc
potentially answer further questions about our own neurological and developmental anatomy.
Tuition Scholarship ranging from $6,000 to $9,000 per year for four, five or six years, depending upon the degree program. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2013 AS025
CRYOPROTECTION: A 4 YEAR STUDY
Kyle Davis Ramsey
Navasota High School, Navasota, TX
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if the rate of cooling semen will affect the motility and subsequent longevity of sperm cells before and after freezing. The success of artificial insem
semen is dependent on the motility and longevity of the sperm. AI in sheep utilizes timed programs to synchronize estrus in the females. However, there will still be variation in the time of individ
motility and longevity can be increased, thus providing more live, active sperm cells in the system for a longer duration, there should be a higher conception rate for artificial insemination program
and evaluated for motility. Four samples with a minimum of 95% motility were selected and combined together to eliminate the variation among individual animals. Extender was added to the sem
groups with 2 samples for each volume. Samples were cooled using water jackets of various volumes (100ml, 400ml, 600ml, and 800ml). Samples were cooled for 3 hours and evaluated for pref
in pellet form using dry ice and liquid nitrogen. After freezing, samples were thawed and analyzed for postthaw motility and longevity every 30 minutes for 8 hours. As the volume of the water jac
sperm cells before freezing increased. Post thaw motility was greatest when the water jacket was at least 400ml, but decreased slightly at volumes greater than 400ml. Longevity was also extend
Therefore, the results show that the 400ml water jacket produced the optimum coooling rate to maximize motility and longevity.
2012 AS025
A BEHAVIORAL COMPARISON OF LABORATORY REARED STOCK AND RECENTLY CAPTURED FRUIT FLIES (DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER) USING UPWARD MOVEMENT, PHOTO
Trinity Russell
Fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) are model research organisms and are frequently reared in research institutions. Research specimens domesticated in a laboratory reared setting may have d
compared to their wild counterpart. Additionally, it has been determined that the absence of “key” stimuli in the physical environment of captive animals may result in altered behavioral patterns (P
investigation was to test for differences in the behavioral phenotype of outdoor captured fruit flies as compared to laboratory reared fruit flies with the use of three tests: an Upward Movement Ass
Assay. Results from the upward movement assay demonstrated statistical differences in the vertical moving speed of laboratory reared flies and outdoorcaught flies. Results from the phototaxic
flies exhibited a natural phototaxic behavior while laboratory reared flies exhibited an inverse phototaxic behavior. The starvation assay proved that flies recently descended from outdoor caught f
twice as long as laboratory reared flies. These results indicate a strong behavioral difference between flies that are descended from laboratory stock and flies that are caught from the outdoors. R
domesticated organisms is an imperative topic for study because changes in the behavioral phenotype may alter the results of research experiments. Thus it is crucial to have a thorough compre
flies as compared to the behavior of their wild counterpart.
2007 AS025
INTEGRATING HIRUDIN FROM HIRUDO MEDICINALIS INTO AN ANTICOAGULATIVE MEDICATION FOR EQUUS CABALLUS; PHASE I COLLECTION AND PURIFICATION
Alexandra Leigh McIe
Brewster High School, Brewster New York, USA
The protein hirudin acts as an anticoagulant and mild anesthetic. It is secreted in the saliva of Hirudo medicinalis, the medicinal leech, while feeding to act as a thrombin inhibitor in its prey. Altho
this study investigates the possibilities of hirudin's pharmaceutical usages for Equus caballus, the domestic horse. Four specific areas of the study have been outlined; collection of the hirudin sa
delivery method to Equus caballus. The first two were the main focus of this phase of the study. A saliva sample was successfully taken from the medicinal leech. The protein within it was then p
chromatography. Beaded and powdered silica gel and solgel were compared for effectiveness as the column. Also tested were silica gel, alumina and paper chromatography plates, as well as tw
methanol. Results from the thin layer chromatography confirm the extent to which the column purified the sample by showing the ranges of mass and density in the remaining particles. Through t
most effective purifier, and silica gel chromatography plates provided the clearest means by which to visualize results. There was no significant difference between solvents. Plans for future rese
multiple strains of E. coli, and testing a method by which to administer the medication. Possible methods have already been designed for trial.
2011 AS025
A NOVEL APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF CIRCADIAN BIOLOGY USING SCALE INVARIANCE OF MULTIPLE COUPLED OSCILLATIONS
Daniel Jacobs Kramer
Lynbrook Senior High School, Lynbrook, NY
Generalized arousal of the Central Nervous System (CNS) is the controlling mechanism of all of an organism’s behavioral responses. To study the extent to which genetics influence CNS arousa
and low levels of arousal and studied how changes in circadian biology correspond with changes in arousal. Levels of activity of each mouse were monitored for approximately six days, with food
Power law was used to analyze rest intervals, Fano factor to analyze activity statistics, and Wavelet Transforms to generate power spectra and to analyze the extent of interactions between osci
power law distribution among males and females, with more variations within the male group. Power law was usually followed by the higharousal mice, and was almost never followed by the lowa
circadian oscillation corresponded with weak ultradian oscillation, and vice versa. Moreover, besides rhythms noticed due to circadian and ultradian oscillators, a third rhythm was present (more s
estrous cycle. Being able to profile individual mice by detailed variations in behavior, creates an effective “fingerprint” for identifying each individual.

2009 AS026
FLIPPIN' CRAZY: THE EFFECTS OF INSULIN AND GLUCOSE ON THE ESCAPE REFLEX OF PALMERI LONGIMANUS
Bretton Roy Medlin
Does insulin and glucose have an affect on the escape reflex of Palmeri longimanus? It is hypothesized that glucose and insulin will alter the escape reflex distance. It is further hypothesized tha
insulin will shorten the distance, and the combination of glucose and insulin will lengthen the distance of the crayfish escape reflex. Different groups of crayfish were exposed to insulin a
360, and 1440 minutes the crayfish were placed in a long testing chamber where their escape reflex distance could be measured. Their antennas were touched with a glass rod, which stimulated
results, contrary to the hypothesis, it was concluded that the glucose tests shortened the escape reflex distance. The insulin test was also contradicting to the hypothesis. This test lengthened th
combination of glucose and insulin test went along with the hypothesis. It lengthened the escape reflex distance.
2008 AS026
THE SECRET LIFE OF THE PREPUPAL EMERALD ASH BORER
Martin Daniel Bobb
Rutherford B. Hayes High School, Delaware, OH
This project was developed to answer the question, “how are the mass, length, and head diameter of prepupal emerald ash borer larvae related?” The purpose of the project was to study the phys
(Agrilus planipennis) larvae. EAB, an exotic pest in North America, is a threat to native ash trees. This experiment tested the hypothesis that mass, length, and head diameter of EAB prepupae c
Delaware, Ohio, would be related and normally distributed. To test the hypothesis, 1m logs of infested ash trees, measured and peeled by the US Forest Service, were examined for larval plugs.
drawknife to expose larvae. Larvae were removed and physical characteristics were measured as previously described. Results showed a positive linear relationship among the three measuremen
hypothesis was supported; there is a relationship between EAB mass, length, and head diameter. After sampling 77 prepupae, it is difficult to determine whether the data was normally distributed
and inaccurate, contributing to the large distribution of values in that data set. While extracting prepupae, two plugs were consistently found associated with all prepupal chambers, with one larger
pupation, the adult beetle will exit through the second, larger hole made as a prepupal larva.
2010 AS026
THE IDENTIFICATION OF A HOMOLOG OF THE EXTRA CELLULAR MATIX PROTEIN, HLAMP1 IN 24 HOUR 72 HOUR ZEBRAFISH EMBRYO
Ambria Nicole McDonald
William B. Murrah High School, Jackson, MS
The partitioning of the heart into its four chambers is initiated by the formation of cardiac mesenchyme within the confines of the atrioventricular canal and proximal outflow tract. The cardiac extra
a multicomponent complex that initiates the transformation of endothelium into mesenchyme within the atrioventricular canal and proximal outflow tract of the heart. Data from my labor
this complex named hLAMP1 may function as the inducing molecule and is also present in other areas of the embryo undergoing epithelial/mesenchymal transformation, suggesting that this mol
interaction throughout the embryo. If confirmed in later studies, this protein, if nonexistent or coded for incorrectly, may cause problems in heart development for adults. It may also lead to known
sequence that codes for hLAMP1 has been identified and is used as the control for this project. In order to confirm the presence of hLAMP1 in 24hr72 hr zebrafish embryo, I analyzed data from
Hybridization, and a DNA Sequence. I report here the identification of an approximate 400 base pair clone that was homologous to the chick sequence. The In Situ whole mounts as well correspo
zebrafish’s heart with similar staining to that of the chick. Currently, my lab is looking into other animals to further the research and identification of hLAMP 1, which will, if identified, provide insig
heart defects and they too will be screened for the expression of hLAMP1.
2012 AS026
SLEEP DEPRIVATION IN FRUIT FLIES
Daulton Sink
School Without Walls, Washington, DC
There are many different theories as to why sleep is important. Probably the most logical of these theories is that sleep developed for energy conservation. In order to test this several different st
control groups six hour deprivation groups and nine hour deprivation groups. By looking at the differences between the initial and final masses of each tube percentage of weight lost was calculate
to be no significant difference in food consumption versus prior to sleep deprivation. Additionally, flies were observed with cameras, pre, and post sleep deprivation, in order to observe motor activ
deprivation groups showed medium to low activity levels, compared to post deprivation during which female flies showed little to no activity, while male activity took longer to drop. This provides e
variables other than sleep deprivation. ATP assays were performed on each group of flies. Results from assays were found to show a decrease in energy with an increase in sleep deprivation, wh
level. These results show the necessity of sleep for conservation of energy.
2014 AS026
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO DETERMINE THE FOOD PREFERENCES OF COCONUT CRABS (BIRGUS LATRO) IN CAPTIVITY
Liana Danielle Gurr
Tafuna High School, Pago Pago, American Samoa
The Birgus latro, commonly known as the coconut crab, is the largest terrestrial arthropod found in the IndoPacific region. Few research studies have been conducted on these crabs, as they are
in their habitats at night. To understand more about their food preferences, in particular, if B. latro prefer coconuts versus other food, four were captured in the village of Maloata, America
days. It was hypothesized B. latro would prefer coconuts over other foods a greater percentage of the time it was fed in captivity. Every two to five days, half of a coconut was fed to each crab, a
indicate the coconut crabs in this experimental study ate a higher percentage of other foods over coconuts, thus, disproving the hypothesis. Although no studies were documented which compare
researchers have observed B. latro eat a wide range of food in nature. This research could be used in future studies with additional coconut crabs and food choices to determine if B. latro
often than coconuts. Additionally, the results would be helpful in raising B. latro in captivity on islands where they are an endangered species.
2013 AS026
OPTIMAL EQUINE BALANCE: APPLICATION OF BIOPHYSICS TO ASSESS AND REDUCE EQUINE INJURY
A common fatality in sport horses results from the fractured P2 bone (second phalanx). Some horses (eventers/jumpers) are susceptible to fracturing of the anterior P2 bone upon initial landing; h
more prone to the distal P2 bone breaking due to a hyperextension of the joints during abrupt lateral and forward accelerations. Maximum extension of the joints occurs as the hoof contacts the g
still at the zero position. Highspeed cinematography was used to capture and analyze the motion of the P1 and P2 bones in identifying the specific pathology that leads to phalanx fractures. This
medical predisposition and predict their maximum athletic performance. Paper reference dots were placed on all sides of horses’ front legs at the hooves, 1st and 2nd phalanxes, fetlock joints, ca
and withers. Each horse was filmed three times in all gaits for both directions. Videos were imported to LoggerPro and analyzed in MSExcel. Velocity and acceleration tests were consistent in a
contrasting motions occurring in the 2nd phalanx. Throughout all tests, structurally correct Horse1 exhibited a better arc and range of motion for position, velocity and acceleration than the struct
cost effective alternative to xrays, which may reduce the cost of ownership for high value equines. Video analysis could substantiate an equine’s medical predisposition and even predict their ma
Second Award of $250 American Intellectual Property Law Association
2011 AS026
UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS OF BASAL DINOSAURIA WITH RESPECT TO BODY MASS ANALYSES
Brian Patrick Ralph
Smithtown High School West, Smithtown, NY
Recent discoveries of basal Dinosauria species have made it possible to study general evolutionary trends within the clade. In this study, basal Dinosauria was studied to determine evolutionary
body masses of 104 basal dinosaur species were estimated from femoral length measurements. Femoral length strongly correlates to body mass in many extant groups and is believed to correla
the clades Theropoda, Sauropodomorpha, and Ornithischia were obtained and branch lengths were estimated from fossil occurrence data. Ancestral body masses were estimated for each phylog
program BayesTraits, four tests were run on each phylogeny: random walk model (null model), punctuated evolution, directional evolution, and modifications of model parameters. These tests out
Likelihood Ratio Tests checked for statistically significant differences between models. All failed directional evolution tests, but passed punctuated evolution and parameter tests, signifying an ad
these results we can argue a case study in support of macroevolution, in addition to understanding other integral trends since body mass correlates with significant biological functions.
Certificate of Honorable Mention American Statistical Association
2013 AS026
OPTIMAL EQUINE BALANCE: APPLICATION OF BIOPHYSICS TO ASSESS AND REDUCE EQUINE INJURY
A common fatality in sport horses results from the fractured P2 bone (second phalanx). Some horses (eventers/jumpers) are susceptible to fracturing of the anterior P2 bone upon initial landing; h
more prone to the distal P2 bone breaking due to a hyperextension of the joints during abrupt lateral and forward accelerations. Maximum extension of the joints occurs as the hoof contacts the g
still at the zero position. Highspeed cinematography was used to capture and analyze the motion of the P1 and P2 bones in identifying the specific pathology that leads to phalanx fractures. This
medical predisposition and predict their maximum athletic performance. Paper reference dots were placed on all sides of horses’ front legs at the hooves, 1st and 2nd phalanxes, fetlock joints, ca
and withers. Each horse was filmed three times in all gaits for both directions. Videos were imported to LoggerPro and analyzed in MSExcel. Velocity and acceleration tests were consistent in a
contrasting motions occurring in the 2nd phalanx. Throughout all tests, structurally correct Horse1 exhibited a better arc and range of motion for position, velocity and acceleration than the struct
cost effective alternative to xrays, which may reduce the cost of ownership for high value equines. Video analysis could substantiate an equine’s medical predisposition and even predict their ma
2007 AS026
CLASSIFICATION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF SHIELD SHRIMP (NOTOSTRACA: LEPIDURUS SP.) IN PLAYA LAKES OF THE CENTRAL GREAT BASIN
Jed Wade Bradley
Spring Creek High School, Spring Creek Nevada, U.S.A
The purpose of this study was to classify and learn about a small crustacean living in playa lakes in Northern Nevada. These crustaceans are commonly known as shield shrimp. When I was info
interest. I wasn’t able to find very much information about the species, especially inhabiting this geographical area. It caused me to believe that I might have been working with a new species or s
matter. I decided that I wanted to perform morphological comparisons and possibly DNA comparisons on the organism. This led me to the idea of studying the biogeography of the species (to wo
possible evolution.) I used a scientific collection permit to collect shield shrimp from five different playa lakes in Northern Nevada, specifically Elko, Eureka, and White Pine counties. I took the s
measurements and extensive research on the topic. I compared my measurements and other information to those in research I had compiled. Due to what I believe is a significant amount of evid
(Lepidurus lemmoni.) Unofficially, I believe I have been the first scientist to document this species in Northern Nevada. This research has succeeded in describing the biogeography of Notostraca
unknown to science. I have also preserved all specimens in hopes of sequencing their DNA to prove or disprove my findings.
Award of $200 North American Benthological Society
2014 AS027
SILVERNANO TOXICITY IN D. MELANOGASTER
Karen Gu
Collins Hill High School, Suwanee, GA, United States of America
Nanobiotechnology is a relatively new science field, and today silver nanoparticles are the most common nanoparticles used in industry. Recently, the safety of such materials has been question
three different dosages of silvernano (x0.5, x5, x50) in their food and a control group (x0) in two experiments. One experiment (Exp1) tested the effect of silvernano over two generations of flies w
the possible long term effects when the previous generation had grown on food containing silvernano. The hypothesis stated if groups of flies grew on food with different concentrations of silverna
those groups would indicate which dosages are toxic. Groups of flasks were distinguished by dosage level, and each flask had five pairs of adult flies. Data was collected on the number of emerg
first generation. For the second generation, Exp1 kept with the same procedure while Exp2 only had normal food. For Exp1, the fertility rate of the x50 group was significantly lower (pvalue 0.02)
x5 groups had no statistically significant differences. When comparing the fertility rates between Exp 1 and Exp 2, the difference were statistically significant for both the x5 (pvalue 0.00085) and
hypothesis was rejected since the data supported that higher dosages (x5 and higher) of silvernano had a negative impact on the fertility rate of flies.
2010 AS027
MY SPACE! A STUDY OF GAUSE'S LAW OF COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION WITH UPPER OHIO RIVER VALLEY CRAYFISH
Vincent Jacob O'Leary
When major fish populations start to disappear and fishermen lose their jobs, who's to blame? Fishermen? Pollution? Global warming? All good guesses, but no. One major reason could be crayfi
specifically the invasive species Orconectes procericambarus rusticus,(the rusty crayfish) has the potential to wipe out many fish populations. By invading other bodies of water, O. rusticus can
population, but the fish and plant life too. In some cases, O. rusticus is one of the only organisms left after it invades! This project was a study of behavioral patterns of O. rusticus and Orconect
crayfish) when competing for shelter. These behavioral patterns were observed through competition for a single shelter. Variables were reduced by keeping the light levels constant, using size eq
species of the crayfish used, and taping the 60 trials to avoid influencing the crayfish behaviors by observing them during the trial. A resident crayfish was repeatedly exposed to an invader crayf
gathered from these trials suggests that O. rusticus is able to guard its shelter more effectively than O. obscurus (P<0.005), a behavioral pattern that would aid in its ability to invade effectively a
this project it will lead to a better understanding of how O. rusticus invades, and lead to the development of practical ways to control this invasive species.
2011 AS027
THE MIRACLE OF LIVING BY TERMITES
Ahmed Hassan Hussein
Moubarak Secondary School, Alexandria, EGYPT
The aim of this project is to demonstrate how to use the ecological niche of termite colonies for the benefit of humans. It is known that termites feed on papers wastes, particularly cardboards.
capability it was found that termites produce hydrogen as a by –product and high nitrogen content from the decay of termites body. It was proposed to demonstrate the feasibility of using termites
fertilizer, and to produce hydrogen as a source for renewable energy. To prove the hypothesis, information about the ecology of termites and its favourable conditions e.g. temperature, moisture, a
Accordingly, several experiment were conducted, using a designed bioreactor that was constructed for growing a colony of termites on wastes of cardboard, and rice straw as food sources, at diff
conditions. Results showed that the digestion of one sheet of cardboard (60gm) produce about .0375 litres of hydrogen in a temperature of 340. Using rice straw as a food source food with its high
hydrogen and nitrogen richer wastes. It then therefore concluded that many environmental problems can be solved using termite colonies that includes the queen, for solid wastes management b
straw in termites guts, a valuable source soil fertilizer by using the soil used in the bioreactor, , and a renewable source of hydrogen.
2009 AS027
COMPARISON OF NATURAL EXPOSURE TO BORRELIA BURGDORFERI IN FAIRFAX AND MONTGOMERY COUNTY DOGS
Shahleen Zehra Ahmed
Chantilly High School, Chantilly, VA
After experimentation, the data proved my original hypothesis that Montgomery County Dogs had a higher positivity of Lyme Disease than Fairfax County Dogs and that older dogs had higher inc
dogs or middle aged dogs. The data was placed in a Minitab program and analyzed with multiple Chi Squared tests. In addition, the data showed that there was a strong correlation betw
Density in Montgomery County Dogs rather than in Fairfax County Dogs (P value= 0.000 verses P value = 0.119). When Lyme disease was compared to the population densities in Montgomery C
densities over 3,600 per sq mi had a P value = 0.055, whereas rural/suburban values with a density under 3600 per sq mi had a P value = 0.014. Therefore, most cases of Lyme Disease in Montg
areas, even though most of the data samples were collected from urban areas. Interestingly, the opposite was true for Fairfax County Dogs. Lyme Disease compared in urban areas had a P value
rural/suburban areas had a P value = 0.497. Though the data is insignificant, it suggests that most cases of Lyme Disease come from urban areas in Fairfax, even though most of the samples w
 To better improve my results, I might have had more significant data if I created three different categories for population density (rural, suburban, and urban) and continued the study to
the lack of a definitive Canine Lyme Database and increased complications in Lyme Disease merits further research into this study.
2007 AS027
STUDIES ON SOUSA CHINENSIS POPULATION IN SANNIANGWAN, GUANGXI PROVINCE PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF POPULATION SIZE AND AGE STRUCTURE
KaiJun Lu
Beijing NO.5 High School, Beijing, China
Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa chinensis) is a rare and endangered species in China. Recently, public attentions have been raised more and more and studies are conducted on the protection of t
Nevertheless, few studies have been focused on the investigation of its population size. In my study a new method has been developed: the analogous markrecapture (AMR) method. With this I
and age structure in the studied area, namely in the sea of San Niang Wan (108 37 55 108 51 49 E, 21 28 36 21 41 16 N), Guang Xi Province, South China. I also used the directcount method f
observations (in January 2006, February 2006, April 2006 and August 2006), 8948 photos of S. chinensis were taken which formed the basis for the following analyses. Of all the photos, 1572 we
analyses. Some special body characteristics detected by the photos were effective in distinguishing individuals of different ages or stages of development; there included body color, dorsal fin sh
caudal fin shape. Based on these, I attribute successfully recognized 43 different dolphin individuals. Meanwhile, the population sizes in summer, winter, and spring were estimated based on the
124 Chinese White Dolphins live in the area, of which 36.5 % may be adults. Furthermore, the dolphins¡¯ inbreeding rate is estimated to be 1.09 %. 
2012 AS027
RAPID EVOLUTION OF BROWN TROUT IN THE KERGUELEN ISLANDS
Mingsha Zhou
Marianopolis College, Westmount, Quebec, CANADA
This study examines the founder’s effect on two populations of brown trout derived from two and three ancestors, respectively, after 19 years in a virgin environment. It also examines the effect o
from one river system to another, after one year. Photos of 522 specimens captured in 2010 in Claree River and Val Travers River of the Kerguelen Islands, and 429 specimens captured in these
geometric morphometrics. Landmarks, permanent locations identifiable on each fish, were placed on the lefthand side photos of these specimens using the software TPSDIGS2. The distinguishi
that it retains information on spatial covariation among landmarks; traditional approaches use onedimensional distances without consideration of where a given measurement is taken relative to o
centroid size, partial warps, and relative warps, factors of variation between specimens, using the software program TPS Relative Warps. Major sources of variation within populations ar
midsection (gills to dorsal fin), and position of dorsal fin. Canonical variants for year, site, centroid size, and the interaction between year and site, were calculated in JMP, a statistical software s
over 27 lakes and rivers of the eastern region of the Kerguelen Islands in less than 10 generations. This species is also a very popular sport fish in North America, so there are numerous proposa
However, this study shows that brown trout can potentially turn into an invasive species and drive local trout or salmon species to extinction, a scenario to be avoided.
2013 AS027
LEPIDOPTERAN SPIRACLE VARIATION
Alina Isabella Suedbeck
Green Acres Academy, Greenville, NC
Five different Lepidopteran caterpillar species, three specimens per species, were compared using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The objective of the research was to determine if Lepid
species. Pictures were taken with a digital SLR camera, Stereo Microscope, and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Measurement of spiracle length, width, diameter and area was determined
using Adobe Photoshop measuring software. Data was analyzed using Minitab. Results showed that Lepidopteran caterpillar spiracles vary by inside structure (lamellae) and by the shape of the s
Skeletonizer, was found to be the most different of the five species. This species’ spiracles were circular instead of ovular and had branchlike structures along the perimeter that protruded out an
using stereopair pictures). Another species, the Looper, was noted to have small spiracles for its body length, as well as having the least circular spiracles of the five species. The four species w
lamellae design, as well as how tightlypacked their lamellae were. The first and the last spiracles on the four of the five species were slightly larger than the seven middle spiracles. It was also n
from inner lamellae structures.
2008 AS027
NATURAL MOSQUITO REPELLENTS: THE EFFECTIVENESS OF BOTANICAL EXTRACTS AS REPELLENTS AGAINST AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQUITOES, YEAR VI
Taylor Paige Wood
Sam Houston High School, Lake Charles, LA
Insectborne disease is of growing significance around the world. Personal protection from mosquito bites are currently the most important measures to control these diseases. This research inve
concentrations of extract from Mexican Marigold, Lemon Grass, Rosemary, and Citrosa plants for their repellency effect against adult female Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Plant sample ex
plant into 1, 3, and 5 gram concentrations. The twelve plant extract samples and two commerical plant based repellents, used as a comparison, were tested by means of arm in cage studies, in w
cage with a fixed number of unfed mosquitoes, and the elapsed time to the first bite is recorded as the duration of protection time. The results of the tests conducted revealed that all twe
analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used and showed significant differences, P=0.001. A Tukey's mulitiple comparison test was then run to determine specific pairwise differences. The higher con
exhibited longer protection times. When comparing the commerical plant based repellents with the four plants Rosemary, Mexican Marigold, and Citrosa, 5 grams, provided a longer protection tim
minutes. The obvious benefits of these plant extracts would provide a natural alternative for public health protection. The significant impact could be worldwide because of existence and
various countries where production would possibly be done simply and affordably.
2007 AS028
THE ROLE OF TBX5 IN CHICK FORELIMB DEVELOPMENT
Tessa Grace Montague
The Camden School for Girls, London, United Kingdom
The gene Tbx5 codes for a transcription factor essential for the development of the forelimb in vertebrates. Mutations in human TBX5 are associated with HoltOram Syndrome – a disorder chara
The aim of this study was to analyse the function of Tbx5 and how mutations in TBX5 cause the limb abnormalities found in HoltOram Syndrome. I undertook a gene misexpression stra
embryo as an experimental model system. Avian retroviruses can be engineered to carry a gene of interest and the resulting viral particles can be used to infect cells of the limb. This causes targ
gene. I misexpressed a truncated form of Tbx5 (Tbx5Ä) that is predicted to disrupt the function of the endogenous protein in the limb bud of chick embryos. At a later stage of development the m
were compared with wildtype control forelimbs. Whole Mount Immunohistochemistry was used to characterise the phenotypes, and the results were analysed with Optical Projection Tomography
specimen without physical sectioning. The results of my experiments show that the injection of Tbx5Ä causes a disruption in the muscle patterning of the forelimb. There appear to be few
formation in the distal region of the mutated forelimb. This suggests that downstream targets of Tbx5 play a role in the muscle formation of the forelimb. 
2008 AS028
THE BEST BUG BARRIER
Kyle Anthony Kandilian
Divine Child High School, Dearborn, MI
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the best barrier for containing 3rd and 4th instar Madagascar hissing cockroaches (Gromphadorhina portentosa) which relate to the size
other climbing species of cockroach. The problem my experiment solved was the discrepancy between the containment abilities of the commonly used cockroach barriers. Ten pieces of the mos
and glass, were coated with a 2.5 cm band of the selected barrier, and 10 cockroaches were tested on each pane of material. The cockroaches were poked in the abdomen and directed toward th
either crossed or slipped on the barrier. Pam spray, Crisco, and Bug Stop allowed no cockroaches to pass on acrylic, while Pam spray, Crisco, and Vaseline did the same on glass. In conclusion
barriers work best and will allow any one working with cockroaches to successfully contain their subjects.
2011 AS028
THE EFFECT OF LYCOPENE AND VITAMIN A ON THE REGENERATION OF PLANARIAN FLATWORMS
Kaylee Anna Bahr
Aberdeen Central High School, Aberdeen, SD
The regeneration of human organs and tissues are being heavily researched to decrease the wait time for patients waiting for organ transplants. Scientists have been experimenting with Dugesia
A unique characteristic about these flatworms is that they can regenerate a new full worm from only a section of a former worm. This experiment explores what effect an introduction of Lycopene
regenerating planarian flatworms. Three dilutions were made at concentrations of 1/1,000, 1/10,000, and 1/100,000 of a control group, Lycopene, and Vitamin A. The worms were cut in half and di
observations could be taken of their growth. After two weeks three data collections were taken of the worms. An oneway (unstacked) ANOVA test was run comparing each concentration with the
rejected the null hypothesis that stated Vitamin A would have the most success at aiding the regenerations of planarian flatworms. For the 1/1,000 and 1/10,000 concentrations the control environ
Since Lycopene and Vitamin A are both fat soluble chemicals which means that they had to be denatured which could have affected the way the planarian flat worms absorbed them in their syste
actually clogged their breathing pores, preventing higher levels of oxygen needed to grow.
2012 AS028
BIODIVERSITY OF MILLIPEDES IN TAKHLI, NAKORNSAWAN
Phornwimol Siabbamrung
Takhliprachasan School, Nakhonsawan province, Nakhonsawan, THAILAND
Preliminary observation of the area in Takhli District, Nakhonsawan Province, Thailand showed that the area was covered with lime stones and there were many living organisms not usually found
Millipedes is one of the plentiful organisms observed. The objectives of this project were 1. To survey the diversity of millipedes in this local area 2.To observe the physical and biological conditio
the millipedes. The limestone area was divided into 4 areas and the general geographic and environmental descriptions of each area was classified and recorded. A total of 4 super orders, 8 order
identified and recorded. It was observed that the millipedes found in the area consumed fruits and vegetable. The life cycle of one selected species in the order spirostreptida was studied and fou
months. It was noticed that the plants found in this area were healthy and plentiful. The faecea of the millipedes was collected and mixed with soil and plant growth on the soil was observed in co
used. Experiments showed that the millipedes’ faecea stimulated plant growth as good as the chemical fertilizer. In checking the organic compositions of the faecea. it composed of 8 ppm phosp
calcium . one established characteristics of millipedes is scavenger of dead plants.The information obtained in this study showed the diversity of the millepedes and their contribution to the richne
conservation of the local millipedes.
2014 AS028
THE EFFECT OF CIRCADIAN GENES DBT AND BDBT ON THE LIFESPAN OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Andrea H. Dahl
Olathe North High School, Olathe, KS, United States of America
The circadian clock regulates human activities; it can affect the wellbeing of individuals, including their life expectancy. Doubletime (DBT) is an ortholog of mammalian casein kinase which regula
circadian clock and cell cycle. CG17282 Bride of DBT (BDBT) is a newly identified protein associated with DBT; it may also be related to life expectancy. It was hypothesized that flies with wild t
the longest because the flies have the most robust circadian rhythms and do not activate cell death pathways. Flies in which dbt and bdbt had been knockeddown in clock cells were assessed fo
marker of cell death). 30 male and female flies of each genotype were separated. Every three to four days the amount of living flies was recorded. At three days, one week, and two week
flies, and used for protein extracts and subjected to a Western blot analysis of apoptotic markers. The Canton S (wildtype) control flies had the longest lifespan out of the three genotypes
down flies and bdbt knockeddown flies had shorter lifespans, although the bdbt RNAi flies outlived the dbt RNAi flies in the first experiment but not the second one. Intriguingly, mutant male flies
flies, and activated caspase was detected 3days after collection only at ZT7 (middle of the day) in dbt RNAi male flies, which had the shortest lifespan. Activated caspase was not detected in ol
caspase may contribute to subsequent shortened lifespan. The activation specifically at ZT7 suggests a link between altered circadian function and shortened lifespan.
2013 AS028
ANALYSIS OF CRITICAL HABITAT FOR THE SONORAN OCELOT (LEOPARDUS PARDALIS SONORIENSIS) IN THE SKY ISLAND REGION
Meagan Alanna Bethel
Ocelots are listed solely as foreign endangered species in the U.S. despite the fact they have been observed in this country with increased frequency. Critical habitat has yet to be established. T
cameras over the course of twelve months to document the existence of ocelots in the Sky Island Region and establish a critical habitat for their protection. A total of 1,242 photos were
confirmed sightings documented the existence of ocelots in the Sky Island region with a significant increase from 2011 to 2012 t(5) = 3.87, p < .01. Analysis of data using GIS mapping revealed
between 1,660m and 2,082m in elevation, with an average rainfall of at least 31.75cm to 45cm, and a temperature ranging from 5.5C to 12.77C in winter and 23.3C to 29.4C in summer. Ocelot sig
water sources and prime vegetation consisting of Madrean Evergreen Forest Woodland, OakPine Series and Encinal Oak Series. Mapping revealed there were four primary mountain ra
the data revealed that there were additional regions within the ocelots’ distribution that fit the criteria for critical habitat, including an area imminently proposed for openpit mining. The results of th
the species by delineating the parameters of the ocelot habitat and making recommendations for the first critical habitat protection plan for Sonoran ocelots in the Sky Island region.
2009 AS028
REDUCTION OF INFLAMMATION INCREASES REGENERATION RATE IN LUMBRICULUS VARIEGATUS
William Marsiglia
Sachem High School East, Farmingville, NY
Inflammation characterized by pain and swelling, is the first step in the wound healing process. Its main purpose is to eliminate any pathogens that may have gained entry through the injury. Pain
uncomfortable effects of inflammation and may have many other positive effects, such as preventing blood clots and speeding up the wound healing process. To investigate the role of PRs on re
(California Black worm) was used due its high regeneration capacity and rapid segmental regeneration. Serial dilutions were made of the antiinflammatory agents: aspirin, ibuprofen, Aloe vera (liq
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) was used as a PR with no antiinflammatory properties; Kaolinite (clay), a proinflammatory agent, was used to see if there was a decrease the regeneration rate; and sp
used 3 or 4 worm segments. L. variegatus worms were cut into 1 cm anterior or posterior segments with a sterile scalpel, and segment regeneration was quantified for each group using a digital s
were observed: (1) an increase in the concentration of Aspirin and Ibuprofen showed a decrease in regeneration rate, and (2) an increase in the concentration of Aloe vera, Capsaicin and Kaolinite
regeneration rates. The Proinflammatory agent (Kaolinite) worked opposite of what was hypothesized; it had a higher regeneration rate compared to control (4.4 segments/day as compared to 4.3
Overall, the Aspirin (1 X 106 mg/mL) had the greatest increase in regeneration rate (5.4 segments/day) compared to control (2.9 segments/day).
2010 AS028
LABORATORY ENVIRONMENT NATURALITY AS A VARYING FACTOR IN THE STRESS LEVELS AND SCIENTIFIC VIABILITY OF THE SWISS LABORATORY MOUSE
Casey J Acklin
The Davidson Academy of Nevada, Reno, NV
The experiment attempted to decrease stress levels of laboratory mice by enriching their cages and/or designing cages that mimicked their natural environment. The driving principle was that, sin
beneficial, a natural setting might allow for more natural behaviors, therefore increasing scientific viability. Using the Swiss strain of mouse, stress levels were measured using competitive fecal c
behavioral observations and litter weights were recorded. Procedurally, mice were mated, three females to one male, in three types of cages, standard, enriched, and natural. At three weeks old
as follows: From the females and males (combined) pre and postmating; from females pre and postbirth, and pre and postweaning; and from pups (combined) preweaning and postweaning (m
collections and litter weights were taken three times per week, for three weeks postweaning. Observations were recorded daily. The only timepoint for which enrichment made a significant differe
mothers in natural cages had much less stress than mothers in standard cages. This shows that natural cages produce more scientifically viable mice, as stress in prenatal mothers can lead to p
weights showed that, on average, pups in natural cages had higher weights and greater weight gain rates than the others, demonstrating that a natural cage is healthier, as higher weaning weights
later in life.
First Award of $2,500 States United for Biomedical Research (SUBR)
2014 AS029
THE ROLE OF HOMALANTHUS NUTANS (G. FORST.) GUILL., A SAMOAN MEDICINAL PLANT, AS AN INSECT GROWTH REGULATOR
Charu Joserose
The extract from the bark of Samoan medicinal plant ‘mamala’ (Homalanthus nutans, Family: Euphorbiaceae), is used to treat hepatitis in Samoa and other South Pacific islands. Its active comp
phorbol ester and protein kinase C (PKC) activator, which has been shown to flush the HIVAIDS latent viral reservoirs in humans. The development of insects is regulated by insect growth hormo
which acts by activation of PKCdependent signaling. Given the role of prostratin in PKC activation and its abundance in mamala, our research explores the putative roles of the mamala bark extr
mosquito Aedes polynesiensis, the main vector of the dengue virus in the South Pacific. The Ae.polynesiensis larvae were treated with different concentrations of mamala bark extract and compa
hormone analogs (JHAs), Nyguard®EZ1 and Gentrol®. Both JHA’s and mamala bark extract, inhibited the successful adult emergence, induced mortality in larvae, and pupae in varying concentr
untreated control. We determine that the mamala bark extract is a highly potent regulator of Ae.polynesiensis growth and assume that the developmental abnormalities are caused by the prostrati
be confirmed.
2012 AS029
THE MIGRATION PATTERN OF MACROBRACHIUM OHIONE SHRIMP IN THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER
Malika Vidya Shettar
Saint Andrew's Episcopal School, Ridgeland, MS
The Macrobrachium ohione shrimp once abundant all along the Mississippi River have decreased in population in recent decades. Factors that affect the migration of juvenile shrimp at the Vicksb
examined. Shrimp traps collected juvenile shrimp at the surface and at the bottom of the river, at night and in the day, at different times of the year, and in the main and secondary channels. The
locations and times was analyzed. Findings supported that the juvenile shrimp migrate more in warmer temperatures and at night. As well, shrimp migrate during the day by crawling at the bottom
at night. Such information can be helpful in future potential conservation efforts.
2011 AS029
GENE SEEKER
Bailey Lyn Palmer
West Grand High School, Kremmling, CO
In my experiment, I was trying to determine if there is a specific phenotype that has the genotype of the genetic abnormalities of Tibial Hememilia (TH) and Pulmonary Hypoplasia with Anasarca (
cattle. I created a list of criteria of 10 specific traits which each cow will be scored on a scale of 110 on each of the traits. The cow must score a 90 out of 100 to be considered a phenotype. If th
will be placed into the nonphenotype group. There will be 25 phenotypes and 25 nonphenotypes. I will then genetically test each cow to determine if there is a phenotype that has the genotype o
hypothesis for this experiment is that there is in fact a specific phenotype.
2010 AS029
A BUG'S LIGHT: INSECT PREDILECTION TO LIGHT COLOR, PHASE IV
Daniel Seguro Samora
Alamogordo Senior High School, Alamogordo, NM
The purpose of this project is to determine if temperature is a factor of insects’ preference to light color. Is it possible to use temperature along with light to further study and manage insects?
light bulbs. I built a light fixture out of wood, electric cords, and light bulb sockets. I hung the light fixture outside and turned on the lights at the same time every night. I recorded the temperature.
recorded my data until I had sufficient temperature data to make a comparison. As the temperature changes, so does the insects’ light color preference. As the temperature increased th
and blue lights attracted more insects. The softwhite had the most at 60 and 70 degrees, then surprisingly as the temperature increased the softwhite attracted fewer insects. By the time the tem
that had insects were the reveal and clear. I learned that certain light colors determine an insect’s preference, and which color of light will attract which kind of insect, and also temperat
importantly, I learned that the two most common vector insects were attracted to only one light color at certain temperatures. By examining light color, along with temperature, scientists can stud
new ways to control vector insects in lighted areas. Further tests could include testing the lights in a controlled temperature setting.
2009 AS029
SURVEY OF MIGRATION ROUTES FOR BIRDS AT LAKE ROXEN
Adam Daniel Kim Bergner
Berzeliusskolan, Linkoping, SWEDEN
Is it possible to survey the migration routes for birds at the western border of a 97 square kilometer great lake? The aim of this project has been to make a field study of the pattern of behavior on
migration routes over Lake Roxen in southern Sweden. In addition to behavioral studies and mapping, birds belonging from all species have been counted very carefully during the last three autum
various species has been obtained. Factors that may affect the presence of different species, such as weather and wind direction, has been taken into account. The method to obtain the materia
observation site has been visited as often as possible, by one or two observers. During the observation period every migratory bird, whatever their nature, has been calculated and studied. Severa
Single birds have been counted and recorded carefully. Large flocks are estimated so that the approximation of the number of birds has been assessed. It requires substantial experience and fam
proper assessment in the numbers of birds. The results have been exciting. Winds from south and southwest seem to have a positive impact on migratory birds as they increasingly concentrates
Roxen. Several species groups, such as waders and ducks, have also proved to be dependent on following rivers during the migration.
2013 AS029
OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN REGULAR AND DEUTERATED COMPOUNDS IN EUROPEAN HONEYBEES (APIS MELLIFERA)
Eric Samuel Epstein
According to the shape theory of olfaction, identically shaped odor molecules cannot be discriminated. In this study, odor differences were tested between identically shaped compounds (acetoph
isotopes (deuterated acetophenone or deuterated benzaldehyde, respectively), which were either rewarded with sucrose or unrewarded. After training, European honeybees exhibited proboscis ext
more frequently toward the rewarded odorant than the unrewarded odorant. By discriminating between identically shaped odorants (ANOVA; highest p<0.002; F=24.1), honeybees were able to rec
molecular shape. This finding suggests molecular vibration as an additional or alternative mechanism in odor detection.
2007 AS029
THE DETERMINATION OF GENDER IN PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC SALMON FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF THREATENED AND ENDANGERED STOCKS
Susannah Lee Clary
Los Lunas High School, Los Lunas, New Mexico, USA
Purpose: To determine if there are morphological characteristics of Pacific Chinook, Pacific Coho and Atlantic salmon which can be used in the field to determine gender without harming them. Procedures: The data in this study were obtained from salmon raised in aquaculture operations in
management procedures. Measurements of head length, total length, fork length and body length were obtained from 800 salmon. Methods: The means, standard deviations and standar
ratio (H.L. / B.L.) for each species were calculated using MS Excel. The twosample tTest was used to calculate the probabilities of significance. Graphs were generated with OriginPro 7.5 softw
length to body length between the gender classes and all age groups is significantly different. The tTest analysis of this ratio yielded a p < 0.0001 that the differences were a result of chance.
were prepared. Conclusions: My hypothesis was correct. The head length to body length ratio can be used to determine the gender of Chinook, Coho and Atlantic salmon. Because of res
can now modify their population models relative to the dynamics of individual populations (stocks) and more accurately predict the number of harvestable fish and salmonescapements.
endangered and threatened stocks of Pacific and Atlantic salmon in North America. 
Full Tuition Scholarship Award University of New Mexico
2013 AS029
OLFACTORY DISCRIMINATION BETWEEN REGULAR AND DEUTERATED COMPOUNDS IN EUROPEAN HONEYBEES (APIS MELLIFERA)
Eric Samuel Epstein
According to the shape theory of olfaction, identically shaped odor molecules cannot be discriminated. In this study, odor differences were tested between identically shaped compounds (acetoph
isotopes (deuterated acetophenone or deuterated benzaldehyde, respectively), which were either rewarded with sucrose or unrewarded. After training, European honeybees exhibited proboscis ext
more frequently toward the rewarded odorant than the unrewarded odorant. By discriminating between identically shaped odorants (ANOVA; highest p<0.002; F=24.1), honeybees were able to rec
molecular shape. This finding suggests molecular vibration as an additional or alternative mechanism in odor detection.
2008 AS029
SALINITY TOLERANCE OF THE NEW ZEALAND MUDSNAIL (POTAMOPYRGUS ANTIPODARUM) COLLECTED FROM YOUNG'S BAY, OREGON
Matthew Antony Nugent
Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, OR
This study examined the salinity tolerance of the invasive New Zealand Mudsnail (Potamopyrgus antipodarum) living in Young’s Bay in Astoria, Oregon. By examining which salinities this snail ca
locations of future inhabitance. The parthenogenic reproduction of this species is rapid. The independent variables in this project were the different salinities being tested and the dependent variab
Mudsnails being tested. The results of the data showed a gradual decrease in the number of snails out of their shells as the salinity level was increased. Over the 35day testing period, the perce
high in 3, 5, and 8‰ salinity levels. In 15‰, by day 21, 50% of the snails were out of shell. In 20‰, on day 21, 40% were out of shell and this downward trend continued overall from 25‰ through
level appeared to affect the reproductive output. Reproduction was at its highest level in 8‰ salinity. 72 hours was the maximum tolerance of snails in oceanlevel salinity (35‰) in the time trials
include finding techniques for controlling the spread of this invasive species, genetic analysis of snails to determine origin of the North American population of snails, or examining the growth and
Second Award of $350 North American Benthological Society
2007 AS029
THE DETERMINATION OF GENDER IN PACIFIC AND ATLANTIC SALMON FOR IMPROVED MANAGEMENT OF THREATENED AND ENDANGERED STOCKS
Susannah Lee Clary
Los Lunas High School, Los Lunas, New Mexico, USA
Purpose: To determine if there are morphological characteristics of Pacific Chinook, Pacific Coho and Atlantic salmon which can be used in the field to determine gender without harming them. Procedures: The data in this study were obtained from salmon raised in aquaculture operations in
management procedures. Measurements of head length, total length, fork length and body length were obtained from 800 salmon. Methods: The means, standard deviations and standar
ratio (H.L. / B.L.) for each species were calculated using MS Excel. The twosample tTest was used to calculate the probabilities of significance. Graphs were generated with OriginPro 7.5 softw
length to body length between the gender classes and all age groups is significantly different. The tTest analysis of this ratio yielded a p < 0.0001 that the differences were a result of chance.
were prepared. Conclusions: My hypothesis was correct. The head length to body length ratio can be used to determine the gender of Chinook, Coho and Atlantic salmon. Because of res
can now modify their population models relative to the dynamics of individual populations (stocks) and more accurately predict the number of harvestable fish and salmonescapements.
endangered and threatened stocks of Pacific and Atlantic salmon in North America. 
Honorable Mention Award North American Benthological Society
2009 AS030
THE NEW SPECIE COQUI "ELEUTHERODACTYLUS JUANARIVEROI": ECOLOGICAL, SPECTROGRAPHYCAL AND GEOGRAPHYCAL DISTRIBUTION STUDY TO FIND RHYTMIC PATTE
FOR PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS
Roberto Carlos GerenaLopez
Juan Quirindongo Morell High School, Vega Baja, PUERTO RICO
A new coqui specie, “llanero coqui” (Eleutherodactylus juanariveroi), was recently discovered in the palustrine wetlands of the northern coast of Puerto Rico. The problem was: can the rhythmic m
behavior of “llanero coqui” be used for phylogenetic and socialization analysis? The hypothesis was: if “llanero coqui” has a rhythmic musical pattern and a bioacoustic behavior different from othe
an identification index for phylogenetic and socialization behavior analysis. The rhythmic musical pattern of different “coqui” species was analyzed using a tuner and computer music software to o
vocalization was recorded with a digital recorder and then was analyzed using a sound software to obtain the frequency. These analysis were compared among the different coqui species. The pu
among the species. A new musical pattern and vocalization frequency was found for “llanero coqui”. Its frequency was the highest one found, within a range of 7.4 to 8.3 kHertz. There are differen
“llanero coqui”. An environmental study revealed that the water in their wetland is contaminated with pathogenic bacteria and high levels of nutrients, which endanger the survival of all those coqu
differences found between rhythmic patterns and frequency respond to phylogenetic relations and socialization behavior.Therefore the bioacoustic behavior and the musical rhythmic patterns can
phylogenetic analysis for the different “coqui species”.
2008 AS030
COLONY EMIGRATION IN APHAENOGASTER OCCIDENTALIS
Sacred Heart Home School, Hillsboro, OR
The purpose of this project was to discover whether ants of the species Aphaenogaster occidentalis have a consistent pattern of colony emigration, and if so, what that pattern is. The experiment
two artificial nests and counting the number of workers performing several different types of behaviors at five minute intervals as the move was made. These behaviors were: carrying brood to the
moving to the new nest, carrying other workers to the new nest, and staying in the new nest. In addition, the time at which the queen moved to the new nest was recorded. Aphaenogaster occiden
emigration pattern, which may be divided into three stages: the exploration stage, the brood transport stage, and the adult movement stage. The queen is always moved during the brood transpor
different from what I hypothesized: the queen is not as well protected as I expected and adult transport plays a very minor role in colony emigration.
2007 AS030
COMPARISON OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS: DISCRIMINATION AND PREFERENCE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: PHASE III
Zoe Elizabeth Teague
Nettleton High School, Jonesboro Arkansas, United States
Previously, experiments were conducted to determine the preference of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit flies) for sweeteners. It was determined that they prefer 10% W/V aqueous solutions of suc
W/V aqueous solutions of sucralose or saccharin. This continuation study investigated whether a higher population density of flies in differing volumes of feeding chambers would alter the prefere
and sucralose (10% W/V) were dyed with red and blue food coloring respectively and presented to the flies on saturated 1 cm3 sections of floral foam in order to determine the sweetener preferen
accomplished by counting their dyed fecal specks on filter paper after 15 hours of exposure to the sweetener in a room set at 82ºF (27.78ºC) and 65% relative humidity. In previous studies, 710
petri dish and were provided with a choice of a dyed test substance. This study placed 50 flies in the following volumes of feeding chambers: Petri dish; 0.4 L beaker; 3.75 L jar and a 16 L pot. Th
with filter paper and the sweeteners were places on plastic coasters at opposite sides of the chamber. The dyed fecal specks (red, blue, or purple) were counted to determine preferences under in
showed no change in preference under the increased pressure of larger population densities in the varying sized chambers. The flies still preferred the 10% solution of sucrose in all cases when c
2010 AS030
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GENERA OF ALGAE ON THE PHOSPHORUS EXCRETION AND OXYGEN DEPLETION OF QUAGGA MUSSELS (DREISSENA BUGENSIS)
Christopher Linabury Welker
Nicolet High School, Glendale, WI
Abstract The purpose of this study was to help scientists find out about the highly invasive, nuisance Quagga mussel (Dreissena bugensis) by investigating its diet in a controlled laborat
before. It was predicted, based on observations in their natural environment, that Quagga mussels would eat more of certain genera of alga, Selenastrum, Cyclotella and Peridinium than of the cy
of algae by Quagga mussels requires the utilization of oxygen and results in the excretion of phosphorous. Therefore, two separate measures of consumption were used as dependent variables in
Reactive Phosphorus) samples, and (2) dissolved oxygen samples. The independent variables were the four different genera of algae. The experiment took place in a controlled environment with
liter tanks, with equal numbers of Quagga mussels per tank, constant light conditions, and equivalent concentrations of algae per tank. Two significant differences in the SRP category were found
(ANOVA) followed by multiple t Tests. These results showed that the consumption of Selenastrum and Peridinium was greater than that of Gleocapsa. There were no statistically significant diffe
oxygen. Based on the measures of SRP, the experimental hypothesis was correct. Gleocapsa was the least consumed algae; this is thought to have happened because Gleocapsa has been foun
Selenastrum and Peridinium were the most ingested; they are both nutritious for Quagga mussels. If this experiment were to be repeated, it is recommended that the sample size be increased an
varied. It is possible there were no differences in the measures of dissolved oxygen because the Quagga mussels had been separated from their sources of algae for two hours because the SRP
long to wait to measure dissolved oxygen. Next time the Quagga mussels could be reintroduced to the algae and the dissolved oxygen testing could be performed immediately.
2012 AS030
COCKROACHE ARMAGEDDON: NATURAL REPELLANTS IN THE ROACH WARS
Sheldon Nikole Strang
Southmoore High School, Moore, OK
The purpose of this project was to test the effectiveness of natural plants and herbs at repelling cockroaches in ways that are safe for the environment and consumers. Cockroaches are one of th
cause health problems, destroy homes, and are said to be the hardest insects to exterminate. This research will try to find a natural and easily refillable essence that can repel cockroaches in the
distillation process, five different plant essences were extracted from plants that are suspected of being cockroach repellants. Then, ten cockroaches were placed in a 4inch wide, 200 centimeter
tested on the other end. Data was collected on each cockroaches scattering distance for each essence. Next, an obstacle test was performed; food was placed on the opposite side of the tube a
the roaches would cross the essence to get to the food. The second phase of this project included watching mating behaviors over a 10 week period and observing the effects on birth rates when
basis.
2014 AS030
THE EFFICACY OF MSG AS POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT IN D. MELANOGASTER LEARNING
Hannah Small
Kettle Run High School, Warrenton, VA, United States of America
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a chemical used to enhance flavors in food. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether Drosophila melanogaster would display a preference for M
positive reinforcement in associative learning. The larvae were trained to associate the MSG with either light or dark and then their choices between the light settings were recorded. Learning indic
choices. The results indicated that the larvae chose the MSG associated side significantly more than the alternative side of the testing plate, supporting the hypothesis that the larvae would show
an opportunity for further research to be conducted on the addictive properties of MSG.
2013 AS030
CAN YOU "TAIL" LEFT OR RIGHT?
Michaela Lynne Cooper
Mantachie High School, Mantachie, MS
The purpose of my experiment was to study and evaluate the theology of comparative neuroscience on nonhuman vertebrates. The idea of this experiment was to see if one could determine wha
by the calculation of the angle of a dog's wagging tail as it reached its greatest point on either side. For my test subjects, I used dogs and showed them four different stimuli consisting of a treat,
positive body language, a newspaper supported by negative vocalization, and a playing of the sound like that of a thunderstorm. I videoed all dogs in the same environment so as to have the sam
from a local animal shelter, as well as my own and two friends' so as to see the difference in abused animals and family owned. The total number of dogs used was 16, and I came to the conclus
the dog's tail wagged more right, using the left hemisphere. If shown the negative, the tail was angled more left; thus using the right side. Though when presented with the thunderstorm sound, 9 o
of the supposed left which only 7 demonstrated. This allowed me to draw the conclusion that a dog must be presented with visual objects in order to fully comprehend the appropriate response ne
2011 AS030
THE GLOBAL IMPACT OF ETHANOL EXPOSURE ON SOMITOGENESIS AND CRANIOFACIAL DEVELOPMENT IN ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL OF FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Ayana Jamal
Niles North High School, Skokie, IL
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) may be the most common nongenetic cause of mental retardation in the U.S. and can evolve into an epidemic in future years. In this study, an animal model of FA
ethanol on early development and understand the complex molecular pathways affected. The purpose was to characterize the phenotypes of ethanol treated zebrafish embryos at 24 hours post fe
defects at both stages were correlated. Transgenic zebrafish were studied under a confocal microscope under anesthetic for realtime visualization. Images for both control and treated e
midline patterning malformations. The somite means between treated and untreated embryos at both ages are statistically different and standard deviation values suggest that ethanol m
predictable process. The 24 hpf embryos illustrated the earliest manifestations of future defects and 72 hpf embryos showed the terminal defects, suggesting that vital developmental signals lack
consistent with current theories that ethanol exposure reduces Retinoic Acid and Sonic Hedgehog signaling throughout development, permitting the rise of severe structural and behavioral defects
developmental signals. A zebrafish model of FAS could help develop new approaches to reduce, and eventually reverse, the effects of fetal alcohol exposure because the complex molecular path
fetus are more fully understood.
2013 AS031
THE EFFECTS OF ESSENTIAL OILS ON VIRAL LOAD IN APIS MELLIFERA
Michaela Jean Fiore
Big Sky High School, Missoula, MT
Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) has been a problem in honeybee (Apis mellifera) colonies since as early as 2006. Although there have been many other cases of population decline in hives, CCD
effects adult bees as well as brood (VanEngelsdorp, Evans & Saegerman, 2009). There are no known effective treatments for CCD. Recently beekeepers have used mixture of essential oils (incl
thyme oil, other oils used include ginger oil, peppermint oil, and camphor oil) that are said to lengthen the life span of infected hives. This project will look at the individual essential oils used in the
analyze the effects of each essential oil on the viral load in honeybees. Using groups of 30 bees that are isolated from the hives, essential oils will be administered to the bees and the rate of dea
experiment. After a trial is complete the viral load of the bees treated with essential oils will be calculated. This experiment will pinpoint which essential oils lower the viral load in honey bees and
2012 AS031
A MRSA THREAT IN CAFOS: SWINE VS. BOVINE
Micaela Jayne Bryant
Central Lee High School, Donnellson, IA
This project is the result of experimentation on possible livestock MRSA colonization and animal handler occupational MRSA exposure at selected Iowa swine and bovine Concentrated Animal Fe
and bovine in 4 age groups housed at the CAFOs and liquid samples from the perimeter of each lagoon were initially cultured on blood agar resulting in a dense overgrowth of Bacillus, Proteus mi
making colony isolation impossible. New samples were collected and phenylethyl alcohol agar employed to limit Gram negative bacterial growth. Colonies resembling Staphylococcus au
testing, including catalase, coagulase, Gram staining, and antibiotic resistance. No testing was completed directly from phenylethyl alcohol agar because this selective medium can cause irregula
Complete animal population testing was not possible, however each lagoon is comprised of waste from the facilities’ entire population. Because CAFOs use antimicrobials and subtherapeutic ant
it is reasonable to conclude the lagoon would contain MRSA if it was present at the facility. MRSA was not identified in the anterior nares or in the lagoon of the bovine at the selected C
identified as MRSA carriers, yet it was not identified in the lagoon of the swine. Therefore, this facility's swine are carriers, but it isn't yet passing externally through their feces.
2010 AS031
AN EVALUATION OF INVASIVE TUNICATES IN PLEASANT HARBOR, WASHINGTON
Marley Elizabeth Iredale
Sequim High School, Sequim, WA
Invasive tunicate populations are found in portions of Puget Sound and the Hood Canal in Washington State. These invasive tunicates are negatively impacting shellfish stocks and are fouling su
marine environment. Three nonnative tunicate species are of primary concern: Styela clava, Ciona sacignyi, and Didemnum sp. The purpose of this research was multifaceted: appraise tunicate
the Hood Canal; determine the ratio of native to invasive tunicates; assess the spread of invasive tunicates within the marina; and evaluate eradication methods for invasive tunicates. In
populations, I conducted an underwater survey using scuba gear. I constructed a camera mount to set a study frame and hold the underwater camera. Photographs were taken at various slips at
I then analyzed these photographs using a computer to determine the number of nativesolitary, nativecolonial, invasivesolitary, and invasivecolonial tunicates present. A marine aquarium was
tunicates and four methods of eradication were tested. Electric shock treatments and lowered seawater pH were the most effective, while tunic enzyme treatment was effective on young tunicate
effect on tunicate populations. It may be feasible for marinas to utilize combinations of these methods to control invasive tunicate populations.
2011 AS031
RESPONSE OF THE FEMALE CARIBBEAN FRUIT FLY
Chloe Lorraine Hale
Citrus High School, Inverness, FL
The Caribbean fruit fly, Anastrepha suspensa, is a critical agricultural pest of tropical fruit crops in the United States. Studies have been analyzing the A. suspensa courtship and mating behavior
a vector to control populations. During courtship, males group together in a lek on the undersides of leaves where they release a pheromone and fan their wings to broadcast a calling song to attra
on a leaf, their legs transmit vibrations from their acoustic signal through the plant. Recording and reproducing these vibration signals indicated a significant difference between the number of fem
the number of females active without vibrations. This is also done with a playback of the male psyllid call and white noise to determine if the females respond to specifically the male fruit fly’s ca
vibration signal. This will suggest that females can detect the vibrations from the male fruit fly’s calling song, and the vibrations can be used as a mechanism to reduce the likelihood that the fem
approaches her to mate. Disrupting the transmission of the male calling vibrations might prove to be an effective method to disrupt mating and control the populations of these agricultural pests.
2007 AS031
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIET, GUT FLORA, AND EQUINE LAMINITS: A PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDY
Annemarie Chikondi Thomas
Dominion High School, Sterling, Virginia, United States of America
Laminitis is an ailment in equines that causes the tissue connecting the pedal bone and inner hoof wall to deteriorate. When this happens the pedal bone can sink through the hoof. Barbaro, the fa
laminitis after shattering multiple bones in a race and undergoing multiple surgeries. Carbohydrate overload may play a role in the development of laminitis. The purpose of this research was to st
hay to determine the better feeding regimens for horses to perhaps deter the development of laminitis. Two different types of grass were cultivated. Samples of grass were blended and added to c
and a combination of both. Glucose levels were determined using anthrone analysis in both fresh and frozen samples, which were allowed to incubate for 4 and 24 hours. Statistical analysis via a
difference in the amount of glucose released in four testing situations. In the E. coli samples, frozen white clover released much less glucose than frozen bluegrass. In the E. coli and gastric juice
released much less glucose than alfalfa hay, frozen bluegrass and unfrozen white clover. This research can help provide information to assist in protecting horses from developing laminitis and of
 
2008 AS031
A NOVEL EXTRACTION OF THE PYRROLIZIDINE ALKALOIDS FROM PETASITES HYBRIDUS TO CREATE AN ANTISPASMODIC SUPPLEMENT FOR EQUINE COPD
Alexandra Leigh McIe
Brewster High School, Brewster, NY
The root of the plant Petasites hybridus has shown promise in the medical field through its natural production of petasin and isopetasin, which inhibit the synthesis of lipoxygenase and cyclooxyg
naturally occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids, a hepatotoxin and carcinogen, has hindered the widespread use of Petasites hybridus. A successful method for extracting these alkaloids was develope
targeted at the prevention of COPD and relief of its symptoms. Soxhlet extractions using ethanol as the solvent removed the alcohol soluble alkaloids, and electrophoresis confirmed retention of
column chromatography were compared to those of the Soxhlet extraction. The chromatography was enhanced with a novel silica solgel column that also successfully removed the pyrrolizidine a
extraction, recovery of petasin and isopetasin was significantly reduced in chromatography, suggesting Soxhlet extraction is a preferred purification process. A nebulizer for administering the sup
designed.
2009 AS031
THE ATTRACTION OF AURELIA AURITA (MOON JELLYFISH) TO COLORS
Adolfo RodriguezVelazquez
Florencia Garcia High School, Las Piedras, PUERTO RICO
The investigator conducted a study related to the attraction of Carrasius auratus (gold fish) to colors during the years 2005 to 2008. Then the investigator wanted to do research with other species
for attraction to colors. For this reason, the researcher formulated the problem: "Will Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) be attracted to colors and certain shapes?" The hypothesis was "Aurelia aurita (
certain shapes." According to literature there is no research to indicate whether this specie has any bias towards shapes and colors. The procedure started with the construction of a wat
sections. Each section had a different color: black, beige, gold metallic, fluorescent green and white. Three geometric shapes were added into each section covered with the same color of it. The
water and salt. Twentythree jellyfish were captured in the eastern coast of Puerto Rico. These were released into the water tank. Four daytime and four night observations were done during fiftee
hypothesis is true because the specie is attracted to colors with a tilt toward higher fluorescent colors (green) and (black). It was also evidenced that jellyfish are attracted to round objects. As a f
whether the nervous system or a special adaptation of the jellyfish could be related to the discrimination of shapes or colors.
2014 AS031
EFFECTS OF GENETICALLY ENGINEERED MAIZE AND GLYPHOSATE ON EISENIA FETIDA GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION
Brett Douglas Winters
Dutch Fork High School, Irmo, SC, United States of America
Biotechnology has provided approximately 144 genetically engineered (GE) crops. Because GE foods have only been consumed since 1994, the longterm effects are virtually unknown. Additiona
herbicide, applied to Roundup Ready® GE crops, may pose health risks upon ingestion. This project tested the growth and reproduction effects of GE maize and glyphosate on Eisenia fetida.
Glyphosate was sprayed on half the Roundup Ready® and Bt/Roundup Ready® plants. On days 50 and 183, there was an increased weight in those fed Roundup Ready®, Bt/Roundup Ready®,
decreased weight in those fed the Bt modification. On day 183, there was a greater weight increase in populations fed GE maize with glyphosate sprayed compared to those fed nonsprayed GE
mortality or in the number of juveniles hatching from cocoons. A soil analysis on day 106 revealed that all samples contained 3880% decreased bacterial count compared to the control.
maize vegetation and glyphosate may result in weight gain upon ingestion. Results suggest the potential for GE products and glyphosate to contribute to obesity by possibly altering gut flora.
2009 AS032
TRIPLOID WORMS OF PLANARIAN CONDUCT SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Yuki Koda
Saitama Prefectural Kawagoe Girls' Senior High School, Kawagoeshi, Saitama, JAPAN
Most animals are diploid and produce their offsprings by sexual reproduction. There are, however, lots of species whose karyotype is triploid. These triploid animals generally reproduce asexually
 In a preliminary experiment, I observed that a wild population of the flatworm Dugesia japonica living in the river near my town invariably reproduces asexually from spring to autumn. In this w
the flatworm stock I was surprised to find a few worms with rudiments of sexual organs in their bodies. Karyological analysis revealed that all worms examined possessed triploid sets of chromos
organs were found only in winter, I further examined whether sexual organs developed when worms were exposed to low temperature. Seventy eight worms were equally divided into 2 groups and
either 5˚C or 20˚C. Although no signs of sexualization were found at 20˚C, 3 out of 39 worms developed sexual organs at 5˚C. These results clearly showed that triploid worms developed reproduc
to low temperature. To confirm whether these worms have an ability to conduct sexual reproduction, I observed karyotype of them. Meiosis was detected in the newly formed ovarian tiss
sexual reproduction was induced in triploid planarian worms following exposure to low temperature.
2011 AS032
PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ADULT AND LARVAL STAGES OF TENEBRIO MOLITOR, YEAR II
Alexis Whitney Olson
Mitchell High School, Mitchell, SD
Since high protein supplements are so highly recommended for strength building and diets, Tenebrio molitor beetles developed from larvae raised on them should be stronger than those fed more
of these supplements on their fecundity and survival? T. molitor larvae were reared in individual compartments while being fed a variety of high protein supplements and conventional die
strength were evaluated. The highest protein containing diet did not produce the strongest beetles. Textured soy protein (53.6% protein) produced beetles significantly stronger than those
P=.01) and whey supplement (75.8% protein; P= 0.01). Graphical analysis shows an optimum protein (47.71%) and carbohydrate (38.46%) percentage for maximum strength. Larger beetles do no
significant difference between males and females. Survival of those fed wheat germ, infant rice cereal, and textured soy protein had significantly higher survival rates. Beetles from larvae reared o
success rate (resulting in larvae) – 43%. Those reared on a whey containing supplement (75%) and wheat germ (71%) had the highest fecundity rates. The study of T. molitor nutrition is
what inhibits their development could be used to control their growth such as in an infestation. On the contrary, you could maximize their growth if you wanted to use them as a protein food sourc
even humans.
2012 AS032
FOLLOW MAUS' PAWS
Moataz Ahmed Abdelghafar
Shohada' Thawret 25 Ynayer High Military School for Toppers, Alexandria, Alexandria, EGYPT
The purpose of this project is to compare the DNA of present day spotted cats in Egypt with Egyptian Mau standard breds overseas, and ultimately with that from a mummified cat, to see if there
modern day cats to the original Mau cats. The Egyptian Mau is the only spotted domestic cat that developed naturally. Egyptian Mau Cats are the oldest known descendents of domesticated cat
probably recognized from 3500 B.c. This study was addressed the Egyptian Mau as a heritage and culture identity of Egypt. The experiment was designed to find an answer the question Is Egyp
The experiment was planned on 3 steps. The first step, was collecting the samples (hair shafts) that have been taken from cats in Egypt, United States of America and ancient cat mummy from
was through extracting the DNA from samples and amplifying certain gen by PCR technique. Finally, the third was done by determinating specific PCR product DNA sequence for the by using DN
DNA that isolated from native Egyptian Mau was compact band of 1500 bp. these purified DNA sequence were subjected to PCR reaction by specific primers to CR mtDNA region and yield an am
to DNA sequencer. And also showed that we successfully isolated a pure DNA and CR mtDNA amplified sequence.
2013 AS032
PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF PLANT EXTRACTS ON ULTRAVIOLET RADIATIONEXPOSED BLACKWORMS (LUMBRICULUS VARIEGATUS)
Raveena Aggarwal
This investigation studied the effect of various exposures of Ultraviolet radiation on blackworms (Lumbriculus variegatus) cultivated in three different spices: Coriander, Cumin, and Turmeric, all o
have some medical benefits. The purpose of this project is to find costeffective ways to guard or reduce the health risks of UV radiation. The worms were placed in petri dishes with varying conc
The worms were then exposed to Ultraviolet radiation on an Ultraviolet transilluminator for different time increments: 3 minutes, 2 minutes, 1 minute, and 30 seconds. Finally, in 24hour intervals f
exposure, the worms were observed for whether they were dead or alive, and data was collected in order to determine the protective effect of the plants extracts on the blackworms. Throughout th
protecting the worms, but this effect was not as prominent as the other spices. Initially, Turmeric showed the highest consistency of survival since the majority of the worms had survived in Turm
Turmeric’s effects appeared to be short term because the worms cultivated in Turmeric began to drastically decrease in the 48 and 72hour data. Overall, worms cultivated in Cumin showed a con
of Cumin worms had survived up to the 72hour data. Consequently, the conclusions were that Turmeric produced immediate, shortterm protective effects while Cumin produced long term protec
2014 AS032
THE BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON CRAYFISH
Samuel Hayden Wycoff
Paul Laurence Dunbar High School, Lexington, KY, United States of America
In many areas of the world where smoking is permitted, cigarette butts are often not properly disposed of. They get tossed onto the ground, where they eventually get washed away by precipitatio
Organisms often inhabit these streams and suffer from the nicotine still present in the butts. Nicotine is a known to alter important neurological functions in many animals. Many stream and lake b
neurological function for escape responses. Since crayfish are readily accessible and relatively easy to work with for physiological and behavioral experiments I chose to work with them for my st
sentinels of water quality in streams, as many studies have been designed around them. My project tested the effects of nicotine on the behavior and physiology of crayfish during an escape res
of nicotine directly on the central nervous system (CNS) of the crayfish. Finally, I tested the effects of nicotine on the habituation of the crayfish response to a tail touch. The results indicate that
ability to respond to their environment, as predicted. However, instead of correlating with lack of a physiological response as predicted, nicotine correlated with a decrease in physiological function
the animal. The CNS tests showed a reduced sensoryCNSmotor drive under the effects of nicotine. And finally, the habituation tests are still underway and are thus inconclusive.
2008 AS032
EXTERNAL SOFTENING OF FOOD MEDIUM BY EXCRETED SALIVA OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER LARVAE
Honami Sakaguchi
Urawa Daiichi Jyoshi High School, Saitama, JAPAN
The surface of the food medium where Drosophila melanogaster larvae are kept gradually becomes wet and softened, while it remains solid in the vial of adult flies. To explain this softening when
the behavior of fly larvae and noticed that the larvae vigorously devoured food. I wondered if larvae secrete saliva outside their bodies to soften the food. Experiments were therefore conducted to
medium and to elucidate its role on digesting food materials in vitro. The Iodine Starch Agar Method (ISAM) was first devised. Briefly, the liquid starchagar gel medium was made violet
were kept on this medium, the color faded gradually and disappeared completely in a few days. It is thus evident that saliva was excreted by larvae on the medium and the amylase in it acted as
 The ISAM was used again to find out whether fly larvae controlled the secretion of saliva to digest media of varying hardness. It was found that the softer agar media took longer to fade
suggests that larvae secrete more saliva to feed on harder food. The thin layer chromatography further revealed the presence of proteolytic enzymes in the excreted saliva. Th
larvae excrete and control saliva to feed on food efficiently.
2007 AS032
THE EFFECTS OF ELECTRICITY ON PARALYZED WORMS
Mustafa Mohammed Iqbal
John Jay Science and Engineering Academy, San Antonio,TX, USA
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate the effect of electricity on healing in nervedamaged earthworms. The hypothesis was that applying electric current to an injury will speed recove
separated into four groups of thirty worms. The worms in two groups had their ventral nerve chords severed at the approximate midpoint of the worm by means of an incision on the ventral side.
received an electric current (7.2 V, 0.0169 Amps) at the time of wounding; the other was left to heal without the application of an electric current. A third group received only the electric c
neither injury nor electricity. The motor capabilities of all worms were measured once a day over four days, the first observation being taken immediately after treatment.
determine if the entire length of the worm responded. A second method used was to place the worms individually on a platform under a strong light, observing the time it took for each worm to cra
alone had no effect on the movements of uninjured worms. All incised worms suffered a loss in motor abilities subsequent to wounding. Treatment with electric current significantly (p<0.05) speed
relative to those injured worms which did not receive electricity. In conclusion, the results supported the hypothesis that electricity does help nervedamaged worms recover faster. 
2010 AS032
THE INFLUENCE OF ANTIPARASITICS ON PARASITE BURDEN AND IMMUNE RESPONSE TO VIRAL VACCINATION
Nathan Sven Wilen
Belle Fourche High School, Belle Fourche, SD
Due to the lack of new or emerging antiparasitics, this research may encourage changes in the use of antiparasitics that will allow for longer product lifetimes. Longer product lifetimes will soon be
population if new products do not emerge and parasites continue to become more resistant to current antiparasitics. This study involved 470 heifers with each heifer receiving one of three antipara
doramectin. A viral vaccination was administered and pretreatment blood and fecal samples were taken on Study Days 0 and 1. Posttreatment blood and fecal samples were taken and the paras
egg count reduction test. Serumneutralizing (SN) titers were completed at a diagnostic laboratory for Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) Types 1 and 2. The data showed parasite reductions of 9
fenbendazole, ivermectin, and doramectin, respectively (P<0.015). For BVDV Type 1 the SN titers showed fold improvements of antibody production of 7.6, 6.3, and 6.5, for fenbendazole, doram
(P<0.16). Type 2 titers showed fold improvements of 19.5, 14.4, and 38.4 for fenbendazole, doramectin, and ivermectin, respectively (P<0.06). Overall, the data taken from the fecal egg count re
had the greatest treatment effect, measured by parasite reduction, with doramectin and ivermectin following in decreasing order. The data also indicates that, numerically, fenbendazole had the g
production for BVDV Type 1, but that ivermectin had the greatest fold increase for Type 2.
2014 AS033
COWCHIPS: A COMPREHENSIVE BOVINE HEALTH AND LOCATION INFORMATION NETWORK
Justin Nicholas Krell
Plankinton High School, Plankinton, SD, United States of America
Since 2002, the total retail price of United States beef has risen to over 25 billion dollars per year. The average feedyard cost to raise beef cattle has also increased to $494 per head. With the inc
animal health is a top priority for livestock producers. These points inspired me to develop a new farm technology I call CowChips. CowChips is a small electronic device worn on a cow’s ear that
position. Heart rate, temperature, and location are all transmitted to livestock producers through radio communication. During calving time producers would be able to use the heart rate
cows are about to give birth, improving survival rates during this delicate time in the life of the mother and her calf. When livestock are grazing, according to the season, producers would be able
problems, theft, and other situations that may arise. CowChips increases a cattleman’s efficiency through animal health awareness and also helps prevent rustling. By using the CowChips system
into the 21st century through innovative technology.
2013 AS033
QUANTIFICATION OF ZOO ENCLOSURE SPACE USE AND BACK HAIR STANDINGUP BEHAVIORAL RESPONSE BY CAPTIVE CHACOAN PECCARY (CATAGONUS WAGNERI)
Conner Randolph Bennett
Sacred Heart Preparatory School, Atherton, CA
This study seeks to quantify zoo enclosure space utilization by the Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri) and statistically analyze the animal’s back hair standingup behavioral response to the
The modified Spread of Participation Index (SPI) was calculated to determine the animal’s enclosure space use of unequal sized divisions. Chisquare technique is used to analyze the relationshi
animal’s back hair standingup behavioral response. Research shows the SPI will indicate imbalanced enclosure utilization while the train horn sound and Chacoan peccary back hair standingup
and indicates the animals do not use the enclosure space equally. Out of 2,172 observations, quadrant 2 had the lowest utilization measurement at 7 percent. The chisquare statistic was 271.85
for 2,172 observations and the data supported rejecting the null hypothesis. The hair stood up 36 times and 32 of those events (89%) were in response to the train horn. The results show there wa
train horn sound and back hair standingup response. A lowcost solution to balancing enclosure utilization may include adding a small water pool in underutilized quadrant 2. Also, installing a cle
passes the Chacoan peccary enclosure might reduce the train horn sound decibel level. The results indicate additional research regarding Chacoan peccary enclosure utilization and back hair sta
sound is needed.
2012 AS033
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MIGRATORY BIRDS AND THE COASTLINE WETLANDS OF CAMUY, PUERTO RICO
Alan Franqui Guzman
Luis F. Crespo, Camuy, PUERTO RICO
This work aims to identify migratory birds visiting coastline wetlands at Camuy, Puerto Rico, from January 5, 2012 to January 23, 2012; it also aims to work as an initial phase study to establish
travel from Eastern North America to South America. Three field trips were conducted to the range of study: a fresh water pond at Charca Yeguada (18 degrees, 28’57”N, 66 degrees,53’17”), a mu
29’21”N, 66 degrees, 52’4”W), and a mangrove at Peñón Brusi (18 degrees, 29’2”, 66 degrees,51’19”W). Forty bird species were recorded. Review of field guides revealed that 22 species (55%) w
with which they were observed was determined for the range and period of study and compared against historical records for the last five years available from the data management page eBird at
Only for 11 species, a five years data was available. It was found that, for them, observed frequencies range from 33% to 100% and historical frequency goes from 45% to 100%. Finally, having
hold a migratory status and because, for most of them, both the observed frequency and the historical frequency are similar or, in many cases the same, at least for the last five years, a close re
coastline wetlands for the period and range of the study is observed. These facts support the hypothesis, thus, highlighting the importance of these coastline wetlands areas for migratory birds.<b
2011 AS033
EVALUATION OF CLIMATE TRENDS AND SALAMANDER POPULATION DENSITIES, A THREEYEAR STUDY
Recent declines in amphibian populations have been reported in many areas of the world. Fluctuations in temperature and precipitation have been identified as possible causes of decline. The pur
between terrestrial salamander densities and climate data. For three years, salamanders were monitored using artificial cover boards. Stations were established along 200meter transects and mo
November). Captured salamanders (97 total) were identified to species, measured (snout to vent length in mm), and released. Monthly precipitation and temperature data were collected from the N
station that was located within five miles of the study area. Correlation and regression analyses were used to identify data trends. Salamander density was the highest (4.45 individuals/m2) during
(307.3 mm in 2009). Salamander density was the lowest (1.15 individuals/m2) during the warmest study period (16.5 °C in 2010). The temperature during 2010 was 0.4°C higher than the average f
the precipitation was 50% below average. Salamander density declined by 74.2% from 2009 to 2010. The correlation coefficients for the salamander density and climate data were strong (0.95 for
The scatterplots also indicated a strong correlation between climate data and salamander density. Based on field observations and data analyses, the hypothesis was supported and correlations
relationships between salamander densities and climate data.
2009 AS033
PHOCA HISPIDA FEEDING ECOLOGY AND CONTAMINANT UPTAKE II
Elizabeth Olson Ferreira
Fort Richmond Collegiate, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA
Phoca hispida (ringed seal) claws contain up to seven visible annular growth layer groups (GLGs) that reflect a longer timeline of contaminant exposure compared to visceral tissue. This study an
from Pangnirtung, NU, Canada (n=20) for total mercury as well as stable isotopes of nitrogen and carbon to monitor changes in ringed seal’s diet and contaminant uptake. Mercury concentrations
vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Stable isotopes ratios of Nitrogen (15N/14N) and Carbon (13C/12C) were determined using continuous flow ion mass spectroscopy (CFIRMS). Th
between THg and d15N values (R=0.074, p=0.458). d13C variation in four juveniles was detected within the tip sections of the claw. This study confirmed that adult Phoca hispida in the Cumberla
and pups are nomadic.
2008 AS033
PROBIOTIC BACTERIA AS A POTENTIAL CONSERVATION TOOL FOR ENDANGERED AMPHIBIANS
Tara Anjali Adiseshan
Ramana Academy, Charlottesville, VA
Amphibians all over the world are being killed by chytridiomycosis, a disease caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In order to gain a better understanding of the effe
skin of amphibians to help ameliorate chytridiomycosis, this study has two objectives: (1) visualizing the interactions among amphibian skin, probiotic bacteria, and Bd, by using fluorescent imag
term survival of probiotic bacteria on the skin of the endangered amphibians, the frog Rana muscosa, and the salamander Plethodon cinersus It was hypothesized that probiotic bacteria
amphibians two months after application, and interactions between bacteria, Bd, and skin can be visualized. Specimens, such as skin sloughs and foot webbings of amphibians, were stained with
and calcofluor white (to stain fungal cell walls blue), in order to identify the interaction between bacteria and Bd. The ventral skin of amphibian specimens that were exposed to probiotic bacteria, w
DNA was extracted from these swabs and amplified by PCR to detect presence of bacterial DNA. Both the techniques are new and are on the cutting edge of disease ecology.
interactions between probiotic bacteria and Bd. The presence of bacterial DNA was identified in the exposed specimens. The results from both techniques support the study that probiotic bacteria
tool for amphibians at risk of disease.
2007 AS033
NATURAL MOSQUITO PESTICIDES; PLANT EXTRACTS AS A SAFER ALTERNATIVE ON NONTARGET SPECIES, YEAR V
Taylor Paige Wood
Sam Houston High School, Lake Charles, Louisiana, USA
Mosquitoes develop a resistance to currently used pesticides. This stresses the need to research and develop new methods of treatment that are environmentally safe and target specific.
effects of extract derived from two insect repellent plants; Mexican Marigold and Lemon Grass, as a natural mosquito pesticide alternative on three nontarget mosquito predators. 
develop the test sample extracts. Leaves from each plant were cut and weighed into 1, 3, and 5 grams. The leaves were then washed, diced up thoroughly, and 30 milliliters of bottled water were
filtered into separate containers, covered, labeled, and allowed to sit for 24 hours, then filtered again. Afterwards, each sample was placed into labeled spray bottles. Eight of each specimen; dam
placed into individ ual labeled rearing cages, two used as the controls for each plant type, three for each gram sample of Mexican Marigold, and three for each gram sample of Lemon Gr
times with sample extracts every twelve hours during the fortyeight hour exposure time. The data recorded revealed that the 1 gram concentration of Mexican Marigold and the 1 and 3 g
no adverse affects on the specimen. The benefits of using these plants may provide a natural source for mosquito control along with it being an environmentally safer alternative.
2010 AS033
THE EFFECTS OF FOOD DEPRIVATION IN AGONISTIC CONTESTS BETWEEN MALE JUVENILE HOUSE CRICKETS, ACHETA DOMESTICUS
Robert Keith Pak
Valley High School, West Des Moines, IA
The persistence of disadvantaged individuals in a population to remain suggests that some factor(s) permit them to overcome others of greater resource holding power. The purpose of the project
agonistic contests between male juvenile house crickets on the smaller cricket. Fasting was used to create a desire for the resource: food. Food was withdrawn from the smaller cricket
hr. Agonistic contests between small male crickets (1.3 ± .07 cm) and large male cricket (1.9 ±.08 cm) were assessed: duration timed with a stopwatch; conflict level measured using a modified H
winner determined by the retreating cricket. Fasting has statistically shown to affect performance, duration of fight, and conflict level. The proportion of wins tended to increase the longe
crickets fasting 24 hours significantly differing from the control (ztest with Yate’s correction; p=0.036). Fasting affected the duration of the fights (oneway ANOVA, p=<0.001), having the most im
24 and 48 hours (HolmSidak’s Method multiple comparison; Critical Level .013 and .017). Fasting affected the conflict level of the fights (KruskalWallis One Way ANOVA; P=0.037), having the m
fasted 12 hours (Dunn’s Method multiple comparison; Q=2.540; P<0.05). The study shows that relative resource holding power, size, can be overcome by motivation in the form of fastin
2007 AS034
AN EVALUATION OF THE NEGATIVE AND POSITIVE BEHAVIORS OF A LITTER OF WEANED PIGS WHEN EXPOSED TO NO TOYS, A FREE TOY AND A SUSPENDED TOY.
Sarah Louise Cordova
Kings Park High School, Kings Park, New York, USA
 The current living conditions of domestic pigs are widely found to be dark and constricting and this type of environment has been found in past research to have a detrimental effect on th
and social creatures who exhibit a wide range of behaviors. Thus the purpose of this experiment was to test the effects of different types of toys, (a suspended toy, a free toy) and no toys at all o
displayed by pigs. Typical negative pig behavior is associated with ear biting, shrieking, eating alone, and bar biting because they indicate aggression and boredom. Positive behaviors are associ
eating in groups, back jumping, and grunting. The pigs were observed under the control condition (no toy) and the two toy conditions (suspended and free) and these behaviors were observed and
behaviors were exhibited in the highest degree under the toy conditions, particularly the free toy condition and the negative behaviors were shown in the lowest degree under that same condition
with the highest degree of negative behaviors and the lowest degree of positive behaviors. The results of this study indicate that domestic pigs in captivity would benefit from the addition of toys
2008 AS034
RECUSING OUR LAND: FIGHTING INSECT INVASIONS THROUGH A NATURAL REPELLENT
Christopher Alexis Bustos
Uniondale High School, Uniondale, NY
Currently, there is no environmentally safe, cost effective, organic product that will eliminate invasive ant pests and the overuse of synthetic pesticides. This study’s purpose was to obtain alarm
Carpenter ants, and utilize it as a repellent on Harvester ants and termites to determine the effect of one alarm pheromone on different social insects. As a result, a “universal” repellent was estab
including termites. Due to the antifungal properties of 4methyl3heptanone, the alarm pheromone also served as a natural “fungicide” on Rhizopus, Erysiphe and Saccharomyces species. <
were performed on Harvester ants to determine the source of their own alarm pheromone and to establish a separate repellent for this colony. Physical observations indicated that the Harvester a
since alarm responses were triggered. Different spectrophotometric readings indicated that the Harvester ants had unique reactions towards each extract as they recognized common chemical co
Therefore, all social insects were repelled by the Carpenter head extracts, as they detected the 4methyl3heptanone found abundantly in their own alarm pheromone. KirbyBauer Method tests re
the alarm pheromone, as the zones of inhibitions, in each group set, increased, throughout a five day trial of colony diameter measurements. Data collected supported the idea that ant pheromone
pest control and a natural “fungicide” in the near future.
2009 AS034
THE EFFECT OF LIGHT CONDITIONS ON DROSOPHILA LONGEVITY
Yuto Izawa
Waseda University Senior Highschool, Nerimaku,, Tokyo, JAPAN
Drosophila played a prominent role in finding antiaging genes in longevity studies. However, there are not many longevity studies of light conditions. I made a study using original light conditions.
approach by changing light conditions. I used Drosophila in my experiments. My hypothesis was that the causes of increased longevity by changing light conditions are three: (1) circadian rhythm
three different light conditions, I proved causes (1) and (2). I studied the effects of three light conditions, LD, DD, and LL. LD was 12 hours light and twelve hours dark in a 24hour cycle.
light. I observed behavior in the LD and DD groups. Next, I studied Drosophila with a mutation of photoreceptor norpA in the same three conditions. This method excludes the longevity factor of b
norpA. My findings indicated …. First, exposure to these three conditions affected longevity in Drosophila melanogaster. The DD group had the longest lifespan, and next longest was fou
the shortest lifespan. Second, I found a higher rate of behavior in the LD group than the DD group. My third finding was that in the norpAmutation group, Drosophila lifespan was the sam
LL group’s lifespan was reduced. My findings show exposure to light alters behavior and affects lifespan. Previous studies have shown that constant light conditions disrupts circadian rh
disrupted circadian rhythm reduces Drosophila lifespan. Both Drosophila and humans have circadian rhythms. This indicates that there are many common factors related to light conditio
extension of the investigation is that light conditions may affect human lifespan.
2012 AS034
COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE INFLUENCE OF URBANISM ON THE STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF THE NESTS OF THE SPECIES COEREBA FLAVEOLA (BANANAQUIT G
Brian Ricardo ColonRodriguez
Escuela Especializada en Ciencias y Matemáticas University Gardens, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
Studies of structure and composition for any bird nest are very few (Pulgarín 2004). This study investigates whether there are significant differences in the structure and composition of the nests
forests and in urban areas. The purpose is to understand how urbanism influences and affects the structure and composition of the Bananaquit nests. To determine if there are significant differen
each study area. Nest collection was done one month after the reproduction season of this species. In terms of structure, the height (from the base to the roof), length, width, cavity diameter and
composition, the mass of the nests was measured and the constituent materials identified: leaves, stems and other components. The statistical test that was applied was the ANOVAsingle facto
significant differences between nest found in forest and in urban areas. The Pvalue was used to know how significant the difference is. After analyzing the results, significant differences were fou
nests of the species Coereba flaveola in the areas of study. Each of the parameters that were established to represent the structure and composition showed high significance. Therefore it was c
the structure and composition of the Bananaquit nests but there are other factors that influence the structure and composition of the nests, such as vegetation and anthropogenic effects.
2014 AS034
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SPECKLE COUNT TO DETERMINE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHINS (TUSIOPS CF. ADUNCUS) AGE RANGE
Maya Lynn Hall
School Without Walls, Washington, DC, United States of America
Because of their wide range of behaviors and social structure, as well as ecological and economic influence, dolphins are highly important to oceanographers and therefore have been thoroughly s
researchers need to determine the age of a dolphin, they must extract a tooth and examine the calcium layers, which is similar to aging a tree by its rings. This process is invasive and time cons
researchers and dolphins. An alternative method is using speckle count to determine an age range. Speckles are marks on a dolphin’s body and dorsal fin that appear darker than the rest of the s
from a sample of dolphin dorsal fin images to determine the correlation between increasing speckle number and increasing age. Using the Spearman RankOrder Correlation Coefficient statistical
dolphins, male dolphins, and the combined genders were compared. The test found that the female correlation was significant, as was the combined genders, but the males lacked significance. D
age range can be found from speckle count, but future work will expand and improve the accuracy of the results.
2013 AS034
DEVELOPING A PCR TECHNIQUE TO DETERMINE THE DISTRIBUTION OF LYME DISEASE IN JOHNSON COUNTY, KANSAS
Nathan Alan Witters
Shawnee Mission West High School, Overland Park, KS
Ticks that are infected with Borrelia burgdorferi, a spirochete bacterium can transmit the bacterium to humans. Infected humans may develop Lyme disease; ticks have been transmitting the dise
known vector for the disease. The gene OspA is known to code for the outer surface protein A in 19 different Borrelia burgdorferi belonging to the seven OspAserotypes 17 (Will et al., 1995).
selected throughout Johnson County, Kansas. First DNA was isolated, from each tick collected. Secondly, the OspA319 gene was amplified and the amplicon was analyzed using agarose gel ele
was to determine the distribution of ticks carrying Lyme disease in Johnson County, Kansas. Analysis of the agarose gels, revealed that the ticks collected were not infected with Borrelia burgdor
2011 AS034
WAYS TO ENHANCE CELL REGENERATION
Christina Ren
Monte Vista High School, Danville, CA
The purpose of this study is to discover substances that would enhance cell generation and repair. Two promising candidate substances, resveratrol and deer antler velvet, were identified through
experiment was designed to assess their impact on regeneration of Lumbriculus variegates, (California blackworm), chosen because of its rapid rate of segment regeneration. It is hypothesized th
substances will display greater regeneration rates than the control. Prior to regenerative experimentation, toxicity levels were determined by observing deaths of blackworms in different concentra
substances on regeneration rates, 96 blackworms were cut in half. Six blackworm fragments were placed into one of the following concentrations: 0.00, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 7, 10, and 20ppm. After four w
ppm and 2ppm concentrations had increased tail segment regeneration in both anterior and posterior fragments with statistical significance. The 2ppm resveratrol generated 55% more tail segme
control. Blackworms exposed to deer antler saw even better positive results. All concentrations at 1ppm and above were statistically significant. On average, the 7ppm deer antler generated 101
98% in the tail. These data suggest that resveratrol and deer antler velvet, at the proper dose, can enhance cell growth and regeneration in invertebrates. Should the same conclusion hold for mam
implications for woundhealing, sport performance, antiaging, and life extension could indeed be very intriguing.
2014 AS035
THE EFFECT OF OCEAN ACIDIFICATION ON PLANARIAN REGENERATION
Kelsey Mourning White
School Without Walls, Washington, DC, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if ocean acidification could be causing damage to stem cell processes in aquatic organisms based on what effect varying levels of aquatic pH co
 The procedures involved creating a system of regulating pH of water by connecting a CO2 tank, solenoid valve, and pH controller and attaching it with CO2proof airline tubing to a ceramic di
were removed from the original tank using a disposable pipette and placed onto a microscope slide, where they were measured and sliced approximately in half using a glass cover slip. The plana
the pHcontrolled water. Every 24 hours following the planaria were remeasured and observed for signs of life. The data showed that the planarian's regeneration rate appeared to be nega
acidity. However, the results cannot be assumed to have any actual significance as the amount of data taken was not nearly enough to support a rejection of the null hypothesis as well as there b
2013 AS035
HOW DOES OIL CONTAMINATE AFFECT THE REGENERATION PROCESS OF PROTOREASTER NODOSUS?
Kristen Michelle Burkett
Hardee Senior High School, Wauchula, FL
This project is the result of oil contaminate on the regeneration process of Protoreaster nodosus. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects that the Bp oil spill had on the marine
food chain method is used to discover the effects of the oil on the ecosystem in the Gulf of Mexico. Having two tanks with three seastars in one tank recieving ten oil contaminated mysis shrimp
recieving ten uncontaminated mysis shrimp at each feeding. Each of the seastars all had one ray removed to have the Protoreaster nodosus begin the first stages of the regeneration process. Th
a dramatic toll on Protoreaster nodosus. But in an oil spill like Bp’s, nutritional food can not be found. The results of this experiment has accepted the researcher’s hypothesis. The controlled grou
indefinetly. The average percentage of regeneration for the control group was 13.83%. The experimental group of seastars’ regeneration did not do as well. The average percentage of regeneration
This shows that the oil spill would have greatly affected the ecosystem of the gulf.
2012 AS035
IDENTIFYING MUTATIONS WITHIN A CANDIDATE GENE ON CHROMOSOME 6 AND EVALUATING THEIR ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE ENTROPION PHENOTYPE IN SHEEP
Ashwin Ram Prakash
Curtis Senior High School, University Place, WA
Entropion is a polygenic inheritable trait resulting in the inward rolling of the eyelid that can cause corneal damage or loss of sight. Found in most mammals, expression of the trait is primarily obs
which is the focus of this study. Treating defective eyes and culling ewes and rams that produce entropion lambs lead to decreased herd productivity. This study concerns the examination of a ge
previous genomewide associative analysis involving one thousand sheep and IlluminaOvineSNP50’s single nucleotide polymorphism (snp) panel. To identify mutations within the candidate gene
discovery snp, a genomic model was constructed with Vector NTI Advance 11 and used to sequence the mRNA of 8 entropion sheep and 4 controls via polymerase chain reactions. Alignment of
chromatograms, which were then analyzed with Contig Express to identify snps, insertions, and deletions that may possibly alter the amino acid chain. This study identified a potentially damaging
from exon 13 that was significantly associated (p = 0.048) with the entropion phenotype in one flock of sheep. Further research applying a more stringent test will address the predictive value, spe
insertion is broadly associated with entropion in other flocks of sheep. If so, it may become a DNA test that provides invaluable information for the prevention and potential eradication of the entro
2011 AS035
BUTTERFLY LEARNING: CAN MONARCHS (DANAUS PLEXIPPUS) BE TRAINED TO RECOGNIZE SHAPES AND COLORS?
Laura Cecilia Rosenwald
Urbana High School, Ijamsville, MD
In the insect world, butterflies are typically considered to be low ranking on the intelligence scale, especially when compared to social insects like ants and bees. However, new research has conc
recognize colors in a behavioral context, such as a food (nectar) reward. In this experiment, I tested the hypothesis that butterflies can also be trained to recognize shapes for a food reward.
(Monarch) butterflies were trained to recognize either circles or squares, keeping the area of the two shapes the same. The shapes were either purple or green, colors previously shown to be neut
other studies. After training, individual butterflies were tested to measure the number of visits and the amount of time spent at the model (shape and color) to which they had been trained.
analysis of the numerous tests concluded that butterflies do have the ability to learn shapes, but that color plays a more prominent role as a cue for feeding in their lives. This study has implicatio
ability to adapt to their environments, an important finding since butterflies play a major role as pollinators in ecosystems.
2007 AS035
THE EFFECT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ADULT FEMALE MICE ON COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE DURING THE POSTPARTUM WEEKS
Sonika Tyagi
William Dickinson High School, Jersey City, NJ, United States of America
Enhanced or positively altered cognition may cause survivalenhancing behavioral modifications in the mammalian progenitor (Kinsley et al., 2005). This project sought to ascertain whether signif
behavioral performances exist between primiparous and agematched virgin female domestic mice during the late postpartum weeks. The 1st experiment initiated on postpartum day 4 a
time intervals through an object recognition task. Testing on reference memory of late postpartum weeks began on postpartum day 38 as the mice recollected the locations of baits during 4 perce
postpartum days 6978, reference and working memories were tested compositely as errors made in retrieving baits from the 10arm radial maze were recorded. Boldness was assessed using the
plus maze from postpartum days 79 to 88. The null hypotheses for all experiments were rejected. The primiparous mice displayed enhanced reference and working memories and more
suggesting that primiparity and its effects on cognition are longlasting, and contributing to the improved quality of care portrayed by nonhuman mammalian mothers towards subsequent offspring
postpartum are noted to enlarge neuronal cell bodies, and encourage synapse formation in brain regions involved in maternal responses. Offspring are also factors responsible for reinforcing mate
First Award of $1,500 American Psychological Association
2010 AS035
ETHOLOGY OF FRIENDSHIP AMONG ADULT MALE BONNET MACAQUES (MACACA RADIATA) AT ARUNACHALA HILL, INDIA
Athman Ramana Adiseshan
Ramana Academy, San Jose, CA
Social scientists define “friendship” as care for the well being of another without expecting immediate repayment. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adult male bonnet macaque
their natural setting at the foothills of Arunachala Hill in Southern India by asking the following questions: Do adult male bonnet macaque dyads enjoy social relationships? Do the strength of socia
there a timematched reciprocity in social relationships among dyads? If such reciprocity exists, is the level of reciprocity within a bout of grooming, within a short span of time, or within the entire
between the strength of social relationships and dominance ranks among adult males? Focal sampling over 150 hours was conducted to record data on agonistic and affiliative behavior o
group. Agonistic behavior data were used to construct a dominance hierarchy. Affiliative behaviors between a dyad included grooming and sitting in proximity. Within each focal sample, durations
recorded. Results show that the adult male bonnet macaques have social relationships of varying strengths with other males in the group. There was a negative correlation between domi
social relationships within dyads. There was little reciprocity of grooming within a bout of grooming, or within a short span, but higher reciprocity over the sampling period. In conclusion, the male
immediate titfortat reciprocal altruism, but overall reciprocity was exhibited as strong social bonds. Thus, adult male bonnet macaques expressed friendship.
2009 AS035
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS EXTRACTED FROM MARINE SPONGES
Bernadette Ann Hritzo
Villa Joseph Marie High School, Holland, PA
Modern bacteria’s resistance to established antibiotics necessitates the discovery of new antibiotics. Incidences of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, antibioticresistant bacte
antibiotic development. Marine sponges have produced natural antibiotics. This experiment isolated and characterized bioactive components of the marine sponge extracts. I prepared e
mulleri and Blue Sponge, Dysidea camera, testing them on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. I separated each compound into thirteen fractions using flash column chromatograph
performed thin layer chromatography (TLC) on both extracts and selected fractions. Two fractions were submitted to a laboratory for HPLC. These studies are directed toward characterizing the b
fractions isolated from each extract demonstrated visible zones of inhibition on both bacteria. Blue Fraction11 exhibited an 83% increase in zone size over the pure extract and Pink Fraction8 sh
increasingly successful isolation of the bioactive compound. HPLC results of a single major compound for Blue Fraction11 and two for the Pink Fraction8 suggest isolation or nearly pure compo
extracts and fractions inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis, establishing links to potential antibiotics for MRSA, Staphylococcal infectious bacteria. Developing these antibiotics could expand po
of the structure of the natural antibiotic from each sponge is crucial to prevent depleting sponge populations for their biomass. Identifying antibiotic structures would permit synthetic reproduction,
population and its fragile environment.
2007 AS035
THE EFFECT OF THE REPRODUCTIVE STATUS OF ADULT FEMALE MICE ON COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL PERFORMANCE DURING THE POSTPARTUM WEEKS
Sonika Tyagi
William Dickinson High School, Jersey City, NJ, United States of America
Enhanced or positively altered cognition may cause survivalenhancing behavioral modifications in the mammalian progenitor (Kinsley et al., 2005). This project sought to ascertain whether signif
behavioral performances exist between primiparous and agematched virgin female domestic mice during the late postpartum weeks. The 1st experiment initiated on postpartum day 4 a
time intervals through an object recognition task. Testing on reference memory of late postpartum weeks began on postpartum day 38 as the mice recollected the locations of baits during 4 perce
postpartum days 6978, reference and working memories were tested compositely as errors made in retrieving baits from the 10arm radial maze were recorded. Boldness was assessed using the
plus maze from postpartum days 79 to 88. The null hypotheses for all experiments were rejected. The primiparous mice displayed enhanced reference and working memories and more
suggesting that primiparity and its effects on cognition are longlasting, and contributing to the improved quality of care portrayed by nonhuman mammalian mothers towards subsequent offspring
postpartum are noted to enlarge neuronal cell bodies, and encourage synapse formation in brain regions involved in maternal responses. Offspring are also factors responsible for reinforcing mate
2008 AS035
THE WINWIN SITUATION IN NATURE: THE MECHANISM OF THE COTTON BOLLWORM COPE WITH THE PLANT DEFENSIVE RESPONSE
Yuan Si
The High School Attached to Shanghai Nomal University, Shanghai, China
Objective: People may consider that plants are too weak to protect themselves. But it is not true, when attacked by insects, plants produce the chemicals harmful to insects, or release the volati
the danger. I want to know how the insects cope with the plant defensive response. Method:Using the cotton bollworm, damaged and undamaged tomato and tobacco as the experimental materia
transferase (GST) and the GSTs gene expression level in cotton bollworm midgut were examined, respectively. Results:1) After being fed on tobacco for 12h and 24h, cotton bollworm midgut GS
times, respectively as compared with the control. 2) When fed on the plants that had received the defensive volatile signals from conspecific plant, insect GSTs activity was increased 3 to 7 time
GSTs activity was increased 2 to 4 times. 3) After receiving plant defensive signals for 12h, insects GSTs activity were increased 1.5 times. 4) When fed with tomato or tobacco pretreated by the
salicylic acid and methyl salicylate, GSTs activity was increased 6 to 7 times. 5) The profile of GSTs gene expression in the midgut basically agrees with the changes of the enzyme activity in d
insects can cope with the plant defensive response by upregulating detoxifying enzyme activity. Both insect and plant benefit themselves from the winwin strategy of coevolution.
2010 AS035
ETHOLOGY OF FRIENDSHIP AMONG ADULT MALE BONNET MACAQUES (MACACA RADIATA) AT ARUNACHALA HILL, INDIA
Social scientists define “friendship” as care for the well being of another without expecting immediate repayment. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether adult male bonnet macaque
their natural setting at the foothills of Arunachala Hill in Southern India by asking the following questions: Do adult male bonnet macaque dyads enjoy social relationships? Do the strength of socia
there a timematched reciprocity in social relationships among dyads? If such reciprocity exists, is the level of reciprocity within a bout of grooming, within a short span of time, or within the entire
between the strength of social relationships and dominance ranks among adult males? Focal sampling over 150 hours was conducted to record data on agonistic and affiliative behavior o
group. Agonistic behavior data were used to construct a dominance hierarchy. Affiliative behaviors between a dyad included grooming and sitting in proximity. Within each focal sample, durations
recorded. Results show that the adult male bonnet macaques have social relationships of varying strengths with other males in the group. There was a negative correlation between domi
social relationships within dyads. There was little reciprocity of grooming within a bout of grooming, or within a short span, but higher reciprocity over the sampling period. In conclusion, the male
immediate titfortat reciprocal altruism, but overall reciprocity was exhibited as strong social bonds. Thus, adult male bonnet macaques expressed friendship.
Third Award of $1,000 National AntiVivisection Society
2009 AS035
THE ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ANTIBIOTIC COMPONENTS EXTRACTED FROM MARINE SPONGES
Modern bacteria’s resistance to established antibiotics necessitates the discovery of new antibiotics. Incidences of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, antibioticresistant bacte
antibiotic development. Marine sponges have produced natural antibiotics. This experiment isolated and characterized bioactive components of the marine sponge extracts. I prepared e
mulleri and Blue Sponge, Dysidea camera, testing them on Staphylococcus epidermidis and Escherichia coli. I separated each compound into thirteen fractions using flash column chromatograph
performed thin layer chromatography (TLC) on both extracts and selected fractions. Two fractions were submitted to a laboratory for HPLC. These studies are directed toward characterizing the b
fractions isolated from each extract demonstrated visible zones of inhibition on both bacteria. Blue Fraction11 exhibited an 83% increase in zone size over the pure extract and Pink Fraction8 sh
increasingly successful isolation of the bioactive compound. HPLC results of a single major compound for Blue Fraction11 and two for the Pink Fraction8 suggest isolation or nearly pure compo
extracts and fractions inhibited Staphylococcus epidermidis, establishing links to potential antibiotics for MRSA, Staphylococcal infectious bacteria. Developing these antibiotics could expand po
of the structure of the natural antibiotic from each sponge is crucial to prevent depleting sponge populations for their biomass. Identifying antibiotic structures would permit synthetic reproduction,
population and its fragile environment.
2011 AS036
THE EFFECT OF BISPHENOL A ON CAENORHABDITIS ELEGAN’S REPRODUCTIVE CAPACITY
Kathryn Marie Merkling
East Noble High School, Kendallville, IN
The objective was to see if Bisphenol A (BPA) affects the reproduction of Caenorhabditis elegans. It was hypothesized that if BPA was introduced into C. elegan’s environment then their populati
For this experiment agar was made with 1000ppm, 500ppm, 100ppm, 20ppm, 100ppb, 20ppb, and 0ppb BPA in solution, poured into Petri dishes, and culltured with E. coli (food source). Agar squ
culture were then transferred to establish 1st generation Petri dishes, and they matured for 5 days. On the fifth day, 5 second videos and photos of 5 random spots with area of 1mm x 1mm were
generations were established by the same method stated previously except prior generations were used to establish new generation. Photos and videos taken where then evaluated together to co
data showed that 1000 ppm and 500 ppm dosages of BPA compared to the control had a negative effect on the population growth of the C. elegan with a p value < .025. In low dose groups there
control in 1st generation. In 2nd generation there was a statistically beneficial difference that resulted in a p value of < .025, however by the 3rd generations there was no significant difference from
showed that Bisphenol A does have a negative effect in high doses on C. elegan.
2010 AS036
THE ACQUAINTANCE AND STUDY OF ENDANGERED INSECTS IN THE TIRANA DISTRICT STRICTLY FOR PROTECTION PURPOSES
Kristi Mitre
Gjimnazi Ismail Qemali, Tirane, ALBANIA
Today, allaround the world, exist approximately 1600 species of plants and animals classified as endangered, 728 from which are currently part of habitats here in Albania (532 of them are anima
conservation and endangered species protection was signed by 190 states. In Albania are actually counted 84 mammals, 15 amphibians, 313 fishes and around 3850 insects. The projec
of the endangered species in Tirana district. The information regarding the insects living in this area was retrieved from the Red Book. In continuation we have broaden our knowledge about some
natural habitats and observing parts of their life cycle and as a result we have compiled a series of measures necessary to protect these species. The project has consisted in visits in s
important of them being Dajti Mountain, Vora, etc. Initially I created a group of people called ‘Fauna experts’. With their help,I have observed some of the endangered species in their natural habit
these species are under the strict measures of conservation as appointed by IUCN. Simultaneously it was prepared a draft with a number of conclusions deriving from our work ready for delivering
contributions of this project are three folded. First, it was made possible the recognition of endangered species in Tirana district. The study was the first one of its kind in 8 years in Tirana. Secon
which host these species and pictures of them were taken. Finally a list of steps necessary in the the recognition and protection of these species and their habitats was created.
2014 AS036
ICHTHYOPHONUS VS. PROTEINS: SHOULD WE BE EATING THESE FISH?
Alisa Rachael Aist
Polaris K12 School, Anchorage, AK, United States of America
This experiment looks into differences in protein content in Ichthyophonus positive and negative Halibut from the Lower Cook Inlet area. The Halibut these samples were taken from were caught b
study important from a public health perspective. Almost 76.7% of Halibut have Ichthyophonus in Prince William Sound. Unpublished data indicate the infection rate in the Lower Cook Inlet is aro
that Ichthyophonus does not harm people, there has been insufficient research into the quality and quantity of protein in Halibut with Ichthyophonus. A comprehensive comparative protein analysi
Halibuts, 9 positive and 9 negative for Ichthyophonus, was used to detect potential protein changes. Liver and spleen samples were chosen as indicators for further research into the protein conte
fingerprints from each sample were obtained using standard protein extraction procedures and SDSPAGE Gel Electrophoresis. The result was 4 useable protein fingerprints each run with an Acti
the gels could have been clearer with refinement of protocol, some bands were visible following staining. There was minimal difference in the protein content from the positive or negative halibut s
tissue from the Halibut would enable a closer look at the nutritional value of these fish that are being sold. This data would be valuable when evaluating the potential impact on human consumptio
population.
2008 AS036
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF SLUG, BIDAILY AND TRIDAILY TMR FEEDING ON FIBER OUTPUT OF LACTATING BOVINE FECAL MATTER?
Kadee Sara Esplin
Orion Junior High, Harrisville, UT
Each year dairy farmers are forced out of business due to increased economic and financial pressures. Changing feeding management can help increase the productivity, health and profitability o
in these difficult times. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of slug total mixed ration (TMR) feeding verses bidaily TMR feeding on the fiber output of lactating bovine fecal m
two small operating dairy farms in close proximity in Northern Utah, with similar ration feeding. Feed samples were analyzed for weight and size using a Penn State shaker box. Feed left uneaten
Fourteen cows from each dairy were randomly selected. Manure samples from each of the cows were taken three times per day at 8 hours intervals. Manure samples of the same volume were w
manure samples were then weighed again. Results showed that there was more fiber variation in the cows that were slug fed compared to the cows fed twice a day, implying less consis
benefit. Based on these results one dairy changed their feeding to three times per day. Upon analysis the data showed that there was much less fiber variation in the manure samples when the co
twice a day. In addition, the percent of fiber by weight decreased as feeding increased implying more efficient digestion.
2007 AS036
THE EFFECT OF 17 BETAESTRADIOL AND ETHINYLESTRADIOL ON THE GENDER DISTORTION AND FERTILITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTOR
Kahla Nichole White
Latta High School, Ada Oklahoma, USA
Increasing levels of Ethinylestradiol, from overuse of birth control pills, have been found in drinking water. 17, BetaEstradiol is the most potent natural animal hormone. The purpose of this projec
EE2 and E2 affect the gender distortion or fertility of Drosophila melanogastor. The research hypotheses for this project were: (1) As the concentrations of both E2 and EE2 are increased the mal
increased percentage of females; (2) As the concentration of both E2 and EE2 are increased the fertility will decrease; (3) Continuous exposure to both estrogens will cause a decrease in fertility
cause a greater gender distortion and a decrease in fertility than EE2. Stock solutions were created for both estrogens and three different concentrations were prepared. Triplicate vials w
concentration and added to the food mixture. Each generation was monitored over 20 days. Female percentages were higher in generation 1 after exposure to E2 and EE2 as compared
concentrations showed stronger estrogenic responses in both estrogens, while the highest concentrations produced weaker responses. The generational gender distortion was significant from gen
feminization for the 20 ng/L EE2 and a 12.2% increase in feminization for the 1000 ng/L E2. An ANOVA indicated significance in generation 2 female fly percentages (Pr>F=0.0039) but not in typ
2013 AS036
JELLYFISH PHOTOTAXIS: DEVELOPING AN INFRARED NET FOR APPLICATION IN MARINE SYSTEMS FOR THE PREVENTION OF JELLYFISH FOULING AND BEACH INFESTATIONS
Connor William Burton
Camdenton RIII High School, Camdenton, MO
Jellyfish are responsible for 50,000 envenomations annually (Daubert, 2012). Additionally, some coastal power plants spend an estimated $50,000 per year to remove jellyfish from intake pipes (P
represent a large part of these damages. Scyphozoans possess Ocelli which are simple eyes that can detect changes in light which they use to respond (termed phototaxis) to diurnal patterns in
this project is to determine whether jellyfish respond to both visible and Infrared light. If jellyfish are phototaxic, then it is conceivable that such a device could be developed to reduce jellyfishhum
hypothesis, I constructed three waterproof devices which use narrowband LED’s to emit light at three different wavelengths; one visible and two Infrared (850 nm and 940 nm). These devices we
Nettles at a public aquarium to determine their potential to be used as an Infrared ‘net’ to deter jellyfish. Results of testing indicate that Aurelia aurita shows a statistically significant attra
significant tendency to migrate vertically to orient in visible light. With this in mind, it is considered at least feasible that a system of directionallyoriented Infrared lights could be positioned to act
sensitive areas. 
2009 AS036
THE EFFECTS OF EUSCHISTUS SERVUS ON REGULATING LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA
Sadik Uddin
Townsend Harris High School at Queens College, Flushing, NY
Imidacloprid, a pesticide, is used to control the Leptinotarsa decemlineata population, limiting potato plant destruction. Some Leptinotarsa decemlineata develop resistance to imidacloprid. To tes
exists in resistant Leptinotarsa decemlineata and if Euschistus servus were an effective control, Ymaze trials were conducted. Resistant L. decemlineata selected the Euschistus servus side 87
(p<0.001) more often than the susceptible ones, supporting the hypothesis. The results show an olfactory resistant cost exists and that Euschistus servus are is an effective and inexpensive me
decemlineata without pesticides.
Alt trip winner DO NOT ANNOUNCE United States Environmental Protection Agency
2012 AS036
THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON THE LEARNING CAPABILITIES OF PLANARIA
Christina Yahyun Lee
Sherando High School, Stephens City, VA
The experiment took place at the Lee Residence where 160 brown planaria were split into two test groups to be exposed to pesticides either acutely or developmentally. The acute group was expo
and developmental group was regenerated in 1/25,000 dilutions of pesticides. The pesticides used were Bifenthrin, Carbaryl, and Gammacyhalothrin. Classical conditioning was utilized and the a
recorded on a scale of zero to three. The first null hypothesis was there would be no difference in ARR of the planaria exposed to pesticides (both acute and developmental) and the control planar
hypothesis was if planaria were exposed to pesticides acutely or developmentally then the planaria will have lower ARR than planaria which we not exposed. The null hypothesis was rejected with
comparing the control to all pesticide groups. The second null stated there would be no difference in ARR between the acute and developmental group. The second alternative was if the planaria w
developmentally the ARR would be lower than the acute groups. The null was supported with a pvalue<0.05. This suggests that pesticides adversely affect the learning capabilities of planaria, an
2013 AS036
JELLYFISH PHOTOTAXIS: DEVELOPING AN INFRARED NET FOR APPLICATION IN MARINE SYSTEMS FOR THE PREVENTION OF JELLYFISH FOULING AND BEACH INFESTATIONS
Connor William Burton
Camdenton RIII High School, Camdenton, MO
Jellyfish are responsible for 50,000 envenomations annually (Daubert, 2012). Additionally, some coastal power plants spend an estimated $50,000 per year to remove jellyfish from intake pipes (P
represent a large part of these damages. Scyphozoans possess Ocelli which are simple eyes that can detect changes in light which they use to respond (termed phototaxis) to diurnal patterns in
this project is to determine whether jellyfish respond to both visible and Infrared light. If jellyfish are phototaxic, then it is conceivable that such a device could be developed to reduce jellyfishhum
hypothesis, I constructed three waterproof devices which use narrowband LED’s to emit light at three different wavelengths; one visible and two Infrared (850 nm and 940 nm). These devices we
Nettles at a public aquarium to determine their potential to be used as an Infrared ‘net’ to deter jellyfish. Results of testing indicate that Aurelia aurita shows a statistically significant attra
significant tendency to migrate vertically to orient in visible light. With this in mind, it is considered at least feasible that a system of directionallyoriented Infrared lights could be positioned to act
sensitive areas. 
Award of $2000 for ocean science projects, with an emphasis on marine geosciences. Consortium for Ocean Leadership
2007 AS037
ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF CALLING OUTSIDE OF THE BREEDING SEASON IN FROGS
Robert Michael Tenreiro
The Fox Lane High School, Bedford, New York, United States
Numerous frog species in New York State vocalize during the breeding season to both advertise to prospective mates and defend their territory, however out of season calling has also been docu
that this anomaly in the frogs’ annual calling trends has a direct correlation with seasonal climatic conditions. This study documented calls from a sample community of frogs, occurring around a
for a total of five weeks in early fall, 2006. Frogs were identified by call, and the key aspects of the call. Consideration was given to frog species, call type, frequency of each call. After the finding
the frogs’ calls and the environment was noted. The study suggests that climatic trends similar to those occurring during the spring and summer breeding seasons, induced the frogs to vocalize a
 
2009 AS037
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND RELATIVE HUMIDITY ON THE BODY TEMPERATURE OF SLED DOGS
Stephanie Rae LaPointe
Bayfield High School, Bayfield, WI
Sled dogs are trained each fall to prepare them for winter expeditions and races. The dogs pull an ATV over the trails while training. The ambient temperature and relative humidity are monitored t
dogs on any given day. The purpose of this project is to record the ambient temperature and relative humidity and the body temperatures of the dogs as they train to determine whether or not ther
conditions and the dogs’ body temperatures while training. Initially, the dogs’ temperatures were taken both rectally and under the armpit to determine whether the armpit method would provide rel
produced results that followed a similar pattern to the rectal temperature changes the rectal method was used for the remainder of the experiment. The rectal method provided quicker results and
temperatures were taken before each training run as well as at regular intervals during the run. The data indicated that the body temperature of the dogs rose considerably at the beginning of each
temperature. There was not enough data to make a conclusion regarding the relationship between ambient temperature and relative humidity on the body temperature of training sled dogs.
2014 AS037
THE EFFECT OF ENVRIONMENTAL STRESSES ON THE GENDER RATIO OF A POPULATION
Alexandra Nicole Pentel
The Bolles School, Jacksonville, FL, United States of America
It is known that after the 2011 earthquake in Japan, the sex ratio of the subsequent population was skewed in favor of girls. However, it is not known whether the environmental stress caused a g
more infant males dying as a result of environmental stress (or if the gender bias was merely due to chance). The experiment explores the possibility that environmental stressors may cause a ch
infant males may be less fit for survival than their female counterparts. Occasionally pregnant females' immune systems attack male cells, causing miscarriage and the experiment will determine
reaction, causing the gender bias. However, if the same number of males was born, but a disproportional amount died compared to females, it would support research that females are more fit for
melanogaster and vibrating motors were used to simulate organisms being exposed to varied amounts of stress: one group was exposed to strong vibrations for 10 seconds (simulate earthquake)
(simulate earthquake and stress/havoc that followed). Then the sex ratio of the groups was determined. The data and data analysis show that the environmental stress affected the sex ratio. Bec
affected more than the onetime stress group, it can be concluded that the amount of stress is proportional to the magnitude of the change in ratio. This information is useful because women will
emotional stress due to its correlation with the miscarriage/death of male babies.
2013 AS037
FACTORS INFLUENCING CANINE MAMMARY NEOPLASIA
Morni Ashish Modi
Caddo Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA
The purpose of this research project was to analyze the effects of spaying in female dogs on the occurrence of type of mammary tumors and mortality in a large multicenter trial. It was hypothesi
increased risk of developing malignant mammary tumor compared to spayed female. Data on 704 dogs from 18 different sites were collected and analyzed. Two of the sites had over 200 patients
birth, age at the time of diagnosis, weight, ovarian hysterectomy status (was the dog spayed previously), surgery date, length of stay in hospital, tumor type (benign/ malignant), pathology results
A statistical analysis was then performed using the SAS system to assess a significance of ovarian hysterectomy on development of type of tumor and their survival. Results revealed the follow
malignant mammary tumors in nonspayed group compared to the spayed group (73.68% vs. 65.95%, P Value of 0.05). (2) Overall mortality in the nonspayed group was higher compared to spay
the subgroup of benign tumors, mortality was higher in nonspayed compare to spayed group (18.83% vs. 3.0%, p<0.01).(4)In the subgroup of malignant tumors, mortality was higher in nonspaye
6.44%, p<0.01). These findings suggest that spaying improves mortality in patient with mammary tumor irrespective of type and spayed dogs are less likely to develop malignant mammary tumo
2010 AS037
THE EFFECT OF PESTICIDES ON THE CHEMOTAXIS OF PLANARIA
Christina yahyun Lee
Sherando High School, Stephens City, VA
Planaria are flat worms that have sensitive chemoreceptors. With such sensitive chemoreceptors this organism can serve as a sensitive marker of chemical impact on environment ecology. The
Bifenthrin, Lamdacyhalothrin, and Carbaryl are pesticides which affect pests by over stimulating their nervous system and 2,4D is a herbicide known to be highly toxic to fish. The experiment wa
pesticides in trays with food 18 cm away from a planaria, and then the rate of chemotaxis was measured in seconds. The hypothesis is, “If the planaria are exposed to pesticides then th
This is because all of the tested chemicals are known to be neurotoxic to fish and insects. The results were three of the four chemicals decreased chemotaxis, while the 2,4D did not. Th
except for the 2,4D. This may be because it is an herbicide and in some forms it is not toxic to Daphnia. My results prove that the common store brand insecticides store could be dangerous to
2011 AS037
STURGEON GROWTH RATE IN MONOCULTURE AND POLYCULTURE
Lauren Elise Davis
Celebration High School, Celebration, FL
This project was designed to compare the growth rates in one species of fish (monoculture), and in the same species of fish combined with two other types of fish (polyculture). Polyculture is con
in aquaculture, by maximizing the use of water and tank space. For this experiment, I choose to grow three species of fish: the first species of fish are sevruga sturgeon, Acipenser stellatus, the
the third species are paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. The sevruga sturgeon are the focus of this experiment. The fish were weighed at the beginning and end of the experiment. I then compared th
greatest impact on the growth of the sevruga sturgeon. The study comprised of five tanks: in the first study there was a monoculture of sturgeon and a polyculture of tilapia and sturgeon. In the s
sturgeon; a polyculture of sturgeon and paddlefish; and a polyculture of tilapia, sturgeon, and paddlefish. My hypothesis is if tilapia feed in the water column and graze on algae, and if pa
of the sturgeon will not be affected due to the fact that the sturgeon are bottom feeders. In the beginning of this experiment, the fish were weighed using a digital scale. I then calculated
days a week, which was 2% of their body weight. After fifty days of this routine in the first study and after thirty days in the second study, they were weighed again and their ending weights were
compared to the beginning weights to find the growth rate of the sturgeon in the monoculture and polyculture tanks.
2012 AS037
CLIMATE EFFECTS ON JUVENILE AND ADULT SALAMANDER POPULATION DENSITIES, A FOURYEAR STUDY
For four years, trends between adult and juvenile salamander densities and climate data were evaluated. Artificial cover boards were used for salamander monitoring. Captured salamanders (59 S
were identified to species, measured, and released. Temperature and precipitation data were collected from a weather station near the study area. Adult and juvenile densities were the highest (2.
respectfully) during the study period when the mean fall temperature was below average and the total fall precipitation was above average (2009). Adult and juvenile densities were the lowest (0.55
study period (2010). Strong inverse correlations with temperature were shown between the juvenile slimy salamander density (0.91) and the adult slimy salamander density (0.84). The adult and
strong positive correlations with precipitation (0.97 and 0.81, respectfully). Based on these findings, the adult and juvenile spotted salamander densities increased with rainfall while the adult and j
decreased with increasing temperatures.
2008 AS037
SEARCHING FOR A TRADEOFF BETWEEN REPRODUCTION AND STRESS RESISTANCE IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS BY USING LITHIUM CHLORIDE TO INDUCE LONGEVITY
Vipin Tyagi
William L. Dickinson High School, Jersey City, NJ
ABSTRACT The purpose of this project is to ascertain whether a tradeoff exists between reproduction and stress resistance in Caenorhabditis elegans when lithium chloride is appl
increased, there will be a tradeoff present in which there will be a decrease in reproduction rate and an increase in stress resistance in the nematode C. elegans. A life span assay was
daily for an increase in life span due to lithium chloride. The reproduction assay tested for any change in reproduction rate where progeny was recorded for all worms in each group at 24 hour inter
exposing C. elegans worms to 37ºC (heat stress) and the number of worms living, dead, or lost was recorded every 2 hours. An uncorrelated tTest was conducted at the 0.001 level of
p>0.001) and at the 0.0025 level for stress resistance (t=2.95>2.93; p>0.0025) and reproduction (t=3.41>3.28; p>0.0025). The life span of lithium chloride treated worms was increased to about 3
stress was increased from 48 to 60 hours due to treatment. Reproduction rate decreased for the lithium chloride treated worms as mean total progeny production was only 21 while the control grou
hypothesis was fully supported by the data. The results suggest that an increase in life span does come with a price due to the tradeoff that occurs and that there is indeed a negative associatio
2011 AS038
STUDYING THE DEVELOPMENT OF BRONCHIAL TISSUES USING ANTIBODIES
Carolina Pelaez
Union City High School Academy for Enrichment and Advancement, Union City, NJ
The main function for the survival of humans is to obtain energy to carry out all the metabolic processes necessary for survival. The lungs have the ability to obtain Oxygen gas from the atmosph
the blood stream of living organisms into carbon dioxide gas, water and energy through the process of cellular respiration occurring in the mitochondria of all cells. By selecting the optimum antibo
development of lungs in chicken embryos were studied in order to maximize the function of lungs, prevent lung disease, and enhance treatment for different conditions. The antibodies mark the p
allowed these tissues to be analyzed under an Inverted Research Microscope (Eclipse TE2000E) using an immunofluorescent staining technique, which allows for sensitive light microscopy with
Tyramide reagents. The results obtained through ongoing research will allow for further research concerning different factors, such as pressure and volume, which may disturb normal bronchial tis
sufficient data for the development of gene therapy, artificial lungs, or alternate treatments for pulmonary diseases that concern the human lung.
2010 AS038
THE LIFE OF A PLANARIA
Betlihem Dilnessa Ayalew
Benjamin Banneker Academic High School, Washington, DC
The purpose of this experiment was to understand how the regeneration rate of planarian is affected when exposed to various magnetic fields. This is very important due to the strong correlations
cells of the planarian share all the common characteristics with totipotent stem cells; in their ability to transform into any tissue in the body. It was hypothesized that exposing a planarian to highe
regeneration rate. Each planarian was cut horizontally 3mm from the head and three planarians were placed in each test tube with spring water. With the exception of the control group, a neodymi
test tube at various distances to create multiple different magnetic fields. Test tube #1 was a distance of 0cm (from the top of magnet), test tube #2 was 5cm, test tube was 10cm, test tube #4 w
20cm. The regeneration rate of the planarian increased or decreased depending on the intensity, orientation, and duration of the magnetic field. The epimorphosis regeneration involved th
wound, which in return enabled the planarian to produce posterior organs. However, the strength of the magnetic field created by neodymium magnets halted some of the planarians from producin
concluded that higher strengths of neodymium magnetic fields can decrease the rate of regeneration of a planarian.
2009 AS038
KINETICS OF THE VESICLE FUSION PORE REGARDING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTION AT THE NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION OF CRAYFISH
Curtis George Northcutt
Lafayette High School, Lexington, KY
When the nerve terminal of Drosophila is directly stimulated using a focal electrode patch, an increase in calcium within the nerve terminal will result in a decrease in the total duration of the quan
clarkii (crayfish) were chosen as the units of experimentation for their many similarities in the basic fundamentals of glutamatergic synaptic transmission with Drosophila and humans. Crayfish all
intracellular calcium within the nerve terminal when stimulated using shortterm facilitation. However, instead of stimulating the nerve terminal superficially as was done in previous experiments re
intracellular calcium and the quantal duration, the axon of the excitor nerve was stimulated, inducing an action potential to travel to the nerve terminal as it would naturally. By stimulating the axon
term facilitation (STF) was used to build up residual calcium ions within the nerve terminal. Thus, with each consecutive pulse, there exists a greater [Ca2+] within the nerve terminal. The duration
each stimulation pulse could then be plotted and analyzed. This experiment was conducted using both 20Hz and 40 Hz frequencies of STF. The data yielded no correlation between the [Ca2+] an
stimulation frequency. Thus, for the glutamatergic synaptic transmission of Procambarus clarkii, there is no relationship between the residual [Ca2+] and the duration of the quantal event in a phy
2008 AS038
THE EFFECTS OF BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS ON WOUND HEALING AND CELLULAR REGENERATION OF PLANARIA AND PHASMIDS
Jacob Michael Brandvold
Sunnyside High School, Sunnyside, WA
Since the discovery of penicillin by Louis Pasture, society has drifted further and further from the use of natural forms of health care. ? Could it be that our fear of using anything “natural” on our b
Egyptians and Greeks used honey for wound care for centuries. The purpose of this project was to determine if clover honey, manuka honey, grape seed extract, and ginseng can be used to incr
in invertebrates. Grape seed extract, ginseng, manuka honey, and clover honey was applied to the leg joints of missing leg of walking sticks and the percentage of leg regrowth and the leg/body
planaria were placed in individual Petri dishes containing distilled water, manuka honey solution, clover honey solution, ginseng extract solution, or grape seed extract solution and the number of d
recorded. The walking sticks treated with grape seed extract had the highest average leg/body growth ratio, 2.181, as well as the highest average leg regrowth percentage, 85.56%. The planaria t
healed in an average of 8 days, faster than any of the other planaria. A lot of research is being done right now on manuka honey’s use on wounds in the United States and was recently passed in
by hospitals and doctors as a form of wound treatment.
2007 AS038
DO BUMBLEBEES BASE FORAGING DECISIONS ON THOSE OF OTHERS?
Rachel Ellen Sitts
CrotonHarmon High School, CrotononHudson, NY 10520 USA
Bumblebees are known to rely on members of their colony to provide them with valuable information about foraging. The goal of this experiment was to discover whether bees base their foraging d
the field, bees (n=130) were offered a choice between a vase in which half of the flowers were occupied by demonstrator bees (dead conspecifics) and a vase in which all flowers were unoccupied
recorded and each bee was marked. In the lab, bees were presented with a twentysquare grid on an arena floor, half of which contained a conspecific, to examine whether bees were attracted to
foraging context. The first ten landings of each bee were recorded. In the field, 57% of the bumblebees chose to land on an occupied vase. 64% of the bees preferred an unoccupied flower within
lab, all bees landed on an occupied square at least 70% of the time. A ChiSquared test produced a pvalue less than 0.005, indicating significance. These experiments suggest that the fact that
necessarily an adaptation specifically to improve foraging; it is more likely a result of bees’ general attraction to one another. Future experiments should explore the reasons behind this tendency,
and investigate causes of the current decline in bee populations.
2013 AS038
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON THE FILTRATION RATES OF THE BLUE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS
Meagan Elizabeth Currie
Greely High School, Cumberland, ME
The goal of these experiments is to establish how environmental stressors affect the filtration rates of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mytilus is regarded as the global indicator species used to d
mussels ingest toxic algae, the levels of which are measured to determine how severe the bloom is. This experiment involved two different tests. The mussel filtration rates were measu
in a low nutrient environment for two weeks, or after exposure to 2,4D (a widely used herbicide). The filtration rate was established by putting a set amount of graphite in a set volume and measu
the water. Graphite concentration was quantified by measuring the absorbance levels of solution via spectrophotometry. Rates were compared to unexposed control mussels. Nutrientdeficient m
more slowly. This was significantly different from controls with a T test pvalue of 0.021. The second set of tests exposed the mussels to 1.0 part per million (ppm) and 10.0 ppm of the pollutant 2
The absorbance readings were significantly different from controls (0.018 and 0.003 respectively for the two concentrations), which demonstrates a significant difference between the control muss
environmental stressors. Possible implications are a decrease in the health of mussels if environmental stressors are present, and a decrease in the accuracy of the current Red Tide detection te
2012 AS038
IDENTIFICATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER GUSTATORY RECEPTOR 23A (GR23A) RESPONSE IN OLFACTION AND GUSTATION FOR POTENTIAL INSECT REPELLENT SYN
Anirudh Chandrashekar
Jericho High School, Jericho, NY
Synthesis of insect repellents, prophylactic tools against insectvector diseases, requires elucidation of insect chemosensation. Utilizing Drosophila melanogaster, a three tier study was conducte
mechanisms. Specific tiers investigated 1) potential transient receptor potential (TRP) channel targets as sensory indicators against market insect repellents 2) the underlying mechanisms of odo
homology between olfactory and gustatory receptors through olfactory analysis. Evasive olfactory behavior to an airborne chemical vapor was assessed via the Direct Airborne Repellent Test (DA
response via a twochoice behavioral taste assay. As a part of tier 1, the abnormal behavioral response of trpa1 knockout mutants favored repellents with respect to citronella (p=0.006), IR3535 (
suggesting activation through noxious chemicals. Tier 2 presented GPCR mutants with normal aversive behavioral responses, which failed to support the dominance of GPCR signaling in olfactio
(gr23a) role in olfactory sensation, contradicting its present role in gustation. gr23a mutants showed an abnormal olfactory behavioral response to citronella (p=0.02741), IR3535 (p=0.03461), and
normal gustatory response to camphor, supporting the receptor’s role in olfaction. Behavioral response of gr23a mutants encourages reassessment of the present classification system of chemos
identified should be used as targets via the K&D test module as a means for synthesis of efficient insect repellents to tackle the proliferation of insectborne pathogens.
2014 AS038
UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES OF MOSQUITO PESTICIDES ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT: POTENTIAL EFFECTS ON THE THREATENED STAGHORN CORAL, ACROPORA CERV
Chandler Ilsa Precht
Westminster Christian School, Palmetto Bay, FL, United States of America
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two commonly used insecticides for mosquito control on the Threatened coral Acropora cervicornis. The chemicals used in this study in
thought that the diluted formulations of these insecticides do not pose unreasonable risks to humans, wildlife or the environment, few studies have examined the nontarget effects of these applic
A. cervicornis were collected in the fall of 2013. These corals were exposed in the lab to seawater containing concentrations of 0.05, 0.5, and 5.0 µg/l from each of the pesticides. These corals w
after which their viability was determined by visual inspection. Each experimental treatment contained three corals. The results varied by both pesticide and its concentration in seawater.
had no noticeable effects for the duration of the experiment. However, Permethrin concentrations of 5.0 µg/l killed 100% of the corals in that treatment. In addition, Permethrin concentrations of 0
that treatment. These results showed that A. cervicornis showed some resistance to low levels of Permethrin, however, at high concentrations they were either adversely affected or killed outrigh
after a 72 hour exposure to Permethrin is 2.75 μg/l. For the Diabrom treatments there was no significant difference between the control group and the three experimental treatments (P = 0.952).
rejected for Diabrom. For the Permethrin there was a significant difference between the control and the treatments (P = 0.0394).
2007 AS038
DO BUMBLEBEES BASE FORAGING DECISIONS ON THOSE OF OTHERS?
Rachel Ellen Sitts
CrotonHarmon High School, CrotononHudson, NY 10520 USA
Bumblebees are known to rely on members of their colony to provide them with valuable information about foraging. The goal of this experiment was to discover whether bees base their foraging d
the field, bees (n=130) were offered a choice between a vase in which half of the flowers were occupied by demonstrator bees (dead conspecifics) and a vase in which all flowers were unoccupied
recorded and each bee was marked. In the lab, bees were presented with a twentysquare grid on an arena floor, half of which contained a conspecific, to examine whether bees were attracted to
foraging context. The first ten landings of each bee were recorded. In the field, 57% of the bumblebees chose to land on an occupied vase. 64% of the bees preferred an unoccupied flower within
lab, all bees landed on an occupied square at least 70% of the time. A ChiSquared test produced a pvalue less than 0.005, indicating significance. These experiments suggest that the fact that
necessarily an adaptation specifically to improve foraging; it is more likely a result of bees’ general attraction to one another. Future experiments should explore the reasons behind this tendency,
and investigate causes of the current decline in bee populations.
2013 AS038
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSORS ON THE FILTRATION RATES OF THE BLUE MUSSEL MYTILUS EDULIS
Meagan Elizabeth Currie
Greely High School, Cumberland, ME
The goal of these experiments is to establish how environmental stressors affect the filtration rates of the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis. Mytilus is regarded as the global indicator species used to d
mussels ingest toxic algae, the levels of which are measured to determine how severe the bloom is. This experiment involved two different tests. The mussel filtration rates were measu
in a low nutrient environment for two weeks, or after exposure to 2,4D (a widely used herbicide). The filtration rate was established by putting a set amount of graphite in a set volume and measu
the water. Graphite concentration was quantified by measuring the absorbance levels of solution via spectrophotometry. Rates were compared to unexposed control mussels. Nutrientdeficient m
more slowly. This was significantly different from controls with a T test pvalue of 0.021. The second set of tests exposed the mussels to 1.0 part per million (ppm) and 10.0 ppm of the pollutant 2
The absorbance readings were significantly different from controls (0.018 and 0.003 respectively for the two concentrations), which demonstrates a significant difference between the control muss
environmental stressors. Possible implications are a decrease in the health of mussels if environmental stressors are present, and a decrease in the accuracy of the current Red Tide detection te
Award of $500 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA
2009 AS039
ENTOMOPHAGY: MEALWORMS AS A VIABLE PROTEIN SOURCE FOR HUMANS.
Brenna Elizabeth Keogh
Mohawk Trail Regional High school, Shelburne Falls, MA
Entomophagy is the scientific word referring to using insects as a food source. Entomophagy becomes more important as growing numbers of people on the planet look for environmentally friendl
considers domestic entomophagy by investigating aspects of mealworm farming addressing the overarching question: Are mealworms a viable protein source for humans? Mealworms a
an insect that completes metamorphosis. Two factors hypothesized to impact mealworm farming efficiency were examined: diet (protein, normal) and population density (10, 50, 250 mealworms p
variables were the amount of biomass increase and the speed of metamorphosis. The hypotheses were that a low density environment and a protein diet would increase the mealworms’ speed of
increase. Mealworms were put into 6 containers— 2 of each density and 3 of each diet. Data was collected for 7 weeks. In comparison with the normal diet, the protein diet increased bi
+11%. Each density pupated 70% to 75%. The low and medium densities increased biomass 11% more than the highest density. This study demonstrates that a higher protein diet is b
that mealworms can grow successfully in a relatively high density environment. Using this information and other research, it was discerned that to raise mealworms at home, 1 cubic meter of spa
reasonable, mealworms can be raised in homes for a human diet.
2007 AS039
UTILIZING SCIENCE TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN OUR TRIBAL COMMUNITY: TILAPIA BROOD STOCK NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS FOR OPTIMAL EG
Annette Joy Mendivil
Casa Grande Union High School, Casa Grande, AZ, United States of America
The Gila River Indian Community has abundant land and water for agricultural businesses. A new effort is needed through a partnership of science and business to create a sustainable aquacultu
in our community. This fouryear project has conducted experiments to obtain optimal growth in producing tilapia fish for commercial use. Year Four research investigates the relationsh
nutrition and the quality of eggs produced. Measurements were collected from four tanks (400 gallons each) on the response of brood stock to a specific daily protein ration (35% and 45%).
collect eggs. A portion of the egg sample was tested for protein content using a standard lab procedure for analysis (protocol in research plan). Protein test was conducted in a laboratory by a cer
sample was placed in hatching containers. Brood stock weight and length measurements were collected for indication of health and growth rate. Egg production was tracked by tank. Number of fr
hatching eggs were tracked. No fish were harmed during this research. This research also tested the economical benefits of production with the results placed in a business plan for a ne
sustainable agricultural practices. This business plan incorporate methods to create and sustain development which seeks to generate new jobs, relieve poverty, and create equitable standards o
2010 AS039
OCEAN ACIDIFICATION AND THE POST METAMORPHIC GROWTH OF LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS
Charnelle Kanisha Bland
Maritime and Science Technology Academy, Miami, FL
This experiment called for two studies in order to find the effects that ocean acidification will have on Lytechinus variegatus, while having an optimal food regimen. The sea urchins were held in a
cage. The type of diets that were used to determine which set of L. variegatus would have a higher growth rate were Ulva sp., Agardhiella subulata, Gracilaria ferox, and a mixture of the three. Th
highest results was the mixed diet, with an absolute growth rate percentage of 26, 470 mg, over a 57day trial period. However, after using a Tukey and ANOVA test, the test results proved that t
statistical difference with the mixed diet. Therefore, it was used in the second study. In the second study, there are three different CO2 levels being measured: 800 ppm, 560 ppm, and 380 ppm.
the ocean. The diameter of the sea urchins’ test and the weight of the animals were examined in relation to the growth rate and the effects of increased carbon dioxide levels over a 68day trial pe
decreased pH level causes a detrimental effect on the post metamorphic stage of Lytechinus variegatus. Due to sea urchins being marine invertebrates, the increased levels of carbon dioxide ca
organisms and its habitats as well.
2011 AS039
STRESS RELEVENCE AFFECTING FEMALE PRODUCTIVITY TRAITS IN SWINE
Neela Ann Andres
The purpose was to determine whether Porcine Stress Syndrome has an effect, if any, on a mothering sow. Research indicates that sows that are stress negative are better mothers than stress c
without the stress gene (nn) had more piglets then stress carriers (Nn). On average more piglets were born alive. Stress negative swine also lost an average of 1.25 piglets per litter. Carriers aver
swine also have better milk production therefore, faster growing piglets. Piglets from stress negative sows have a 9.135 lbs. average growth span meaning the piglets gained 9.135 lbs from their f
have a 4.852 lbs. average growth span. Making a difference of 4.283 lbs. per litter. When observing stress carriers and stress negative sows there is a difference. Sows were tested
number born, number born alive, average litter weight on the day of birth, average litter weight seven days later, number alive after seven days, average litter weight twentyone days later, finally,
birth. All was done to insure an accurate Sow Productivity Index (SPI).
2012 AS039
NATURAL SPRINGS VS. MANMADE GUZZLERS
Cole Dee Crim
Pershing County High School, Lovelock, NV
The purpose of this project was to see if natural water springs are more efficient to northern Nevada’s wildlife, compared to manmade guzzlers. These are structures designed to capture rain wat
hypothesized that the springs would benefit the wildlife more because there is less human interaction and human scent. I used six motion trigger cameras and 12 SD memory cards. On a Sunday
at the guzzlers, I waited until the following Sunday to retrieve the memory cards out of the cameras and replace the memory cards. I analyzed the data at school and put the data into data tables
weeks. Current results show that the guzzlers are bringing more of a variety of species but less numbers while springs are bringing less of a variety but more numbers. Nevada was extremely dry
observe any mule deer – the one species that should have been present. This could be because there was not enough snow to cause them to migrate and also it is their prime mating season. I b
didn’t get very many predators such as bobcats and mountain lions. I plan to continue this research in other seasons and over several years to determine climate effects and possibly relocating t
2014 AS039
THE EFFECTS OF FOUR PLANT ANTIOXIDANTS ON THE LIFESPAN OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Summer Arielle Stoff
San Angelo Central High School, San Angelo, TX,
The objective of the project was to determine whether or not the antioxidants of super fruits acai, blueberries, pomegranates, and Chinese medicinal herb, astragalus were powerful enough reducin
of oxygen to affect the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Before conducting this project, research of antioxidants led to the formation of the hypothesis that when antioxidants are ingested throu
extended lifespans due to the reduction of oxidative stress on their bodies. This experiment was conducted using static dilutions of the respective plant concentrations and placing it in the individ
food, OP50 E. coli, ensuring the ingestion of the antioxidant containing plant dilutions tested on ten worms for each plant including a control exposed to no antioxidants and conducting two trials.
following ingesting the antioxidants, the worm’s lives were more than doubled from their standard two to three week lifespan. As an overall effect it was discovered that antioxidants had a positive
specifically reducing the stresses on telomeres which are the ends of chromosomes responsible for the natural length of life, leading to an extension of life Caenorhabditis elegans due to the pres
that reduce metabolic activities leading to aging and inhibiting telomeredegrading proteins allowing for the worms’ telomeres to be protected allowing life to continue.
2008 AS039
CATCH ME IF YOU CAN: A ROBOTIC SIMULATION OF PREDATORPREY COEVOLUTION
Carlie Alexandra Scalesse
London Central Secondary School, London, Ontario, CANADA
Behavioural evolution has been a topic of much interest within the scientific field. However, difficulties that arise during the study of the biological evolution of complex organisms, namely its dura
process virtually impossible to study in real time. As such, science has turned to artificial life in order to simulate this lengthy process in a shorter time frame. This project aims at determining the
reproducing the behavioural evolution in a predatorprey coevolutionary dynamic. Analysis of the results demonstrates that, as hypothesized, an arms race has developed between the predator a
to the development of actual behaviours used by various species of biological predators. Using evolutionary robotics, a realistic simulation of predatorprey coevolution has been created. This pro
study of macro and micro evolution either to better understand evolution, or even to predict it.
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Animal Sciences Presented by
2013 AS039
AVIAN MIMICRY IN COLOR SPACE
Uri Rosenshine
The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY
I analyzed the plumage colors of two clades of South American Ramphastos toucans in order to verify the interspecific social dominance mimicry (ISDM) gametheory model for twoparty evolutio
under circumstances wherein a subordinate and a dominant group are competing sympatrically for the same resources, the subordinate group may evolve to mimic the dominant group. The purpo
model. To that end, the plumage colors of the subordinate channelkeelbilled croaking and the dominant smoothbilled yelping Ramphastos toucan clades were compared. I hypothesized that the
used a tetrahedral colorspace, which models the avian perception of a color based on the stimulation of the four avian retinal color cone types: red, blue, green, and ultraviolet. Each vertex of the
color cones and a color is expressed as a vector in the colorspace with the spherical coordinates theta, phi, and r, where theta and phi indicate color hue and r indicates color saturation. This ana
Ramphastos clades, and the colorspace occupancies of the plumages of the distinct groups were analyzed to evaluate the degree of mimicry. The mimic croaker toucans were found to be highly
and the results confirmed the gametheory model. This work contributes to the development of the tetrahedral colorspace as a tool for evaluating visual perception and expands our understanding
mechanism.
2012 AS040
COLORS THAT FLY
Kristi LaRae Goldade
Strasburg Public School, Strasburg, ND
The purpose of my project is to determine if flies are attracted to certain colors or possibly breeds of dairy cows (Bos taurus). I would like to figure out if can increase their cows comfort by breedi
reduce the impact of flies on cattle in this way. If I can figure out what color of coat the flies are most attracted to, it may help the herd's level of comfort and reduce the pain of bites from these p
choose dairy cows of different colors and placed them into color groups. There were four tan colored cows, four brown cows, four white cows, four black and white cows, four black cows, and four
type of food throughout the experiment and also held in the same holding pen/pasture during the course. The cows cannot be sprayed with any chemical repellent for at least two weeks before the
milking flies were counted, and I recorded the date and approximate time milking occurred. I used a comb and spray bottle of water to brush off debris and waste found in the square. 
to certain colors. Red cows averaged the highest number of flies throughout the course of the experiment. Lighter colors such as tan and white came in with the fewest flies.
2011 AS040
THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Claudia Nicole Dennler
Pershing County High School, Lovelock, NV
Sodium benzoate has been used extensively in the food service industry as a preservative. I wanted to see how it would affect Drosophila melanogaster. Thirtysix prepared culture vials were pla
ensure a controlled environment. Powdered media was moistened with serial dilution concentrations (starting at 70 mM and ending with 7 µM) of sodium benzoate dissolved into distilled water. Th
upon my prior research with Brassica Rapa and a study conducted showing the effects of 8mM on human peripheral blood cells (Mpountoukas et. al). Data that was collected three distinct days o
mutations, length, width, population, and number of types of mutations. Results showed increased mutations in all concentrations. The 70 mM concentration displayed a slowed life cycle with a m
second observation, there were only 14 flies in this concentration, a meager 4.81% of the control’s numbers. The third observation yielded 57.6% productivity when compared to the control, but th
bellies. Conversely, the 70 µM solution displayed increased productivity. The sodium benzoate did not have an effect on width or length. An ANOVA test conducted on the data resulted in a 0.000
0.008 p for percent mutated, and 0.004 when looking for population differences, which validates the data as being significant. This supports my hypothesis of sodium benzoate having an effect on
2010 AS040
THE EFFECT OF GENETIC MUTATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER IN FOOD ODOR PREFERENCE
Katherine Marie Neal
Beaufort Academy, Beaufort, SC
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of genetic mutation in Drosophila melanogaster in food odor preference. The hypothesis was that mutation would affect the odor preferen
differently. One must order four different mutated flies, each with a mutation on different chromosomes, along wild type flies. Each vial contains 100 flies, which allows a general percentage to be
include: temperature, exposure to sunlight, ripeness and temperature of the fruit, amount of time for the flies to travel between vials and the wild type flies (used to compare.) The independent var
(ebony, whiteeye, eyeless, and dumpy.) The dependent variable is how many flies end up in each fruit vial. While the flies are unconscious, the tubes connecting to the fruit vials are ins
secured, and the timer starts when the majority regains consciousness. After repeating the experiment four times with each fly type, the hypothesis was correct. Mutation did affect the
evident as predicted. The ebony flies (chromosome 3 mutation) had odor preferences most similar to the wild type, while the whiteeye flies (chromosome 1 mutations) had results least like the w
mutations) and dumpy (chromosome 2 mutations) flies had fluctuating results, but the average for eyeless showed that they had preferences closer to the wild type than the dumpy flies.
2007 AS040
CHICKEN EGG STRENGTH FREE RANGE VS. CAGED
Carson Vaughn Wray
Blevins Junior High School, Fort Collins Colorado, USA
The experiment identified a problem: Do the affects of a free range chicken’s life style present stronger eggs opposed to the restricted life style of a caged chicken? This experiment was selected
own. I believe that free range chickens have stronger eggs because they live a better life style. This assumption is based on the natural environment free range chickens experience. Fre
freely, which provides exercise, a natural diet, including insects, worms and other living organisms. Also, they generally experience a reduced stress living situation. Based on research,
and found at local supermarkets are massed produced. These chickens live their lives in cages, and in many cases consume growth hormones and steroids. To assess the strength of a
placed an egg in an egg container on end, and then place a plastic tube over it. A series of weights were placed into the tube stacked on top of the egg until the egg finally broke. This would be re
and caged chicken eggs. I then documented the results for each series of tests. After performing the experiment, the results showed that my hypothesis was correct. The free range chic
hold up to more weight before ultimately breaking as opposed to the caged chicken eggs bought in the store. 
2009 AS040
DETERMINATION OF VOLUNTARY FOOD INTAKE, AVERAGE DAILY GAIN, AND FEED EFFICIENCY OF YEARLING STANDARDBREDS FED A COMPLETELY PELLETED DIET.
Brian Castro
Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences, Chicago, IL
The aim of this study was to determine how much digestible energy (DE) and crude protein (CP) horses will consume under the free choice feeding of a completely pelleted diet between 12 and 1
recommended values for horses of this age range. We also wanted to compare the growth rates and feed efficiency (gain: feed ratio) of colts versus fillies in this study. The pelleted diet fed was d
crude protein, lysine, minerals and vitamins requirements according to the National Research Council Nutrient Requirements of Horses. 1. Each horse will be weighted in the beginning o
grain was given to each horse in the morning and afternoon. 2. Food not eaten from horse will be subtracted from the amount given. 3. Repeat the process for 21 days for every
and only if, the horse consumed the amount of grain provided. 4. After every week, record the weight of every horse and determine the weight gain/weight loss. Studies from the
1218 months of age may consume an average daily intake of 18.819.2 mega calories of Digestible Energy. With pelleted diet of voluntary feed intake, colts and fillies consumed 34.3347.31 me
Crude Protein, the NRC recommends at least 846799 grams. Through the pelleted diet of voluntary feed intake, the colts and fillies consumed about 2177.383000.28 grams of Crude Protein. As
gained 37.75 lbs, fillies on average gained 40.67 lbs. As for the Feed Efficiency on average, colts resulted on .062 and fillies resulted on .066. Although fillies had a slightly numerically higher fee
gain than colts when fed a completely pelleted diet, the values were very similar.
2008 AS040
PHOCA HISPIDA FEEDING ECOLOGY AND CONTAMINANT UPTAKE: INSIGHTS FROM ELEMENTAL ANALYSES OF CLAWS
Elizabeth Olson Ferreira
Fort Richmond Collegiate, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA
Phoca hispida (ringed seal) claws contain up to seven visible annular growth rings (annuli) that reflect a longer timeline of contaminant exposure compared to visceral tissue. This study assessed
Phoca hispida claws (n=12) to determine total mercury body burden in relation to muscle tissue. Mercury concentrations in the claws and muscle tissue were analyzed using cold vapor atomic ab
isotopes of nitrogen (15N/14N) were determined using continuous flow ion mass spectroscopy (CFIRMS). Positive linear relationships were detected between log10[Hg] in the base of the claws v
d15N values in the base of the claws versus log10[Hg] in the muscle tissue. This study confirmed the use of claws as a tool in communicating overall mercury body burden in Phoca hispida.
2013 AS040
INSPECT: IDENTIFYING MEMORY ENCODING NEURONS THROUGH SPECTRAL ANALYSIS
Amanpreet Singh Kandola
Stuyvesant High School, New York, NY
An important goal in neuroscience is to identify the neurons and circuits relevant to the formation of memories in the brain. This knowledge is instrumental to our understanding of the human brain
In this study, I developed novel image analysis software (InSPECT, Imaging neurons through Spectral Analysis) to identify neurons that may have encoded the memory of a spatial task. InSPEC
enzyme that regulates gene expression, and its enzymatic product (PAR) in hippocampal neurons of mice trained to learn the spatial task and control untrained mice. Images of PARP1 and PAR
immunohistochemical methods and confocal microscopy. InSPECT first identified unique patterns present only in the neurons from trained animals, which were potentially associated to the learne
model based on the above data, we determined that 2030% of the neurons examined in trained mice were likely to have been recruited by the learning experience. Using InSPECT we identified t
population. In sum, InSPECT was developed to identify neurons within a network involved in a memory task. It is encouraging to think similar efforts can help increase our understanding of the m
through identification of differential molecular expression. Based on the same principle, this software could also be used to identify abnormal molecular activity in cells in distinct pathological cond
many fields of scientific inquiry.
2014 AS040
LLEUCINE: A NOVEL GROWTH FACTOR OF ADULT STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN DUGESIA TIGRINA
David Lu
Mills E. Godwin High School, Richmond, VA, United States of America
Medical researchers anticipate that stem cells will soon be able to treat many diseases such as cancer, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Celiac disease. Nevertheless, before stem
clinical setting, more research is necessary to understand stem cell behavior and mechanisms of stem cell interaction. Planaria are well known to have the capability of regeneration and offer a g
adult stem cells. The purpose of this experiment was to identify a compound that could accelerate Dugesia tigrina adult stem cell differentiation. It was hypothesized that if brown planaria (Duges
they will have a decreased regeneration time. Planaria were exposed to the independent variable of lleucine or no leucine (control). The planaria receiving no lleucine acted as the contro
fully regenerated were recorded on which day they regenerated. After experimentation, the mode for each of the levels of independent variable was determined. Lleucine had a mode of 6 days, w
chisquare test was performed on the data, and the data of lleucine having an effect on planarian regeneration was statistically significant. The results support the research hypothesis s
the shortest mode for full regeneration time. LLeucine significantly accelerates planaria adult stem cell differentiation. For further studies, the effect of other amino acids, lysine and glutamine, on
investigated.
2008 AS041
INTEGRATION OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS AGAINST MOSQUITO SPECIES AEDES POLYNESIENSIS
Tuvale James Polu
Two phases of study were undertaken to determine the efficiency of three methods of mosquito biocontrol: copepods, plant extracts, and salt tolerance.The first phase included the use of copepo
reported to possess predation on mosquito larvae. Experiments for copepods were conducted under laboratory and natural conditions. The collection of copepods used during the present study w
Mesocyclops aspericornis. This was the first report of this particular species in American Samoa. Results from different sets of lab experiments in this phase showed a difference in predation rate
such as, larvae size, copepod size, and container size. Field trials with copepod treatments showed a deduction in mosquito larvae as compared to the prepared control. A relationship between th
mosquito larvae was observed. The second phase included the use of Century Plant (Agave americana) aqueous leaf extracts and salt tolerance. A combination of both test materials w
concentrations included 156.25 ppm, 312.5 ppm, 625 ppm, 1250 ppm, 2500 ppm, 5000 ppm, 10000 ppm, and 20000 ppm. Saline concentrations included 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, and 0.7
carried out for Century Plant aqueous extracts. All experiments for Century Plant and salt tolerance were replicated at least 5 times. High mortality rates were produced for the highest concentrati
solutions. The combination of both test materials of Century Plant leaf extracts and saline solutions produced high mortality rates as a synergistic effect. It was evident from the present
copepods were a clear predator to Ae. polynesiensis mosquito larvae. The second phase provided evidence of the efficacy of Century Plant and salt tolerance in combination against Ae. polynes
copepods, Century Plant extracts, and salt tolerance are promising biocontrol agents against Ae. polynesiensis.
2007 AS041
ATHLETIC CONDITIONING OF THE HORSE
MaryBeth Capell
Fremont High School, Plain City, Utah, United States of America
Sub cardio exercise and cardio exercise are needed to obtain an ideally conditioned horse. The purpose of this project was to find the ratio between subcardio exercise and cardio exercise to ac
exercise the heart rate is doubled the resting heart rate. Subcardio exercise increases the resting heart rate but it never reaches double the resting rate. Six horses were used within the
The first pair was worked at a ratio of 75% subcardio exercise vs. 25% cardio exercise. The second pair was worked at a ratio of 50% subcardio exercise vs. 50% cardio exercise. The final pair
exercise vs. 25% subcardio exercise. Blood samples were drawn at the beginning and end of the trial period and then run through a machine which measures the hematocrit, hemoglobin, number
was found that the optimum ratio of cardio exercise and subcardio exercise was the ratio of 75% cardio exercise vs. 25% subcardio exercise. These findings were indicated by the hematocrit, h
cells counts in each of the horse’s blood samples. 
2010 AS041
SOURCES OF PHYTOPLANKTONS FOUND IN ALIMENTARY CANAL OF RASTRELLIGER NEGLECTUS BABIES AT THE MAERUMPUENG BAY, PRACHUAB KHIRI KHAN, THAILAND
Srisuda Rojsatien
Princess Chulabhorn's College Phetchaburi, Chaam, Phetchaburi, THAILAND
Phytoplanktons have been major, essential sources for some types of scombers (Rastrelliger neglectus). To have a sufficient number of scombers consumption for Thai people throughout the co
scombers’ plentiful food. As a result, the purpose of this research project was to study the compatibility of the phytoplanktons found in the Maerumpueng Peat Swamp forest, the Maerumpueng c
found in the alimentary canal of scomber babies. This study used scombers babies with the length about 10 cm. The phytoplankton samples, derived from 5 sampling stations, were collected, us
in the rainy season of MayAugust 2009 and the summer of 2010. The study revealed 52 genera of phytoplanktons under 3 divisions: Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Chromophyta. The genera foun
included Bacteriastrum, Protoperinidium, Paralia, Pleurosigma, Climacosphenia, Thalassionema, Thalassiosira, Actioncyclus, Ceratium, Coscinodiscus, Arachnoiddiscus, Asteroplalus, Chaetoce
nitzschia, Pseudosolenia, Protoperinidium, Pinnularia, Roperia and Planktonella. Among those genera found in the alimentary canal of the scombers, only Chaetoceros was found in all sampling s
Coscinodiscus, Navicula, Pseudonitzschia, Pseudosolenia, Protoperinidium and Thalassionema were found only in the canal and the bay. The findings suggest that the Maerumpueng Peat Swam
Maerumpueng bay may be rich sources of phytoplanktons which are the main food of scomber babies living in the Maerumpueng Bay, Prachuab Khiri Khan, Thailand.
2014 AS041
THE SCIENCE OF ANXIETY, PHASE II: THE EFFECTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS FACTORS ON SHORTTERM MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN POMACEA DI
Benjamin Michael Hummel
Florence School, Florence, SD, United States of America
Anxiety is the change in homeostasis caused by a negative outside stimulus. The spiketopped apple snail has been revealed to be sufficient model for this experiment, since individual neurons h
do. Snails are also very easy to ‘teach’ how to do simple tasks, and are known to remember where food is. Knowing this, the student researcher had constructed an experimental arena for them t
hypothesizes that, if Pomacea diffusa is subjected to physiological or psychological stress factors, then the psychological stress factors will have greater impact upon individual shortterm memo
 The student researcher put the five test subjects through 250 trials, 50 trials for all 5 snails. Each trial set will be composed of 10 trials, for each of the four variables. 10 trials will also be run
10 acclimation trials will allow the snails to familiarize themselves with the tank. The hypothesis appeared to be null. While psychological stress factors, like the presence of a live predator, defini
complete trials (and whether or not it found the food) it was not as effective as physiological stressors, such as prodding. In conclusion, prodding proved to affect the test subjects the m
predator. Deoxygenization of the environment was the thirdmost effective, and the scent of a predator was least effective of all variables.
2009 AS041
UTILIZING ORGANIC SUBSTANCES TO SUPPRESS BEAUVERIA BASSIANA IN BOMBYX MORI LARVAE
Peter Bau
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, GA
Beauveria bassiana is a fungus that infects Bombyx mori (silkworm) larvae and destroys them. Thus the silkworm industry faces danger of losing the organisms that produce silk for them.
economies of silkproducing countries. The purpose of these experiments was to test the effects of three organic substances in suppressing B. bassiana infections in silkworm larvae thus safeg
important industry. Tea tree oil, garlic extract, and green tea were the three organic substances used in these experiments. In part I, isolates of B. bassiana were exposed to the substan
immediate death and inhibit further growth of the mold. In part II of the research, 480 silkworms were divided into different environments with varying percents of humidity (75%, 85%, 85%) and th
test substance. One silkworm from each group was inoculated with the B. bassiana and placed back into its respective container. The substances were applied to the silkworms for 14 days and m
initial hypotheses were rejected. Green tea was not the best inhibitor of fungal growth and penetration of the fungus into the cuticle of the larvae. Instead, tea tree oil was most beneficial in preven
of two mortalities in each test group. The significance of these findings extends to the global community. Due to B. bassiana’s ubiquitous nature, silkworms are vulnerable when grown in
Southeast Asia. Any fungal infection could be detrimental to silk outputs, greatly affecting one of the primary international textile economies. With the results obtained from this experimentation, f
silkworms to prevent an exponential B. bassiana infection rate. In addition, the antifungal properties on tea tree oil can be used to protect other domesticated insects from infection.
2012 AS041
THE EFFECT OF COPROPHAGOUS BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE, GEOTRUPIDAE, AND HYDROPHILIDAE) ON METHANE EMISSION RATES FROM CATTLE DUNG AND
COMPOSITION SURVEY OF COPROPHAGOUS BEETLES IN LAKE CITY, MICHIGAN
Rachel Joy Rounds
MecostaOsceola Math/Science/Technology Center, Big Rapids, MI
Coprophagous beetles and their effect on methane emission rates from cattle dung were studied at Lake City, Michigan for two fiveday periods from August 30 to September 8, 2011. Static flux
measure emissions from four treatments set up in a pasture: dung with beetles added and covered with a screen, dung left open for beetle colonization, dung covered with a screen to prevent col
Headspace samples were taken at 0, 10, and 20 minutes and were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. Results showed that the beetles significantly reduced the methane emissions on days fou
compared to dung covered. Coprophagous beetles may impact the greenhouse gas emissions from dung by hastening the drying process and creating a porous environment through their natural
methanogenesis. In addition, a sixmonth compositional survey of coprophagous beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae, Geotrupidae, and Hydrophilidae) at Lake City, Michigan was conducted. The g
background knowledge regarding this area’s coprophagous beetle biodiversity, seasonal activity, and abundance. A total of 10,041 beetles were collected and identified, representing 20 species.
2011 AS041
THE EFFECTS OF CAGE NATURALITY ON THE SCIENTIFIC VIABILITY OF MOUSE MODELS IN RELATION TO STRESS AND COGNITION
Casey Jacob Acklin
The Davidson Academy of Nevada, Reno, NV
The experiment attempted to increase the scientific viability of laboratory mice by designing laboratory cages to mimic the natural environment of the mice. Since studies have shown that enrichm
that a more natural setting would result in more natural behaviors, increasing scientific viability. In addition, the results of a 2010 pilot study showed reduced stress in prenatal mothers and their p
measured using competitive fecal corticosterone ELISA assays. In addition, TMaze Continuous Alternation Tasks were run to determine short term working memory, and Open Field Tests were
behavior. Procedurally, four females were mated to one male, in three types of cages: standard, enriched, and natural. At threeweeksold, pups were weaned and the original breeding females we
pups were mated. Feces were collected from the females pre and postmating, pre and post birth, and pre and post weaning for all cages. Fecal collections and litter weights were taken twice
all of these tests, it was found that mice living in the natural cages had significantly better results than mice living in either the standard or enriched cages: stress levels were reduced while memo
increased. All of these results translate into a better mouse for scientific research. If natural cages were used in research laboratories, results would be made more reliable, and public health woul
2014 AS042
THE EFFECTS OF ACETALDEHYDE AND FOLIC ACID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS ZYGOTES
Felicia Nainesh Patel
Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, MI, United States of America
This project will attempt to identify what effects different concentrations of acetaldehyde and folic acid have on the developmental rate of Lytechinus variegatus zygotes. Lytechinus variegatus ar
commonly used as a model organism to observe zygotic development. Carcinogens are cancercausing substances that will cause cells to proliferate abnormally. Carcinogenesis is the result of t
deactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Cells become cancer cells when there is a severe mutation in the chromosome replication during the S phase of mitosis. Folic acid and acetalde
of folic acid can cause abnormal cell growth and high levels of acetaldehyde can lead to urinary tract cancer and immobilization of sperm in men. This information led to developing the following h
stimulate cell growth and higher levels of acetaldehyde will prevent development past fertilization stage. Gametes collected from sea urchins were fertilized with 100 zygotes in each group. In Pha
10.0% folic acid and acetaldehyde solutions. In Phase II, to narrow down to which percentage caused sperm immobility, 2.0% and 4.0% solutions of acetaldehyde were made. The hypotheses we
hour period, more zygotes in the 0.1% and 1.0% folic acid solutions made it to the late gastrula stage, rather than the control group. Past the 2.0% acetaldehyde solution, the 4.0%, 5.0%, and 10
the information obtained from this experiment supports the hypotheses that low levels of folic acid stimulate cell growth and high levels of acetaldehyde can cause sperm immobility.
2012 AS042
THE GREAT HOG BAIT
Jalen Kiraly Henson
Gilmer High School, Gilmer, TX
The purpose of this investigation was to determine which, if any, locally sold attractants would be the best enticement for feral hogs, in order to help eliminate them from farmlands and ranches in
measured and staked using an 11X11 foot lowbottom, meadowland area. Feed corn was used as the control and placed in one area. Then, 7.5 liters of corn was mixed (according to directions) w
following variable were used: Buck Jam, Hog Wild, Pig Out, Pig Crazy, and Hog Draw. Two game cameras were set opposite of one another and results were recorded daily of each of the six area
and food log. The investigation lasted 21 days and during that time more corn and attractatnt were added to continue the length and validity of the investigation. Through research, it has been det
attractant, Hog Wild, was the most beneficial in attracting first responses from the hogs. However, the hogs did forage on most of the food once they got started and usually left none behind.
food except that of the Buck Jam and Pig Out considering they eat corn. Summarily, recommendations to buy the attractant Hog Wild would be made to farmers and ranchers to aid them in their
them from the land,save our state millions of dollars, and to help feed the hungry each year.
2007 AS042
PROTOCOLS FOR HALIOTIS RUFESCENS EGG CRYOPRESERVATION AND IN VITRO FERTILIZATION (YEAR 2)
Julie Ariane Guerin
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School, Rolling Hills Estates, California, USA
Gamete cryopreservation can play an important role in conservation strategies for atrisk abalone species. Objectives of this study were to continue investigating red abalone egg cryopreservation
which exhibit normal phenotypes after thawing could be successfully fertilized with live sperm, and by evaluating propylene glycol (PG) as an alternative cryoprotectant agent (CPA) to dimethyl su
spawning and egg collection, eggs were frozen using DMSO or PG at 8 and 16 mins stepwise cooling, before plunging into liquid nitrogen. 26 stepwise thawing protocols using 1.25g or 2.5g nonp
in rehydration), and 20 in vitro fertilization tests were conducted. Protocols using PG at 8 or 16 mins stepwise cooling, and stepwise thawing at 5 mins with 1.25g sucrose, yielded 90%
mins) intact round eggs with clear chorion. PG protocols using 2.5g sucrose during thawing yielded less than 10% such eggs. DMSO stepwise cooling (8 and 16 mins) and stepwise thawing (1.25
to 25% intact round eggs displaying little or missing chorion. Sperm orientation towards eggs during in vitro fertilization attempts occurred only in PG trials. No cell division occurred. 
as chemical signaling between sperm and eggs, with release of egg chemoattractant (L tryptophan), remained bioactive after cryopreservation. CPA toxicity, ice crystallization or other factors ma
prevented fertilization. Further research will involve refining protocols. 
2008 AS042
MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANCES BETWEEN CEUTHOPHILIS CONICAUDUS AND CEUTHOPHILIS CARLSBADENSIS IN EDDY COUNTY, NEW MEXICO
Sabrina Christine Jerlean Michael
Carlsbad High School, Carlsbad, NM
Using two previous years' data, I continued observing Ceuthophilis conicaudus and Ceuthophilis carlsbadensis. My purpose was to test for speciation by using physical characteristics. In an effor
was likely, I conducted an analysis of morphological features to determine if further DNA analysis was warranted. I went to six different caves and collected two different cave cricket species. I w
and I used a caliper and ruler to measure their antennae length, head capsule width, hind leg length, body length, and ovipositor (if female.) I observed around the same time, within one months' ti
measured (30 of each species, 15 female and 15 male,) and same measuring methods. My variable was distance (how far apart the caves were.) Statistical analysis reveals a significant differenc
hind leg, antennae, ovipositor, body, and head capsule width, supporting my hypothesis and indicating possible speciation for Ceuthophilis conicaudus, statistics support a significant difference in
However, for Ceuthophils conicaudus, the head capsule width and ovipositor length had possibilities of being similar. DNA analysis will be done to verify that speciation is occurring, seeing that e
2009 AS042
EFFECTS OF FEEDER COLOR AND NECTAR QUALITY ON HUMMINGBIRD FEEDING BEHAVIOR
Alastair Eric Moody
Reno High School, Reno, NV
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine if color of nectar feeders was an important visual cue for the feeding of wild hummingbirds. In addition, nectar quality was changed to determ
preference. Procedure: Identical hummingbird nectar feeders were painted four different colors and filled with the same sugar solution. They were placed outside in a square during a time
daily. In the second part of the experiment water was placed in one feeder and the sugar solution in another feeder of a different color. The length of time that hummingbirds fed at the stations wa
the feeding. Results: Over 500 feeding visits were recorded totaling more than 150 minutes. There was variation in preference between the colors and yellow was preferred over green. In
hummingbirds spend 25 times as much time at the nectar feeders as at those containing no sugar. This difference was very significant. Conclusions: Hummingbirds are able to detect co
availability, color preference was less important that nectar quality. The quality of nectar is very important and the birds were much more likely to visit the feeder containing sugar and avoid the ot
experiment suggests the quality and amount of nectar are much more important than color.
2010 AS042
THE NERVOUS FUNCTION OF AURELIA AURITA (MOON JELLYFISH) AND ITS RELATION TO DISCRIMINATION OF CERTAIN SHAPES AND COLORS
In past studies, the researcher concluded that Aurelia aurita has the ability to discriminate certain shapes and colors. This research proposed to study Aurelia aurita’s nervous system to verify if i
problem was: "Is there a relationship between neural functions of Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) and its capacity for discrimination of specific colors and shapes?” “The hypothesis was: “The nervo
its discrimination of certain shapes and colors.” A water tank was built to put the jellyfish. It was divided into three different sections that were covered with white, black and green plasti
subsections each in which there were obstacles placed vertically and horizontally. Twentyfive jellyfishes were captured and freed inside the water tank. The jellyfishes were observed eight times
observations during the day and four during night. It was observed that through a coordinated swim and using the border of its mesoglea jellyfishes evaded the objects placed as obstacles in the
found at certain spots in the border of the mesoglea. Based on the behavior of the jellyfishes the researcher related the rhopalium with the function of discriminating shapes and colors and also w
of three preserved jellyfishes evidenced that the rhopalium was well developed in this species. The hypothesis proved to be true because the ropallium is part of the jellyfish nervous system.
2013 AS042
INFLUENCE OF THE NUMBER OF ESTROUS CYCLES OF HEIFERS BEFORE EXPOSURE TO BREEDING ON PREGNANCY RATE AND BREED BACK RATE IN BOS TAURUS
Jaclyn Nicole Ketchum
Carter County High School, Ekalaka, MT
The effect of number of estrous cycles expressed by heifers before breeding on pregnancy rate was determined. Blood samples were collected by tail venipuncture every 911 days and then teste
were identified by peaks in progesterone levels. Heifers were then grouped into estrous cycle groups, based on the number of 21 days intervals (representing average duration of an estrous cycle
Prepubertal heifers had lower pregnancy rates (83.08%) compared to those that were exposed to breeding after their first estrous cycle (89.18%) and after their second estrous cycle (90.55%) (P
estrous cycles expressed before breeding as a heifer on pregnancy success after calving was also determined. Heifers that were pregnant were then exposed to breeding as cows the following ye
determined. Cows that exhibited two or more estrous cycles before start of breeding as heifers had better pregnancy rates (72.88%) compared to those that had only experienced one estrous cyc
prepubertal (52.86%) (P < 0.05). There are factors that affect pregnancy rates. Pubertal status and number of estrous cycles heifers have had before the onset of breeding was shown h
By determining that exposing heifers to breeding that are prepubertal or recently pubertal results in lower pregnancy rates, cattle producers will now be able to take that knowledge and apply it to t
Second Award of $250 Endocrine Society
2011 AS042
SOCIAL IMMUNITY OF APIS MELLIFERA AS AN ANTIMICROBIAL INDICATOR OF CCD
Ashley Nicole Sowder
Southmoore High School, Moore, OK
The goal of the experiment is to test for antimicrobial activity and in doing so, derive any indications that could point to one or both of the cause of Colony Collapse Disorder or, out of the colonies
by examining social immunity. The first phases of the experiment included collecting samples of approximately 30 bees and honey, then collecting nerve tissue through dissection and hemolymp
the bees upsidedown in a centrifuge for five minutes. The next phase included testing the extracts against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Aspergillis f
KirbyBauer Disc Diffusion method. The zones of inhibition were recorded by hive, tissue and pathogen, and graphed. The spring postsurvey demonstrated that this method does portray the over
immunity. Hive 5, whose results were highly unreliable in testing, previously had tracheal mites, which ultimately suppressed the social immunity of this hive. After analysis, Hives 4 through 12, a
showed results indicating stable health, notably those of Hives 1, 9 and 10. Trial 2 included decreasing the dilutions of both the hemolymph and the nerve tissues to investigate whether or how m
extract would change the overall antimicrobial activity. The increased concentrations resulted in more drastic differences between hives and better defined strengths and weaknesses, and also a
acting” immune response.
2008 AS043
RODENT RHYTHMS: THE EFFECT OF LIGHT DEPRIVATION ON CIRCADIAN CYCLES
Breann Marie Pinley
Latta High School, Ada, OK
Circadian rhythms are contributing factors in determining sleeping and feeding patterns of animals. Rodents contain unique circadian rhythms due to their nocturnal nature. The purpose of this pro
circadian rhythms in rodents shift from their innate customary 24 hour light/dark cycle when exposed to extended periods of absolute darkness. The null hypothesis was no change in the circadia
subjected to extended periods of complete darkness. The research hypothesis was that when rodents are placed in continual total darkness there would be a shift in the rodent’s circadian rhythm
patterns to longer sleep/activity cycles. After being acclimated to 12 hour alternating light/dark cycles, experimental rodents were placed in darkness for 14 days and their activity record
rodents remained in the 12 hour alternating light/dark conditions. To analyze rodent activity periods, blocks were shaded on a spreadsheet that represented wheelrunning episodes. In each of the
forward, but some shifted more slowly than others. The shift change ranged from 0.63 hours/day to 1 hour/day. In addition, greater hours of activity were observed as the time of darkness progres
increase in the hours of activity, the research hypothesis was supported. This project verified that light is very important in the establishment of an organism’s internal biological rhythms.
2010 AS043
ESTIMATING TERRESTRIAL SALAMANDER POPULATIONS IN AGRICULTURE AREAS USING MARK AND RECAPTURE TECHNIQUES
Cattle grazing results in significant impacts to ecosystems. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether cattle grazing would have adverse impacts on terrestrial salamander populations
by monitoring salamanders in grazed and ungrazed areas. Two methods, counts and mark and recapture, were used to estimate the terrestrial salamander populations in the study areas. The me
most effective method for estimating salamander populations. Artificial cover boards were used for population monitoring. Ten artificial cover board stations were established along each of two, 20
were conducted bimonthly during the fall season (September to November). Captured salamanders were measured (snout to vent length) and marked by capture area with a Visible Implant Fluore
developed by Northwest Marine Technology Inc. Recaptures were noted on field sheets, measured and released. The Schnabel Method was used to calculate population estimates from the mark
recapture data, the No Cattle Study Area contained about 15 percent more salamanders than the Cattle Study Area while the bimonthly counts showed that the salamander population for the No C
percent higher than the Cattle Study Area. Both population estimates showed the No Cattle Study Area had a higher percentage of salamanders than the Cattle Study Area. Therefore, the hypoth
adverse impact on the salamander population.
2011 AS043
FORENSIC ENTOMOLOGY: USING INSECTS FROM THE GENUS SARCOPHAGA FOR COST EFFECTIVE AND EFFICIENT CADAVER DETECTION
Bailee Lynn Slack
Camdenton High School, Camdenton, MO
Clandestine graves are a common occurrence in murders, and a conviction is much more likely in the event that the victim’s remains can be located. The purpose of this project was to determine
be used as a cost effective and efficient means of clandestine grave detection. To test whether the flies could would have a response to cadavers, the fly groups were exposed to plots a
Anthropology Center. Their responses were recorded via webcam inside in an enclosed pvc pipe with a fan to draw external air samples through the device (Wasp Hound) for subsequent analysis
wooded plot where no bodies were present. To determine from what distance the Sarcophaga insects can detect decay, frozen rats (deceased from natural causes) were obtained and buried and
sample. The flies were placed inside the Wasp Hound and gradually moved towards the sample. Their response was viewed via webcam and a mark was made when a response was indicated; th
was measured and recorded. A similar transect was created using human placental tissue to compare the flies abilities with those of trained cadaver dogs. The data showed that the flies
respond to the natural scent of decaying human cadavers (p<.05). This implies that the flies could be used as an accurate and practical tool in forensic investigations. The flies were able to detec
cadaver dogs. It is likely that more bodies could be located, which could result in more convictions.
2014 AS043
SUPPLEMENTING CATTLE: IS IT REALLY WORTH IT? FEEDING HEIFERS IN A NORTH DAKOTA WINTER
Seth Kenneth Obritsch
Belfield Public School, Belfield, ND, United States of America
Many cattle producers spend money on supplements that do not have an impact on the weight gain of their cattle. This research will help producers decide what they need to feed their cattle to h
Twenty heifers were randomly selected into four groups with five heifers in each group. Groups with independent variables were in pens with windbreak and shelter. The first feed period was 50 da
Crystalyx Brigade supplement barrel. The second group was fed hay and a Crystalyx BFG30% supplement barrel. The third group was fed hay and six pounds of corn per day. The control group
Crystalyx Brigade supplement barrel. The heifers were weighed after the 50 days. The heifers in the control group lost an average of 10 pounds per head. The first group lost an average of 2 poun
gained nor lost weight. The third group gained an average of 43 pounds per head. Corn also had the lowest cost per pound of gain at $1.08. All heifers were then put back out into the pasture with
barrel. After the next 60 days, all groups of heifers gained relatively the same amount of weight. It can be concluded that it is not economical for producers to buy supplements.
2013 AS043
ANTSTRONAUTS
Kameron Alexander McClinton
Seckman Senior High School, Imperial, MO
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if acceleration has a negative impact on ants, measured in the time it takes to forage for food. These observations will help scientists decide whe
when planning future space stations with indoor and simulated outdoor areas. The ants were timed in a maze containing food to determine how long it took nonaccelerated ants to find the food so
a model payload rocket reaching approximately 1500 feet then immediately retested in an identical maze. The particular species of ant chosen forages individually with subsequent antennal comm
biased the experiment as the ants had to be removed upon finding food and communication was not allowed. Multiple groups of ants were tested in this manner to obtain pre and postacceleration
faster postacceleration times overall disproving the hypothesis that preaccelerated ants would find food faster. The difference in time between pre and post accelerated ants was 15 minutes 58 s
were similar to those exhibited by humans such as disorientation and sluggishness. The contributions are twofold. First since ants breathe similarly to humans, studying acceleration effects on a
effects on humans. Lastly, ants are significant and necessary to all environments due to their debris cleanup, pollination and bug population control therefore a scientist would be negligent in not
2009 AS043
MATHEMATICAL MODELS FOR THE SEX DETERMINATION OF PHILIPPINE EAGLES (PITHECOPHAGA JEFFERYI)
Jovani Saso Tomale
Davao City National High School, Davao City, Davao del Sur, PHILIPPINES
The Philippine eagle, Pithecophaga jefferyi is one of the most endangered birds in the world. For conservation and preservation purposes, the Philippine Eagle Foundation (PEF) has been breedin
distinguish the male from the female since these are sexually monomorphic. This study aims to develop mathematical models that can accurately identify the gender of Philippine eagles
from PEF. These data went through Cluster Analysis, specifically kmeans clustering, and Discriminant Analysis using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Software (SPSS). Cluster
three cluster centers expressed as: Cluster i: Distance (x, c¬(i)) = || c(i) ¬– x ||^2 where i=1 and 3 are female clusters, and i=2 is the male cluster, c(i)’s are the centroids and x’s
and width) and tarsus (length, dorsalventral, and lateral) measurements. Cluster 1 and 3 were found to be adult and young female eagles, respectively. The computed distance (Euclidean) determ
observations belongs. Using Discriminant Analysis, the derived model has the following classification functions F1 = 2336.674*tarsus dventral – 2946.768*tarsus lateral + 
5772.133, and F2 = 2185.441*tarsus dventral – 2843.456*tarsus lateral + 2915.532*tarsus circumference – 5360.115, If F1 > F2 the eagle is female, otherw
validated using the PEF data, which yielded 100% classification success rate. It is recommended that in practice both approaches must be used for greater gender determination reliability.
Second Award of $500 American Statistical Association
2007 AS043
CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF ETHANOLINDUCED DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY
Michael Kapps
Thornhill Secondary School, Thornhill, Ontario, Canada
The leading cause of mental retardation, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) results from fetal exposure to ethanol during pregnancy. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of this disorder
therefore aimed at improving our understanding of the biological basis of FAS by utilizing zebrafish embryos as animal models. Embryos exposed to ethanol exhibited developmental de
and neural structures. Increased levels of cell death and reactive oxygen species were predominantly found in neural tissues, supporting previous observations that developing neural cells are pa
damage by free radicals. Known small molecules were tested for their developmentalprotective effects, and three antioxidants (Nacetyl cysteine, choline, ascorbic acid) were found to attenuate
ethanol. Preliminary analysis of gene expression using RTPCR indicated that embryos exposed to ethanol showed increased levels of Smoothened (part of the Sonic Hedgehog development pat
compensating for ethanolinduced loss of Hedgehog protein by upregulating Smoothened. Morphology and gene expression phenotypes of ethanol and antioxidanttreated embryos were analyzed
type zebrafish. Results suggested that genetic background could, in fact, control some of the defects induced by ethanol, which can be correlated with intracellular production of antioxidants and/
 The discovery of genetic susceptibilities and preventative treatments can be used for genetic screening tests and drug therapies, respectively, for women at higher risks of delivering babies
2012 AS043
DIFFERENCES IN THE PRIMARY SONGS OF BLUEGRAY (TRAUPIS EPISCOPUS) AND PALM TANAGERS (TRAUPIS PALMARUM): CONSEQUENCES FOR HYBRIDIZATION
Jonathan Michael Galka
North Broward Preparatory School, Coconut Creek, FL
To the untrained human ear, the primary songs of syntopic bluegray (Traupis episcopus) and palm tanagers (T. palmarum) sound similar. Furthermore, these congeners occasionally produce hyb
American range. Thus, the aim of this study was to elucidate similarities and differences in their primary songs to determine whether these act as effective reproductive isolating mechanisms in t
this by observing the birds and by using a nonlinear Olympus recorder to noninvasively record the primary songs of males and females of both species without interfering with their behavior for a
individuals. Sonic and temporal parameters including syllable duration, intersyllable duration, fundamental frequency, number of harmonics, song rate and song time were measured on several wa
species. I found that syllable duration, intersyllable duration, harmonic number, and fundamental frequency were significantly different for bluegray and palm tanagers, whereas differences in son
different. Since primary songs in oscine birds function as reproductive isolating mechanisms due to their difference, I concluded that other factors must be contributing to the reported hybridizatio
mechanism is probably mate selection due to female choice of congeneric males’ plumage color and pattern brightness in relation to his vigor. Preliminary observations during courtship indicate t
an increase in humanenvironment interaction in the region in recent years causing a previously nonexistent hybrid rift.
2014 AS044
THE OBSERVATION OF GROWTH ENHANCERS ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND MEAT QUALITY OF SUS SCROFA
Brennen Eric Boll
Hankinson Public School, Hankinson, ND, United States of America
Purpose: To observe and research the growth and development of pigs, in addition to feed supplements’ effects on pork meat quality, with analyses of pH, color and tenderness. Procedu
twelve hogs, three subgroups of four pigs were establishedControl, Fastrack and Syrup. Each hog was weighed eleven times during a twentyweek testing period. Feed Conversion: At the onse
feed daily; feed was increased in each group according to the growth of the pigs. Four tablespoons of Fastrack were distributed to the corresponding hogs. The Syrup group was given one to two
assess the acidity of the slurry; that is, the homogenized pork sample. Colorimeter Testing: To evaluate the complex L, a, b color values of the pork products, which are indicative of the meat’s q
the amount of water lost by the pork chop, which determines the tenderness of the meat. Conclusion: The Fastrack group had the highest percentage of gain in the Weight Analysis, whi
percentage. In the Colorimeter Testing, all groups had a lighter reading than optimal. Within the Slurry pH, Control had a less acidic reading, while Syrup had a more acidic reading. In the Fishhoo
of drip loss with a percentage of 8%, while Fastrack had the lowest loss percentage. Raising hogs in today’s agricultural sector is a complicated and precarious endeavor.
2012 AS044
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE GENE ON THE IDENTIFICATION BARCODE OF INDIGENOUS RED SEA PORIFERA
Mohammed Dakhil AlJohani
Bin Baz secondary High school, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
The demand for new pharmaceutical production sources has led to investigations of natural bioactive substances. Marine sponges harbor compounds with extensive antineoplastic activities. How
preventing the full usage of these compounds because of its extensive degree of evolution and speciation that needs to be classified. The Red Sea is a unique environment and there is an urgent
may lead to discoveries of new drugproducing species. The study aims to validate an identification barcode and test its efficiency in becoming a molecular taxonomic signature for Red Sea Porif
the traditional taxonomic method in being a more precise and less timeconsuming process. Porifera traditional taxonomy depends on morphological criterion (e.g. spicules and architecture proper
characteristics is highly variable and unsuitable for an unambiguous classification, thus making it difficult for taxonomic experts. The molecular method used the Cytochrome c oxidase gene sequ
Porifera was obtained and DNA extracted, amplified and purified. The gene sequencing was then determined and analyzed through the NCBI BLAST database, ClustalX and MEGA5 software. An
identification led to speculations of an unclassified species. Potentially, the faster we can identify these creatures the more likely we can discover more sources verified for these natural bioactive
human diseases such as malaria, AIDS, and cancer can potentially increase.
2008 AS044
AROMATIC EFFECTS ON CALORIERESTRICTED GRYLLUS BIMACULATUS
Jeannie Nguyen Tran
Oak Grove High School, San Jose, CA
Caloric restriction, limiting an organism’s calorie consumption, can increase certain organisms’ lifespan. Many scientists hope that understanding caloric restriction may provide clues to slowing t
studies in fruit flies have shown that olfactory stimulants may diminish caloric restriction’s lifelengthening effect. Some scientists believe that only the odors of foods that the particular organism
restriction. The objective of this experiment was to test a set of olfactory stimulants and their effects on caloric restriction in Gryllus bimaculatus (a species of field crickets) and deepen the unde
restriction might prolong lifespan. The hypothesis was that the odors of foods that crickets are regularly attracted to would diminish caloric restriction’s lifelengthening effect. In this exp
were raised over a period of four months. Crickets on a calorierestricted diet and not exposed to any of the tested olfactory stimulants were found to have a lifespan that was 22 days longer on a
group. Most of the olfactory stimulants tested dramatically shortened the average lifespan of crickets on calorierestricted diets. This experiment provides data that odors may have a significant e
of the olfactory system could lead to underlying mechanism that causes lifespan extension in calorierestricted organisms and could answer the question as to how caloric restriction can be used
2007 AS044
THE EFFECTS OF HERBAL TEAS ON THE ABILITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER TO WITHSTAND ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Barbara Shinaver
Sanger High School, Sanger, California, United States
The purpose of my science project is to determine if Drosophila Melanogaster bred on herbal teas are able to withstand environmental stress such as heat and cold. I used two different teas: Gre
because they yielded the best results of extending the flies’ longevity in my previous experiment. I hypothesized that flies raised on teas would endure stress tests more successfully th
Ginseng. I allowed a generation of flies to reproduce on the specific liquids, and used the newly emerged flies after aging two weeks for my tests. I placed ten males and ten females each in twel
tested vials of each treatment at higher than normal temperatures, ranging in even increments from 40 C to 46 C in ten minute trials, and at a constant freezing temperature for 35 and 45 minutes
stress tests, I observed and recorded the number of living and dead flies. All flies tested were not reused. After collecting all data, I performed statistical analyses to determine the significance of
tests, I discovered that Green Tea helped flies survive both freezing tests and the 42 C heat test. These analyses also showed that Ginseng flies survived more than Green Tea flies in 44 C, and
variable high temperature test results warrant further research. 
2010 AS044
USE OF REGRESSION ANALYSES TO BUILD ECOLOGICAL MODELS OF POISON DART FROGS IN THEIR NATIVE HABITATS
Gabriel Thailand Joachim
Cibola High School, Albuquerque, NM
All over the world frogs are dying off at an alarming rate due to pollution, global warming, deforestation, Chytrid fungus, and habitat destruction. Any conservation efforts must take into account ec
survival. The purpose of the current study is to model the ecological complexity of Dendrobates pumilio, Dendrobates auratus, and other diurnal frogs in the lowlands of Costa Rica for purposes o
auratus, and other diurnal frogs were censused at Estacion Biologica El Zota in the summer of 2009. Biotic and abiotic factors thought to contribute to frog presence were measured. These factor
RH) and biodiversity (prey, predators, buttresses, nursery plants, other animals, leaf litter depth, tree diameter, and habitat). Results of Student ttests showed that D. auratus and D. pumilio could
different temperature and relative humidity. Weak correlations were found between frog presence and a composite score for biodiversity. Correlations between biotic and abiotic factors were low; b
the ecosystem. Binary logistic regression analyses were run on all frog data revealing one partial model (other diurnal frogs) and one succesful model (D. pumilio). Predictors for the D. pumilio mo
habitats,percent cover, presence of other diurnal frogs, and buttresses. The model for other diurnal frogs showed that habitat and presence of other frogs were the principal predictors of frog prese
get included in the model. These models can be used to target sites preferred by frogs for conservation efforts.
Trip to attend the China Adolescents Science and Technology Innovation Contest in August. China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
2011 AS044
EXTRACTING NECROMONE REPELLENTS FROM FOOD OILS
Chase Carter Gross
Solon High School, Solon, IA
Small invertebrates that assemble in large numbers use chemical communication to avoid sites of potential danger. One class of chemical signals has been termed "necromones" as they seem t
contaminated by fresh invertebrate corpses. Such signaling crosses genus boundaries and has been observed in both insect pests and terrestrial isopods. Free fatty acids mediate this death avo
unsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid among the most potent. Free fatty acids are water insoluble oils and prone to oxidation making them poor candidates as commercial repellents. Sodium salts o
inexpensive to produce. I hypothesized that sodium linoleate would repel small invertebrates and that a linoleaterich soap would contain similar repellent activity. Using a sow bug shelterseeking
acid at a concentration of 90 mg/ml displayed 91+/ 6% (mean +/ SD) repellent activity compared with solvent control. Chemical grade sodium linoleate also repelled sow bugs from shelters with
+/ 5 % at 100 mg/ml, 95 +/ 5% at 50 mg/ml, and 29 +/ 28% repellency at 10 mg/ml. This repellent activity was not replicated by sodium stearate, a long chain saturated fatty acid (22 +/ 22% r
acid rich soap from Grape Seed oil (> 70% linoleic acid) and linoleatepoor soap from Coconut oil (< 2% linoleic acid) using standard sodium hydroxide saponification. The linoleaterich soap had
/ml. When having to choose between Grape Seed or Coconut Oil soap, 94% of sow bugs sought refuge in linoleatepoor shelters. To demonstrate crossgenus effects, I tested the ability of these
japonica) feeding. Beetles consistently devoured water or coconut oil soap treated leaves while avoiding linoleaterich Grape Seed oil soap treated food sources. Thus, it appears that sodium linol
invertebrates. This watersoluble soap should be further explored as an inexpensive and environmentally friendly pest repellent.
2009 AS044
THE EFFECT OF HUMAN METHAMPHETAMINE USAGE ON CARNIVORE SCAVENGING
Daniel Jeffrey Martin
Desert Vista High School, Phoenix, AZ
Human cadavers located in natural environments are exposed to animal scavengers (e.g.,insects, coyotes, cats, packrats). Animal scavenging often hastens disarticulation and damages or remo
Anecdotal evidence suggests that animals do not scavenge from bodies in which methamphetamines are present. This study documents the variation in animal scavenging of cadavers containin
and those with no drug present. Subjects were taken from the Maricopa County Office of the Medical Examiner (MCOME) database containing all decedents (20052008) found in a desert or outd
results were available. Ninetyseven cases with periods since death ranging from one day to multiple years were assessed. Demographic data including age, sex, height, weight, ancestry, period
obtained, and methamphetamine levels were recorded. Photographs of each decedent were scored using the Rule of 9’s based upon the degree of postmortem carnivore activity. For this study, a
consumption; a score of 100% indicated no scavenging. The results of this study indicated that the remains of methamphetamine users were less likely to be scavenged than nonusers.
regarding possible cause of death in those cases where toxicological analysis cannot be performed due to advanced decomposition. No other factors (age, sex, height, weight, ancestry or period
scavenging further demonstrating that the presence of methamphetamine was a determining factor in the degree of scavenging.
Second Award $1,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Friends of NIDA, National Institutes of Health
2010 AS045
TECHNIQUES FOR MAPPING AND ASSESSING POPULATIONS OF THE THREATENED ELKHORN CORAL, ACROPORA PALMATA, ON CORAL REEFS WITHIN THE FLORIDA KEYS NA
Lindsey Leona Precht
Gulliver Preparatory School, Pinecrest, FL
Recent declines in coral reefs from across the region underscore the need for the development and validation of new scientific tools to better understand ecological patterns. Given that numerous
changes within reef ecosystems, the monitoring of reef corals must be performed at multiple spatial and temporal scales and yet still be costeffective and statistically robust. Specifically, corals
experienced a drastic decline in the last few decades and both Acropora palmata and A. cervicornis have been listed as Threatened under the Endangered Species Act. Acropora colonies grow in
their branching morphology makes them susceptible to breakage. In addition, it has been difficult to quantify and track population declines and expansion in time and space. Accordingly, there is
to survey and map these Threatened corals effectively and with minimal impact to the extant colonies. Video mosaics are ideal tools because they provide a landscape view of the substratum so
can be imaged and analyzed. Specific objectives of this study include: (1) the application of an advanced twodimensional digital video processing technique to construct georeferenced photomo
FKNMS; (2) extract ecological indices of Acropora condition from mosaics and validate them using independent diverbased monitoring methods; and (3) assess the ability of the videobased sys
status and trends of Acropora communities.
2014 AS045
GENETIC VARIATION OF PHORMIA REGINA IN THE UNITED STATES
Dana Lyn Alhaffar
Eman Schools, Fishers, IN, United States of America
Criminal investigators and forensic scientists utilize insects in many parts of their research and studies. Insects can be vital tools in learning about a corpse by examining the genetics of a certain
to study genetic variation in Phormia regina by documenting genetic differences between populations from different states. This study could potentially allow forensic scientists to pinpoint the orig
experiment I had to gather from the lab, about 10 fly samples from six different states. I used six primers to do PCR and then went on to place the samples in the genetic analyzer. The genetic a
allele from the DNA samples. After completing several rounds of PCR and genotyping the DNA, I found that the data supported both parts of my hypothesis, there was genetic variation. The prim
and had varying amounts of unique alleles. I then used the data I gathered and inputted the results into an equation to measure the heterozygosity of each population. I found that the states had v
anywhere from 0.50 to 0.77. From these results I concluded that there is a degree of variation between the populations, especially in states like Alabama and Connecticut, which had extensive di
intensive research, can allow forensic scientists to trace the original location of a corpse incase it had been moved, washed through a storm, or had come from another region.
2013 AS045
VALIDATION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE SUBUNIT 1 GENE SEQUENCE AS A GENETIC MARKER IN THE RED SEA
Ammar Yasser Alkhouli
Dar Althiker School, Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA
87% of the world’s fisheries are considered either fully exploited and do not promise an increase in production, or overexploited and may be salvaged if proper management programs are employe
accurate method based on the latest genomic techniques to assess fish abundancelevels in the Red Sea through DNA barcoding. A previous validation of the use of the mitochondrial cytochrom
sequence as an identification marker is necessary. A small section of the caudal fin was excised from 112 fish samples from various locations in the Red Sea and DNA was extracted from each
ChloroformIsoamyl Alcohol extraction method. The COI gene was later amplified using the polymerase chain reaction, and thereafter sent to Sanger Sequencing. Consensus sequences were pro
corresponding to the same species collected from different locations showed more similar profiles than individuals corresponding to close related species collected at the same site. Therefore, pr
system could be used for assessing stock and diversity of Red Sea marine life. This provides critical information for the continuation of the project where 454 pyrosequencing will be used to dete
complex large sample composed by ichthyoplankton, using the COI gene to assess the diversity. This technique will expedite the process of obtaining more accurate fisheries research.
2012 AS045
TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN BORRELIA BURGDORFERI THAT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER IN NEUROLOGICAL TICKBORNE LYME DISEASE
Lucy Michelle Hritzo
Tickborne Lyme Disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.), a parasitic spirochete, is the most common vectorborne and arthropodborne disease in the US. These spirochetes enter the
Neuroborreliosis, in up to 40% of LD clinical infections. The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), an endothelial cell lining of the cerebral capillaries, functions as a protective barrier for the brain, denying ac
drugs, parasites, and other pathogens. The B.b. spirochetes are able to penetrate the tight junctions of the BBB and cross into the brain causing neurological infection. In this project, B.b
transmigration into the BBB. Using a monolayer of Transfected Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (THBMEC), grown on an insert with 3µm pores, and motile B.b. spirochetes, a model
monitoring the growth of the brain cells, a Transendothelial Electrical Resistance(TEER) of 1825Ω indicated the tight junctions of the cells most closely approximate the function of the human BB
deposition atop the monolayer. After incubation, the B.b. that crossed the BBB were harvested and counted. DNA and RNA were extracted from B.b. harvested from both top and bottom of each
Reverse Transcriptase PCR were run in triplicate on all samples. Samples were evaluated to select optimal cDNA to run on specialized PCR. Results of the specialized PCR were studied for cha
spirochetes that were able to cross this barrier.
2009 AS045
CRYOPRESERVATION OF THE MICROWORM P.REDIVIVUS
Boram Lee
The Mississippi School for Mathematics and Science, Columbus, MS
Panagrellus redivivus, also known as the microworm, is a freeliving nematode often used in fish aquaculture. Because the P. redivivus has a life span of only two to three weeks, they must be c
research and aquaculture, it would be highly useful to be able to store worms when they are not needed. The objective of this study was to determine whether microworms can be cryopreserved.
concentrations of glycerol, trehalose, sucrose, ethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, and dimethyl sulfoxide were tested using an ordinary household refrigerator and chest freezers (20°C, and 18°C
to prevent lethal damage to cells as a result of intracellular and extracellular ice crystal formations. Various insulations were utilized as well. Preliminary experiments with nematodes frozen for on
with glycerol as the cryoprotectant had the highest rate of survival. Further experimentation with nematodes cryopreserved over a fourmonth period, with the addition of a 80°C chest freezer, dem
with the aid of vitrification chemicals over a long period of time. Over a longer period of time, nematodes cryopreserved with sucrose, ethylene glycol, and glycerol survived only at 80°C.
2008 AS045
COPING WITH COPEPODS: PREY PREFERENCE AND THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE TO SUBOPTIMAL LIGHTING AND TEMPERATURE BY THE OMNIVOROUS COPEPOD MACROCY
Macrocyclops albidus were evaluated for predatory preference and functional response under adverse lighting and temperature conditions such as those occurring during spring and fall with a goa
in year round mosquito abatement, with an end goal of West Nile Virus vector control. The hypothesis was that when copepods are exposed to suboptimal environmental conditions they are less
thereby reducing their effectiveness as year round mosquito control. Static bioassays were performed exposing mature, non gravid, copepods to 1st instar Aedes aegypti larvae, algae a
prey density, temperature and lighting. Bioassays were also performed under optimal conditions for comparison purposes. A chi squared test was used to determine if variations in results were st
partially supported the hypothesis; copepods consumed fewer larvae under adverse light and temperature conditions, but still preferred larvae over other food sources. Temperatures 1020° below
and consumption rates by 1519% overall. Adverse light reduced consumption 1430%. However when offered a multiprey diet copepods killed 85% of available larvae within 48 hours regardless
decreased over time, rates of consumption slowed up to 12% under adverse conditions. Results demonstrated that copepods prefer larvae despite suboptimal environmental parameters, howeve
performance under optimal vs. suboptimal conditions was statistically significant. Copepods, while useful for larvae biocontrol, will take longer to manage larvae populations.
2011 AS045
IN SEARCH OF THE CAUSATIVE GENETIC ELEMENT(S) AFFECTING ENTROPION EYELID DEVELOPMENT IN NEWBORN LAMBS: IS IT OAR16_14874751?
Aerin Erika Towle
Sumner High School, Sumner, WA
Entropion is a heritable trait resulting in the inversion of the eyelid(s) which causes blindness if left uncorrected. Decreased herd productivity results from treating the defective eyes as well as cu
exhibiting lambs. Previously, a whole genome association scan (WGAS) was performed including 50,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) distributed throughout the sheep genome. The W
located within a regulator of erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2IP) as a potential genetic contributor to the trait. For this study, genomic DNA from twenty Entropion scored
were used to sequence 1.5 kilobases (Kb) of DNA from sheep chromosome 16 on either side of OAR16_14874751, and additional SNPs (17) were identified that may be associated with Entropion
Fisher’s Exact Test to measure the pvalue of association and the odds ratio for relative risk of contracting Entropion if the OAR16_14874751 SNP is present. A supplemental finding indicates tha
contributor in the inheritance of Entropion phenotypes in lambs when the ewe is a carrier of a minor allele caused by the OAR16_14874751 SNP associated with Entropion and her fetal progeny a
necessary for eye development. The ewe’s progeny employ the mutated protein encoded by the minor allele associated with Entropion in eyelid development causing the demonstration of the Ent
the Entropion genotype within the progeny of affected ewes.
2007 AS045
WATER TEMPERATURE IMPACT ON FRESHWATER MACROINVERTEBRATES A COMPARISON OF AQUATIC LIFE IN FLINT CREEK ABOVE & BELOW SILOAM SPRINGS CITY LA
Carter Henrey Londagin
Grove High School, Grove, Oklahoma, United States of America
In this experiment there are four sites (A, B, C and D) in the stream known as Flint Creek with three areas at each site. Macroinvertebrates are the identifiers for the quality of the stream in this ex
temperature variance. This project is to determine if the temperature variance in the lake known as City Lake causes harmful effects on the aquatic life living downstream from the lake in Flint Cre
experiment was that the macroinvertebrate diversity below stream will be significantly less than that of upstream because of the naturally warmed water downstream from City Lake, and it was fu
macroinvertebrates will be more abundant upstream from City Lake than downstream. To collect the macroinvertebrates I collected them in jars one from each site, took temperature rea
sample of water from each site. Then the jars were taken back to a lab where the macroinvertebrates were counted and put into jars, and the water samples were until there was only one jar for up
they were taken to a colorimeter and tested for Ammonia, Phosphate, and Nitrate. The results from my experiments showed that the downstream sites had the diversity of macros as up
vastly different with upstream having good ratings and downstream having fair ratings on a scale from poorexcellent. 
Student Membership in SETAC Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
2012 AS045
TRANSCRIPTIONAL CHANGES IN BORRELIA BURGDORFERI THAT CROSS THE BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER IN NEUROLOGICAL TICKBORNE LYME DISEASE
Lucy Michelle Hritzo
Tickborne Lyme Disease (LD), caused by Borrelia burgdorferi (B.b.), a parasitic spirochete, is the most common vectorborne and arthropodborne disease in the US. These spirochetes enter the
Neuroborreliosis, in up to 40% of LD clinical infections. The Blood Brain Barrier (BBB), an endothelial cell lining of the cerebral capillaries, functions as a protective barrier for the brain, denying ac
drugs, parasites, and other pathogens. The B.b. spirochetes are able to penetrate the tight junctions of the BBB and cross into the brain causing neurological infection. In this project, B.b
transmigration into the BBB. Using a monolayer of Transfected Human Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells (THBMEC), grown on an insert with 3µm pores, and motile B.b. spirochetes, a model
monitoring the growth of the brain cells, a Transendothelial Electrical Resistance(TEER) of 1825Ω indicated the tight junctions of the cells most closely approximate the function of the human BB
deposition atop the monolayer. After incubation, the B.b. that crossed the BBB were harvested and counted. DNA and RNA were extracted from B.b. harvested from both top and bottom of each
Reverse Transcriptase PCR were run in triplicate on all samples. Samples were evaluated to select optimal cDNA to run on specialized PCR. Results of the specialized PCR were studied for cha
spirochetes that were able to cross this barrier.
2013 AS046
IDENTIFICATION OF NEW SPECIES OF BLUE PIGMENTED COPEPODS IN THE RED SEA
Hanan Adel Wali
Dar Alfikr School, Jeddah, SAUDI ARABIA
Blue pigmented copepods (microscopic organisms) are among the most diverse animals on the planet. There are almost 260 different species of copepods and more are being discovered in the R
protect against strong solar radiations (ultraviolet), therefor copepods protect marine organisms beneath the surface of the Red Sea. The study’s goal was to identify the diverse bluepigmented c
the protein that enables them to absorb the sunlight. Different environments and areas were considered in collecting samples such as sun light exposure and depth. Three hundred samples were
identification using microscopy and DNA sequencing of mitochondrial (mtCOI) gene. Different types of analysis were conducted using BLASTn analysis, multiple sequence alignment, and phylog
the DNA barcodes of six samples didn’t exceed 81% comparing to the existing barcodes which indicates same genus but different species, and two of the samples had 0% matching which indica
study had generated eight DNA barcodes of the unknown species that can be added to the NCBI database. In conclusion, the Red Sea harbors unidentified species of genera Acartia, Labidocera
the new species can be applied in medicine and various treatments.
2014 AS046
COMPARISON OF THE FORAGING HABITS OF JUVENILE ANOLIS SAGREI AND ANOLIS CAROLINENSIS MALES
Caitlyn Ann Kelly
Benjamin Franklin High School, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to examine the different foraging habits of Anolis sagrei and Anolis carolinensis juveniles to observe how an invasive species could affect the foraging habits
that Anolis sagrei would perch at lower heights (01m) than Anolis carolinensis with perch types that fell into the category of "ground," while Anolis carolinensis would perch at heights above groun
within the categories of "fence" and "tree." Twenty juvenile individuals of each species were located and filmed for twenty minutes. The initial perch height and perch category of each individual w
Anolis sagrei juveniles were found on the ground and perched at levels below one meter. Most of the Anolis sagrei juveniles were found on bushes and trees and perched at heights closer to one
species partitioned the environment, and although they did share space, the native Anolis carolinensis juveniles were more likely to perch at higher locations than their Anolis sagrei counterparts.
2010 AS046
CREATING RNAI BASED ANTHELMINTICS
Elizabeth LoRa Dick
Seguin High School, Seguin, TX
Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contorts poses a threat to U.S. ranchers. Researchers have found resistance to all anthelmintics within the nematode’s population. Current anthelmintics d
metabolism or prohibiting muscular contractions. Previous experiments by the student tested the viability of RNAi containing plasmids shipped between 0O C and 110O C using Ceanorhabditis el
determine if H. contortus genes were homogonous with C. elegans genes that regulate drug resistance. The question this year was, can individual genes in H. contortus be targeted and blocked b
anthelmintics? The experiment focused on finding strong protein and nucleotide matches between C. elegans and H. contortus genes specifically targeted by current anthelmintic families. Thus th
Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) to compare H. contortus and C. elegans genes by analyzing probable matches between the protein and nucleotide sequences. It was determined that the unc38,
1, glc2, glc3, glc4, lat1, lat2, ben1, and lev1 genes that are involved in drug resistance had significant protein matches. No nucleotide sequences were found to be conserved between the tw
nucleotide sequence. In conclusion, it was determined that RNAi based anthelminics could be created to block resistance to all drugs except avermectin.
2012 AS046
A STUDY ON THE REACTIONS OF THE ZOPHOBAS MORIO TO HUES OF LIGHT
Shadrach Foster Jakes
Northwestern High School, Kokomo, IN
The purpose of the experiment is to show a preference in colors of the Morio worms to make a new non chemical bug repellant. If Zophobas morio worms are exposed to different colors of light, t
tell the colors apart. Shades of light were tested on 5 worms at a time, and all results were recorded, and the permutations and combinations of 16 shades of light were taken two at a time, as we
time for reaction to take place, the path of movement, whether the worms were moving or still, and whether the worms were repelled from or attracted to light were all measured. The color green w
it, in a straight line starting at 10 seconds, until the end of testing, 60 seconds, and the worm was agitated afterwards. The color red caused the worms to rapidly move away immediately in a curv
after the testing. Lighter shades of blue resulted in more attraction, red had faster repulsion with lighter shades, and green shades had little or no reaction with lower level lights, usually moving sli
blue agitated, and green showed no distinction. After this, all color permutations were tested to ensure the most accurate test results. Same data was present in both cases.
2009 AS046
USING NEARINFRARED SPECTROSCOPY TO NONDESTRUCTIVELY MEASURE EGG NUTRIENT CONTENT
Kayla Marie Dowell
Germann Hills Christian School, Manhattan, KS
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if nearinfrared spectroscopy could be used to study egg nutrient content. Using an ASD Quality Spec Pro NearInfrared Spectrometer, I scanned
USDA ARS poultry lab in Athens, Georgia, for protein and moisture analysis. My statistical analysis showed that protein content was predicted with R2=0.67 and SECV=0.18%, moisture content
SECV=0.53%, and fat content was predicted with R2=0.62 and SECV=0.47%. This indicated that nearinfrared spectroscopy can be used to measure nutrients of eggs. The NIR method of meas
expensive than the current lab method. This is the first report of using nearinfrared spectroscopy to nondestructively measure the nutrient content of eggs.
2011 AS046
ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE BIOACTIVE ANTIMICROBIAL NATURAL PRODUCTS FROM MARINE SPONGES
It is crucial to develop new antimicrobials to combat the burgeoning problem of drugresistant pathogens, including Methicillin and MultipleResistant Staph aureus(MRSA), MultidrugResistant(MD
Tuberculosis(XDRTB). Natural products provide sources of antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer drugs which are promising leads to fight resistant diseases. This experiment examines
Marine Sponges, Darwinella mulleri, Pink Sponge, and Dysidea camera, Blue Sponge. These compounds were previously shown to inhibit 3 pathogens: Staph aureus, Tuberculosis mimic Mycoba
meningitis mimic Cryptococcus albidus, and were separated using column chromatography. The most bioactive fraction was selected for further testing. The most bioactive compounds,
fraction 11, were separated into 7 subfractions using High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC). After peak analysis, used HPLC to more extensively separate subfractions into 73 fraction
Selected 42 of 146 samples for further Nuclear Magnetic Resonance(NMR) testing. Capillary NMR testing of 4 samples included 1H, COSY, HMBC, and HSQC to obtain characteristic structural d
using capillary NMR and Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry to formulate molecular structures and characterize the bioactive compounds. These antimicrobials could potentially provide new lea
such as MRSA, XDRTB, and MDRTB. Determining the molecular structure of these natural products from marine sponges using chemical analysis is crucial for the synthetic reproduction of the
sponge populations.
Second Award of $1,000 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
First Award of $4,000 American Chemical Society
2008 AS046
BIOCONTROL POTENTIAL OF FIVE FRESHWATER DECAPODS FOR A POLYSPECIFIC TREMATODE VECTOR SNAIL (THIARIDAE: MELANOIDES TUBERCULATA)
Alexander MeeWoong Kim
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA
This project quantified predation rates by three species of freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium amazonicum, Mac. carcinus, and Mac. crenulatum) and two of Cambarid crayfish (Procambarus clark
divisions of the widely invasive trumpet snail, Melanoides tuberculata. It was hypothesized that increased concentrations of these snails would result in a diminution of consumption rates, that the
consumed, and that snail aperture length would be positively correlated with shell strength and snail mass. Phase I: Mel. tuberculata snails were divided on the basis of shell aperture len
mm), and large (46 mm) size divisions. At initial density, two snails from each division were acclimated to each predator's individual aquarium, and mortality rates were compared against those o
hours. Phase II: Mortality rates were analyzed for snails similarly provided to Phase I's most effective predator (Mac. carcinus) at twice and five times original density. Phase III: The relationship
and aperture length was analyzed. It was determined that consumption rates varied significantly amongst the assessed species (in order of decreasing predatory efficiency, Mac. carcinu
amazonicum, P. clarkii). Selective preference for the smallest snail size class was detected for all species but the highly efficacious Mac. carcinus, for which snail consumption remained essent
of snail density. Snail aperture length was positively correlated with both shell strength and snail mass.
First Award of $600 North American Benthological Society
2007 AS046
MACROINVERTEBRATES AS WATER QUALITY INDICATORS IN THE NORTH BRANCH OF THE CHICAGO RIVER
Eva Ruth Feldman
Lincoln Park High School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
This project studied how populations of aquatic macroinvertebrates vary along the North Branch of the Chicago River. Four test sites were chosen. Two test sites, 1 and 2, were upstream of the j
the North Branch of the Chicago River and the other sites, 3 and 4, were downstream of this junction. It was hypothesized that there would be lower diversity and fewer pollutionsensitive species
compared to above the junction. One apparatus containing three multiplate macroinvertebrate samplers at was used at each test site. The entire apparatus was submerged in the ri
macroinvertebrates living on it counted and identified, and the pollution tolerance calculated. The hypothesis was supported by the data. Sites 1 and 2 had average pollution toleranc
6 and 8 distinct species respectively, while Sites 3 and 4 had average pollution tolerances of 2.13 and 2.11 with 3 and 2.33 distinct species respectively. The differences in both the pollution toler
2 compared to Sites 3 and 4 were statistically significant according to the TwoSample TTest.
Honorable Mention Award North American Benthological Society
2009 AS047
DETERMINING HOW TEMPERATURE AFFECTS THE PHENOLOGY OF VANESSA CARDUI
Brianna Sue Morris
Eastern High School, Pekin, IN
Butterflies are known to be poikilothermic, making their lifecycle highly dependent on temperature. This makes them an ideal study group for examining the effects of climate change (Filella, Pen
was designed to determine how temperature affects the phenology of Vanessa cardui. It was hypothesized if Vanessa cardui pupae were exposed to various temperatures, then the pupae expose
emerge form their chrysalids first. For this project, Vanessa cardui larvae were purchased. Once the larvae made their chrysalids, they were placed into one of three originally designed habitat ch
cm by 40 cm boxes constructed of building insulation. Trial runs were conducted to obtain the optimum high and low temperatures based on a control temperature of 24 degrees Celsius. In the wa
placed in the bottom of the insulated box. In the cooler habitat chamber, a Polar Care 300 ice water pump was placed in the top of the insulated box. Nothing was placed into the control habitat ch
into the habitat chambers. One strand of white Christmas tree lights connected to timers set to 12 hours of light and 12 hours of dark were placed in each habitat chamber. Three separate 30 cm
inside the habitat chambers to house the pupae during experimentation. The average developmental rates for all three groups are as follows: Group A141.63 hours, Group B181.76 hours, and Gr
calculate variance in order to determine which Student’s tTest to use. Based on the p values of the tTests, the differences between all three groups were significant, but the greatest significance
Based on the data collected, the hypothesis was supported.
2012 AS047
CONTROL OF DROSOPHILA HEART RATE (HR): THE EFFECTS OF CA++ AND CA++ REGULATION ON THE LARVAL DROSOPHILA HR
Valerie Sarge
The larval Drosophila heart is myogenic in its heart rate regulation. Dissected in situ preparations of the heart are routinely used to study the cell physiology of the larval Drosophila heart.
contraction and likely for the rhythmicity of the pacemaker potential. Thus, I have examined the influence of various Ca2+ concentrations on heart rate using a HL3 saline with pH 7.1. I have also
Carboxyeosin, a drug that inhibits plasma membrane calcium pumps (PMCAs) and thereby causes errors in [Ca2+] regulation, on heart rate. My results show that the HR of a Drosophila larva dec
Altering the bathing concentration of Ca2+ produced biphasic effects on the HR. Between 0.5 and 8 mM [Ca2+], greater calcium concentrations correspond to lower HRs, with the exception of 1
mechanisms might be targeted by the Ca2+ influx, depending on the resulting cytosol [Ca2+]. HR decreases over time when a Drosophila larva is left in situ, regardless of [Ca2+], and decreases
concentrations over time demonstrate HR regulation, suggesting that there are endogenous mechanisms that regulate cytosol [Ca2+]. Therefore, I examined the roles of regulatory proteins that im
pharmacological approaches. The presence of carboxyeosin, a PMCA inhibitor, decreases HR. Taken together, my data suggest that PMCAs are essential in reestablishing resting levels of cyto
pacemaker potential in the larval Drosophila heart.
2010 AS047
COLOR FEEDERS BIRDS PREFER
Tanner Jon Meidinger
Ashley Public School, Ashley, ND
The purpose of this experiment is to determine what color feeders birds prefer. I purchased six identical birdfeeders and spray painted them the following colors: blue, green, black, red, yellow, an
for the birds and the enviroment. I plugged the feeding ports with cotton to prevent paint from getting inside the feeders, and to prevent contamination of the seed. I then hung the bird feeders eve
hung it in a tree. I filled each feeder with 4 cups of mixed birdseed. I observed the feeders daily and added seed as needed. The date and amount of seed added was recorded. I obtained a record
from the local weather observer. I calcualted the average high, low, and mean temperature for the 18 weeks of the project. The following amounts in cups of seed were added to the feede
Blue74, Red73.5, Yellow53, Green47, and white43. The birds preferred the black colored feeder. The blue was a close second in preference. The least favorite color was
make a difference in the color of feeder preferred. There was an increased consumption during the hotter and cooler temperatures. The total amount of cups of mixed birdseed added dur
was 74.5 cups.
2011 AS047
RETINAL PHOTOTRANSDUCTION PROTEIN DISTRIBUTION IN VENTRAL VS. DORSAL HEMIRETINA OF THE PANTODON BUCHHOLZI
Sanjana Salwi
High Technology High School, Lincroft, NJ
This experiment aimed to understand the distribution of phototransduction proteins in the retina of the Pantodon. The Pantodon buchholzi is a surface fish with a rare tripartite visual field: the vent
dorsal hemiretina views into the water. Thus, the Pantodon eye presents a unique system to investigate the relationship between aquatic Vs aerial halves of a single fish retina and explore its rela
The hypothesis was: the structural and molecular organization of the aerial and aquatic halves of the Pantodon retina is different. However, the aerial half of the Pantodon retina may resemble a f
chosen as the model system) more than the aquatic half. To examine the proteins, immunostaining with a primary antibody and then a secondary fluorescenttagged antibody was used on cyropr
Then, immunoreactive proteins were detected under a Zeiss Axio Observer microscope. The presence of several proteins known to be involved in the vertebrate (bovine) retinal signal transductio
retina and the relative distribution between the ventral Vs dorsal retina was examined. Positive staining for obtained for the following antigens: rod outer segment guanylate cyclase type 1 (ROSG
were observed between the two halves. Positive staining indicated that the aerial and aquatic halves of the Pantodon retina are structurally different yet use similar distribution of signalin
that of the vertebrate (bovine) aerial retina.
2007 AS047
AN ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY APPROACH TO DETERMINING PREDATORPREY INTERACTIONS OF STREAMSIDE ANIMAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Puja Jagdish Umaretiya
Chandler High School, Chandler AZ, U.S.A
Surface water flows in arid and semiarid environments have declined worldwide due to excessive groundwater pumping (Groundwater Foundation 2003). The base flows of the San Pedro River ha
past ninety years. Organisms receive hydration in waterstressed environments by eating lower trophic level prey (Hadley 1994), thus the declination of base flows on the San Pedro may alter stre
Though traditional compensation hypotheses predict that wolf spiders compensate for the loss of surface water by increasing consumption of crickets, ecological stoichiometry suggests that con
(C:N:P) ratios of prey (Sterner and Elser 2002). This experiment sought to substantiate ecological stoichiometry theory by manipulating the water:nutrient ratio of house crickets (Acheta domestic
stressed wolf spiders (Arctosa littoralis). Crickets were dehydrated for 4, 8, and 12 hours to manipulate hydration states (ANOVA p=0.001) and there was significant variance between treatments
showed that consumption of crickets at the MEDIUM hydration state was significantly higher from consumption at the LOW hydration state (TUKEY p=0.01). Consumption at the HIGH hydration
either. The Threshold Resource Ratio suggests that predators seek out prey of an optimal water:nutrient ratio to reduce digestive, metabolic, and excretive costs during assimilation. The crickets
likely close to this ratio. This disproves the linearity of traditional conservation hypotheses and reveals a new bellcurve model for determining predatorprey interaction that could be used to predi
ecosystems.
Alternate Scholarship winners University of New Mexico
2014 AS047
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ROLE OF MITOCHONDRIA IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER LIFESPAN
Caleb Smith
Palos Verdes Peninsula, Rolling Hills Estates, CA, United States of America
The purpose of the research project is to discover if the quantity of mitochondria in Drosophila melanogaster affects its lifespan. Furthermore, if there is a correlation between mitochondrial quanti
whether the quantity of mitochondria correlates with a decrease or increase in lifespan.Scientists have seen structural mitochondrial changes effect lifespan but until this project, the effect of the
not been examined. The experiment utilized a cohort of flies with mitochondria that were tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Because the mitochondria of each fly were tagged
each fly represented the quantity of mitochondria in each fly. Flies were video assayed at twelve days, shortly after maturation and early enough in the lifespan that little to no mitochondrial malfu
fly in the cohort was viewed by cameras equipped with software that quantified the fluorescent brightness. After brightness was quantified, the flies were maintained and tracked until they died to
was then conducted comparing quantity of mitochondria (represented by amount of fluorescence) to lifespan. After analyzing the data from the regression analysis comparing GFP to life
was found between the quantity of mitochondria (observed by the cameras as the amount of green fluorescent protein) and lifespan. It was determined that more mitochondria relative to the other
lifespan. The knowledge that mitochondrial quantity affects lifespan ultimately sheds more light on the question, “What causes aging?
2008 AS047
EFFECTS OF INFUSION DURATION ON THE ACQUISITION OF COCAINE ADMINISTRATION
Kevin Thornton
Miller Grove High School, Lithonia, GA
Purpose: Studies have shown that the rate of drug onset does alter the subjective effects of cocaine and morphine in humans as well as nonhuman primates during maintenance. Previous studie
duration effects due to cocaine selfadministration. The goal of this study is to investigate a procedure in rats that might be more sensitive to duration effects. We hypothesize that rats prefer sho
 Results: Most rats were sensitive to the duration of infusion. Once rats acquired their responses, duration had little influence on their decision between the cues associated with fast and slow
preferred the faster infusion during the acquisition of cocaine selfadministration. Rats consistently chose the cue associated with the fast pump. These results indicate that, like primates, rats ar
selfadministration being more rapidly acquired with shorter infusion duration. The failure to observe this effect in previous studies may be related to the use of maintenance, rather than acquisitio
research will provide answers about drugrelated environmental cues and basic behavioral processes in rats that can be applied to alternative models. The findings of this research will ultimately p
drug addiction such as a step down drug which will mitigate most of the withdraw effects of addictive subtances.
Second Award $1,000 States United for Biomedical Research (SUBR)
2007 AS047
AN ECOLOGICAL STOICHIOMETRY APPROACH TO DETERMINING PREDATORPREY INTERACTIONS OF STREAMSIDE ANIMAL COMMUNITY STRUCTURE
Puja Jagdish Umaretiya
Chandler High School, Chandler AZ, U.S.A
Surface water flows in arid and semiarid environments have declined worldwide due to excessive groundwater pumping (Groundwater Foundation 2003). The base flows of the San Pedro River ha
past ninety years. Organisms receive hydration in waterstressed environments by eating lower trophic level prey (Hadley 1994), thus the declination of base flows on the San Pedro may alter stre
Though traditional compensation hypotheses predict that wolf spiders compensate for the loss of surface water by increasing consumption of crickets, ecological stoichiometry suggests that con
(C:N:P) ratios of prey (Sterner and Elser 2002). This experiment sought to substantiate ecological stoichiometry theory by manipulating the water:nutrient ratio of house crickets (Acheta domestic
stressed wolf spiders (Arctosa littoralis). Crickets were dehydrated for 4, 8, and 12 hours to manipulate hydration states (ANOVA p=0.001) and there was significant variance between treatments
showed that consumption of crickets at the MEDIUM hydration state was significantly higher from consumption at the LOW hydration state (TUKEY p=0.01). Consumption at the HIGH hydration
either. The Threshold Resource Ratio suggests that predators seek out prey of an optimal water:nutrient ratio to reduce digestive, metabolic, and excretive costs during assimilation. The crickets
likely close to this ratio. This disproves the linearity of traditional conservation hypotheses and reveals a new bellcurve model for determining predatorprey interaction that could be used to predi
ecosystems.
2011 AS048
COMPARISON OF THE NERVOUS FUNCTION AND DISCRIMINATION CAPACITY FOR CERTAIN SHAPES AND COLORS BETWEEN AURELIA AURITA (MOON JELLYFISH) AND HOLOTH
In previous investigations it was concluded that Aurelia aurita (moon jellyfish) uses the rhopalium, a structure related to their nervous function in the discrimination of certain shapes and colors. In
similarities between the discrimination capacity for certain shapes and colors related to the nervous systems of Aurelia aurita and of Holothuria mexicana (sea cucumber)?. The hypothesis was: T
(moon jellyfish) and Holothuria mexicana (sea cucumber) have similarities in their discrimination capacity for certain shapes and colors. A water tank was built to put the sea cucumbers.
sections that were covered with white, black and green plastics. Each section was divided into three subsections in which there were obstacles placed vertically and horizontally. Twenty three se
inside the water tank. The organisms were observed eight times daily during day and night for fifteen days. It was observed that sea cucumbers evaded the obstacles in the water tank. Based on
tentacles are related to the discrimination of shapes and colors. The dissection of the two preserved organisms evidenced that the oral tentacles were well developed. Comparisons betw
that the hypothesis was true. Cucumbers and jellyfish have parts which comply with the discrimination for colors and shapes. In jellyfish is the rhopalium and in sea cucumbers are their oral tenta
channels.
2010 AS048
AN INVESTIGATION OF INSECTICIDAL ATTRIBUTES DERIVED FROM CHITIN
Tanner John Coppin
Hankinson High School, Hankinson, ND
PURPOSE: To see the potential usage of chitin extracts as an environmentally friendly insecticide. Secondly, to determine ecological benefits to the agricultural industry. PROCEDURE:
forms of chitin, and 2 chemical insecticides. Prepared chtin solutions (10:1). Used field application rates for the insecticides. TEST PLOT: Planted three replications of the two cultivars in a total
seeds per row. Applied 2,000 mls of one of the treatments per row after four weeks. Allowed a three month growing period, then measured the plant height and harvested the wheat heads by hand
the heads. The wheat seeds were then stored for further analysis (Percent protein, moisture content, test weight, bushels per acre, and falling number). PHEROMONE TRAPPING: To see the inc
fields using the Hessian Fly pheromone trap. INSECT STUDY: Drop Method: Used actual contact of the extracts on Black Cutworms, Fall Armyworms, Russian Wheat Aphids, Mealworms and H
rate. Ingestion: To determine the killing effects of the extracts by impregnating a growth medium with one of the extracts or insecticide. Ladybug Migration: To see the effects of the extracts on th
STUDY: Direct Contact: To observe the effects of the products on beneficial annelids. Soil Testing: To observe the effects of the products on the nurtrient level in soil. CONCLUSION: Overall, I f
an environmentally friendly insecticide. Furthermore, I believe that chitin will become a major asset to the agricultural community.
2012 AS048
NOVEL BIOASSAY TO EVALUATE DEVELOPMENT BEHAVIOR OF THE MOSQUITO AEDES AEGYPTI (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA
Cleveland High School, Cleveland, MS
The mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) is considered one of the most important vector of dengue and yellow fever in the world. Its reproductive and development behavior have been stu
for the virus that this insect transmits. The standard existing method that allows Aedes mosquito to hatch artificially under laboratory condition is by vacuuming the eggs through a dehydrator, be
method causes high mortality and low insect quality making them difficult to use for bioassay studies. The new method consisted in the use of a 2 % solution of pig chow media (98 ml of about 2
that allows a better hatchability of the mosquito egg. The solution in warm water makes the egg shell tender provoking an emergence as if it would occur in nature, producing insects of higher qua
were used to get a better understanding on how the development behavior of the mosquito affects the life of humans. Effect of temperature on life cycle, adult longevity and larva survival were ev
Tukey’s test were used to evaluate differences among treatments. This method can significantly reduce cost and increase the accuracy of test results. This could lead to the development of bett
2014 AS048
EFFECTS OF LYGUSSPECIFIC BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS INSECTICIDAL PROTEINS ON LYGUS & ITS PREDATORS
Gen Fitzgerald
Desert Vista High School, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
The use of genetically modified Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton has been prevalent over the last 2 decades to combat the effects many pest insect populations. The development of new varietie
the insect Lygus hesperus. Bt cotton effective against Lygus can reduce sprays and enhance biological control if no negative nontarget effects are present. Monitoring the effects of crystal prote
Geocoris punctipes and Collops vittatus has offered insight into potential environmental consequences of the Bt toxin. Testing has concluded that the presence of the Bt protein adversely affecte
insects. In addition, Geocoris and Collops mortality and development do not seem to be hindered. This indicates that this line of Bt cotton is safe and effective toward cotton ecosystems, and the
integrated pest management strategies and provide economical pest treatment plans.
2013 AS048
THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE OF CULEX MOSQUITO SURVIVORSHIP
Nicolas Quinn Wolnick
Summit High School, Bend, OR
While many harmful environmental insecticides exist, previous research from Brazil suggests that caffeine limits survivorship of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Laranja, A., et. al., 2006). My experi
the effect of various caffeine concentrations in the water they were developing in. The caffeine concentrations tested were 20 grams/Liter, 2 grams/Liter, and 0.2 grams/Liter, and larval survivorsh
20 grams/Liter solution, every one of the 48 mosquito larvae in eight different chambers died within 24 hours. In the first 48 hours of exposure to the 2 grams/Liter solution, only one of the 48 mos
survival analysis suggests that increasing concentrations of caffeine in water significantly reduced mosquito survival time (Wilcoxon survival analysis, p<.0001). During the first four days, there w
survivorship between the 0 grams/Liter (Control) and 0.2 grams/Liter solutions (ttest, p>0.05). However, for the remainder of the experiment, the survivorship of the control was significantly highe
test, p<0.05). Ultimately, 35% (17/48) of the control treatment larvae metamorphosed into adult mosquitoes while none of the caffeine treatment larvae reached adulthood. Through the use of high
was determined that soaking used coffee grounds in 19°C water yielded an average caffeine concentration of 2.2 grams/Liter. My findings suggest the caffeine in used coffee grounds has the pot
mosquitoes after considering the effects of caffeine on other organisms.
2009 AS048
CAFFEINE AS A STIMULANT IN DECAPITATED DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Jennifer Tracey Janson
There has been a proliferation of advertising about “energy boosters.” In this research, Drosophila melanogaster is used as a test organism for over the counter stimulants. The first stimulant stud
anesthetized flies were decapitated and those that righted themselves on recovery were selected for experimentation. Severed nerve cords were exposed to pH 6 phosphate buffer or a 0.001 M s
were immediately captured against a 1mm grid using a Proscope HR. Movies were analyzed for locomotion, foreleg grooming, hindleg grooming, and hyperactivity. On average, caffeineexposed
minutes vs. 0.8 in the control flies (P = 0.0015). Hindleg grooming occurred an average 77 times in caffeinetreated flies and 37 times in control flies (P = 0.018). There was no significant differen
bordered on statistical significance (P = 0.061) with an average 6 instances in caffeineexposed flies and 4 in control flies. The caffeine group flipped over about twice to every once the control flip
to increase most forms of motion in the test flies.
2007 AS048
EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT MODALITIES ON SPINAL MECHANICAL NOCICEPTIVE THRESHOLDS IN HORSES
Kayleigh Anne Sullivan
Valley Central High School, Montgomery, New York, United States
Back pain severely limits competition horses. Owners turn to alternative therapies to treat their horses, because Phenylbutazone (PBZ), a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID), is illegal d
massage are two prevalent alternative therapies, but controlled scientific research is limited. The objective of this study was to measure spinal mechanical nociceptive thresholds (MNTs) and eva
compared with two different exercisecontrol groups. Thirtyeight adult horses were used to assess baseline mechanical nociceptive thresholds, which were measured at seven bilateral thoracolum
horses were assigned to three treatment groups consisting of instrumentassisted chiropractic treatment, massage, and PBZ. Two control groups consisted of either maintained ridden exercise w
turnout without any ridden exercise. MNTs were repeated at 1, 3, and 7 days posttreatment. The percent change from baseline values were calculated within each group. At Day 7, the overall MN
8.9% in the massage, and 6.5% in the PBZ groups. Minimal changes in MNTs were see in the active and inactive control groups across days. Chiropractic treatment and massage therapy were m
spinal MNTs in asymptomatic, actively ridden horses.
2008 AS048
THE EFFECTS OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF BOMBYX MORI PUPAE
Peter Bau
The main purpose of this experiment was to test if the tea brewed from the Camellia sinensis plant would have a positive effect on pupae development. Many hypotheses were formed, but the tw
the tea would decrease the time it took to reach pupation, and that the mortality of the silkworms will be higher than the control. Green, oolong, and black tea were brewed from the Camellia sinen
were exposed to one particular tea. One group of 50 silkworms that were not exposed to tea acted as a control group. The 40 mL of tea were dropped into their respective groups. This process wa
There were many results obtained from this experiment. Both of the stated hypotheses were able to be accepted, since the silkworms that were exposed to tea reached each instar (molt) faster th
control group died, as opposed to the tea group which experienced no losses. This was a surprising result because all of the silkworms grew under the same conditions, and human contact was k
spread, even though latex gloves were being used. An interesting result that was obtained was that 14 of the silkworms that were exposed to black tea experienced a slight color change in pupae
white/light tan color.
Scholarship Award of $1,500 per year for four years Kennesaw State University College of Science and Mathematics
2007 AS049
THE INTERACTION BETWEEN KNOWN PORK QUALITY TRAITS AND THE SHELF LIFE STABILITY OF BERKSHIRE PORK
Emily Katherine Arkfeld
Lourdes Central Catholic, Nebraska City, Nebraska, USA
Quality is what ultimately drives a consumer to buy a specific meat product, but what exactly is quality? The ultimate goal of my research was to find a superior category of meat by colo
categories of meat were classified by standards set by the National Pork Producers Council for color and marbling. My hypothesis was that the meat categories that were 1 to 2 (pale) in
quality, as determined by the consumer, and have the highest microbial growth pH. I also hypothesize that the meat 4 to 5 (dark) in color would have the best meat quality, as determined by the c
high microbial growth. My procedure consisted of sorting through over 800 purebred Berkshire pork loins to find ten chops for each category. The samples we tested objectively by consumers on
tested objectively for pseudomonas and lactobacillus. In conclusion, the paler samples were the poorest in subjective measurements. No pseudomonas was detected in any of the samp
liked the darker samples the best. As pH was taken, it also seemed that the pH readings were not only dependent on color but also on marbling. In conclusion, my hypothesis was proven partially
2008 AS049
CREATING A COMPREHENSIVE BIOENERGETICS MODEL FOR CHINOOK SALMON (ONCORHYCHUS TSHAWYTSCHA)
Nicholas Wolf Parker
Juneau Douglas High School, Juneau, AK
In winter, juvenile salmon reduce food intake and hide to avoid predators. I hypothesized that basic metabolism would utilize the highest proportion of chinook energy consumption. I created a com
chinook salmon. Fish use energy in three ways: growth, activity/metabolism, and waste. To calculate energy allocated to growth I measured the energy (Joules) consumed by the fish each day (2
model, I calculated the energy put into growth in J/g/day. The energy consumed divided by the energy allocated to growth gave the amount of energy ingested being used for growth, 14.8%.
activity/metabolism I withheld food from the fish and measured weight loss. This displayed the routine metabolism over wintering chinook salmon. The observed average was 58 J/g/day.
examining oxygen consumption. The cost was 11% of it's daily intake. Dividing the J/g/day left over after subtracting off the SMR displayed the daily amount needed for activity, around 11.2%.
energy consumption. This data does not support my hypothesis. This Bioenergetics model allowed me to show that in winter when salmon feed there growth efficiency is very low.
allow researchers to calculate how much prey Chinook consume, or how much they will grow on a fixed diet. Researchers could also determine the amount of days without food salmon could surv
for energy.
2013 AS049
MAXIMIZING THE EFFICIENCY OF AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS IN CHICKENS
Nitish Peela
Hamilton High School, Chandler, AZ
Antibiotics have been used as growth promoters in chickens since the 1980s. The primary antibiotics used are Streptomycin and Bacitracin. The maximum efficiency of antibiotics is not being m
entirety of the natural gut flora (beneficial bacteria) in the chickens’ intestines. By feeding the chickens an antibiotic resistant supplement of gut flora (a probiotic) such as L. Rhamnosus, the side
efficiency of the antibiotic increases. However, introducing a resistance gene into the environment is risky as DNA may transfer to pathogenic strains of bacteria through conjugation. Mutagenesis
which had no transferrable resistance. This was done by engineering the bacteria to develop resistance in the chromosome rather than the plasmid. The engineered antibiotic resistant probiotic wa
were tested on in total; 8 were control, 8 were probiotic, 8 were antibiotic, 8 were the combination, and 16 were tested at a higher concentration of antibiotic. Results suggest that the antibiotic + p
antibiotic group and 50% bigger on than the control group. Statistical analysis was performed to demonstrate that each group was significant (P<0.05) with respect to the control group. Since the
about 400 grams higher yield per chicken due to this medication. Economic analysis reveals that this is a gain of approximately $0.95/chicken.
2014 AS049
STRONGYLE CONUNDRUM, YEAR FOUR
Addison Hilyard
Central High School, Brooksville, FL, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to test the efficacy of the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagran's in reducing the L3 Strongyles migration. The hypothesis was: If Duddingtonia flagran’s
migration of Strongyle thirdstage larvae from feces to the pasture will decrease by approximately 90%, because of the capturing and killing of developing stages of Strongyles in the feces by the
were used, two with fungus and two without. Every two weeks the amount of larvae in the feces and the grass was compered to get a percentage of L3 Migration. This data did not support the hy
than 90%. More testing of the fungi needs to be done in order to assess the full efficacy, however it is showing promising results. With the right combination of targeted deworming, use of D. flagr
control of Strongyles can be a relatively simple process.
2012 AS049
THE ABILITY OF TRAINED BEES TO DETECT VOLATILE SUBSTANCES
Nicolena Teal Stiles
Roanoke Valley Governor's School, Roanoke, VA
This experiment examined the associative learning response of Apis mellifera to conditioning with different volatile substances. Classical conditioning of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) was
stimulus vapors and the unconditioned stimulus sucrose. Bees were chilled in sets of 3 on ice for 2.53.5 minutes. They were then placed inside tubes lined with cotton and taped into place. Bees
harnesses for 30 minutes. After allocated time had passed, bees were taken to the testing area, which was equipped with a 20 mL syringe containing the scent and an exhaust system to vent sc
bee would be presented with the scent, the conditioned stimulus, for a total of 10 seconds. During the last 6 seconds, the bee was presented with the unconditioned stimulus. After a 2 minute inte
of 3 training sessions. The testing period consisted of 3 exposures of the bee to the scent. A total of 5 scents were taught to the bees with a 100% response rate: petroleum, butane, marijuana, c
tested using pseudo substances.
2009 AS049
THE BUTTERFLY PROBOSCIS AS A BIOMICROFLUIDIC SYSTEM: A DETAILED ANALYSIS OF THE VALIDITY OF THE HAGAN POISSEUILLE EQUATION IN ORDER TO DEVELOP A M
Campbell Armstrong Yore
South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics, Hartsville, SC
This research project investigated the mechanics of nectar intake in Monarch Butterflies (Danaus plexippus) to develop a medical microprobe which uses similar fluid extraction techniques. The in
vacuum pump mechanism, modeled by the Hagen Poisseuille equation, was valid in modeling the butterfly’s feeding process. The validity of this mechanism was determined by calculating the pr
when feeding from vessels and drops. These values were consistently calculated to exceed the 1atm upper limit for Kingslover’s vacuum pump centered model. These inconstancies between the
the upper limit of Kingslover’s mechanism led to the proposal of a new feeding mechanism for butterflies centered on capillary force. To further investigate the role of capillary force in butterfly fee
of identical radius to a butterfly’s proboscis and the minimum pore radius from which butterflies can extract liquid were measured. The Jurin length was found to be one order of magnitude higher t
the minimum pore radius was found to be between 1.310.0 µm larger than the radius of the proboscis. Both results support the new capillary force feeding mechanism. Contributions of this resea
microprobe are twofold. First, pressure differences calculated in these experiments were consistently larger than the upper limit of Kingslover’s vacuum pump mechanism. Second, results from J
support the newly purposed capillary force mechanism.
2011 AS049
POPULATION CENSUS OF LAND MOLLUSKS IN A XEROPHYTIC FOREST ECOSYSTEM: THE GUANICA STATE FOREST IN PUERTO RICO
Veronica Nieves
Asuncion Rodriguez de Sala, Guayanilla, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this research was to investigate the xerophytic forest ecosystem in terms of species diversity, population density, abundance index of land mollusks found at different heights on
multiplication. The hypothesis was: The factors that alter the multiplication of land mollusks are: weather, high temperatures, low humidity, topography and soil chemical composition. In order to c
used. Thirtytwo trees were identified, represented by nine families and ten tree species. In the superior stratum: Deciduous Forest, the abundance index was twentytwo snails from two species.
leaves and tree roots. Intermediate stratum: Mahogany Plantation abundance index was seven snails from two species. Factors that affected were: high topography, steep ground levels and fine
abundance index sixty one snails in two species. The hypothesis was proven. The factors that benefit the multiplication of land mollusks in the physical geography of the low stratum are weather
and topography, with a lot of limestone, that allow accumulation of water and humidity. The soil composition is sedimentary rock and it receives the runoff from the higher zones. There is organic
plants and trees that are separated. The area near the Caribbean Sea receives the effect of the energy of the shocking waves and the saltpeter that comes with the wind contribute to the humidity
2010 AS049
THE EFFECT OF HONEY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H202) AND ANTIOXIDANTS ON SMALL HIVE BEETLE (AETHINA TUMIDA) REPRODUCTION AND SURVIVAL
Lydia Louise McCormick
Jefferson County International Baccalaureate, Birmingham, AL
Honeybees are the planet’s number one pollinator and, therefore, essential for our agricultural economy. Recently, the small hive beetle (SHB) (Aethina tumida) has become a widespread problem
beekeepers have used a variety of traps or chemical treatments to control SHB, honeybees may also have natural defenses against this and other pests. One possible chemical defens
oxidant is added to honey by the honeybee enzyme glucose oxidase. The hypothesis that antioxidants (catalase, alphalinolenic acid (ALA) and Nacetyl cysteine (NAC) will reverse the detriment
reproduction/metamorphosis (egglarvaepupaeadult beetle) was examined. Groups of SHB (fieldcollected (fSHB) and experimentallygrown (expSHB)) were incubated with beeswax, pollen, and
and larvae production, % pupation and adult survival measured. Results showed that both fSHB and expSHB underwent complete metamorphosis. This process was over 65fold enha
fed 4 weeks before reproduction studies. In both groups, catalase caused the highest SHB survival (124% control), larvae production (150% control) and % pupation (175% control). In contrast, A
H2O2. Using ageconstant expSHB, H2O2 inhibited adult beetle survival 1563% with 4001600 µg/ml H2O2. In conclusion, results support that honey H2O2 is a natural defense mecha
of metamorphosis. Future studies should explore how the biologic balance in honey catalase and glucose oxidase activities affects hydrogen peroxide content and, thereby, honeybee health.
2014 AS050
STRENGTHENING DAPHNIA MAGNA'S RESISTANCE TO POISONING CAUSED BY COPPER (II) SULFATE PENTAHYDRATE USING NONINVASIVE METHODOLOGY
Elise Isabella Wilson
Sumner High School, Sumner, WA, United States of America
Daphnia Magna are invertebrate organisms that live in streams and rivers, and are used for medical research, environmental, pharmaceutical, and other types of studies. Many vertebrae animals,
without them, a large part of the food supply would be missing. This project examines if noninvasive methodology can strengthen Daphnia Magna’s resistance to poisoning caused by Copper (II)
chosen because while conducting research, no information was found on how to prevent the poisoning, and death, of Daphnia Magna. This experiment was conducted by exposing Daph
and D, then exposing them to Copper (II) Sulfate Pentahydrate. These vitamins were chosen because Daphnia Magna are hosts of vitamins A and D, so these substances are noninvasive.
as it is highly toxic to Daphnia Magna and other marine life, and is used in the cleaning of ponds and rivers. The hypothesis was that vitamin A would provide the greatest resistance to poisoning
Pentahydrate, because it is essential for growth and development, and serves as an antiinfective agent. The hypothesis was accepted. The average time for the primary percentage of the Daphn
vitamin A, 010 minutes for the Controlled group, and 2030 minutes for vitamin D.
2010 AS050
BIRDS SPECIES IN BELEN RINCON NEIGHBORHOOD
Alejandra Alvarez_Garcia
Alcaldia de Medellin, Medellin, Antioquia, COLOMBIA
We want to know what birds inhabit the neighborhood of Belén Rincón in the city of Medellín, Colombia; also what types of birds are in the area, why are there more pigeons and doves, and not ot
know why they lived under houses and roofs and not under trees, and why they don’t stay together as a group but are scattered. To do so, we analyzed their habitat and food for several days, and
show that, for bird species that inhabit our neighborhood, it is important that we take care of their habitat, making the area where they live cleaner and healthier. These results will also help to mak
awareness among residents of the neighborhood, for them not to kill the birds, and instead, they protect and preserve their environment, so we may continue enjoying their singing and beauty.
2011 AS050
THE RELATION BETWEEN MU OPIOIDS RECEPTORS AND DRUGADDITION
Yelitza Angelica Rodriguez
University Gardens High School, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
This investigation is based on a previous experiment conducted by a doctor in the laboratory where this research was done. The purpose of this research was to analyze the photographs of the ra
to study the relation between Mu opioid receptors and addiction. What is the effect of cocaine on the concentration of Mu opioid receptors in the Dorsal Striatum in female rats under the effects o
concentration of Muopioid receptors will be higher in OVXEB rats that received one injection of cocaine. Since the mechanisms that regulate the rats’ response to cocaine is not known, optical d
to analyze the density of Mu opioid receptors. The density of the radioimmunoassays was measured using the MCID Elite. The photographs were analyzed using a computer and computer softwa
Densitometry results evidenced that the concentration of Muopioid receptors significantly increased in OVXEB rats. The experiment revealed that when women with drugaddition proble
Naloxone, Methadone or other opioid receptor antagonist there will be a significant increase in Mu receptors, when it is supposed to be the opposite. Therefore the hypothesis was accepted. Drug
to gender and menstrual cycle, because estrogen can inhibit the effectiveness of drug treatment. These results indicate that it is necessary to review clinical protocols for the treatment of women
2008 AS050
TRAIT OF LADYBUG'S ELYTRA PROTECTED LADYBUG FROM TIGER BEETLE
Ye Muk Choi
Chungnam Science High School, Gongju, Chungcheongnamdo, Chungcheongnamdo, SOUTH KOREA
The purpose of this research is to find the reason why tiger beetles can't eat lady bugs, through the visual observation of the surface of the elytra and size of ladybugs and its body shape. There is a little microstructure which makes friction in the ladybug's elytra compared to other insects. Punctate in the ladybug's elytra size is small and frequency is low. The structure of seta
The size of ladybug's elytra is not too small that the tiger beetle can easily bite it. The body shape of the ladybug is so round that the tiger beetle can't bite. I observed the relationship of
eat ladybugs I think it is because friction of ladybug's elytra. The test this I measured the friction and I found that the friction of ladybug's elytra is low. I observed the microstructure with SEM, wh
which can measure depth. As a result of this observation I confirmed that there is no punctate striae and interstice in the ladybug's elytra while all others have them, confirmed that the ladybug's
and I found that the height of seta of ladybug's elytra is smaller than the depth of punctate because it is lying. I considered another reason because some of the ladybugs were eaten by t
elytra is low. I decided to observe the size of these ladybugs' body. Most ladybug's size is not too small that tiger beetle can easily bite, but some of them is not. I observed the body shape of lad
round and makes it difficult fot most tiger beetles bite. From this research, I know that tiger beetles can't eat ladybugs and I found that the friction of ladybug's elytra is low because it has
learned its microstructure has low frequency and small size and its seta is lying sideways. I found that the size of ladybug's elytra is not too small that tiger beetle can easily bite and body shape
can't bite. So tiger beetles can't bite ladybugs because the mandible of tiger beetles slide on the elytra surface.
2007 AS050
HEAL THE EEL
Julie Ann Smoke
Salmon River Central, Fort Covington, New York, USA
This projects purpose was to determine if man's attempt to increase American Eel (Anguilla rostrata) populations are successful. The American Eel's decline is of great concern and is presently b
On August 9, 2006 the New York Power Authority, federal and state officials joined to formally mark the start of operation of the Power Authority's $2 million eel passage facility at the St. Lawrenc
believe man's attempt to assist the eel's migration route will have a positive impact on the eel population. Man is providing eel ladders to allow better access to their natural migration rou
for commercial fisherman and local industries are adhering to stricter pollution standards. I researched the American Eel and obtained facts about their cycles and migratory behavior. Af
from the St. Regis Mohawk Environment office and the New York Power Authority, I learned about the causes of eel decline in the St. Lawrence River System. By analyzing past and present dat
ladder. I compared the data from the past commercial fishing and eel ladder counts and found that the eel ladder seems to be making some improvement. My initial hypothesis was not r
need to be explored such as: ocean floor activity and other environmental factors. At this time there does not seem to be enough information on whether or not man is making a positive impact.
2009 AS050
THE EFFECT OF HONEY HYDROGEN PEROXIDE CONCENTRATION ON SMALL HIVE BEETLE (AETHINA TUMIDA) SURVIVAL
Lydia L McCormick
Honeybees are natural pollinators and essential in agriculture. Recently, small hive beetle (SHB) (Aethina tumida) infestations have been threatening bee colony health. While current control meth
stress defenses in their honey such as hydrogen peroxide (H202). It is produced by glucose oxidase, an enzyme bees secrete into honey. Previous observations (“The Effect of Honeybee Pathog
Oxidase Activity in Honey” 2008) revealed that honey H202 concentrations were highest in beehives infested with SHB. The hypothesis that higher honey H2O2 concentrations may decrease SH
of 35 SHB were incubated with waxcomb, pollen, and experimental honey for 3 months. Nine experimental H202 concentrations (06000 microgram/ml) were added to two honey types: natural ve
included: 1) positive control honey was preheated to denature enzymes before adding 1600 microgram/ml H202, and 2) negative control honey was preincubated with catalase to remove native
decreased SHB survival in both honey types after 14 days above 1600 microgram/ml H202. By 2228 days, reduced survival was apparent at 400800 microgram/ml. At 98 days, all groups above
affected. At the lowest concentrations (0100 microgram/ml H202), beetles showed the most activity and best survival. In conclusion, these results support that honey may be a natural
applications of this work could include a rapid field test for honey H202 to monitor colony stress or breeding bees for superior H202 production.
2012 AS050
THE GLOBAL INVASION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE JAPANESE OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS: ASSESSING THE OYSTER AS A BIOENGINEERAND ITS POTENTIALLY HARMFU
Kei Landin
Kitas Senior High School of Natural Sciences, Gothenburg, Västra Gotalands lan, SWEDEN
The Japanese oyster’s (Crassostrea gigas) late invasion is on the brink of irreversibly changing marine and estuary environments globally. Deliberately introduced to hatcheries all over the world,
revealed itself to be ecologically harmful. Acting as an amensalistic parasite and bioengineer, the oyster harms other species and forms complex 3Dreefs, causing ecological chainreactions. Th
restricted by winter climate and low tide, but this is now proven to be false as the oyster has settled in Scandinavia and North America. In an attempt to understand the premise
comprises of a systematic review of existing research, a compilation of winter mortality inventories, and the design of nichemodels. The latter, which were mapped using available biodiversity inf
records, are colored to show taxon richness, and plausibly depict the Japanese oyster’s global distribution in correlation to its predators. These 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid maps indicate the current situ
climate change on propagation for the next 50 years. My threefold study suggests the oyster’s propagation may have been underestimated and shows that the oyster could en
the world thought to be immune to invasion. The results of this study emphasize a need for a) intervention to avoid further oyster spread and b) assessment before future introductions of other ali
2013 AS050
A NOVEL STUDY ON THE “SAFER SUBSTITUTE”: EVALUATING THE BEHAVIORAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL EFFECTS OF BPA AND BPS ON THE C. ELEGANS MODEL
Bansri Manesh Patel
Sussex Technical High School, Georgetown, DE
Behavioral and developmental disorders are on the rise globally, raising concerns about the potential contribution of neuroendocrine disruptors such as Bisphenol A (BPA), and its replacement, Bi
polycarbonate plastic bottles, BPA has been associated with wideranging, adverse health effects. Although BPS is being used as a replacement for BPA in many consumer products, its effects
study is the first one to assess the health effects of BPS. Using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) as a model organism, the effects of BPA and BPS on habituation and embryo
physiologically relevant dose of 1 mM. Habituation assays were conducted to assess a form of nonassociative learning. Embryonic development was assessed using DAPI staining. The data re
vulnerable to behavioral impairments in nonassociative learning, following exposure to BPA and BPS. Compared to controls, habituation rates were nearly 50% slower in worms exposed to BPA,
to BPS, suggesting interference with dopaminergic neurons and their synapses. Though high embryonic lethality was observed in both BPA and BPSexposed C. elegans populations, gross anat
this study, BPS was found to have many of the same biological effects as BPA. Considering that BPS is being used as a substitute in BPAfree products, it underscores the importance of furthe
safety of its usage in consumer products.
2012 AS050
THE GLOBAL INVASION AND SETTLEMENT OF THE JAPANESE OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA GIGAS: ASSESSING THE OYSTER AS A BIOENGINEERAND ITS POTENTIALLY HARMFU
Kei Landin
Kitas Senior High School of Natural Sciences, Gothenburg, Västra Gotalands lan, SWEDEN
The Japanese oyster’s (Crassostrea gigas) late invasion is on the brink of irreversibly changing marine and estuary environments globally. Deliberately introduced to hatcheries all over the world,
revealed itself to be ecologically harmful. Acting as an amensalistic parasite and bioengineer, the oyster harms other species and forms complex 3Dreefs, causing ecological chainreactions. Th
restricted by winter climate and low tide, but this is now proven to be false as the oyster has settled in Scandinavia and North America. In an attempt to understand the premise
comprises of a systematic review of existing research, a compilation of winter mortality inventories, and the design of nichemodels. The latter, which were mapped using available biodiversity inf
records, are colored to show taxon richness, and plausibly depict the Japanese oyster’s global distribution in correlation to its predators. These 0.5 x 0.5 degree grid maps indicate the current situ
climate change on propagation for the next 50 years. My threefold study suggests the oyster’s propagation may have been underestimated and shows that the oyster could en
the world thought to be immune to invasion. The results of this study emphasize a need for a) intervention to avoid further oyster spread and b) assessment before future introductions of other ali
Third Award of $1000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2007 AS051
LABORATORY EVALUATION AND FIELD EFFICACY OF CYCLOPOID COPEPOD SPECIES MESOCYCLOPS ASPERICORNIS ON AEDES POLYNESIENSIS MOSQUITO LARVAE IN AME
Tuvale James Polu
Copepods, aquatic crustaceans, have been reported to possess predation on mosquito larvae. Studies were undertaken to test the effectiveness of an indigenous copepod species on Aedes poly
Samoa. Experiments were conducted under laboratory and field conditions. The collection of copepods utilized during this study was identified and confirmed as Mesocyclops aspericornis. This is
American Samoa. Results from different sets of lab experiments showed difference in predation rates, likely is linked to various factors such as, larvae size, copepod size, and container size. Fie
a deduction in mosquito larvae as compared to control with only tap water. A relationship between number of copepods and survival of mosquito larvae were observed. Results from both experime
promising biocontrol agent against Ae. polynesiensis larvae.
2009 AS051
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE CRGENE IN SELECTIVE BREEDING
Rachel Jean Huber
Starkville Academy, Starkville, MS
The purpose of this project is to see if it is possible to intensify the Crgene in chickens by selective breeding, and to see if it is shown in not only mature birds, but embryos as well. It is hypothe
gene by selective breeding, and the intensification will be shown in mature and embryonic chickens. The researcher used an incubator, fertile eggs, mature and embryonic chickens, calipers, a ba
was to incubate eggs for 21 days (if they did not hatch they were left in incubator an additional 7 days.)Then the hatched chicks were raised for at least three months, and dead embryonic chicke
observation. The crests of mature birds were measured in millimeters from side to side, front to back, and top to bottom. The chickens were weighed in grams. The volume of the crest was calcu
was also calculated. The crests, caused by the Crgene, intensified for four generations, but the fifth generation showed a decrease in the volume of the crest. After taking a proportional measure
observed that the crests were proportionately larger each generation. Also, each generation of embryos showed a larger number of fowl that expressed the Crgene. In conclusion, the evidence sh
in chickens by selective breeding. The results are indicated in mature chickens by proportionate measures and are indicated in embryonic chickens by visible evidence.
2014 AS051
PCB EFFECTS ON ZEBRAFISH DEVELOPMENT
Elise Genee Harrison
John Bowne High School, Flushing, NY, United States of America
Polychlorinated biphenyls, PCBs, have been shown to cause a variety of adverse health effects on the immune, reproductive, nervous, and endocrine systems. Due to their once widespread usa
environment they are still found contaminating many aquatic environments such as the Hudson River in New York. Qualitative studies were conducted to determine the effects of six different type
heart and branches of intersomitic blood vessels that run along the horizontal myosepta of zebrafish embryos. Results indicate that zebrafish embryos exposed in varying concentrations of all six
tails, noticeable heart edema, smaller hearts and deformed ventricles and atriums. PCB 126, at concentrations of 7.5µg/L (same as those found in the Hudson River), had the most adverse effect
blood vessels that run along the horizontal myosepta persisted past 5 days post fertilization, prior to which they are supposed to degrade under normal conditions. Future studies will focus on the
exposure on the heart and other organ systems of zebrafish.
2008 AS051
NO FEET, NO HORSE!
Estelle Simon
Ecole Secondaire FernandLefebvre, SorelTracy, Quebec, CANADA
Traditional horseshoes installation was invented to minimize the wear on horse’s hooves. This method however has some limitation and risks besides requiring the needs of a professional. The go
composite horseshoe that will not require nailing through the hoof and that anybody could install in an emergency. The first prototype was fabricated of polyurethane/ fiberglass/epoxy hor
of materials because the polyurethane proved to be too flexible under the weight of the horse. This prototype was replaced by one model made of biaxial Kevlar/epoxy which was more rigid. The r
horseshoe that was bounded to the outside of the hoof with epoxy resin. This is a major improvement since a traditional metallic horseshoe for the same horse weighted 0.416 kg. Four
installed on November 17Th, 2007 on my horse. Daily routine inspections were performed and noted in my project data book after each regular exercise. The horseshoes performed well until the b
horseshoes started to show structural failures. The Kevlar horseshoes started braking at the stud’s area where Kevlar material was removed to thread the studs and therefore weakened the horse
the construction of an efficient, light and safe composite horseshoe with unique characteristics and which does not require nailing for its installation. A horsemen once told me “no feet, no horse”!
Second Award of $250 American Intellectual Property Law Association
2011 AS051
USING ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELING TO PREDICT CURRENT AND FUTURE RANGES OF CRYPTIC PHYLOGEOGRAPHIC LINEAGES
Helen Yao
Staten Island Technical High School, Staten Island, NY
Cryptic species are independently evolving lineages that are classified as the same species due to morphological similarities. Sky island conditions facilitate cryptic speciation, as sky islands are
environmental conditions. Such isolation also makes these species especially susceptible to climate change. For the sake of biodiversity and conservation, it is essential to discover cryptic spec
conserved. Lampropeltis pyromelana is a sky island snake found in the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. The purpose of this study was to determine possible cryptic speciation a
Fortyfive tissue samples from L. pyromelana were obtained and analyzed for genetic differences. Using Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood, it was found that L. pyromelana is comprise
analysis using Bayesian species delimitation revealed that these clades are distinct species. Ecological niche modeling based on environmental variables such as precipitation and temperature w
L. pyromelana and its two lineages. It was found that the two lineages occupy different niches in the U.S. and Mexico and that these two lineages may experience a contraction in potential range
future, L. pyromelana may merit protection and supports the idea that sky island species may be especially vulnerable to climate change.
2010 AS051
THE ANSWER IS IN THE SOLUTION
Emily Ann Schnoor
Sargent Hidh School, Monte Vista, CO
During the second and third runs the hypothesis was proven correct, Rainbow Trout eggs treated with 1.5 % salt, 2.0 % salt, 3.0 % salt, pH 4.0, pH 4.4, pH 5.0, pH 10 and the combined pHs and
equal to or better than trout eggs treated with 1666 mg/l formalin. In run two and run three eggs treated with formalin produced mean hatch rate ranging from 80 % to 86 %. The next most promisin
three were 1.5 % salt and pH 4.4 combined with 1.5 % salt producing hatch rates ranging from 65.7 % to 68.7 %. The pH only trials did not control fungus growth and hatch rates were similar to th
abundantly during runs two and three on the control and pH only trials. Some fungus was visible on dead eggs in other trials but did not spread quickly to the live eggs. The data does ind
alternative to formalin with hatch rates up to 67 %. The second choice would be pH 4.4 combined with 1.5 % salt because of the hatch rates up to 68 % but it should be easier to add only salt.
American fish hatcheries by reducing employee exposure to the harmful effects of formalin but also fish hatcheries in underdeveloped countries where technology and the availability of chemicals
2013 AS051
EVOLUTIONARY EFFECTS ON THE DEMOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS OF FALL ARMY WORM, SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) ON ARTIFICIAL DIET COMPA
TRANSGENIC CORN
Cleveland High School, Cleveland, MS
The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda is one of the most important pests of maize. To control this insect, transgenic corn has been developed and used since 2000. There are several varietie
most efficient to control FAW. Innumerable studies of Bt resistance have been done, however there still is an interrogation on the susceptibility to the Bt proteins. The purpose was to evaluate the
how the voracious eating habit and high growth rates of FAW changes when comparing its reproductive habits among its traditional and transgenic maize. The rejection of FAW to its natural host
disruptions after the fourth instar was fed with NonBt and Bt corn and also with fifth instar which showed low population growth rates in the surviving adults and no offspring was obtained for the s
reproductive rate of 240.17± (SE) 57.3 female / female which is 8.2fold higher when compared with FAW reared on NonBt corn (29.01±4.56) or 60fold higher than FAW reared on Bt corn (3.92±2
of one generation of the next was 4 days shorter in diet than it was in NonBt and 3 days shorter that it was in Bt corn. The intrinsic and finite rates of increase were higher in insects reared on die
pest duplicates its population.
2010 AS051
THE ANSWER IS IN THE SOLUTION
Emily Ann Schnoor
Sargent Hidh School, Monte Vista, CO
During the second and third runs the hypothesis was proven correct, Rainbow Trout eggs treated with 1.5 % salt, 2.0 % salt, 3.0 % salt, pH 4.0, pH 4.4, pH 5.0, pH 10 and the combined pHs and
equal to or better than trout eggs treated with 1666 mg/l formalin. In run two and run three eggs treated with formalin produced mean hatch rate ranging from 80 % to 86 %. The next most promisin
three were 1.5 % salt and pH 4.4 combined with 1.5 % salt producing hatch rates ranging from 65.7 % to 68.7 %. The pH only trials did not control fungus growth and hatch rates were similar to th
abundantly during runs two and three on the control and pH only trials. Some fungus was visible on dead eggs in other trials but did not spread quickly to the live eggs. The data does ind
alternative to formalin with hatch rates up to 67 %. The second choice would be pH 4.4 combined with 1.5 % salt because of the hatch rates up to 68 % but it should be easier to add only salt.
American fish hatcheries by reducing employee exposure to the harmful effects of formalin but also fish hatcheries in underdeveloped countries where technology and the availability of chemicals
2014 AS052
THORACIC TEMPERATURES OF THE POSTMAN BUTTERFLY HELICONIUS MELPOMENE IN RELATION TO DIURNAL AMBIENT TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON COASTAL GUYANA
Carissa Arlene DeRanek
North Broward Preparatory School, Coconut Creek, FL, United States of America
Earth rotation sets predictable daily regimes of light and temperature, and natural selection tuned all ectothermic animals to respond optimally to these cues. The timekeeping mechanisms, circad
cycles, timeactivity budgets, physiology, and metabolism. My study was inspired by the need to begin documenting the relationships among time of day, ambient temperature, butterfly thoracic
behaviors of an equatorial ectotherm because of global warming. I found a moderate positive correlation between ambient and body temperatures for the postman butterfly, Heliconius melpomene
and shade seeking activities, and abundance patterns were greatest between ambient temperatures ranging from 25 to 32°C, and thoracic temperatures ranged between 30 and 32°C. These activ
associated with the open habitat to shade seeking behaviors of individuals negotiating diurnal fluctuations of ambient temperatures to maintain relatively stable body temperatures that were usual
2013 AS052
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RESOURCE USAGE AND REGENERATION AND POPULATION SIZE USING COMPUTATIONAL MODELING
Gregory Vitalyevich Rassolov
Spring Valley High School, Columbia, SC
The purpose of this experiment was to use a simulation model to investigate the dependence of populations on the availability of resources, on the degree of interaction between organisms in the
density. The sustainability of populations due to limitations in available resources and the resulting movement of organisms was a key component in determining the characteristics of the populat
program was written in FORTRAN 77 based off of an earlier program, written for the preceding project. The program was iterated until stability of the population was reached. It was hypothesized
available to the population, the more slowly resources regenerated, or the lower the initial population density, the more likely the population would be to crash and die off. It was also hypothesized
detrimental greater interaction between organisms would be; if disease was less of a factor, the less detrimental a greater degree of interaction would be. This was due to the fact that a greater ra
of possible mates and a greater ability to relocate in case of resource depletion, but also made the rapid transmission of disease more possible. The data of population size over time was analyze
tested, and correlation tests were performed using exponential, Gaussian, hyperbolic, and hyperbolic tangent functions; resulting correlation coefficients supported the hypotheses.
2009 AS052
THE EFFECTS OF HYPOXIA AND ELEVATED TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP OF BARNACLES
Christopher Ryan Peterson
Ocean Springs High School, Ocean Springs, MS
The effects of hypoxia and elevated temperatures on barnacles were studied in a controlled environment. It was hypothesized that both hypoxia and high temperature would cause a decrease in s
combination of the factors would cause a greater decrease. The barnacles settled on 4 groups of 4 boards each for 8 weeks. The boards were cleaned and photographed. The barnacles were then
were fed brine shrimp twice a day. The groups were designated Hypoxic/Warm (HW), Hypoxic/Cool (HC), Normoxic/Warm (NW), and Normoxic/Cool (NC). The dissolved oxygen (DO) in the hypox
temperature in the warm tanks was increased from 27 °C to 33 °C. Each week the dead barnacles were removed and the boards were photographed. After three weeks, the barnacles were identifi
improvisus. The number of barnacles on each board were counted from the image, and 10 surviving barnacles on each board were measured in weeks 0 and 3. Statistical analysis showed that NC
than any other group, HW had significantly lower survivorship than any other group, and that there was no difference between NW and HC. Furthermore, there was an overall negative survivorship
growth than any other group. The hypothesis was supported. This suggests that global climate change could worsen the impacts of coastal hypoxia.
2008 AS052
EFFECT OF PROTEIN ON GRYLLIDAE DEVELOPMENT
Emily Victoria Simmons
Xavier College Preparatory, Phoenix, AZ
Gryllidae, or “true crickets”, affect the condition of ecosystems. They serve as nutritious and essential prey to many carnivores, but may also lead to economic destruction through damage to cro
how the consumption of different nutrients affects their survival. This experiment sought to determine the impact that an increase in protein in a cricket’s diet would have on the metamorphic cycl
pinhead crickets. It is believed that if protein influences the average weight of a cricket, then a difference would be observed in the weight of crickets exposed to 80% soy protein powder. <br
pinhead crickets were fed carrots and lettuce, three of which received supplemental protein. Every two days, the average weight per cricket and the number of moltings were determined. In the ex
crickets with extra protein in their diet gained 97.82% more of their original weight as compared to the crickets fed solely on vegetables. In fact, the control group stopped gaining weight for the la
continued to gain weight. The experimental group exhibited eight more moltings than the control group. Overall, protein appeared to increase cricket activity level, growth, and development. If cric
supplements of protein, it could be disastrous. Crickets may be able to eat more than an ecosystem, or an artificial system such as a cropland, could sustain.
2012 AS052
EFFECT OF FOOD TYPES ON QUANTITY AND NUTRITIONAL QUALITY OF WEAVER ANT, OECOPHYLLA SMARAGDINA, LARVAE
Kitthanaet Thanaroungrochthawee
Kanthararom School, Kanthararom District, Sisaket, THAILAND
The weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) larvae are normally collected and commercialized as a popular delicacy with expensive prices in northeastern Thailand. In order to gain knowledge toward
larvae as a proteinrich food source for human, this project aims to study effects of food types on the amounts of food consumed, amount of larvae produced, and the nutritional value in the larva
habitat. 500 grams of four types of food; namely rice, cricket, fish and mixed ingredients of rice, crickets and fish, were used as food sources for the larvae. The experimental results show that th
with the highest rate of consumption. Most importantly, the mixed ingredients food yields the highest quantity of larvae at 592.3 ± 31.77 grams which is approximately 1.18fold higher than the cri
2.27fold higher than the control group (261.00 ± 37.87 grams). In addition, different types of food yield no significant difference in terms of nutrients such as crude protein, carbohydrate, fat and c
the mixed ingredients food may be the best food type as it results in the highest quantity of larvae without a decrease in nutritional value compared to other food types. The prospect of this study
it benefits a source of highprotein food for human, increase income for rural farmers, and decrease deforestation.
2007 AS052
TOOTH STRUCTURE FUNCTIONALITY OF TYRANNOSAURUS REX VS CROCUTA CROCUTA
Nathan Robert Carroll
Carter County High School, Ekalaka, MT, USA
Unlike other carnivorous dinosaurs of its time, Tyrannosaurus rex had long conical shaped teeth, opposed to flatter, knifelike teeth more suited for shearing off flesh. This, combined with their hig
Newtons), has led to the general consensus that Tyrannosaurus rex tooth impact on bone tissue was that of a crushing or fracturing nature. Crocuta crocuta (spotted hyena), is a unique carnivore
scavenging, using a high bite force combined with short, sturdy teeth. The purpose of this experiment is to compare the crushing ability of Tyrannosaurus rex teeth to the crushing ability of hyena
replicas of hyena jaws and sections of T. rex jaws cast in bronze and mounted on a hydraulic mechanism. Predation marks were recreated using bovine bones as a matrix. It was hypothesized t
adapted to crushing bone than Tyrannosaurus rex teeth. Of the 20 tests conducted on both sets of teeth, 17 crushing results were obtained from the hyena teeth and 4 crushing results were obtai
data are nonparametric and there were not at least five successes and five failures in each of the samples, statistical methods to determine if Crocuta crocuta teeth produced a greater amount of
It appears that the sample data supports the hypothesis that Crocuta crocuta teeth are better adapted to crushing bone than Tyrannosaurus rex teeth.
2011 AS052
THE TERRITORIAL ROAMING PATTERNS OF FELIS CATUS (THE DOMESTIC CAT)
Savannah Joy Tobin
West Salem High School, Salem, OR
The purpose of this study is to use GPS wildlife tracking techniques to map the territorial wanderings of the domesticated feline (Felis catus). This study documents and compares their home ran
classification. Additionally, correlations were made comparing their male to female home range size ratios. Using a GPS system designed specifically for (Felis catus), a total of eight cats, four m
multiple days. The GPS coordinates were processed through a program called Home Ranger which was used to calculate the probable location of a cat at any given time. Home range data (95%
indicates that male cat home ranges are 1.5 times larger in area than female ranges. Home ranges collected were (n= 5 home ranges of 4 males; 3.00ha ± 2.40ha) and (n= 5 home ranges of 4 fem
stick close to the barn at the center of their territory, males take long journeys in irregular star shaped patterns. The domestic cats average daily home range is 2.39 ha ± 1.77ha. To the author’s k
studies in the United States to record domestic cat home ranges.
2008 AS053
OPTIMAL FROG SIZE, BAR POSITION AND CENTER SULCUS CORRECTION FOR THE HOOVES OF EQUUS CABALLUS
Megan Angeline Strube
Trinity High School, Dickinson, ND
One of the most important parts of movement for Equus caballus is its hoof. Traditional methods of trimming suggest that the hoof wall should bear the weight of the animal. However, a new theo
bear the weight in a mthod devised to mimic wild mustang feet. The purpose of this experiment was to observe the affects of different trimming methods. The goal was to find the method that cor
the center sulcus as these parts of the hoof are critical to function, comfort, and health of the animal. 12 animals/48 hooves were observed. The animals were split into three groups. The
trimmed using the traditional method. The Natural Group contained 4 horses beginning the natural method; measured at 0 weeks and 6 weeks. The Natural Maintained Group contained 4 horses t
method for at least 6 months. Measurements and photos of frog size and bar length were taken for all of the hooves in all of the groups. The center sulcus was also recorded open or closed. Terr
constant for all animals. Based on the data, the Natural Maintained Group had more proportionate frog size, the bar length was correct, and the center sulcus was open in almost all of the
Traditional Goup. The horses in the Natural Group showed positive progress after only 6 weeks. After analyzing results based on measurement, visual correctness, and behavior, it can be conclu
corrects errors in frog size, bar position, and the center sulcus.
2009 AS053
IDENTIFYING HABITATS OF POISON DART FROGS: LOCAL ENVIRONMENT AND FROG DISTRIBUTION
Gabriel Thailand Joachim
Cibola High School, Albuquerque, NM
All over the world frogs are dying off at an alarming rate. Consequently herpetologists worldwide are rushing to conserve the frog species by putting them into sanctuaries. The purpose of my proj
of frogs so we might better conserve them. From 20042008 I began a longitudinal study censusing two species of poison dart frogs in Costa Rica. In addition more recently I have begun to pinpo
the distribution of frogs in certain habitats. Based on my own previous work I hypothesize that Dendrobatids will prefer interior undisturbed areas of the forest with high biodiversity, particular tem
relative humidity. My hypothesis is based on my 2007 results on biodiversity as well as the physiology of frogs. In particular, because frogs are poikiothermic and breath through there skin I assu
in temperature, relative humidity and soil characteristics. Results suggest that frogs prefer Riverine Disturbed and Interior Undisturbed habitats. A statistical comparison within and across forests
Relative Humidity, biodiversity, and soil between frog and no frog areas. I suggest that a combination of these factors influences frog presence; no one factor is solely responsible.
2014 AS053
MALE FRAGILITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WITH ANTENNAPEDIA MUTATION
Vikas Rammohan Maturi
Carmel High School, Carmel, IN, United States of America
One of the largest biological supply companies, commonly utilized by science professionals, has received unofficial reports of male fragility in Drosophila melanogaster with Antennapedia mutatio
mutated version of a homeodomain, causes the development of legs in the place of the flies’ antennae. This mutation results in the overexpression of the Antp gene in the head and the dominanc
scientific documentation of male fragility in these mutants seems lacking. The purpose of this study was to determine if male D. melanogaster with the Antp73b mutation are more fragile than fem
Survival rates following anesthetization stress in male and female D. melanogaster variants, wild type and Antp73b, were compared. This study confirms that Antp73b males had significantly low
females. Additionally, both male and female mutants showed lower survival rates than their wild type counterparts. These conclusions will allow suppliers of Antp73b Drosophila to modify their de
fragility and also lays the foundation for further research in developing new anesthetization methods for flies with mutations to improve their survival rates during research. While the exact cause o
been identified, it may be explained by decreased muscle development, fragile X syndrome, and/or the differential mechanical stress on the smaller male fly. More studies on the proximate cause
2011 AS053
DAIRY FARMERS DREAM III
Matthew Joseph Schaefbauer
Strasburg Public School, Strasburg, ND
With today’s economy, dairy farmers have a tough time trying to keep up with their quality management. When the cost to operate a dairy is more than the cost to maintain good quality, farmers a
they will provide for the cows to get that good quality. The quality of milk effects not only the producers, but the consumers as well. It effects the consumer in means of the taste and shelf life of
consumer and producer has at some point, however certain simple procedures can be taken to help improve these conditions. Evidence from the data I collected shows that there are patterns in
advantage. The common procedure for consumers to maintain good quality is simple. The most effective way to increase milk quality when it comes to shelf life and somatic cell is by keeping th
milk components, the most effective way to get better taste in products such as cheese and yogurt is by increasing the cows butterfat and controlling all of the other milk components at a steadie
from this years project there are even more ways to control milk components effectively than what results have shown in the past. I found that by using California Mastitis Tests and dividing a co
able to advance the production of good quality milk. However all of the cows conditions must be clean in order to keep infections such as mastitis in control. If the cows environment is not clean
great effect, but stripping out the cows will not prevent mastitis and it will not be applicable.
2012 AS053
STRESS AFFECTS ON SWINE
Neela Ann Andres
Porcine Stress Syndrome (PSS),a codominate gene, affects a sow’s ability to be a productive mother. The three branches of productivity are: Conception Rate, Number Born Alive (NBA) and Av
focused on calculating productivity and matching it with a stress status to determine a correlation. Year two compiles more data, but with an added concept conception rate. Conception rate is of
quantifiable. However, conception rate is the most important aspect because productivity can not be measured if there are no offspring. Conceiveing is the first step to any animals productivity, w
Alive tests, Average Daily Gain tests cannot be conducted. Also the Sow Productivity Index cannot be generated. This study shows that stress carrier swine cannot conceive as easily and are th
carring sows did not conceive initially. Furthermore, 50% of the sows that were stress carriers did not conceive post weaning compared to the 100% conception success rate of the control group.
scores are lower. Sows without PSS have an average SPI of 110.81, whereas PSS affected have a SPI score of 62.39. A difference of 48.42 SPI units. Stress carrieng sows simply cannot comp
are lacking the first step, conception rate.
2007 AS053
EWES SHOULDN'T REUSE NEEDLES
Mallory Gabrielle WallTweten
Sumner High School, Sumner Wa, USA
Ovine Progressive Pneumonia is a retrovirus with a long incubation period and striking similarities to other viruses such as HIV in humans and CAEV in goats. In all 3 viruses the RNA of each vir
the animal’s cells, so once infected the animal remains infected for life. I believe OPP can be transmitted through needle reuse. HIV is transmitted through bloodtoblood contact, so it seems pro
important to determine if OPP has a correlation with needle reuse because almost every sheep producer reuses needles until they are too bent to function. I contacted sheep producers to obtain b
the cELISA test to determine if there were any OPP positive ewes. The data I received from one flock was particularly helpful, as it tracked the animals over three testing cycles, and I tested a s
There are a few ewes over three years of age who originally tested negative for OPP, but then tested positive over the next one or two tests. This suggests that they did not become infected from
time of testing. Although my results indicate that there is a correlation, I cannot be positive. I intend to continue monitoring this flock as well as individual ewes.
First Place Award $2,500 States United for Biomedical Research (SUBR)
2011 AS054
THE EFFECT OF HEATED AND UNHEATED ASPARTAME ON VANESSA CARDUI GROWTH AND SURVIVORSHIP
Irene Zhen Peaks
Bend Science Station, Bend, OR
Aspartame is a widely used artificial sweetener that has been shown to cause negative health effects. Last year, I conducted a study on the effect of sugar and sugar substitutes on Vanessa car
experiment, I showed that the aspartame heated to 100°C caused 100% mortality in caterpillars. This year, I tested the hypothesis that aspartame heated to temperatures between 20100°C woul
and survivorship. I had three treatments, aspartame, sucrose (table sugar), and control (no sugar). Each treatment had four temperature preparations, 20ºC, 37ºC, 67ºC and 100ºC. The four cups
individually to decrease the possibility of caterpillar death due to food preparation errors. After hatching, caterpillar survivorship and growth were monitored by weekly counts and weighing. My stu
100ºC stunted growth and was lethal to the caterpillars with none of the 140 eggs surviving to adulthood. The survivorship in the other three aspartame conditions (20ºC, 37ºC and 67ºC) was only
(1.7%) actually surviving to become butterflies. In addition, the caterpillars in every aspartame treatment grew significantly slower than the control and the sucrose treatments (single factor ANOV
survivorship of sucrose caterpillars was higher than the controls at every temperature and their average mass after 32 days was significantly higher than the controls in the 37°C, 67°C and 100 °C
values < 0.0012).
2012 AS054
EXQUISITE FORMATION OF EYE PIGMENTS IN PUPAE AND IMAGOES OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Nozomi Ugajin
Saitama Prefectual Kawagoe Girls' Senior High School, Kawagoe, Saitama, JAPAN
In Drosophila melanogaster, eye colors become visible after pupation and consistently change throughout the pupal stage. With the hypothesis that the eyes incorporate intermediary compounds
before the final pigments were made, experiment was conducted to determine which pigments or pigment precursors were synthesized at various developmental stages of fruitflies. Thin layer chr
the kinds of pigments of the whole body of larva, the upper half of pupa and eyes of imagoes. Ommochrome and sepiapterin were invariably detected in larvae and pupae of the wild type and the
isoxanthopterin was obtained in 14 dayold pupae and biopterin was found in 57 dayold pupae, while drosopterin was found only in 57 dayold pupae of the wild type. These results showed that
synthesized in the larval stage and clearly demonstrated that pigment synthesis changed during the course of development in both the amount and the type of pigments. In the present e
really detected in samples of w larvae, pupae and imagoes, although it has been believed that w lacks eye pigments due to defects in ABC transporter. The result indicates that ABC transporters
granules and actually transport ommochrome and precursor of pteridine in w. Further experiments are necessary to prove the above idea.
2014 AS054
AN EXAMINATION ON THE FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO EGGLAYING OF CEPHALOSCYLLIUM VENTRIOSUM OR PACIFIC SWELL SHARK
Cheyenne Newallis
San Pedro High School Marine Science Magnet, San Pedro, CA, United States of America
The question to be answered is what water quality parameters contribute to the greatest amount of fertile Cephaloscyllium ventriosum eggs being laid. The main objective was to record how many
being laid, and of them how many were fertile. Along with that, recording different water quality parameters(water temperature, Ammonia, pH) and eventually see how they correlate. Even though t
collected so far, there was a correlation between water temperature in captivity and the amount of fertile eggs laid Peaking at 15.5°C. There was a slight correlation between ammonia and the amo
correlation between pH and the amount of fertile eggs laid.
2013 AS054
DO CHICKENS HAVE A PREFERENCE ON THE COLOR OF FOOD THEY EAT?
Lauren Ashley Harper
Marine Academy of Technology and Environmental Science, Manahawkin, NJ
Domestic chickens (Gallus gallus), have tetrachromatic vision, which allows them to see ultraviolet light in addition to the red, green, and blue of human vision. A chicken’s behavior and emotion
red creates an instinctive behavior and aggressive emotion. The relationship could be useful in formulating effective feed. A ymaze, in conjunction with dyed chicken food, determined chickens f
preference (using small rations) and avoidance (using large rations). The chicken was more attracted to the colors red and yellow and least attracted to the color blue. These results can be used f
water different colors, such as red or yellow, to reduce mortality from dehydration and starvation. This could also be used as an alternate method for meat producers to grow a healthy flock, witho
hunger upon the animals. Two of the coloration preference tests also involved wild birds that came to the test site. The wild birds were also found to prefer the colors red and yellow with a raised l
that was solely conducted on the wild birds used suet and a dyed center. The results of the five day suet data collection show that the birds were eating more out of the dyed center of the red and
be used to dye backyard birdfeeders and birdhouses to attract different birds to the establishments.
2009 AS054
"AGE OF SCALEINFESTED CYCAD PLANT AFFECTS PREDATORY BEETLE BEHAVIOR"
Paris Nicole Marler
St. Johns School, Tumon Bay, GUAM
An olfactometer was used to determine the relative level of attraction that "Rhyzobius lophanthae" (an introduced predatory beetle) exhibited toward "Aulacaspis yasumatsui" (an invasive scale) t
leaves of the endemic and endangered "Cycas micronesica". This predator protects mature plants from the pest on the island of Guam, thus sustaining the cycad population; but recruitment of se
predator does not protect seedlings from the pest. I used three scenarios in the twochoice olfactometer: scenario 1 – infested mature cycad leaf vs. empty chamber; scenario 2 – infested seedlin
scenario 3 – infested mature cycad leaf vs. infested seedling cycad leaf. Each test was completed when ten beetles reached one of the two choices for each scenario, and each scenario was rep
beetles preferred the infested mature leaf choice to the empty chamber 5.7 to 1. For scenario 2, the beetles preferred the infested seedling leaf to the empty chamber 1.7 to 1. For scenario 3, the
to the infested seedling leaf 2.1 to 1. I have demonstrated that a scaleinfested seedling leaf does attract the beetles, therefore lack of an olfactory attractant is not the reason the predatory beetle
the forest.
2008 AS054
WHAT SUBSTANCE REPELS PHEASANTS FROM CORN SEED THE BEST?
Ethan John Keller
MottRegent High School, Mott
In my project, I was trying to find out which substance repels pheasants from corn seed. I tested four chemicals on the corn seed which includes: BirdShield, garlic spray, generic grape pop, one
out the corn seed in piles, and then I sprayed them with each of my substances. I weighed each pile of corn seed. Then I weighed them after a few days to see how much corn had been eaten. I
would take pictures to help give evidence to my results.
2007 AS054
THE ROLE OF FEED ADDITIVES IN THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF SUS SCROFA
Adam Lee Hubrig
Hankinson High School, Hankinson, ND, USA
Purpose: To compare the use of an antibiotic (chlortetracycline), a probiotic (lactobacillus acidophilus), and an herbal (derived from the yucca plant) feed additives on feeder hogs. Proced
pigs into four groups of ten. The first group received chlortetracycline, and the second group received lactobacillus acidophilus, and the third received the standard feed as a control, and the fourth
 Weight Analysis: From the outset of the project, and every two weeks thereafter, each hog was weighed, during an eight week testing period. The amounts of feed that each test group re
 Parasite Study: Every two weeks monitored the number of parasites found in three milliliters of a mixture produced from the feces of each group. Bacteria Colonization: Weekly mon
four types of agar plates, two of which were impregnated with tetracycline. Pathogen Study: Tested the additives and feed for inhibitory properties on eight pure cultures of bacteria. 
additives had no significant impact upon weight gain. However, the antibiotic test samples seemed to have negative results on bacterial growth. The feed additive that was most beneficial in finan
did not have negative effects in other aspects of the study. 
2008 AS055
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF POULTRY GROWTH ENHANCERS & DIGESTIVE BYPRODUCTS ON AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION
Adam Lee Muehler
Hankinson High School, Hankinson, ND
PURPOSE: To determine which feed supplement enhances the growth rate of turkeys. Secondly, investigate the bacterial content of the turkey's fecal matter. Next, ascertain the effects of turkey
cultivars. Finally, to see if turkey manure could be deemed an all around fertilizer for agricultural use. PROCEDURES: Randomly selected 75 tom turkeys out of a 10,000 bird flock and s
(Control Feed, BioSupreme G, DiaMune Se) BIMONTHLY WEIGHTS: Monitored the weight gain of each bird, once every two weeks, during an eight week testing period. Then completed
the study. BACTERIA COLONIZATION: Weekly monitored the number of Escherichia coli and Salmonella colonies found in the feces of each group. TEST PLOT STUDY:
corn cob circumference, corn cob length, seed count, test weight, bushels per acre, moisture content, protein content, oil content, and starch content, while using turkey manure as a natural fertil
fertilizers. SOIL TESTING: Analyzed soil samples from each of the three plots (Control, Turkey Manure, and Commercial) before and after the fertilizers were applied. CONCLUS
study, I found that DiaMune Se was the most superior supplement, and that the Turkey Manure was the most economically efficient fertilizer. Based upon these findings, I believe natural growth
poultry supplements and that turkey byproducts can be used as a progressive alternative in agricultural production.
2009 AS055
FACTORS AFFECTING COLIC
Megan Elisabeth Brown
The Academy of Science and Technology, The Woodlands, TX
Colic is the number one killer of horses today. The most common form of colic is sand colic, intestinal distress caused by sand buildups pressing down on the intestines or causing blockages an
different factors: diet, exercise, housing, and gender, were tested to determine their effects on a horse’s probability of getting sand colic. It was hypothesized that housing, diet, and exercise wou
would not. Thirty horses were used to gather fresh feces samples. Each sample of feces went through a filtration process in which the sand in the fecal matter was separated from the o
digested.Water was added to the fecal samples and was shaken to loosen the organic matter. The plant matter and sand would settle in layers by density. The sand was isolated by straining the
then filtering the sand from the water with coffee filters. The sand was then massed and the percentage of sand in each sample of feces was calculated. Information, such as daily diet, number o
gender, was collected for each horse. The percentages calculated were compared among horses in regards to each of these factors and plotted on a series of graphs and charts to make any corr
was found that three of the four factors seemed to have a definite effect on the percent of sand in a horse’s feces. Diet, hours exercised, and housing had an effect on the percent sand while the
definite effect. therefore, the hypothesis was not rejected. Out of all of these factors, however, it was determined that exercise was the most important factor because, while diet and housing affe
of exercise can break up blockage that had been building up for months. Some unusual findings in these results were the fact that the majority of horses having higher percentages of sand were m
dominant male in their pasture. Some horses tested were on medication for previous injuries or illness during testing had lower percentages of sand than the other horses.
2013 AS055
THE EFFECTS OF SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY ON POGONOMYRMEX OCCIDENTALIS ACTIVITY
Ashley Maye Hamlin
Hilton Head Island High School, Hilton Head Island, SC
Ants are beneficial to an ecosystem as they act as decomposers, pollinators, and distributors of seeds and nutrients. Their tunnels allow air and moisture to circulate around roots. The purpose o
effects of simulated microgravity on the activity of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (western harvester ants). In particular, the rate of tunneling in agar gel was compared for the control groups in norm
microgravity simulated by a horizontal clinostat. Based upon results from NASA’s STS107 experiments, it was hypothesized the ants in the simulated microgravity would have a slower initial tun
consistent with the hypothesis; the initial tunneling rate was slower in the microgravity environment, but after several days, the tunneling rate approached that of the ants in the control groups. Alt
a horizontal clinostat has limitations, it is much more economical than actual space flight and extensive experimentation may be conducted with a modest apparatus. This method may be used to
organisms when exposed to long term microgravity.
2014 AS055
STATE OF THE INVASION
Duncan Bruce Coles
Good Hope Country Day School, Kingshill, United States Virgin Islands
Lionfish (Pterois volitans) have been commonly found in the waters surrounding St. Croix and the US Virgin Islands for six years now, and it has become common to see lionfish while diving.
course of two months including 290 lionfish specimens, analyzed the behavior and habitat preferences of lionfish along the west end of St. Croix. I dove twelve sites in depths ranging from 4 to 3
bearing from a predetermined set of coordinates, however I limited my maximum depth to around 37 meters due to safety and time constraints. The bottom composition of most of the sites was h
terrain ranged from completely flat to canyons 1.5 meters deep. While diving, I recorded information on the habitat and conditions the fish were in (depth, bottom composition, and amount of struc
themselves (group size, approximate length, behavior, and color). When analyzing the data, I found that the majority of lionfish were found between the depths of 15.2 and 19.8 meters. About half
25% were found in groups of two. More than half of the lionfish found were in the open hovering around 0.5 meters above the bottom. Five percent of the lionfish were alert and wary of divers, sug
The average size of the lionfish found was 30.4 cm. Further studies could test sites around the rest of St. Croix, as this project focused on the west end, as well as going to greater depths to obs
2012 AS055
CULEX QUINQUEFASCIATUS OVIPOSITION RESPONSE TO ORGANIC INFUSIONS FROM COMMON FLORA OF AMERICAN SAMOA
Allison Marie Fitisone
With the spread of arboviral diseases on the rise, studies on mosquito oviposition have become very popular. A study was carried out to evaluate the oviposition response of Culex quinquefascia
prepared from flora of American Samoa. A laboratory cage oviposition bioassay was conducted with gravid mosquitoes in which containers were filled with infusions of Alocasia macrorrhiza, Both
Mangifera indica, and Morinda citrifolia leaves or tap water. In addition, a Ytube olfactometer bioassay was conducted to evaluate the influence of olfaction on oviposition. Based on an Ovipositio
that all five infusions are attractants for Culex quinquefasciatus oviposition. This study also shows that olfaction plays a major role in the oviposition response of Culex quinquefasciatus. The five
for ovitraps or gravid traps to develop a strategy to minimize the mosquito population and therefore reduce the spread of arboviral diseases.
2007 AS055
TO DIET OR NOT TO DIET THE EFFECTS OF ASPARTAME ON MORTALITY RATE AND MEMORY RETENTION IN PLANARIA
Nathan Paul Marquez
Miami High School, Miami Oklahoma, United States
Miami High School States “By State Law Students are not allowed to buy sweetened beverages during the school hours.” This leaves only diet beverages, containing ASPARTAME, to be purcha
carbohydrate sweetener, common substitute in most diet beverages, and has been known to cause memory loss and death in humans. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the effect
mortality rate in Dugesia tirigini, planaria. It is hypothesized that aspartame will inhibit memory retention while increasing mortality rate in planaria, and that as the concentration of aspartame incre
memory retention will decrease and the mortality rate in planaria will increase. The null hypotheses are that there will be no difference in the memory retention or mortality rate among the experime
group. During the investigation, Planaria were trained to travel one direction and then given an aspartame treatment. After the allotted timeframe, the planaria were tested for mortality rate and me
was determined that the aspartame solutions tested increased the mortality rate of planaria, while the memory retention in planaria decreased.
Second Award of $500 American Indian Science and Engineering Society
2011 AS055
DEVELOPMENTAL AND BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS OF WILD AND CAPTIVEBRED TENODERA SINENSIS
Cameron Michael Jones
Northwest Career and Technical Academy, Las Vegas, NV
The order of Mantodea has been the subject of various studies. Most studies of the praying mantis have been done in captivity under the watchful eye of scientists. However, many findings desc
development conflicted with how mantids supposedly thrived in the wild. Thus, new experiments were designed to relieve the insects from the stress of the laboratory conditions, leading to new fi
analyze the development and behavior of captive bred T. sinensis and compare them to the development and behavior of wild T. sinensis. The information regarding praying mantis ecology and th
construct a selfsustained ecosystem in order to avoid the issue of documenting wild nymphs. This ecosystem will serve as the natural environment T. sinensis is accustomed to. My methods fo
three sections: Setting up the ecosystem, preparing the control group, and Breeding the control group. In order to set up the ecosystem, both abiotic and biotic components were introduced in a c
The behaviors and development of the “wild” specimens in the ecosystem were compared to those in captivity. This study shows that the wild group of Tenodera sinensis developed faster than th
relationship between sexual cannibalism and captivity. Finally, the results show that there is no relationship between the male length and weight or the female weight, though one exists between f
2013 AS056
NEMATODE TROPHIC GROUP DISTRIBUTIONS IN DIFFERENT HABITATS
SangA Yun
West Lafayette Junior/Senior High School, West Lafayette, IN
Plantfeeding nematode area trophic group causes major losses in forests and crops. To observe the growth of nematodes populations, 40 samples of nematodes were extracted from soil sample
agriculture, organically managed agriculture, forest, and grassland. 200cc was taken from the nematode solution to be emptied onto a microscope slide. The nematodes were counted and sorted
repeated twice for each field. The grassland had a much higher abundance of plant parasites than other sites. On average, the grassland site had about 82 plant parasites compared to 23, 14, 37
conventional agriculture, and forest respectively. Organically managed agriculture had more bacterivores than fungivores, probably because the soil had a high ratio of nitrogen to carbon. On aver
80 bacterivores compared to 41, 41, 46 bacterivores in conventional agriculture, forest, and grassland respectively.Nematodes are relevant in measuring the quality of soil, as greater bacterivore
while greater plant parasite concentration indicates lower quality soil. A followup experiment would be to distribute nematodes into species to see if some species are more abundant than others,
to see a trend, or to do an analysis of soil property to see if the quality of soil with more plantparasitic nematodes is poorer.
2007 AS056
THE EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN IN CRAYFISH
Jordan C Beck Kitchen
American Fork High School, American Fork, Utah, United States of America
Currently, the regulation and effects of hormones are being researched in depth. Some studies have concluded that estrogen has beneficial implications, while others show the effects of estrogen
injecting estrogen into crayfish, has yielded both results. Weekly, I would inject crayfish with a specified concentration of estradiol, perform at least one halftank water change, record general obs
video movements. The effects of estrogen followed a standard bell curve. Moderate levels of estrogen (50% of LD50) helped the crayfish live longer, exert a higher maximum force and a greater t
an increased amount of necrosis and decalcification of the carapace. Extreme amounts of estrogen (100% distilled H2O and 100% LD50) caused the crayfish to not live as long and exert a weak
measure the effects of estrogen, I initially made a strage gauge and preformed dissections of the neural ganglion. Much of the force was lost, however, and the dissections showed little, if no cha
Logger Pro instead. To measure the decalcification, I used an electronic caliper. Moderate levels of estrogen (50% and 75% LD50) showed a decrease in carapace thickness compared to that of
true effects of estrogen could not manifest themselves in the higher concentration. I strongly believe this is due to the fact that most of the high concentration crayfish died before the longterm e
concentration of no estrogen (100% distilled H2O), I believe the solution was too hypotonic. Instead of masking the effects of the estrogen, it actually caused more devastation. My hypothesis wa
are in fact beneficial for the crayfish. They increase their lifespan and allow them to exert a stronger and more constant force. 
2011 AS056
GLIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPING IN THE DROSOPHILA BRAIN
Chengzhen Li Dai
Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills, MI
In the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila, ~150 neurons are known to control the circadian clock. The circadian clock is mainly regulated by the clock genes: period (per), timeless (tim), clock (clk), a
revealed that glia, like neurons, also express PER in an oscillating manner, suggesting that glia may help regulate circadian rhythm. However, little is known about the exact role of glia in circadia
determine how glial cells contribute to circadian timekeeping. Behavioral experiments were performed to determine whether glial cells are necessary in timekeeping, whether glial cells can regulate
finally, whether glial cells alone are capable to reestablishing rhythmic behavior in arrhythmic flies. Behavioral analyses of flies under constant darkness reveal that knockdown of PER in glia doe
the majority of flies were arrhythmic. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that glial cells alone cannot speed up the clock, but neurons alone also cannot speed up the clock. This suggests that n
to regulate the clock. Lastly, the expression of PER exclusively in the glia of arrhythmic flies does not rescue rhythmic behavior. This result suggests that neurons are necessary in timekeeping a
establishing a rhythm. In conclusion, while glia cells are not necessary for flies to be rhythmic, they are necessary for stability of a circadian rhythm and the regulation of the clock.
2014 AS056
CASHEW TREE (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE): AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CATTLE DERMATITIS
Deeksha. P Hebbar
Vivekananda English Medium School, puttur, Karnataka, India
Dermatitis due to scabies is a common skin disease in cattle. Dermatitis causes economical loss in terms of abrogated levels of milk, meat and hides production. Available drugs are either chem
which are directly harmful to cattle and indirectly to human health. There is a need to develop a novel formulation from natural source which is ecofriendly, efficacious, easily available, p
occidentale or cashew tree, having Cashew nut shell oil containing Anacardic acid (90%) having multiple medicinal properties like antibacterial, antiinflammatory, insecticidal and the tree bark co
phenols, tannins are explored for preparation of herbal ointment. Cashew nut shell oil mixed with concentrated aqueous tree bark extract in I:I ratio was blended with petroleum jelly
consistency. After consultation with a Veterinary doctor, this formulation was tried on crossbred cows in having mild, acute and chronic form of dermatitis due to scabies and sometimes aggravat
fly bite allergy. The efficacy is evaluated by comparing with standard known drug and was found to be equally efficacious in mild, acute and chronic form. It was also efficacious in scab
unlike standard drug and was found to be economical.

2011 AS056
GLIAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO CIRCADIAN TIMEKEEPING IN THE DROSOPHILA BRAIN
Chengzhen Li Dai
Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills, MI
In the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila, ~150 neurons are known to control the circadian clock. The circadian clock is mainly regulated by the clock genes: period (per), timeless (tim), clock (clk), a
revealed that glia, like neurons, also express PER in an oscillating manner, suggesting that glia may help regulate circadian rhythm. However, little is known about the exact role of glia in circadia
determine how glial cells contribute to circadian timekeeping. Behavioral experiments were performed to determine whether glial cells are necessary in timekeeping, whether glial cells can regulate
finally, whether glial cells alone are capable to reestablishing rhythmic behavior in arrhythmic flies. Behavioral analyses of flies under constant darkness reveal that knockdown of PER in glia doe
the majority of flies were arrhythmic. Furthermore, the analyses indicated that glial cells alone cannot speed up the clock, but neurons alone also cannot speed up the clock. This suggests that n
to regulate the clock. Lastly, the expression of PER exclusively in the glia of arrhythmic flies does not rescue rhythmic behavior. This result suggests that neurons are necessary in timekeeping a
establishing a rhythm. In conclusion, while glia cells are not necessary for flies to be rhythmic, they are necessary for stability of a circadian rhythm and the regulation of the clock.
2012 AS056
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT ECOSYSTEMS ON REPRODUCTION OF THE RED MASON BEE (OSMIA RUFA L.) ON THE EXAMPLE OF A MEADOW, AN ORCHARD, A FOREST AND AN A
Anna Julia Kusnierczak
Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace sw. Marii Magdaleny, Poznan, POLAND
According to 'New York Times', 40% of honeybee population in the USA has died by 2006. As Albert Einstein said, 'If the bee disappears form the surface of the Earth, man would not have more
more pollination, no more plants, no more animals, no more man.' Therefore, the dying of bees causes a serious problem not only for the beekeepers but also for all people. Due to the de
alternative pollinators becomes increasingly important. Red mason bee (Osmia rufa L.) is a solitary bee which was shown to be a successful pollinator. Therefore, the aim of my study was to sea
the most intense reproduction of red mason bee. Four ecosystems: the meadow, the forest, the orchard and the arboretum were tested. A total of 3600 red mason bee cocoons was place
tubes. Weekly observations were then carried out to find out the dynamics of settlement in artificial nests in each ecosystem. The reproduction level of red mason bee was assessed by counting
number of empty chambers / chambers with parasites and the number of cocoons. The meadow turned out to be the most favorable environment, as the increase of the population size w
generation. The second favorable location was the orchid. Lower increase of the population size was observed in the forest and surprisingly, the lowest in arboretum. Obtained results cle
as the best environments for rearing the red mason bee, aimed at the mass use of the bee as a pollinator of various crops.
2014 AS056
CASHEW TREE (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE): AN EFFECTIVE TREATMENT FOR CATTLE DERMATITIS
Deeksha. P Hebbar
Vivekananda English Medium School, puttur, Karnataka, India
Dermatitis due to scabies is a common skin disease in cattle. Dermatitis causes economical loss in terms of abrogated levels of milk, meat and hides production. Available drugs are either chem
which are directly harmful to cattle and indirectly to human health. There is a need to develop a novel formulation from natural source which is ecofriendly, efficacious, easily available, p
occidentale or cashew tree, having Cashew nut shell oil containing Anacardic acid (90%) having multiple medicinal properties like antibacterial, antiinflammatory, insecticidal and the tree bark co
phenols, tannins are explored for preparation of herbal ointment. Cashew nut shell oil mixed with concentrated aqueous tree bark extract in I:I ratio was blended with petroleum jelly
consistency. After consultation with a Veterinary doctor, this formulation was tried on crossbred cows in having mild, acute and chronic form of dermatitis due to scabies and sometimes aggravat
fly bite allergy. The efficacy is evaluated by comparing with standard known drug and was found to be equally efficacious in mild, acute and chronic form. It was also efficacious in scab
unlike standard drug and was found to be economical.
2008 AS056
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIBIOTICS IN MARINE SPONGES ON NONPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
New antibiotics need to be discovered because modern bacteria are developing resistance to established antibiotics. The number of cases of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA
develop other antibiotics. Natural antibiotics have been discovered in marine sponges. I designed an experiment to test the antibiotic properties of three species of marine sponges: Pink Sponge,
camera, and Yellow Ball Sponge, Cinachyra alloclada, on commercial nonpathogenic and marine bacteria. I performed this experiment by extracting marine bacteria and natural antibiotic from sp
cultured the marine bacteria, and commercial nonpathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis with the prepared antibiotic discs. This experiment proved that natural comp
the growth of both the marine bacteria and the nonpathogenic commercial bacteria. The extracts from all three sponges affected both bacteria, demonstrating visible zones of inhibition.
marine antibiotic produced by the symbiotic microbes living in the sponge. It is significant that these three marine sponge antibiotics inhibited the Staphylococcus epidermidis, establishing a link
Staphylococcal infectious bacteria. This is critical to research because modern bacteria are developing resistance to established antibiotics. If antibiotics found in these marine sponges are furthe
possibilities for the medical world.
2009 AS056
BEETLE MANIA: DOES THE HEALTH OF TROPICAL SODA APPLE HAVE AN EFFECT ON THE SURVIVAL AND REPRODUCTION RATE OF THE GRATIANA BOLIVIANA BEETLE?
Todd Joseph Condon Jr.
Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, FL
The objective of this project was to evaluate the effect of hostplant quality on the immature survival and adult reproductive rate of the Gratiana boliviana beetle. This beetle is a biological control
weed tropical soda apple. Two experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in central Florida. First, ten neonate larvae of G. boliviana were placed on caged tropical soda apple plan
that were grown without fertilizer (control). The plants were checked weekly and the survival of each immature was recorded. The average number of surviving G. boliviana beetles reared on the fe
on the control plants. For the second experiment, the adults obtained from the previous experiment (fertilized and control plants) were sexed and evenly divided into nine groups each com
of adults was placed on fertilized or control plants. The plants were checked weekly and the number of surviving adults and eggs were counted for a period of 30 days. The average number of egg
was 85.5 compared to 18.8 in the control plants. In conclusion, Gratiana boliviana beetles reared on higher quality hostplants (fertilized) had greater survival and reproduction rate, oppos
tropical soda apple plants. The practical applications of these findings include the improvement of mass rearing of the beetle and the selection of healthier stands for field releases.
2008 AS056
THE EFFECT OF THE ANTIBIOTICS IN MARINE SPONGES ON NONPATHOGENIC BACTERIA
New antibiotics need to be discovered because modern bacteria are developing resistance to established antibiotics. The number of cases of MethicillinResistant Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA
develop other antibiotics. Natural antibiotics have been discovered in marine sponges. I designed an experiment to test the antibiotic properties of three species of marine sponges: Pink Sponge,
camera, and Yellow Ball Sponge, Cinachyra alloclada, on commercial nonpathogenic and marine bacteria. I performed this experiment by extracting marine bacteria and natural antibiotic from sp
cultured the marine bacteria, and commercial nonpathogenic bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis with the prepared antibiotic discs. This experiment proved that natural comp
the growth of both the marine bacteria and the nonpathogenic commercial bacteria. The extracts from all three sponges affected both bacteria, demonstrating visible zones of inhibition.
marine antibiotic produced by the symbiotic microbes living in the sponge. It is significant that these three marine sponge antibiotics inhibited the Staphylococcus epidermidis, establishing a link
Staphylococcal infectious bacteria. This is critical to research because modern bacteria are developing resistance to established antibiotics. If antibiotics found in these marine sponges are furthe
possibilities for the medical world.
2008 AS057
A HAIRY SITUATION: INVESTIGATING THE SENSORY FUNCTIONS OF INTEROMMATIDIAL BRISTLES IN D. MELANOGASTER
Cynthia Wambui Irungu
Burlington Township High School, Burlington, NJ
This project in its present form is the result of stimulatory testing towards exploring the function of interommatidial bristles in the eye of Drosophila melanogaster. It was hypothesized that the bris
cleaning behavior of the highly sensitive compound eye. The role of the mechanoreceptors was determined by using both a mechanical and a controlled electrical stimulus. Three mutan
These mutants were specifically targeted for mutations affecting the bristle phenotype. The initial preparation utilized a single camel hair brush as a stimulatory medium. The second preparation e
by a variable resistor. The latter method induced a significant rate of response (>65%) and proved that the interommatidial bristles were responsible for providing sensory input for the eyecleaning
methodology, a defined threshold for response was also determined.
2012 AS057
THE IDENTIFICATION OF SEPSIS BIOMARKERS USING HIGH THROUGHPUT REAL TIME PCR ANALYSIS
Danielle Pleshette Tyson
William G. Enloe High School, Raleigh, NC
Sepsis, a deadly condition caused by bacterial infection of the blood, affects up to 10% of dogs in veterinary teaching hospital critical care units each year. The leading cause of sepsisrelated de
the condition. Previous research regarding the pathogenesis of sepsis suggests that proinflammatory and proapoptotic proteins may serve as biomarkers for sepsis. Using Real Time PC
proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes in healthy dogs and dogs diagnosed with sepsis. Blood samples were collected and total RNA was extracted. RNA quality was tested using the Agilent B
using a reverse transcription enzyme kit. Proinflammatory and proapoptotic transcripts from cDNA were measured by Real Time PCR using custom high throughput 96 well plates preloaded with
interest and five housekeeping genes. Data was analyzed using the DDCt method to determine folddifference in gene expression between healthy and septic animals. Based on the prog
found to be significantly different in expression between healthy and septic animals. These 11 proinflammatory and proapoptotic genes have potential utility as biomarkers in a molecular diagnost
2011 AS057
THE EFFECTS OF THREE FACTORS OF TARGET PREY ON FIELD EFFICACY OF A NATIVE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT, ANISOPS TAHITIENSIS, AGAINST AEDES POLYNESIEN
FILARIASIS VECTOR IN AMERICAN SAMOA
Faalolo'i Te'o
Tafuna High School, Tafuna, AMERICAN SAMOA
The backswimmer Anisops tahitiensis is a naturally occurring predator of aquatic invertebrates in American Samoa. This study evaluated its efficacy in the field as a biological control agent again
major vector of filariasis and dengue in the Pacific region. A factorial design was used to evaluate the effects of habitat, developmental stage of the target prey, and presence of alternative prey o
larvae by Anisops tahitiensis The backswimmers consumed slightly more mosquito larvae in the ice cream containers habitat than in tires, but the difference was significant only with second inst
were not present. More mosquito larvae were eaten when the alternative prey, ostracods, were absent than when ostracods were present, but the difference was significant only with second insta
fourth instars in tires. In all cases the predation rate was significantly higher on second instar mosquito larvae than on fourth instar mosquito larvae. The backswimmers consumed more ostracod
present, but the difference was significant only in the tires habitat with fourth instar mosquito larvae. The results of this study show how effective these predators are, under field conditions, in larv
against two prey stages which occur there, and under different conditions of alternative prey availability.
2014 AS057
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUE FROM PLANARIAN FLATWORMS CONDITIONED WITH LIGHTSHOCK THERAPY INTO NAÏVE PLANARIAN FLATWOR
Chloe Sherry
John Adams High School, South Bend, IN, United States of America
Planarian flatworms are again gaining notoriety as creatures useful for scientific research. Through the use of stem cells, these worms regenerate lost tissue and repair structural damage. Planari
lightshock program that results in worms reacting to a light stimulus as if it were an electric shock. It has also been hypothesized that learned behavior might be transferred between worms throu
recipient conditioning. In this investigation, a novel method of tissue transplantation was utilized to study behavior transfer between donor and recipient worms. Planaria, in groups of 6, w
0 (control), 2, and 4 days. Conditioning efficacy was measured. Tissue was then transplanted, via aspiration and injection, into corresponding groups of naïve worms. After 7 days, the recipient w
stimulation. In the donor group, worms conditioned for 4 days had a significantly greater light stimulus response vs. the 2day group (95.8% vs. 75.0%; p < 0.03). In the recipient group, re
significantly greater light stimulus response than those in the control group (50.8% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.001), as did recipients from the 4day donors (65.8% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.0001). The difference in th
recipients from the 2day and 4day donors was not significant (50.8% vs. 65.8%; p > 0.05). Conclusion: Lightshock stimulation of planaria successfully produces a predictable change in
successfully transferred to naïve worms via a novel aspirationinjection technique. The underlying mechanism of behavior transfer should be the subject of further study.
2007 AS057
CALLS IN THE WILD: VOCALIZATIONS OF THE REDCOCKADED WOODPECKER
Michael Tyler Wham
Sterling Ridge Homeschool, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 77382
The endangered RedCockaded Woodpecker (RCW) is a keystone species; more than 30 other species use nesting cavities created by the RCW. Management of the RCW affects the use of mor
than any other endangered species. There are limited examples of this bird’s calls, and limited documentation of the contexts of the calls. The purpose of this study was to reco
with the corresponding behaviors or environmental stimuli, so that the degree of similarity in calls could be objectively compared. It was hypothesized that a computergenerated spectrogram ana
objectively identify and distinguish between vocalizations. Video cameras with directional microphones were positioned around an active cluster of trees and over 50 hours of a
“Greeting”, “begging”, and “distress” calls and the corresponding contexts were recorded. These calls were captured with a videoediting application, then a timefrequency browser and spectrum a
including frequency in Hz, duration in milliseconds of notes and of the intervals between notes. A detailed spectrogram of each call was produced and the calls were compared and analyzed. 
confirmed: the context of each call could be objectively determined. A computer program was then developed to record and identify the call type and to notify wildlife managers of significant even
attacks by predators, in order to assist in the management of this endangered bird. 
Award of $1,000 Acoustical Society of America
First Award of $1,000 American Veterinary Medical Association
2013 AS057
TOWARD UNDERSTANDING THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY REGULATING COLD SENSITIVITY IN C. ELEGANS
Michael Shao
Detroit Country Day Upper School, Beverly Hills, MI
Acute cold is important to animal survival as temperature plays an important role in metabolism, lifespan, and other physiological phenomena in animals. I conducted an experiment to discover th
using the nematode C. elegans. I am using C. elegans as a model to study neuroscience because it has a simple and compact nervous system and it is easy to manipulate, observe, and cultiva
time. The purpose of the project is to find the neural and molecular mechanisms responsible in mediating the sensitivity of cold in C. elegans. I have devised an assay and built my own testing ch
in the nematode. I analyzed data based on the number of head swings the worms make to quantify my data. I tested different temperatures (4C20C) with different mutants of worms which were p
temperatures. I knew that a neuron is responsible when a mutant reacts differently or defectively to the cold stimulus. Discovering exactly how animals can sense cold temperatures in their bodie
experimentation possibilities based on this circuitry. I found that the CNG channels in the AFD neuron were responsible for sensing the cold temperatures. This new understanding also helps incre
these neurons, which can eventually be translated to the human body, where we can develop mechanisms or medicines to target these specific areas of the body and manipulate behavioral or se
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Animal Sciences
2014 AS057
A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF TRANSPLANTATION OF TISSUE FROM PLANARIAN FLATWORMS CONDITIONED WITH LIGHTSHOCK THERAPY INTO NAÏVE PLANARIAN FLATWOR
Chloe Sherry
John Adams High School, South Bend, IN, United States of America
Planarian flatworms are again gaining notoriety as creatures useful for scientific research. Through the use of stem cells, these worms regenerate lost tissue and repair structural damage. Planari
lightshock program that results in worms reacting to a light stimulus as if it were an electric shock. It has also been hypothesized that learned behavior might be transferred between worms throu
recipient conditioning. In this investigation, a novel method of tissue transplantation was utilized to study behavior transfer between donor and recipient worms. Planaria, in groups of 6, w
0 (control), 2, and 4 days. Conditioning efficacy was measured. Tissue was then transplanted, via aspiration and injection, into corresponding groups of naïve worms. After 7 days, the recipient w
stimulation. In the donor group, worms conditioned for 4 days had a significantly greater light stimulus response vs. the 2day group (95.8% vs. 75.0%; p < 0.03). In the recipient group, re
significantly greater light stimulus response than those in the control group (50.8% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.001), as did recipients from the 4day donors (65.8% vs. 2.5%; p < 0.0001). The difference in th
recipients from the 2day and 4day donors was not significant (50.8% vs. 65.8%; p > 0.05). Conclusion: Lightshock stimulation of planaria successfully produces a predictable change in
successfully transferred to naïve worms via a novel aspirationinjection technique. The underlying mechanism of behavior transfer should be the subject of further study.
2007 AS057
CALLS IN THE WILD: VOCALIZATIONS OF THE REDCOCKADED WOODPECKER
Michael Tyler Wham
Sterling Ridge Homeschool, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 77382
The endangered RedCockaded Woodpecker (RCW) is a keystone species; more than 30 other species use nesting cavities created by the RCW. Management of the RCW affects the use of mor
than any other endangered species. There are limited examples of this bird’s calls, and limited documentation of the contexts of the calls. The purpose of this study was to reco
with the corresponding behaviors or environmental stimuli, so that the degree of similarity in calls could be objectively compared. It was hypothesized that a computergenerated spectrogram ana
objectively identify and distinguish between vocalizations. Video cameras with directional microphones were positioned around an active cluster of trees and over 50 hours of a
“Greeting”, “begging”, and “distress” calls and the corresponding contexts were recorded. These calls were captured with a videoediting application, then a timefrequency browser and spectrum a
including frequency in Hz, duration in milliseconds of notes and of the intervals between notes. A detailed spectrogram of each call was produced and the calls were compared and analyzed. 
confirmed: the context of each call could be objectively determined. A computer program was then developed to record and identify the call type and to notify wildlife managers of significant even
attacks by predators, in order to assist in the management of this endangered bird. 
First Award of $1,000 Showboard, Inc.
Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $8,000 Office of Naval Research on behalf of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
2011 AS058
OYSTER RESTORATION, PART II
Gabriella Dora Quintana
Friendswood High School, Friendswood, TX
Oyster Restoration Part II is a project to study faster and more efficient ways to cultivate oysters so that the reefs destroyed by natural and manmade disasters can be restored and repopulated w
ecologically, environmentallly, and economically. Natural and manmade disasters have had a devastating effect on the oyster population along the Texas Louisiana coastline. Hypothesis 1: If oys
with just oyster shells ar hung, then oyster bags with adult live oysters will attract more "spat", baby oyster. Hypothese 2:Onefourth oyster bags will be cleared of predators once a week, once ev
end of project. The bags cleared once a month will yield the highest "spat" count. A sample size of 64 bags were hung, 32 at each site. there were four levels of disturbance (every week
the last onefourth not pulled till the end of the project. the bags at Sabine Pass yielded greater numbers of spats (602) vs. San Leon with (19 spats). The bags at San Leon had greater numbers o
movement could possibly have contributed to the low spat count. Spat growth at Sabine Pass was facilitated by the high volume of ships passing which caused water flow throughout the 2 month
incomplete collection of predators when bags were pulled, data not collected from bags that were lost, and randomization whoudl have worked to 4 samples of each kind. Future studies s
dprocedures with a larger sample size near the mouth of a river at two to three different sites to determine if the data could duplicated to that of Sabine Pass
2013 AS058
TESTING THE CEPHALIC ADHESIVE ORGAN HYPOTHESIS IN CYPRINID PROTOLARVAE
George Eugene Maurakis
Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill, Midlothian, VA
An adhesive organ is a prominent, protruding mucous secreting gland allowing newly hatched tadpoles and posthatch larvae of some fishes to attach to aquatic vegetation. The objective of this r
protolarvae of Hybognathus hankinsoni, Notemigonus crysoleucas, Carassisus auratus, Cyprinus carpio, and Scardinius erythrophthalalmus (Cyprinidae) contain adhesive glands on their heads.
of phytophilous species attach to aquatic vegetation, then they have adhesive glands. Independent variables are the different species of fishes. Dependent variables are the presence of adhesive
heads of protolarvae of the fishes. Protolarvae of Semotilus corporalis and Semotilus thoreauianus, which do not attach to submerged aquatic vegetation, were used as the control. SEM examina
adhesive organs on the control species (S. corporalis), or H. hankinsoni, N. crysoleucas, C. auratus, C. carpio, and S. erythrophthalamus. The hypothesis that if newly hatched protolarvae of the
vegetation, then they have adhesive organs, is rejected. Both SEM and light microscopy indicated the absence of adhesive organs on all areas of heads of all protolarvae. Although test species d
had both epithelial pores and mucous. The control species (S. corporalis) only had epithelial pores but no mucous. Light microscopy indicated that the control species (S. thoreauianus) had a two
epidermis of N. crysoleucas was about three to four cell layers thick.
2014 AS058
FEED ALTERNATIVES FOR LITOPENAEUS VANNAMEI
Abigail Marek
Boone Grove High School, Valparaiso, IN, United States of America
The purpose of this research was to compare the weight gain of Litopenaeus vannamei, (White leg shrimp), when fed alternative diets. The industry standard is to feed these prawns a formulated
hypothesized that if two different foods, each containing equal amounts of protein are fed to two groups of prawns, there will be no significant difference in weight gain. The control group was fed Z
formulated diet for prawns. In the experimental group, the regular diet was replaced with Sportsman's Choice Trophy Fish Food, a pond fish food with 36% protein. The first hypothesis was not su
the Ziegler HI 35% protein formula had a larger sustained weight gain. In the second experiment, 50% of the feed was replaced with alfalfa pellets, containing natural sugars that feed the
heterotrophic aquaculture systems that serve as a food source for the prawns. It was hypothesized that if alfalfa is substituted for 50% of the diet, it will result in a significant increase in weight g
dependence upon bacterial food sources. The substitution of alfalfa replaces the addition of costly commercial products that are used to support bacterial growth. The prawns also consumed som
carbohydrates and 16%protein. In both combinations of formulated food and alfalfa, the tanks supplemented with alfalfa showed an increase in weight, which supported the hypothesis.
2008 AS058
IS MITOCHONDRIAL DLOOP ANALYSIS SUFFICIENT TO DETECT BLACK ANGUS BEEF?
Seungeun Jang
PAUL R WHARTON HIGH SCHOOL, Tampa, FL
This research involved Mitochondrial dloop DNA, which is known for its fast mutation rate. The fast mutation rate enables the analysis between breeds of cows, since the variability would be mor
The questions being addressed in this research were: Can the analysis of Mitochondrial dloop DNA sequence of beef be used to verify the authenticity of “Black Angus Beef” sold at the local gro
percentage of relatedness on samples of beef, indicating its relatedness to “Angus”? The problem of this project was to determine whether modern molecular technologies can be used t
procedures used for this project were the following protocols: DNA extraction of beef samples, PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), Electrophoresis, Gel purification, Cloning, Mini prep, Sequencin
analysis of the DNA sequences, the researcher was able to determine that the beef sample was indeed not from pure Angus cattle. BLAST analysis showed that the sample dloop DNA sequenc
sample (93%). The MEGA analysis showed that the sample was 80% similar to Angus beef sample. The results confirmed the hypothesis, which stated: If we sequence the mitochondrial dloop
then we can determine what breeds the tissues came from. Modern molecular technologies can confirm the breeds of beef.
2007 AS058
IF MY FEET HURT I WON'T SQUIRIT IF MY FEET HURT I WON'T SQUIRIT
JARED BYERS MCDONALD
HEDGESVILLE HIGH SCHOOL, HEDGESVILLE WV, U.S
Purpose: To maintain good health and to eliminate the reoccurence of hairy warts by using vitamin E, in hopes to prolong herd health and milk production. Procudures:
At the end of the animals lactating year, each milk cow is treated with a Quater Master and 24cc of penicillian,(penicillian given by vet) given on the average, 60 days to rest. 2.) Research the hea
vitamin E. 3.) After freshening or reentering the milk herd, inject each animal with 5 cc of vitamin E. (subutaniously) 4.) Examine the condition of the animals' hooves on a daily bases to monitor
determine method of treatment: a.)wash and apply Double Action b.)wash, apply Double Action followed with adhesive an then Double Action reapplied Data: To compare the information from the
production of individual animals and compare production of treated animals to previous years'results. 2.) Observation of average age of animals in the herd. 3.) Observation of over all condition of
Conclusion: If the animal's hoof condition is improved and maintained, then the overall condition of the animal and life expectency in the herd is extended. 
2007 AS059
MEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF APLYSIA NEURONS' ELECTRIC SIGNALS DEPENDING ON PERIODIC TEMP CHANGE
Kwangbum Hyun
Jeju Science High School, Jeju, South Korea
This project demonstrates how firing patterns of Aplysia neurons change on the stimulus of periodic temperature change. By using automatically recording and computing programs, I measured th
continuously firing and also I calculated the specific membrane conductance depending on temperatures. Electrode was pinned on Aplysia neuron, whose action potential was measured
detector of Pt 100, both action potential value and data of peridically changing temperature were automatically recorded on the computer. Out of 30 large abdominal ganglions, six neurons whose
room temperature displayed data over 1,000 minutes. And on those six cells, action potential signals were saved at the ratio of 3,000 samples per one second in hard disk. In beating ce
frequency and average specific membrane conductance of Aplysia neurons went up. However full width at half maximum, average spike height, and resting potentials decreased respectively. In b
average spike amplitude went down, but spike frequency and conductance rose. I found that the temperature change stimulus made Aplysia neurons display various electric signals. The
speed. Existing papers on Aplysia neurons delt with data by using pen writer, so that data on heat change stimulus and analyzed variables resulted in a few. But when these programs were used
analyses of data got to be obtained. I trust this project can contribute to the developement in neurobiophysics. This project is to be extended to acquire more data on various cells. Then such an
biological phenomena, and we may glance a secret of physiological systems. 
2008 AS059
EXTENDING LONGEVITY IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Emily Elizabeth Thomas
Dixie Middle School, St. George, UT
The purpose of my experiment was to find, out of five nutrients, which would best extend the life span of Drosophila melanogaster, the common fruit fly. The procedure I followed was as such, I p
washed with bleach, given the same control medium, given a bamboo skewer and a paper towel as to provide a resting place for the flies and to avoid unnecessary death through drowning) and th
variable pertaining to them, Biochavan, AcetylLCarnitine with Alpha Lipoic Acid (my hypothesized winner), Resveratrol, Sibu, and Greens to Go (1/2 of a teaspoon for the liquid, Sibu, and 1/4 of
each of the bottles, I added thirteen flies. I then waited fifteen days to observe the results until the time the second generation hatched. At the end of the fifteen days, Greens to Go had ten flies s
AcetylLCarnitine, but with the latter, I noted that they did not have nearly the amount of eggs, pupa, or larva that the other variables had. Biochavan had eight flies and in Resveratrol and Sibu, o
conclusion I reached was quite surprising as only one of my variables did better than the control. Apparently it’s important to stress diversity in a diet as Greens to Go offered different types of po
Carnitine may have contraceptive effects on flies.
2011 AS059
A PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDY ON HEART HEALTHY SUPPLEMENTS AND THE HEART RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA
Marie Eleanor Reuter
Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, AL
This project demonstrated a relationship between heart healthy vitamins and heart rate. If Daphnia magna are administered a human equivalent dosage of heart healthy supplements for a specifie
in the specimen’s heart rate should be noted. This experiment required multiple mathematical computations. Of those calculations, deriving a human equivalent supplement dosage for administra
combinations was required. This was accomplished by finding a correlation of average human male and female weights to average Daphnia magna weights. From this data an equivalent supplem
calculated. Six supplements were tested on five groups of Daphnia magna each. Each group was tested for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25minute intervals. Data results revealed a corresponding decrea
series tested with the exception of superB complex. The average Daphnia magna heart rate was 252 bpm. When administered Flaxseed Oil heart rate plunged to 161.52 bpm, Magnesium decrea
dropped to 169 bpm, Fish Oil dipped to 181.88 bpm, MultiVitamin Complete slight drop to 244.32 bpm, and SuperB Complex an increase to 283.64 bpm. Daphnia magna were reintroduced to cle
rates increased back to control group levels. In conclusion, vitamin mixtures lowered Daphnia magna heart rate with the exception of super B complex. It is probable a person wishing to control h
inexpensive vitamin regiment.
2011 AS060
HOW DOES TAURINE AFFECT THE HEART DEVELOPMENT OF CHICK EMBRYOS?
Brooklynn Fayth Carney
Cornerstone Christian School, San Angelo, TX
The purpose of this experiment was to determine how taurine affected the heart rate and development of chick embryos. My hypothesis is that the taurine will increase the rate of the embryos he
assigned the fertilized eggs to seven different groups. Four of these groups served as controls and either did not receive treatment or received ringer's solution. Two had taurine or 5 hour energy d
17.4 mg/ml of taurine. The eggs were incubated at 37.8 degrees Celsius. The embryos with taurine, ringer's, or 5 hour energy drops were incubated for 36 hours before they were tested, and the in
prior to injection, then incubated for 9 days. Then the embryos were removed and staged according to HamburgerHamilton protocol. The data collected for the injection experiment was analyzed
in the 5 hour energy treatment showed an arrhythmia faster than the taurine and the control groups did not develop an arrhythmia. The taurine injected embryos showed no significant difference th
results could be drawn from the injected eggs, while the 5 hour energy did increase the heart rate more than the taurine or control treatments.
2008 AS060
EQUINE LEARNING PATTERNS
Anna Barfod Lidofsky
South Burlington High School, South Burlington, VT
This project was designed to test the importance of age, gender, and personality in equine learning. The initial hypotheses were that female, older, and aloof or challenging horses would learn mor
or fearful horses. A model of visual learning and problem solving was used to test these hypotheses. The time was measured for a horse to identify a colored bucket that contained an ap
colored buckets. Each trial was performed in an enclosed area and repeated four times. The buckets were in different sequences for each trial, yet the apple always remained in the same bucket.
variances of the groups were significantly different when comparing the ratio of the improvement (completion of the last trial time divided by completion of the first trial time) between females and
and social horses and challenging horses. This was done by using the Ftest. The variances also were significantly different when comparing the first trial results between the social and aloof hor
the social and challenging horses. The means of the social group compared to the aloof group were approaching statistical significance, and should more horses be tested in the future, it is likely
significant. This was done by using the ttest. The results suggest that the pattern of training should be adjusted for gender, age, and personality.
2007 AS060
GENE EXPRESSION DURING FIN GROWTH IN ZEBRAFISH: THE ROLE OF THE GAP JUNCTION PROTEIN CONNEXIN43 IN VERTEBRATE BONE DEVELOPMENT
Isha Himani Jain
Freedom High School, Bethlehem, PA, USA
Direct intercellular communication in vertebrates is primarily modulated through gap junction channels, which are composed of connexin proteins. Of these, connexin43(cx43) is the most widely e
function in different tissue types remains elusive. Mutations in human cx43 cause the genetic disorder oculodentodigital dysplasia, characterized by pleiotropic defects, including craniofacial bone
reason, understanding the role of cx43 in bone growth is essential. Interestingly, the zebrafish mutant shortfin(sof) is also defective in cx43 and therefore serves as an excellent model system. In
between zebrafish and humans. Previous studies in mammals and chick indicate that cx43 regulates osteoblast differentiation. A similar function during zebrafish bone growth was hypo
transcription PCRs were performed to detect gene expression levels in sof and wildtype tissues. An ~80 fold lower cx43 expression was observed in sof. Next, candidate genes were tested in pat
osteoblast differentiation, and the fgf signaling pathway. Surprisingly, expression of sonic hedgehog(shh), sprouty4(spry4), runx2a, fa95f02 and collagen(col1) was not affected, indicating that cx4
osteoblast differentiation. Subsequently, cx43’s role in mesenchymal cell proliferation was considered. Insitu hybridizations detected cx43 mRNA, and H3P staining detected cells in mitosis. Cry
mesenchymal cells expressed cx43. In conclusion, a new role for cx43 in the induction of mesenchymal cell proliferation was discovered. Future work will employ a microarray analysis to determ
 
First Award of $3,000 Animal Sciences Presented by New Mexico State University
2008 AS061
THE LONGTERM EFFECT OF ETHANOL ON FRUIT FLIES
John Philip Creamer
Jefferson High School 9th Grade Complex, Shenandoah Junction, WV
The purpose of my project was to discern the longterm impact of ethanol on fruit flies by using population counts. I also observed the time it took for the flies to lay eggs, turn into larva, turn into
Another feature I decided to observe was how long it took for each sample to die off from either alcohol related problems or resource depletion. Research has shown that fruit flies can survive on
moderate amount of alcohol in the medium would cause the flies to reproduce the fastest, have the highest population, and have the longest colony life span. The group that had the highest avera
ethanol) at roughly 60 flies. Population B was the first to complete a growth cycle averaged at day 11. Population B also had the longest colony life span, 46 days on average. However, Populatio
many flies as B or, in the case of one of the vials, better than Population B. The third vial in Population C died early and had a low population. The results provide some support for my hypothesis
conclusions. Lack of control over gender when transporting the flies to their vials and the fact that some of the flies may have died from the rough transport could have impacted the results.
2007 AS061
FIRST STUDY OF CONDUCT, ECOLOGY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF IGUANA IGUANA IN THE NORTHERN COAST OF PUER TO RICO: MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR LIFE SUSTAINABLE DE
Andres Waldemar Volmar
Jose Santos Alegria, Dorado, Puerto Rico
The Iguana iguana is an invading specie in Puerto Rico. It has proliferated in all of the island’coasts and has been considered a threat for endemic species of birds. This investigation was to stud
and the eating habits of the iguanas in the town of Toa Baja. The hypothesis established that if there is a high population density of iguanas it will endanger and reduce the native birds population
technique in rowboat was designed and the observation stations technique was adapted so that the detection of iguanas was more accurate. It was observed that the iguanas used to destroy the
also ate the leaves of mangrove and fruit bearing trees. Twenty two Iguana iguana nests were observed and there was an average of 5268 eggs. The data was analyzed with the Distance
statistical values evidenced a high abundance index (84.3 – 168.0) and a density estimate of 86. 0 to 264.0 Iguana iguana per 1.6 km. The proportion of adult by sex was one male for three fema
between the population density and the index of abundance. A management plan was designed to solve this ecological problem. It consisted of exporting the frozen meat of iguana to countries in
source of food and it is in danger of extinction. 
2011 AS061
THE EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL DOSES OF OXALIC ACID ON THE LIFESPAN OF HONEYBEES
Colby Lee Howell
The purpose of this project was to demonstrate that the organic and commercial treatment of varroa mite populations with oxalic acid has minimal effect on the shortterm lifespan of honeybees,
Based upon prior research, oxalic acid is known to effectively treat and prevent varroa mites from propagating, but little is known about the effect oxalic acid has on honeybees. The hypothesis w
effect on the lifespan of honeybees. Support of the hypothesis was determined by using 18 bee cages, with approximately 100 bees per cage. Bees were exposed to either 100 or 200 microliters
supplementation. The results collected during this project demonstrated that oxalic acid with vitamin supplementation did not affect the lifespan of honeybees. After recording the number of dead
determined the data as statistically insignificant. However, there are sources of error. Only one trial was conducted and all of the bees were accidentally starved for one week because of a solutio
average mortality rates, which may have skewed the data. Overall, the results demonstrate that the hypothesis was supported. To further understand this topic, finding the correct dosage, form o
and toxicity of oxalic acid is required. This will determine whether or not the marginal benefits of chemically treating bees outweigh the marginal costs of treating bees at all.
2008 AS062
THE EFFECT OF HONEYBEE PATHOGENS ON HYDROGEN PEROXIDE (H2O2) CONTENT AND GLUCOSE OXIDASE ACTIVITY IN HONEY
Lydia Louise McCormick
Honey bees are the world’s number one pollinator and, therefore, essential in our economy because plants depend on them for reproduction. Unfortunately, numerous devastating disorders and pa
beetle, varroa, chalkbrood, and american foulbrood. And, quite recently, a world wide catastrophe called colony collapse cisorder (CCD) is baffling beekeepers everywhere. While beekeepers may
bees have natural defenses in their honey. These antibacterial properties include it’s acidic pH, high osmolarity , and hydrogen peroxide content. Honey bees secrete the enzyme glucose oxidase
produce hydrogen peroxide. The hypothesis that hydrogen peroxide content and glucose oxidase activity will be higher in honey from healthy hives compared to infected colonies was te
collected from Alabama beekeepers in ten counties as well as Florida, Pennsylvania and India. Six commercial honeys were also tested for comparison. Two experiments were conducted using c
peroxide and glucose oxidase activity. Surprisingly, infected honey had 18% higher hydrogen peroxide levels then healthy honey. Although, not supported statistically, there were obvious trends i
were higher in honey from diseased hives or in the same apiaries. The glucose oxidase experiments showed varying low levels without definite differences between healthy and infected.
content and glucose oxidase. All in all, the results may lead to a new chemical method to predict colony stress from infection.
2007 AS062
HOLD YOUR HORSES DO NEW SCENTS STIMULATE HORSES' RESPIRATORY RATES?
Kimberly Ann Hope
Metcalfe County High School, Edmonton, Kentucky, USA
Does a novel scent affect the respiratory and pulse rate in horses? I hypothesized that exposure to various scents will alter physiological parameters such as respiration and pulse rate. I tested e
ranging from one to twentynine with four novel scents: cinnamon, vanilla, dried lavender, and fresh cut onions. I monitored respiratory and pulse rates before and after introduction of each scent.
was altered. Between trails animals were given time to recover from the previous scent. Reactions to the new scents varied. Numerous studies have linked increased heart rate and respiration to
study would be to identify scents that have a calming effect and thus an anti stress effect on horses. This could help horses adjust to a new environment or to a new mode of transportation. <
2011 AS062
EFFECTS OF FOOD TYPES ON SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF LARVAL CALIFORNIA SPINY LOBSTERS, PANULIRUS INTERRUPTUS
Adrienne Brooke McColl
San Pedro High School, San Pedro, CA
This project was conducted to determine how diet affects the survival of California spiny lobster phyllosoma larvae, Panulirus interruptus, a species that has never been successfully raised before
10 phyllosoma in each condition. The following five diets were used: 1) brine shrimp ONLY (control), 2) mussel gonadal tissue, grunion eggs, and brine shrimp, 3) larval grunion and brine shrimp, 4
and 5) mussel gonads, grunion eggs, larval grunion, copepods, rotifers, and brine shrimp. Each phyllosoma was housed in an individual closedsystem 1000mL tank and fed its assigned diet daily
measurements and photographs were taken to show growth and morphological development. The project lasted for 179 days, until the last phyllosoma died. Results have shown that phyllosoma f
survivorship. In addition, phyllosoma from diet 3 reached the furthest metamorphic stage and achieved the greatest size. This study has applications for aquaculture, in both research an
marine species for human use, the impact on wild stocks is decreased. Like many marine species, the California spiny lobster fishery has been declining since the 1970s. Considering this and th
California spiny lobsters are an excellent candidate for aquaculture.
Alternate position National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA
2008 AS063
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECT ON LABOR INDUCTION BETWEEN THE OXYTOCIN AND THE FOLK PLANT, BASI (OCINUM MICRANTHUM) IN FEMALE GUINEA PIGS (CA
Daniel Sanchez Espinoza
Colegio Militar Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla, Trujillo, PERU
The aim of the investigation is to determine whether there are significant differences in the induction of labour between oxytocin and the popular plant basil (Ocinum micranthum), female guinea p
Marshal Ramon Castilla Military School, Trujillo Liberty. 2008. We believe that the use of the essence of the popular plant basil (Ocinum micranthum) in female guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) tre
induce birth, and decreasing the time spent in comparison with oxytocin. The type of research is experimental with a quasiexperimental design. The design after the test is only 2 experi
sample consists of 5 females pregnant guinea pigs. We used an observation guide and a kimógrafo and saw the time, duration, relaxation and contraction of the ranges of each guinea pig with tim
the fact that there are few significant differences in the induction according to the basil oxytocical compared with the effects of oxytocin, noting that the intake sutancia at a concentration of 0.2m
obtained contractions 6 and 5, respectively, similar to those obtained in 7 contractions of isolated organs with the dose of oxytocin 100ul. At high concentrations of 1 ml concentrate with
No. 3 had 11 contractions in 3 minutes notice a big difference from the earlier and well above the results with oxytocin.
2011 AS063
THE EFFECT OF THE RHOPALIA ON THE REGENERATION AND OVERALL HEALTH OF THE AURELIA AURITA, YEAR 2
Manu Vaish
The purpose of my project is to determine whether the removal of the rhopalia of the Aurelia Aurita affects or even controls the organism’s regeneration and overall health. The hypothesis of the p
was removed the jelly would cease to function properly. In order to do this project, two adult medusas and six ephyra were obtained. Then using a pair of fine knives and a microscope a
adjacent rhopalia. Once the jelly or ehphyra regenerated one or two of its original rhopalia, the next two were cut out until it exhibited abnormal behavior. The results garnered from this ex
jellies removal of the rhopalia resulted in either death or horrible regeneration. In all cases at least one of the rhopalia did not come back and the bell reformed all the way past the original point of
cuts mostly; however, one ehphyra managed to survive and regenerate all of its rhopalia. Two times out of six the ehphyra lost the arms that the rhopalia were removed from. The concl
removing a rhopalia definitely affects the organism. Whether there is one rhopalia or multiple rhopalia controlling the rhopalia is still up for question; however, in the end the rhopalia truly has a ma
ehphyra to medusa stages.
2007 AS063
DETECTING EVOLUTIONARY FORCES IN POPULATIONS OF WHITETAILED DEER
Ethan Douglas Sperry
Terre Haute South Vigo High School, Terre Haute, IN, United States of America
Whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) are considered a ubiquitous species throughout North America; however, they were once reduced to 100,000 individuals. Through conservation efforts, t
million and has been reintroduced to many locations, providing a unique opportunity to study how evolutionary processes have shaped their genetic variation. I am investigating how these process
managed and isolated population of deer in Maryland (PAX). This population was originally founded from 15 deer in 1964 and grew to 400 individuals at which point it has undergone annual harves
of this study (134 individuals analyzed across six microsatellite loci) confirmed the presence of a genetic bottleneck. Analysis of the founder event was inconclusive. In the second year of this st
original study and 53 deer from another location in Maryland (WFA). Additionally, I analyzed two additional microsatellite loci and genetic sequence from a subset of individuals from both locations
bottleneck that results from the annual harvesting of the PAX population as well as from the WFA population. DNA sequence analysis was used to test three models of genetic variation as an ind
model that represents either high ancestral diversity or dispersal. Congruence between microsatellite and sequence analysis indicates that the relocation and rapid expansion of deer populations m
expectations for the populations.
Third Award of $250 American Statistical Association
2011 AS064
IMPROVING INCOMPATIBLE INSECT TECHNIQUE USING A PHEROMONELIKE SEMIOCHEMICAL IN ORDER TO ELIMINATE A NEGLECTED TROPICAL DISEASE VECTOR
Tamas Nagy
Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is one of the primary causes of severe disability in the Southern Pacific with >96% of the population at risk for infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) is current
(MDA) strategy to eliminate LF. Despite successful elimination of LF in many geographical areas, this method is failing in the South Pacific due to the complexity and uniqueness of the region’s p
Wolbachia, a maternallyinherited, obligate, intracellular bacterium has generated much interest recently because of its potential use through the sterile/incompatible insect techniques (SIT/IIT). It
mosquitoes of incompatible strains of Wolbachia mate due to a phenomenon known as cytoplasmic incompatibility. However, current attempts to suppress vector populations in American Samoa
issues with rearing enough bidirectionally incompatible male mosquitoes (10% of target releases). Here we report that conspecific, i.e. intraspecific, pollution is beneficial, with increases in larval d
Wolbachiainfected strain of A. polynesiensis (CP22). Also we demonstrate that the agent responsible is not microbial, that the larval conditioned water (LCW) contains <1.25 µg/mL peptides, and
likely not peptic in origin. Ntetracosane has been identified via GC/MS against a hydrocarbon standard as a potential pheromonelike semiochemical contained within the LCW. This research has
mass rearing, necessary for IIT, which could help eliminate this neglected tropical disease.
2007 AS064
RED SEA FRINGING CORAL REEF IN DISTRESS ASSESSMENT OF RECENT CHANGE YEAR THREE
Zaki Daniel Moustafa
A.W. Dreyfoos High School of the Arts, West Palm Beach, Florida, United States
In summer 2006, the third year of data was collected from a pristine, fringing Red Sea coral reef (29°32' N, 32°24' E) that lies at the northernmost limits worldwide. Surveys of this onekilometer lo
transects, supported by a suite of environmental measurements including temperature, water quality, and sediment biogenic composition. To assess this reefs survivalship and postspill impacts
video surveys from annually sampled tenmeter transects were collected and a random photo quadrat survey was conducted. Results were compared to 2004 and 2005 measurements. <
indicate a significant change in overall coral populations, results from 2006 do show a significant increase in fish bite marks, disease, bleaching, sedimentation, algal smothering, and mottling / di
health and reef degradation. A decline in fish abundance and diversity was observed, and oil remained on the reef just below the surface sediment, and on semisessile organisms. <
coral, has decreased 11%; more than the noted combined growth of the 2nd and 4th most abundant corals, Neptheidae and Anemone, respectively. Changes in species diversity indices from tran
location, and suggest that multiple environmental factors are influencing this community. Collected accessory environmental measurements are being examined to extract relationships to observe
the fate and resilience of this delicate community to survive manmade and natural stresses remains uncertain. 
2008 AS064
THE ONION THRIP TRICK: THE HETERORHABDITIS BACTERIOPHORA NEMATODE AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR THRIPS TABACI
Lindsey McLaren Denison
Paonia High School, Paonia, CO
“The Onion Thrip Trick” experiment’s objective is to determine whether the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is an effective alternative biological control agent for Thrips
often targets onions as a host. Once it infects the onion, T.tabaci pierces the epidermal cells of the onion causing photosynthesis to cease, which results in severe discoloration of the onion leav
the plant tissue of the onion white, making the crop highly unmarketable, and the crop’s over all yields can be reduced by up to 60%. The researcher hypothesized that onion crops infested with T
entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora as a biological control agent as opposed to synthetic pesticides. The researcher tested the effects of H.bacteriophora on T.tabaci in bo
bacteriophora killed at least 90% of all thrips in all tests. H.bacteriophora caused a mortality rate of at least 30% in all test plots in the greenhouse trial. The data from this experiment confirms tha
reliable alternative to synthetic pesticides and could be implemented into integrated pest management programs for treating onion crops infested with T.tabaci onion thrips.
2007 AS065
SHOO FLY SHOO YEAR 6: THE CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN THE PUPACIDAL EFFECT OF COMPOUNDS IN MINT ESSENTIAL OILS ON DIPTERANS
Howard Malcolm Tomlinson
Brenham High School, Brenham, Texas, United States
The purpose of this project was to determine if compounds found in pennyroyal and peppermint essential oils such as ápinene, methyl acetate, menthone, and limonene would be effective in inhi
such as Musca domestica and Sarcophaga bullata. Fly pupae was used in a transparent cylinder which contained a sample of the mint compound being tested. The pupae were observed for seve
emerged pupae compared to nonemerged and partially emerged pupae. Of the compounds tested, 100% inhibited the emergence of flies to some degree. The pupacidal effect of variou
follows: Musca domestica was inhibited 5.0% by methyl acetate, 12.0% by ápinene, 22.0% by limonene followed by menthone at 99.0%. The average percentage of Musca domestica that failed
Sarcophaga bullata was inhibited 20.0% by methyl acetate, 24.0% by limonene and 32.0% by ápinene, followed by menthone at 91.0%. The average percentage of Sarcophaga bullata that failed
conclude that menthone was significantly more effective as an inhibitor on the emergence of Musca domestica and Sarcophaga bullata than any other compound tested. Menthone was
emergence all dipterans tested. The natural emergence rate of dipterans was 81.0%. The pupacidal effect of various mint oil compounds on dipterans was 87.5% by methyl acetate, 79.0% by áp
menthone at 5.5%. 
2008 AS065
THE ROLE OF MATERNAL EFFECTS AND MATERNALLYTRANSMITTED ENDOSYMBIONTS IN THE DIET RESTRICTION RESPONSE IN FRUIT FLIES
Yihe Dong
Cedar Shoals High School, Athens, GA
This study focuses on the mechanism through which the effects of diet restriction (DR) are inherited through generations. First, nutrient availability to each hatching fly is controlled by controlling
diet parents are collected and distributed at equal density. Longevity, oxidative, and starvation stress resistance are measured to test offspring quality. Kaplan Meier estimate and logran
observed with egg density control as without, indicating that egg density does not cause maternal effects inheritance. The second, molecularlevel approach employs the endosymbiont b
Wolbachia and DR are maternally inherited and are found to affect the insulin receptor (InR) pathway. First, DNA extraction, PCR, and gel electrophoresis are run to test for Wolbachia in four diffe
and R diet, the longevity, stress resistance, nutrient uptake, fitness, and resource allocation response are measured in the presence and absence of Wolbachia in over 11,000 flies. Ttes
between DR and R diet fly fecundity in the absence of Wolbachia, while a significant difference exists in Wolbachia positive flies across all four strains. At the same time, while there is no differen
Wolbachia positive and negative flies, there is a significant elevation of stress resistance in three of the four strains under DR. These data indicate that Wolbachia increases the differences betwe
increases the difference between Wolbachia positive and negative flies. Consequently, an interaction exists between DR and Wolbachia through the insulin receptor pathway. This observ
how maternal effects are inherited, but also the important link between DR and lifespan extension. The conclusions can be applicable in other organisms, including humans, as they have homolog
First Award of $3,000 Animal Sciences Presented by
2011 AS065
INCIPIENT SPECIATION OF THE MUSTACHED BAT PTERONOTUS PARNELLII IN THE WEST INDIES
Bonnie Lei
Walnut High School, Walnut, CA
Populations of mustached bat Pteronotus parnellii on Hispaniola (H), Puerto Rico (PR), and geographic intermediate Isla Mona (IM) were studied through molecular, morphological, and echolocatio
population structure in the West Indies. Phylogenetic analyses of cytochrome b sequences indicate H and PR P. parnellii group in largely exclusive clades while IM bats are genetically s
differences indicate high and significant separation values between H and PR as well as between H and IM. There is no significant difference between PR and IM and migration occurs mainly from
All other interisland gene flow was negligible. Comparisons using ANOVA showed that H P. parnellii is significantly smaller and lighter, with smaller forearms and feet but longer tails than
similar to either H or IM, depending on the measurement. H bats emit a significantly higher frequency than PR/IM in the constant frequency portion of their echolocation call, corroborating the gen
classification of H P. parnellii population and the PR/IM population as separate species. Interisland range expansion during the Wisconsinan glaciation followed by interglacial isolation is a possib
Determining this speciation event doubles the number of endemic species in Hispaniola, indicating the additional importance of conserving these species to maintain the full genetic diversity and
Indies.
2008 AS066
POPULATION GENETIC DIVERSITY OF AKULE IN HAWAIIAN WATERS
Gideon Napomaikaiapau Logan
Kamehameha High School, Honolulu, HI
Population genetic diversity of Akule (Selar crumenophthalmus) was investigated by finding DNA markers of diversity. One hundred sixty seven individuals representing five different schools from
and diversity was examined between geographic populations. After DNA extraction, the mitochondrial loci ND1 and 16s rRNA, and genomic locus Aldolase B was amplified using Polymerase Cha
restriction enzymes were used to digest the PCR products at the loci ND1, Aldolase B and 16s rRNA. At each locus, many enzymes had recognition sites and subsequent bands were formed aft
digestion at the ND1 locus revealed varying patterns of digestion, which was used to construct a differing haplotye within forty six of the individuals. The difference in proportion of individuals who
results of the Ava II digestion at ND1 was then tested for statistical significance. The two sample zTest for the difference between proportions concluded with 99.98% confidence that populations
demonstrated an inherited difference in proportion of fish with differing haplotypes from populations in Hauula and Niihau, all locations around the main Hawaiian Islands. This difference in proporti
Akule are much more localized and are becoming reproductively isolated. This doesn’t imply that populations of fish from Waianae and Barber’s Point cannot reproduce with fish from Hauula and
reproducing with each other and are undergoing subspeciation.
2007 AS066
EFFECTS OF IMIDACLOPRID SOIL DRENCHING ON TERRESTRIAL TARDIGRADA OF THE GREAT SMOKY MOUNTAINS NATIONAL PARK, TN: A MICROFAUNAL RESPONSE TO A. TS
Ana Marie Lyons
MecostaOsceola Math/Science/Technology Center, Big Rapids, MI, United States
The purpose of this study was to determine if imidacloprid soil drenching used to combat the invasive Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) affects the population dynamics of local soilinhab
conducted at a highly infested stand of Eastern Hemlock trees (Tsuga canadensis) in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, TN, where treated and untreated trees were equally present. A to
the bases of 20 trees that had either been soil drenched with the systemic insecticide imidacloprid or left untreated. Soil samples were processed with the Ludox method and were searched for m
Amounts of tardigrades and other notable microscopic organisms were recorded, and tardigrade specimens were mounted on slides for later identification. Total numbers of tardigrades and all oth
treated and untreated groups with the use of a twotailed equal variance ttest (alpha level 0.05) which generated no significant differences. Once identified to species, Simpson’s Concentrations,
species, species richness, mean biodiversity indexes, and the Chao 1 mean were calculated for the contrasting tardigrade populations with the use of the software program EstimateS. Untreated
2.287455 times more diverse in tardigrade species distribution than samples collected around trees that had been treated with imidacloprid. Additionally, a pending new species of eutardigrade, M
exclusively from an untreated sample, further indicating that treated soils offer less opportunity for biodiversity than untreated soils. These results suggest that imidacloprid soil drenching may inf
affecting their diversity characteristics and likewise impact the overall health of the greater ecosystem.
2008 AS067
ANALYSIS OF THE WESTERN ARCTIC CARIBOU HERD'S SPRING MIGRATION
Reid Joseph Magdanz
Kotzebue High School, Kotzebue, AK
Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) are an important food source for people in northern Alaska and play a prominent role in local economies. This study focused on the 500,000animal Western Arctic Car
Seward Peninsula and upper Kobuk valley to the North Slope and back each year. In recent years, the timing of the herd’s migrations has changed, but the reasons for these shifts are not well un
study was to determine if any association existed between ambient air temperatures and the timing of the spring migration of the Western Arctic Herd. This study utilized 1043 caribou locations fr
caribou data was collected from satellite collars placed on 62 members of the herd and had been previously acquired for purposes other than this study. Temperature data for the same period cam
caribou latitude with temperature and change in latitude with temperature were used to explore relationships. Temperature – in particular the freezing point – was associated with caribou m
caribou movement occurred between 2.4°C and 7.4°C. When the temperature rose above freezing early in the year, the caribou began their migration early and vice versa. The results suggest tha
lead to earlier migrations of the Western Arctic Herd. Potential impacts on caribou and subsistence users merit further study of temperature and other variables.
2007 AS067
AN EXAMINATION OF DENSITY DEPENDENT SETTLEMENT ON BARNACLE SPECIES OF THE GENUS BALANUS
Ocean Springs High School, Ocean Springs, MS, USA
Barnacles are a type of crustacean that is common to the United States Gulf Coast. Based on the results of previous experiments, this year I tested to see if there was a densitydependent effec
hypothesized that there would be a negative density dependence, meaning that fewer barnacles would settle in a given time on a crowded surface. I had two series of boards consisting of four rep
temperature, salinity, and water clarity measurements every other week for 8 weeks when I counted the settlement and measured the diameter of the largest 10 barnacles. After each count, I rem
Scraped group), while leaving them on the other (Control group). At the end of the 8 weeks, I left the boards in the water for 2 months to allow the barnacles to grow large enough for easy identific
improvisus were found. There was a strong correlation between the overall density of barnacles and the salinity. Statistical analysis showed there to be a significant difference between the densit
the experiment. This supports the theory of densitydependence, although this effect was not apparent during periods of high salinity. This project contributes an increased understanding of the se
in estuarine waters.
2008 AS068
INVERTBRATES OF WATERFILLED BRACTS IN HELICONIA CARIBAEA FROM SABA, PART TWO
Courtney Megan Bass
Edmond Memorial High School, Edmond, OK
The aquatic invertebrates living in the liquidfilled bracts of Heliconia caribaea inflorescences were studied on Saba, a small island in the northeastern Caribbean Sea. Samples were collected by c
lock bag and emptying the contents into the bag. The volume of water was measured and the organisms were returned to the laboratory for sorting, identification, and counting. All inflorescences
in their bracts. These inflorescences contained an average of 294 invertebrates and 5.8 species. Immature dipterans and hydrachnids composed the most abundant groups found in the infloresce
indicated a correlation existed between the volume of liquid and the number of individuals in each inflorescence. Based on these samples, a confidence interval of 294 ± 149 individuals for each i
Whitney statistic indicated there were no significant differences in numbers of individuals in collections made at higher elevations of Saba when compared to those from lower elevations of the isl
indicated there were no significant differences in numbers of individuals in collections made on the windward side of Saba when compared to those from the leeward side of the island. A total of 1
caribaea inflorescences, bringing the total number of invertebrates known from all aquatic habitats in Saba to 32 species.
2007 AS068
BACTERIA'S LUMINESCENCE AS MECHANISM OF RECOGNITION OF THE EGGS' LAYING ORDER BY BIRDS
Anna A. Pahlevanyan
Private school "New Education", Moscow, Russian Federation
The published data suggests that cuckoo birds throw out host’s eggs from the nest when they place their own egg to host’s nest. The thrown egg is usually the first one laid. Purpose: ide
uses to identify the eggs laying order. Hypothesis: the photoluminescence under the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight of continuously growing population of bacteria on egg surface allows b
 The radiation of a mercury lamp with wavelength of lyambda=360*10^9m was directed through a narrow slit on the reflective grating. The UV line can be observed on the camera display
photographed the eggs in UV range (delta lyambda=340*10^9 400*10^9m). The part of the shell without presence of bacteria reflected UV radiation, while parts of the shell with bacterial presen
observable to the human eye (blue light). We were the first to obtain the colored pictures of hen’s (Gallus gallus domesticus) and quail’s (Coturnix japonica) eggs removed from the nest f
photoluminescence was barely detectable on the freshly laid eggs (dots), the pictures obtained after 35 day period depicted noticeable blue spots. After another week elapsed, the concentration,
increased. Conclusion: the dynamics of development of bacteria’s photoluminescence on the egg shell under the sunlight radiation can be used by birds to detect the eggs laying order b
birds’ retina to the short wavelength radiation. 
2008 AS069
THE EFFECTS OF REDUCED SALINITY ON BARNACLE SURVIVAL: IMPLICATIONS FOR LARGESCALE FRESHWATER DIVERSIONS
Ocean Springs High School, Ocean Springs, MS
The effects of freshwater inflow on barnacles, sessile crustaceans that are common to the Gulf Coast, were studied in a controlled environment. It was hypothesized that barnacles with more exp
mortality. The barnacles settled on 4 groups of 4 boards each for 6 weeks. The barnacles were then placed in tanks of 15 ppt seawater, and were fed brine shrimp twice a day. Once a week four w
group) groups were switched to freshwater (for 8 or 24 hours), while the control (C group) and Identification (I group) groups remained in saltwater. Each week and at the beginning, the C, E, and T
barnacles on each board were measured. Near the end of the experiment, the barnacles were identified as Balanus eburneus and B. improvisus. Because clam worms (Nereis succinea) were sus
experiment was repeated, but the boards were cleaned before they entered the tanks. A splitplot ANOVA was run on the data, and showed that the control group had significantly higher survival
showed significant linear decreases in survivorship overtime. The hypothesis was supported. This suggests that freshwater inflow may have negative impacts on other sessile marine species.
2008 AS070
THE ANTIOXIDANT EFFECTS OF GREEN TEA ON SELECTED ORGANISMS
Jack Andrew Kovaleski
Northwestern High School, Kokomo, IN
The purpose was to determine the effectiveness of green tea on Daphnia. The hypothesis was if Daphnia was given green tea, then it would live longer and have higher rates of reaction.
minutes at concentrations of 1 bag/500 mL, 1 bag/1000 mL, and 1 bag/2000 mL. Five Daphnia/test were put in the cooled tea and tested for heart rate, eye twitches, somersaults, appendage mov
hours, and 72 hours. When experimentation began, the Daphnia in both the 1 bag/500 mL and 1 bag/1000 mL did not survive longer than 24 hours while the Daphnia in the 2000 mL concentration
threshold level of survival. Compared to control, results showed that heart rate increased significantly in the 24 hour (t=3.38>t0.01=3.355) and 5 minute (t=2.83>t0.05=2.306) test of the 1 bag/500
test, only the heart rate increase for the 5 minute test (t=2.88>t0.05=2.306) was significant. However, in the 72 hours of the 1 bag/2000 mL concentration test, the heart rate decreased 4.22%.
decreased significantly for the 1 bag/500 mL 24 hour (t=2.71>t0.05=2.306), 1 bag/1000 mL 5 minute (t=3.04>t0.05=2.306), and 1 bag/2000 mL 5 minute (t=2.32>t0.05=2.306) and 72 hour (t=3.87>
not statistically significant, in the 72 hours of the 1 bag/2000 mL test, eye twitches increased 32.5% and appendage movements increased 66.3%.
2008 AS071
MORPHOLIGICAL CORRELATES OF COMMUNICATION SIGNALS IN WEAKLY ELECTRIC FISH
Michael William Helbig
Christopher Columbus High School, Miami, FL
Weakly electric fish, indigenous to Africa and South America, emit weakly electric signals that they use for communication and electrolocation. These signals, also known as electric organ disch
frequency and are speciesspecific. The aim of this experiment was to examine the relationships between morhpological characteristics, weight and length, and the defining parameters, amplitude
of weakly electric fish from South America. I measure weight, length, amplitude, frequency in 6 species (Gymnotus cylidricus, Gymnotus ucamara, Gymnotus carapo, Steatogenys elegans, Rham
macrurus) by individually placing them in a preacclimated tank, which matched the conductivity and temperature of their home tanks. The tank was equipped with recording electrodes which con
According to the data I gathered during experimentation, weight and length are accurate determinants of amplitude. In contrast, weight and length were not accurate determinants of frequency exc
inverse relation between body weight and frequency.
2008 AS072
NEURONAL DISTRIBUTION OF UROCORTIN III IN THE FIREBELLIED TOAD, BOMBINA ORIENTALIS
Robin Nichol Barawid
Briarcrest Christian High School, Eads, TN
Urocortin III (Ucn3) is a novel member of the corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF) gene family of neuropeptides and a primary agonist of the CRF2 receptor. As such, it is assumed to be actively i
responses to stress for the reestablishment of homeostasis; recent studies have shown that it activates such responses as vasodilation, suppressed aggression, and inhibited locomotion.
very little is known about it, and what has been studied primarily discusses its function in mammals. Therefore, the present study intended to generate the first map of the comprehensive neurona
fibers in a nonmammalian vertebrate, with B. orientalis as the representative species for anurans. Intensely stained Ucn3ir perikarya were found in the infundibular hypothalamus and ventral linin
were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, and ubiquitously throughout the hypothalamus. Interestingly, many Ucn3ir fibers (probably dendrites) penetrated the ependyma to
the cells were secreting the neuropeptide into the cerebrospinal fluid for transport to other parts of the brain. A model for the manufacture and transport of Ucn3 and a model for the neuroendocrin
based on the reported distribution of the peptide and its consistency with the known localization of CRF2.
Honorable Mention Award Endocrine Society
2008 AS073
RESILIENCE/SURVIVORSHIP OF A RED SEA FRINGING CORAL REEF UNDER EXTREME ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS: A FOURYEAR STUDY
Zaki Daniel Moustafa
A.W. Dreyfoos High School of the Arts, West Palm Beach, FL
A fouryear study, which began in the summer of 2004, collected the first comprehensive timeseries from a 0.8 km x 0.2 km fringing reef located in Gulf of Suez (29 32' N and 32 24' E), Red Sea
tropical coral reefs. Corals here are exposed to 26 C daily water temperature differences and seasonal variations that exceed 1416 C. Salinities are extreme, ranging between 44 and 45 psu.
quadrats, fixed coral video transects, and a suite of accessory environmental measurements. In just four years, this pristine reef community was subjected to many new stresses including: shipp
urbanization, a global bleaching event in 2005, and an oil spill. Results indicate that of the approximately 40 known coral species robust enough to survive here, just six compose approxi
and 2007, statistically significant decreases in reef health indicators were found, including: a 50% increase in dead coral, a 58% increase in sea urchins, and decreases in biodiversity, fish abund
incidences of coral diseased and fish bites have increased dramatically. Despite these indicators, the reef appears to be adapting to newly introduced stresses, which may increase longterm sur
experiencing extreme conditions may be more resilient to natural and manmade stresses than more tropical reefs. This research establishes a reference point for comparison with similar reefs an
restoration efforts.
A fully paid summer internship at a NOAA research lab. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA
2008 AS074
POPULATION APPRAISAL AND THE DEVISAL OF AN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR THE BANANA BORER ON GUAM
Shruti Nagarajan
John F. Kennedy High School, Tamuning, Tamuning, GUAM
The Cosmopolites sordidus(Germar,1824) was accidentally introduced into Guam from Hawaii in 1991 and since then the invasive insect has sustained it’s population and has thrived on the abun
insect’s larvae feed of the trunks of palms causing the trunks to become brittle, hollow, and susceptible to damage by cyclonic winds. The borerinfested trees literally snap during the typhoons th
objectives of this project were to find an organic and inexpensive way to control the spread of the borer and to assess the population of the invasive insect on Guam. The CaptureRecapt
through the setting up of pheromone and foodvolatile baited traps in different locations across the island. Concentrations (125g/liter, 250g/liter) of Achiote were used, on sugarcane stalk
The stalks were opened and changed triweekly and measurements of the larvae/pupae we recorded. I received considerably higher captures/recaptures in areas that were densely popula
recapture formula provided a census of 11,469 borers. Both concentrations average widths and weights were significantly greater than that of the control group and the mortality rate in th
250g/liter=80%) was significantly higher as opposed to the 0% mortality rate in the control. The contributions of this project are twofold. First, we now have an idea of the population of th
also provides an organic and an inexpensive alternative for controlling the borer.
2011 AS301
MELTING POT? OR NOT? ANALYSIS OF THE VALIDITY OF THE HARDYWEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM IN THE LOCAL POPULATION
Dalton Klain Brossett, Destin Stratton,
Muskogee High School, Muskogee, OK
One of the major areas researched in current times is DNA manipulation. The purpose was to analyze the validity of the HardyWeinberg Theory by studying the allele and genotypic frequencies f
insert in the PV 92 locus. Our hypothesis was that the Alu repeat appears in the general population at random and the HardyWeinberg equilibrium will not be in agreement with the local population
migration of individuals into or out of the population. We started by collecting two hairs containing the follicles from each participant. Samples were then processed to obtain geneomic DNA and th
was used to amplify the DNA samples. The amplified samples were then electrophoresed with agarose gels and stained with Fast Blast DNA stain so that the bands could be visualized. Results
observed for homozygous +/+ 0.04; homozygous / 0.21; heterozygous +/ 0.75. The expected results according to the HardyWeinberg Theory would be for homozygous +/+ 0.02; homozygous
results for this project proved our hypothesis corrrect; that our local population was out of equilibrium compared to the HardyWeinberg equilibrium.
2010 AS301
ANALYSIS OF CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS' GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENTAL RESPONSE TO ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION
Kristen Nicole Huyghue, MiKyle Crockett,
Episcopal High School of Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL
Ultraviolet radiation from the sun can cause a variety of health problems in humans, including skin cancers, eye cataracts, and immunity deficiency to diseases. Caenorhabditis elegans serve as
humans and are therefore applicable to the studies of the effects of increased sunlight exposed on humans, caused by the depletion of the ozone layer. If different groups of C.elegans cultures ar
B rays, while maintaining constant temperature, then the effect will expedite the hatch rate when compared to the control group, grown in darkness. Stock cultures of C.elegans were maintained d
was aseptically spread on nutrient agar plates. The seeded plates were inoculated with select C.elegan eggs. The eggs were exposed to 100 watts of UVA and UVB rays at a controlled tempera
calculated every four hours for sixteen hours. UVA rays had minimal effects on the C.elegans, observed during three generations. However, there were no eggs present in the dishes under UVB
By contrast, the ultraviolet radiation had no observable affects on the E.coli. By keeping the lamp at a distance of 21 inches from the plates, the E.coli thrived. The hypothesis that exposure to 10
expedite the C.elegans' hatch rate was supported, in part. Testing is still underway to determine the effects of ultraviolet rays in subsequent generations.
2013 AS301
THE EYES BEHIND AN OPHIUROIDEA
Cathleen Teresa Mestre, Ana Carlsen
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, FL
Ophiuroidea (common name: brittle stars) are part of the echinoderm class. They are nocturnal so they spend most of their time under rocks. When escaping from their predator they will detach o
arm if it gets caught or torn. Though they are in the same phylum Echinodermata, they are separated from sea stars and placed in a class of their own, Ophiuroidea. This experiment tested the op
light. Fifteen specimens were collected and placed in a homemade environment. Each Ophiurid was tested using white, blue, red light, and no light. Once tested the specimens were returned to th
that there would be a reaction in light with the greatest reaction occurring with white light. The expected movement is observed with the no light as the control tests. Chi square analysis was perfo
movement values in the different scenarios of light were significantly different to the expected movement values when there is no light present. Based on the Chisquare analysis the null hypothe
experimental hypotheses were supported.
2009 AS301
SPECIFIC TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF PARASITES ON GAME
Barend Johannes de Beer, Jason Dixon,
Waterkloof High School, Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA
Ticks are of the most economically important external parasites of livestock and game in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including SouthAfrica. Livestock –and game farmers, los
especially the damage caused to the ears of cattle and game by brown ear ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). Previous methods in tick control for cattle and game apply acaracides via very e
very effective in rainy seasons when animals cannot be lured to water or feeding points. This research focused on the application of acaracides via a paintball gun capsule and thus appli
During this research an appropriate acaracide was selected, capsules were developed; the practical application via a paintball gun and the effect on the animals’ skin investigated and the efficacy
numbers in animals’ ears were assessed. It was found that the application of acaracide to the upper neck of animals, via a capsule fired from a paintball gun, significantly reduced the nu
animals vs. untreated controls, however further research is needed on the impact on animal’s behavior. This method will be of benefit for the treatment of brown ear ticks to animals in the
2014 AS301
WHAT EFFECT DOES GENDER, TONE, AND SOUND LOCATION HAVE ON THE RESPONSE BEHAVIOR OF NEOGOBIUS MELANOSTOMUS (ROUND GOBIES) AND THE POSSIBILITY O
INVASIVE SPECIES?
Crystal Rae Moynan, Christine Neumann
Neogobius melanostomus (Round Goby) are a benthic dwelling invasive species of fish in the Great Lakes. The question is: What effect does gender, tones, and sound location have on the respo
possibility of future trapping of this invasive species using a certain frequency tone? A tank was set up with a simulated trap in front of a speaker at each end. Each fish was then placed into the
tank, one at a time. A video camera was turned on, to record fish movement once the door was opened. Next, the artificial sound was turned on for one minute [175, 300, 500 Hertz (Hz), and no s
mating call. This process was done for each of the three frequencies, and for when no sound was played, for each fish. The individual test fish was then allowed to roam for five minutes. The vide
behavior. From the video, for each fish, a continuous measure was collected according to when the fish crossed the center line and if they entered a simulated minnow trap. The hypothesis was s
the speaker side of the tank emitting the conspecific male mating call (175 Hz), while the males avoided the speaker side of the tank, ANOVA p<.012. When 175 Hz was played, 100 percent of th
the speaker side, while 100 percent of the males went into the trap on the opposite side.
2012 AS301
ENERGY SQUARE FOR CATTLE
Shiza Gulab, Mahnoor Hassan, Bushra Shahed
Institute of Computer and Management Sciences, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, PAKISTAN
Energy is the most important aspect of life. Many cattle in different parts of the world belonging to poor farmers are affected by adverse climate changes. Farmers cannot afford food for their catt
care of them. The Energy Square can answer this problem. It is very useful and gives good results, it is also very economical. It can be given to cow, buffalo, ox, sheep or goat. The Energy Squa
bran, maize bran, rice polish, clay, urea, mineral mixture, anthelmentic, superavit, and Dicalcium phosphate. These products provide great deal of vitamins, proteins and carbohydrates to the cat
most important product is the waste mulberry fruit because it cannot be eaten and also may not be sold in the markets. All the ingredients were simply mixed in specified quantities and the mixtu
mold was removed and it was left in the shade to dry and harden over the next 48 hours. Experiments were conducted on two cows. For one month 300 grams of Energy Square per day was fed
The cows produced more milk than before and their general and physical health also improved. It can also prevent multiple diseases. If industrialized and produced on a massive scale and stored
Square can solve nutrition problem of animals for poor farmers.
2009 AS301
SPECIFIC TREATMENT AND CONTROL OF PARASITES ON GAME
Barend Johannes de Beer, Jason Dixon,
Waterkloof High School, Pretoria, SOUTH AFRICA
Ticks are of the most economically important external parasites of livestock and game in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, including SouthAfrica. Livestock –and game farmers, los
especially the damage caused to the ears of cattle and game by brown ear ticks (Rhipicephalus appendiculatus). Previous methods in tick control for cattle and game apply acaracides via very e
very effective in rainy seasons when animals cannot be lured to water or feeding points. This research focused on the application of acaracides via a paintball gun capsule and thus appli
During this research an appropriate acaracide was selected, capsules were developed; the practical application via a paintball gun and the effect on the animals’ skin investigated and the efficacy
numbers in animals’ ears were assessed. It was found that the application of acaracide to the upper neck of animals, via a capsule fired from a paintball gun, significantly reduced the nu
animals vs. untreated controls, however further research is needed on the impact on animal’s behavior. This method will be of benefit for the treatment of brown ear ticks to animals in the
Third Award of $1,000 Team Projects Presented by Science News
2008 AS301
DETERMINING PLOIDY IN DIADEGMA INSULARE MALES USING MORPHOMETRICS
Emily Victoria Schock, Megana Sankaran,
Diadegma insulare is a small wasp species that is used as a biological pest control for diamondback moths, the larva of which damages cole crops. Diadegma insulare use Complementary Sex D
of each wasp. Populations of Diadegma insulare are unable to be sustained in the laboratory due to a male bias in the sex ratio. The purpose of this project is to determine the cause of this pheno
number of sex determination alleles could be the cause of the abnormal sex ratio. This can be indicated by an unusual presence of diploid males, which are often larger than haploid males. <
abdomen and wing as well as the amount of setae along the designated diagonal and edge of the wing were taken to prove the existence of two types of Diadegma insulare males. Female measu
first trial used two hundred wasps, while the second used four hundred. Bimodality was found in both the male body length and setae along the diagonal in both trials, representing two types of ma
setae along the diagonal displayed one maximum peak, representing one type of female. The presence of haploid and diploid males is further indicated by the range in the data, showing a larger v
female population. These results support the hypothesis that a depleted number of sex determination alleles in the population is causing a malebiased sex ratio.
Fourth Award of $500 Team Projects Presented by Science News
2007 AS301
ON THE LUMINESCENT PROPERTIES OF MNEMIOPSIS LEIDYI
Dmitri Viktor Skjorshammer, Thomas Burr
South Fork High School, Stuart, FL, USA
Mnemiopsis leidyi is able to luminesce. Knowing that Mnemiopsis leidyi is abundant in our local area, we decided to investigate what causes and what factors affect the luminescence of these in
problems posed by experimenting with the effect that electricity, temperature and color have on Mnemiopsis leidyi and then explaining the luminescent properties using the gathered data. <br
light travels only from the umbrella to the tail, not in the opposite direction. In addition, using the effects of temperature and the data we gathered, we concluded that the reaction behind luminesce
experiments with comb rows gave us the ability to explain the chemistry of the luminescence. The inhibition of luminescence through different colors of light showed us that blue inhibits the lumin
that Mnemiopsis leidyi was able to refract the light we directed toward it. In conclusion, the luminescent properties of Mnemiopsis leidyi stem from the light organ located in the umbrella
through the comb rows, in which the protein aequorin reacts with calcium ions to form apoaequorin and light. The light travels from the umbrella to the tail, and the reaction behind the luminescenc
luminescence through different colors of light suggests that only certain wavelengths inhibit the reactants. Finally, Mnemiopsis leidyi was observed having refracting properties. 
2013 AS302
EFFECT OF ASCORBIC ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON MULBERRY (MORUS ALBA L.) LEAVES FED TO SILKWORM HYBRID DMMMSU 346
Carla Diana Ancheta Guiner, Marizol Marie Bautista, Fatima Jane Clemente
Bacnotan National High School, Bacnotan, La Union, PHILIPPINES
Sericulture industry is designed for countryside development offering subsidiary occupation to the rural people and extending employment to the local workforce. Its success as a livelihood projec
other hygienic practices. For this reason, sufficient quality mulberry leaves should be supplied to meet the normal development of the organism. Six hundred grown silkworms were used
was conducted after thoroughly disinfecting the rearing house with 5% calcium hypochlorite and 2% formalin solutions. They were fed with the desired leaf age and preparation at three normal fee
except at night (8 p.m.) when ascorbic acid – enriched mulberry leaves were administered as required by the formulated treatments (1%, 2% and 3% ascorbic acid solution). Improvemen
single cocoon weight, silk thread reel ability, and filament length at all concentrations of the ascorbic acid (AA) solutions. Maximum increase was observed at 2% AA for the larval parameter (4.97
thread % (4.94%), and filament size (0.10 denier). No effect was observed on the single shell weight. The silk filament length showed concentration dependent effect with an increase of 59.79 m a
information on silkworm rearing is an option to sericulture farmers who could not produce quality mulberry leaves for their silkworm nutrition.
2014 AS302
JUVENILE CHUM SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KETA) MIGRATION TIMING THROUGH ICY STRAIT FROM DIFFERENT SOUTHEAST ALASKA HATCHERIES
Gabrielle Duvernay, Anouk Otsea
JuneauDouglas High School, Juneau, AK, United States of America
To determine how the distance from various Southeast Alaska hatcheries to Icy Strait, Alaska affects the migration timing of juvenile Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta), fish were examined from
of 2013: June, July, and August. Thirty fish were examined from each haul resulting in 270 pieces of data. The otoliths were extracted from previously caught and frozen fish to determine which h
First, the length and weight of each fish were measured to eliminate fish size as a migration timing factor. Both otoliths were extracted, glued to a microscope slide, and sanded down to expose t
rings imprinted on each otolith were then counted and the hatchery was identified using the Alaska Department of Fish and Game database. The collection of otoliths presented these ha
km), DIPAC (100 km), and Hidden Falls (130 km). The data rejects the null hypothesis that the distance of the hatchery from Icy Strait does not affect the migration timing of juvenile Chum Salm
because fish released from hatcheries <130 km from Icy Strait arrived before fish released from hatcheries >130 km away (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Experiments like this can provide hatcher
survival rate of fish and help manage fish stocks in certain areas.
2010 AS302
BEETLE MANIA II: EFFECT OF CO2 ENRICHMENT ON THE GROWTH OF TROPICAL SODA APPLE (SOLANUM VIARUM) AND THE RESULTING IMMATURE SURVIVAL AND ADULT RE
BOLIVIANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Todd Joseph Condon, Gerald Francis Condon,
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of CO2 enrichment on the growth of Tropical Soda Apple (TSA) (Solanum viarum) and the resulting immature survival and the adult rep
boliviana (GB). Three experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions in central Florida. Primary testing studied how 15 TSA seedlings grew in three concentrations of CO2 (380, 580, 7
were recorded twice weekly for two months. 12 neonate GB larvae were monitored among three caged TSA plants from each CO2 concentration for three weeks. Results regarding TSA were sign
concentrations of CO2. Results regarding GB immature survival suggested negative correlation with rising CO2 concentrations but were statistically inconclusive due to sample size. 
size of 30 GB larvae per CO2 concentration over a one month period. Results of this study indicated a negative correlation between survival rate and rising CO2 concentrations with statistical diff
larvae samples in 780ppm CO2, adult survival/reproduction could not be tested. Therefore, a third test was conducted using remaining TSA plants of the primary and secondary experiments. 16 a
plants in each concentration. After three weeks number of surviving GB and egg count were recorded. Results of the third experiment agreed with results of the previous experiments. In conclusio
affected by CO2 enrichment.
2011 AS302
STUDYING TRUE BUGS METAMORPHOSIS: THE LIFE CYCLE OF DITOMOTARSUS PUNCTIVENTRIS SPINOLA, 1852
Mariom Adriana Carvajal Morales, Giannina Andrea Osorio Bahamonde,
Liceo Maria Auxiliadora, Punta Arenas, Magallanes Region, CHILE
During a field trip (53º55’S70º53’W Magallanes, Chile) we found a big aggregation of true bugs (Heteroptera) in reproduction time, and we asked: How the biological cycle of this species is. We co
identification (Ditomotarsus punctiventris: Acanthosomatidae), and we began our research. Our hypothesis was: Ditomotarsus punctiventris has an annual cycle, in which passes through five imm
species of its family. Subsequently we collected and observed specimens in field, and maintained breedings in laboratory. We consulted different specialists to obtain bibliography and help on an
breedings we obtained the following cycle: After mating female oviposits 1 to 4 batches of about 14 eggs (eggs could have golden or light green coloration). From the egg an immature stage emer
until the adult emerges. Coloration changes have been observed for adults (brown to green). Additionally we developed identification keys to life stages of D. punctiventris, and for the nymphs of
 Our hypothesis was accepted. Coloration changes have been concluded as camouflage strategy. These changes were also concluded as useful in climatic change studies. Nymphs were con
because they need more favourable conditions than adults for their development. D. punctiventris was concluded as a species of economic importance; thus our work has also applications on pe
oviposition process, nymphal stages, coloration changes, and the identifications keys developed are new scientific information.
2012 AS302
MYTILUS EDULIS PROTEIN STRENGTH: MUSSELS HAVE MUSCLES
Nikki Taylor Buhrdorf, Vikash Hypio,
Hotchkiss High School, Hotchkiss, CO
The protein of Mytilus edulis (Blue Mussel) is a strong adhesive that binds the marine animal to rocks in the ocean. It has been extracted and tested as a glue for surgical procedures. The curren
tensile strength of “mussel glue” to dental glue and super glue on different surfaces and in different environments. The surfaces were steel to steel, steel to bone and bone to bone. The environme
protein was extracted and the dental and super glues were acquired. Three tests for each glue on each surface in each environment were conducted; a total of 54 tests were conducted.
determine if the glue and the surface had an effect on the tensile strength. A linear regression was conducted to predict the strength of any particular glue type on any surface combination in any
2009 AS302
THE EFFECTS OF SUCRALOSE ON THE GROWTH OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Victoria Anne Joyal, Robert Coday Hudson,
CAT/Lakewood High School, St. Petersburg, FL
The purpose of this project was to observe and to analyze the effects of sucralose on the growth of wild, vestigial winged, white eyed, and apterous fruit flies. The goal of this project is to determi
as a food additive. Our team hypothesized that the presence of sucralose in the fruit flies' food supply would cause an effect on the growth and reproduction capabilities of the organisms. <b
the ISEF rules and regulations, then proceeding to assemble five vials of fruit fly media with five male and five female flies in each for each of our experimental and control groups (samples of wil
apterous fruit flies in 0M (control), 0.01M, 0.1M, and 0.5M sucralosefortified media). The concentration of sucralose in each media group was distinguished by the molarity of sucralose in the wat
flies was given an incubation period (at 30°C) of fourteen days before the population was recounted and recorded. We then analyzed the population counts of each group and observed patterns in
concentrations in the media. Our data indicates that there were average population growths of 1885.00% in control groups, 2111.50% in 0.01M sucralose groups, 421.50% in 0.1M sucra
sucralose groups. We have made two conclusions based on these figures. The presence of 0.01M sucralose in the media caused no significant decline in population; additionally, the presence of
in the media inhibited the growth and reproduction of the fruit flies.
2007 AS302
INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR VARIANCE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CELLANA EXARATA FOUND ON GARDENER PINNACLE, MOLOKAI, AND HAWAII
Romelynne Fernandez Lamosao, Sheryl Acidera
Waipahu High School, Waipahu, HI, USA
Many people have mistakenly assumed that all Hawaiian Limpets, opihis, have the same life size. According the biotechnology and DNA, there are many types of limpets or opihis. In fact there a
Hawaiian Island Chain itself. If scientists or student researchers looked into this a little more than just observing the daily life of an opihi by observing the molecular DNA of an opihi, there may be
populations may survive a faze near extinction. In this experiment, we took several samples of opihis found on Gardener Pinnacle, Molokai, and Hawaii. We put each sample into a solu
only the pieces of DNA. We extracted the DNA from the solution, and then made a PCR recipe to attach primers to each DNA sample. With the primers attached to each DNA sample, the DNA s
sequencing lab then returns us with sequences of each DNA sample with A, T, G, and C nucleotides. Then we analyzed the data through Arlequin 3 program and determine whether there is a diffe
the assumed species of opihi found on Gardener Pinnacle, Molokai, and Hawaii. 
2007 AS302
INVESTIGATING THE MOLECULAR VARIANCE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN CELLANA EXARATA FOUND ON GARDENER PI
Sheryl Acidera, Romelynne Lamosao
Waipahu High schoo, Waipahu, HI, USA
Many people have mistakenly assumed that all opihis have the same life size. According the biotechnology and DNA, there are many types of limpets or opihis. In fact there are about four known
itself. If scientists or student researchers looked into this a little more than just observing the daily life of an opihi by observing the molecular DNA of an opihi, there may be a possibility that the li
near extinction. In this experiment, we took several samples of opihis found on Lanai and Gardener Pinnacle. We put each sample into a solution that digested the DNA tissue, and left
DNA from the solution, and then made a PCR recipe to attach primers to each DNA sample. With the primers attached to each DNA sample, the DNA samples to the sequencing lab. The sequen
each DNA sample with A, T, G, and C nucleotides. Then we analyzed the data through Arlequin program and determine whether there is a difference or similar characteristics between the assume
Pinnacle and Lanai. 
2008 AS302
IMPACT OF DIETARY RESTRICTION ON FECUNDITY OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Cole Taylor, Micha'le Simmons,
Episcopal High School, Jacksonville, FL
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the impact of dietary restriction on fecundity in Drosophila melanogaster. It was hypothesized that if a population of Drosophila was exposed to
experience increased and optimal fecundity in opposition to a control population. WildType male and virgin female Drosophila were separated, by gender, into vials of control (C) media and 50% D
each vial, and allowed to feed for 2 weeks prior to initial mating. Four mating groups were established: CM + CF, CM + DRF, DRM + DRF, and DRM + CF. Pairs of Drosophila in any given catego
media, and given two weeks to produce an F1 generation which was fully exposed to the specified media. Using Drosophila from this generation, Level I of experimentation was established, in wh
contained in either C media or 50% DR media. At Day 4, fecundity was quantified by counting the amount of larvae or pupae present in the first litter. Level II of experimentation was conducted us
Drosophila; 72 vials were organized, containing only the CM + CF and DRM + DRF mating groups. Drosophila were placed in C media, 25% DR media, 50% DR media, and 75% DR media. Fecun
Level III experimentation was planned to include quantifications of longevity and mortality, in addition to further explorations of dietary restriction in varied macromolecular groups. Initial
revealed highly significant figures in support of the hypothesis. Of Level I experimentation, the DRM + DRF group was the most significant against the control [p=.00007]; the 75% DR group of Le
significant in opposition to the control group [p=.0000112]. Appicability of this investigation is widespread throughout healthcare and agriculture, whereas future research opportunities are similarly
2009 AS303
THE SOUTHERNMOST NATURAL LABORATORY OF THE WORLD: STUDYING THE IMPACT OF THE BEAVER ON THE ECOSYSTEM OF TIERRA DEL FUEGO (FIRE LAND)
Juan Isaias Andrade, Daniela Aracelli Valdebenito,
Liceo Polivalente Hernando de Magallanes, Porvenir, Tierra del Fuego, CHILE
Despite its remote location, Tierra del Fuego island has been a significant target for invading and exotic species, such as the beaver, mink, and gray fox, among the vertebrates, and several doze
of varying intensity for native ecosystems. The object of this research project is focused on the beaver, a species originating from Canada. It is the second largest rodent in the world, an
an alteration in the equilibrium of ecosystem, evidenced by the modification of biotic and abiotic components. The Vicuña sector of the Karukinka Park was studied, in order to determine
Different groups of students took onsite measurements of biotic and abiotic variables in three determined areas: control creek*1 without the presence of beaver colonies; creek with the active pre
abandoned by beaver colonies. The following variables were measured and compared: pH, sediments, flow velocity, temperature, water volume, abundance of invertebrates, wealth of ve
distance of impact and vegetation cover. The onsite work and measurements taken were done in May and October 2008. It was established that the presence of beavers alters the bioti
Fuego ecosystem, with greater water temperature and volume, decreased flow velocity, decreased wealth of vegetation and significantly lower presence of invertebrates. Both periods provided th
considered in the study. *1: Permanent water flow of medium volume.
2011 AS303
THE PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS OF MALE AND FEMALE FRESHWATER PRAWNS GROWN IN THE MISSISSIPPI DELTA
Kevin Charles Wise, Eric Lyndon Gardiner,
Saint Joseph High School, Greenville, MS
Little is known about the production characteristics of Freshwater Prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in temperate regions of the United States. We conducted research to test five hypotheses r
morphology on production characteristics of Freshwater Prawns in the Mississippi Delta. We sampled prawns from six growout ponds to determine proportional yield at harvest. Male prawns aver
tail mass than females, but females consistently had a higher proportional yield. Proportional yield of males dropped substantially as they developed blue claws, but yield of females remained lev
increased proportional yield of females. These results should assist growers with understanding production characteristics of Freshwater Prawns in the Mississippi Delta.
2013 AS303
A STUDY ABOUT THE NEST RELATED SOCIAL BEHAVIORS OF ANTS
Shiqi Chen, Jingyi Wang, Xiaotian Wang
The High School Affiliated to Shanghai University, Shanghai, CHINA
Objects: to investigate the relationship between the nest structure and social behaviors of ants. The ants are highly social insects, the structure of ant nest is complex, what’s the nest re
question, the soil freezing CNC milling and computer synthesis approaches were combined to investigate the characteristics of nests of Iridomyrmex anceps, transmittance higher seaweed gel w
behavior of Iridomyrmex anceps, gas chromatograph was further used to monitor the changes of pheromone during nesting. The gypsum composite materials were used to build artificial nests to
behavior in the nests. We found that: 1) The ants have the wisdom of ants on the observation of the natural terrain and super building capacity. 2) The ants will follow a specific program a
example, the queen will start nesting in the very early stage, then the worker ants will finish the left parts. New pheromone is formed during nesting. Ants have a special depth perception. 3) The a
nests,if there is a suitable space, they will further use and modify it. 4) Ants have special, standardized processing procedures for the death of a member of their family. We speculate that the ph
identification of corpse. Our results therefore suggest that there are some social behaviors related to nest structures.
2014 AS303
BODY TEMPERATURE REGULATION OF DRONE BEETLES IN FLIGHT AS REVEALED BY REMOTE MEASUREMENT OF THEIR BODY TEMPERATURES
Taishi Kuriya, Kiryu Kazama,Yusuke Takami
Kumamoto Prefectural Toryo High School, Kumamoto City, Kumamoto, Japan
Insects are known to be able to warm their bodies endogenously and to regulate their body temperatures by themselves. However precise mechanisms of their body temperature regulations are n
detecting true body temperatures during actual flight. In this experiment, we developed a convenient method of measuring the inner body temperature of drone beetles during flight and succeeded
temperatures before, during and after flight. Adult beetles of Protaetia orientalis submarmorea were reared in laboratory from eggs under controlled conditions. Each bug was pla
apparatus and its body temperature was measured continuously during flying at the abdomen of the thoracic segment using the ultrared thermographic camera. It was found that when th
maintained their body temperatures at around 37℃ during flight. When the air temperature was over 27.5 to 37℃, bugs warmed themselves by frequently pulsating their abdomens up and down, w
their bodies by actively pulsating their abdominal segments to and fro. When the air was below 27.5℃, their body temperatures were gradually lowered and bugs soon ceased flying. 
body temperatures of flying adult beetles of Protaetia orientalis submarmore and gave valid evidences to seasonal and regional emergences of adult beetles of this species.
2010 AS303
DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL SCAFFOLD FOR THREEDIMENSIONAL BONE FORMATION USING BOVINE ADIPOSEDERIVED ADULT STEM CELLS
Melissa Severn McDowell, Michael McDowell,
Bovine adiposetissue derived adult stem (ADAS) cells have been characterized and can differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. The objectives of this project were to determ
dimensional bone formation when grown on scaffolds and to determine which threedimensional scaffold (collagen, hydromatrix .75%, or hydromatrix .25%) is most successful for bone growth. Bo
pelleted by centrifugation with phosphate buffered saline. The ADAS cells were plated into twenty four well plates, three wells for each scaffold, and three wells without a scaffold. The cells were
osteocyte differentiation media, and the media was changed every 34 days. After twenty five days, all cells were stained for osteogenesis and then stained for the presence of three dimensional
Reaction (PCR) was run on additional cultures. The cells on the collagen scaffold successfully produced a bone mass and three dimensional growth was seen in both hydromatrix scaffolds. Thes
from adipose tissue to initiate bone growth is a viable option for those in need of a bone graph or transfer. These scaffolds can be implanted into the body and used for bone regeneration. They ca
bonerelated diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as in decreasing the recovery time after a bone injury.
First Award of $1,000 American Intellectual Property Law Association
2012 AS303
PARASITES INSIDE THORNS: MORPHOLOGICAL AND GENETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CRAB PINNAXODES CHILENSIS
Mariana Larroulet Santander, Javier Romanos Zambrano,
Instituto Inmaculada Concepcion Valdivia, Valdivia, Region Los Rios, CHILE
The sea urchin Loxechinus albus is one of the most important species for the artisanal fisheries in Chile. The crab Pinnaxodes chilensis (Decapoda: Pinnotheridae) lives at the end of the intestine
symbiotic relationship between the two species has not been thoroughly studied in spite of their importance for the development of the aquaculture of L. albus. Both species have a wide geograph
Pacific coast. Here we tested the effect of the environment by comparing the morphological and genetic variation in two spatially isolated populations located in Antofagasta (23ºS) and Valdivia (3
differences in size and abundance between both locations. The presence of Zoea larvae, the first stage of the life cycle of the crab, was also found present in the sea urchin. In addition, by using
marker, we found high levels of genetic variation (He=0.9) but no evidence of genetic differentiation when comparing the populations from the two locations isolated by more than 3000 km of linea
2010 AS303
DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL SCAFFOLD FOR THREEDIMENSIONAL BONE FORMATION USING BOVINE ADIPOSEDERIVED ADULT STEM CELLS
Melissa Severn McDowell, Michael McDowell,
Bovine adiposetissue derived adult stem (ADAS) cells have been characterized and can differentiate into adipocytes, chondrocytes, and osteocytes. The objectives of this project were to determ
dimensional bone formation when grown on scaffolds and to determine which threedimensional scaffold (collagen, hydromatrix .75%, or hydromatrix .25%) is most successful for bone growth. Bo
pelleted by centrifugation with phosphate buffered saline. The ADAS cells were plated into twenty four well plates, three wells for each scaffold, and three wells without a scaffold. The cells were
osteocyte differentiation media, and the media was changed every 34 days. After twenty five days, all cells were stained for osteogenesis and then stained for the presence of three dimensional
Reaction (PCR) was run on additional cultures. The cells on the collagen scaffold successfully produced a bone mass and three dimensional growth was seen in both hydromatrix scaffolds. Thes
from adipose tissue to initiate bone growth is a viable option for those in need of a bone graph or transfer. These scaffolds can be implanted into the body and used for bone regeneration. They ca
bonerelated diseases, such as osteoporosis and osteogenesis imperfecta, as well as in decreasing the recovery time after a bone injury.
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winners Team Projects Presented by Intel
2008 AS303
ANTHROPOGENIC INFLUENCES ON THE CALIFORNIA SEA OTTER (ENHYDRA LUTRIS NEREIS) POPULATION IN MOSS LANDING HARBOR
Emily Louise Dolson, Sanaya Forbes,
The California sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) has been highly endangered since being nearly hunted to extinction one hundred years ago by fur traders. The population is taking far longer to reco
keystone species in the kelp forest ecosystem, it is crucial to understand what factors are inhibiting its growth. Human impacts, though widely suspected, have not been closely examined. The p
what effects, if any, humans have on sea otter wellbeing. What behavioral changes occur in sea otters when humans approach them? The hypothesis was that, if approached, otters would dive a
thermoregulative abilities which are essential for survival. An important corollary hypothesis was that humans would approach sea otters, even though it is illegal under the Marine Mammal Protec
Moss Landing Harbor was observed over six months, using a timebudget methodology to insure that results were statistically comparable. Every ten minutes, the location and activity levels of a
variety of other factors that could affect sea otter behavior. Human interactions were noted as new entries, allowing comparison of alterations in group dynamics. Through a comparison of differen
points, it was determined that human approach changes otter behavior in a statistically significant manner. Our results suggest that a reexamination of current laws may be in order to more effect
2007 AS303
THE EFFECT OF CELASTROL ON THE ACTIVATION OF HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE AND LONGEVITY IN C.ELEGANS
Lusine Galoyan, Chandrika Sridharamurthy
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills New York, USA
The experiment was conducted to increase the amount heat shock proteins (HSPs) produced in N2 strain C.elegans. HSPs are molecular chaperones that promote proper folding of proteins, and
designated locations within the cell. Celastrol is a constituent of the Chinese Thunder of God vine (Tripterygium wilfordii). It was hypothesized that treating C.elegans with celastrol, will increase th
cytoprotective abilities. It was also hypothesized that celastrol will aid in increasing the lifespan of C.elegans due to its possible activation of the heat shock response, and prevention of certain ty
C.elegans were treated with celastrol, and were subjected to an increase in temperature (environmental stress) to induce the heat shock response. The results of the experiment indicated that an
heat shock proteins induced did occur in the specimens treated with celastrol. These changes were noted at both temperatures compared to the untreated control groups. Lifespan assays determ
Qualitative morphological changes in treated worms were noted. Therefore, celastrol may have the potential to be used as a chemical inducer of the heat shock response. The favorable implicatio
pathways for experimentation of celastrol on humans as well. Additionally, as the C.elegans genome is similar to that of humans, identifying the mechanisms of lifespan in C. elegans will help in
humans. 
2007 AS303
EFFECT OF CELASTROL ON THE ACTIVATION OF THE HEAT SHOCK RESPONSE AND LONGEVITY IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Chandrika Sridharamurthy, Lusine Galoyan
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills, NY, USA
The experiment was conducted to increase the amount heat shock proteins (HSPs) produced in N2 strain C.elegans. HSPs are molecular chaperones that promote proper folding of proteins, and
designated locations within the cell. Celastrol is a constituent of the Chinese Thunder of God vine (Tripterygium wilfordii). It was hypothesized that treating C.elegans with celastrol, will increase th
cytoprotective abilities. It was also hypothesized that celastrol will aid in increasing the lifespan of C.elegans due to its possible activation of the heat shock response, and prevention of certain ty
C.elegans were treated with celastrol, and were subjected to an increase in temperature (environmental stress) to induce the heat shock response. The results of the experiment indicated that an
heat shock proteins induced did occur in the specimens treated with celastrol. These changes were noted at both temperatures compared to the untreated control groups. Lifespan assays determ
Qualitative morphological changes in treated worms were noted. Therefore, celastrol may have the potential to be used as a chemical inducer of the heat shock response. The favorable implicatio
pathways for experimentation of celastrol on humans as well. Additionally, as the C.elegans genome is similar to that of humans, identifying the mechanisms of lifespan in C. elegans will help in
humans.
2013 AS304
LIGHT, CO2 LEVEL AND FOOD LIMITATION AS EXOGENOUS FACTORS AFFECTING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION IN BOSMINA LONGIROSTRIS
Daisuke Murakami, Chisato Tanaka
Nagasaki Prefectural Nagasaki Nishi High School, Nagasaki, JAPAN
Strong diel vertical migration (DVM) of water flea, Bosmina longirostris, is observed in our local pond. The DVM in this pond is characterized by spending daylight hours in deep water and rising to
strength and underlying mechanisms of the DVM remain to be clarified. We developed a transparent acrylic pipe to examine the effects of light and water conditions on DVM. T
longirostris were placed in the pipe, and migration in response to light of various wavelengths under various CO2 concentrations was examined. Sensitivity to 390nm light was observed in B. long
exhibited under conditions of low CO2 (<7 ppm). In darkness, negative gravitaxis was observed under conditions of high CO2 (>=7 ppm), while positive gravitaxis was observed under low CO2 (<
prepared 6.5mhigh water tanks and placed them directly in the pond to monitor DVM under the various water conditions with induced food limitation. Interestingly, migration of B. longirostris towa
induced for pond water collected from a depth of 5 m compared to that collected from a depth of 0 m. Additionally, stronger upward migration was observed with spring water than with pond water.
following exogenous factors were found to affect DVM in B. longirostris: (i) daytime shortwavelength light exposure leads to downward migration and (ii) nighttime high CO2 exposure and food lim
migration.
2010 AS304
HOW BEACH SEDIMENT COMPOSITION AND TIDE LEVEL AFFECT THE SIZE AND AGE DISTRIBUTION OF BUTTER CLAMS (SAXIDOMUS GIGANTEUS)
Auriel Catherine Clark, Lindsay Clark,
Beach elevations between 2.0 feet and 4.0 feet at Middle Point, near Juneau, Alaska were sampled to determine how beach sediment composition and tide levels affect the size and age distribu
each sampling quadrate were counted and saved for later measurements of size, weight, and age. Sediment samples were also collected to determine substrate size composition by sieving throu
showed that there are significant differences in age composition and sizes of butter clams from different tide levels, but no significant difference in age or size composition by sediment compositi
statistically insignificant decreases in average age and increases in abundance with increasing percent of sediment less than 500 microns. The results also indicated that butter clams are most a
elevation with the highest abundance at 1.0 feet. The oldest clams were found at 0 feet tide level with an average age of 25.3 years. The youngest clams were found at tide levels 3 and + 2 feet
study and the suite of data selected for collection and analysis could be used to determine age and size structures, year class strengths as indicators of recruitment events, relative abundance, a
of clams. These data are essential for development of strategies for sustainable harvest and culture of this resource. One surprising finding of our study was that many butter clams are far older t
the literature. This may result in more conservative harvest guidelines in the future for this species than would otherwise have been prescribed.
2012 AS304
BENEFITS OF THE GLIRICIDIA SEPIUM FOR POULTRY FEEDING
Angie Paola Hoyos Morales, Carlos Alfredo Regino,
Colegio Diocesano San Pedro Apostol, San Pedro de Uraba, Antioquia, COLOMBIA
Chicken consumption is common in Colombia and represents and important industry worldwide. With this project we wanted to work on an alternative feed for poultry birds, since in dry seasons th
decreases. We know that proteins are important for the good nutrition of these birds and in traditional farming its main source is insects, larvae and worms that are found on the soil. In dr
to lack of soilmoisture, and grain feed such as corn is costly, since maize crops also reduce their productivity in these seasons. That is why we wanted to look for other feedsources for poultry
foliage of the tree Gliricidia sepium, a legume known for its nutritious potential and its widely available distribution. This plant is used as a hedgerow in many places and it easily accessible. In thi
weight and increased their egglaying when they were fed with G. sepium constantly during 7 weeks. We concluded that the leaves of this tree, combined with corn and other elements, are a prom
2009 AS304
MOODY BLUE: A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF BLUE LIGHTS ON VITILIGOUS AND COMMERCIAL CHICKENS.
Ashley Dawn Smith, Lesley Smith,
Alpena High School, Alpena, AR
The purpose of this project is to see if standard blue lights have a calming effect on Vitiligous Smyth line chickens, delay or prevent the symptoms of Vitiligo, and the impact on Smyth Line chick
gain efficiency. The chickens were housed individually and the control group was placed under standard white lights and the experimental group under blue lights. At weeks 59
the severity of the Smyth line chickens' Vitiligo ("1" showing no white and no sign of Vitiligo and "5" showing all white and the Vitiligo condition). Also calculated was the chickens' feed conversion
found that the Smyth line chickens showed significant differences with the control group, scoring an average of 1.3 and the blue group scoring 1.5 (p<0.025169). We found significant differences f
chickens (p<0.031699). Even though there were no significant differences in our feed efficiencies, the commercial chickens in the blue group had the better efficiency. In concl
chickens in the control group weighed slightly more each week than those in blue light. However, the commercial chickens in the blue group had a better feed conversion as well as a better efficie
group had a slightly higher score of Vitiligo than in the control group.
2008 AS304
A BUG'S (PRIVATE) LIFE: THE EGGLAYING PREFERENCES OF LYGUS LINEOLARIS
Michelle Elise Johnson, Lyndsey Tindall,
Nettleton High School, Jonesboro, AR
Lygus lineolaris, or the tarnished plant bug, is a significant threat to a wide range of crops. Its feeding habits cause damage to developing fruit, which is harmful to crop yields. This experiment se
the tarnished plant bug, in order to improve plant bugrearing techniques. This will enable more research to be performed and help to remove plant bugs as a threat to crops. Experiments
of eggpack was most preferred for oviposition, whether plant bugs oviposited in any color of eggpack if not given a choice, whether the color of the eggpack affected oviposition rate, whether pl
on color or on a chemical in the food dye, and whether plant bugs preferred to oviposit with or without light. Eggpacks were placed on boxes full of plant bugs so the insects could oviposit in the
colored eggpacks were used, and for the nochoice test only one color of eggpack was used. After three hours, the eggpacks were removed and replaced with fresh eggpacks. Both tests were
experiments were completed, the number of eggs oviposited in each experiment was analyzed. It was found that the plant bugs preferred the neutralcolored eggpack in the light and the
that a chemical in the food dye was the factor in eggpack preference, because in the lighttest the green eggpack was favored only slightly less than the neutral eggpack. In the nochoice nolig
over neutral eggpacks. In both of the nochoice tests, plant bugs oviposited less when given an eggpack whose color they disliked. In the lightdark tests, the plant bugs oviposited more in the d
2014 AS304
RUBUS ELLIPTICUS: AN EFFECTIVE SOLUTION AGAINST GIARDIASIS.
Abhishek Verma, Daksh Dua
Maharaja Agarsain Public School, Delhi, India
Giardia intestinalis is one of the most common causes of protozoan diarrhoea worldwide, and leads to significant morbidity and mortality. The organism is ubiquitous and has been identified in the
Health Organisation estimates around 200 million people are infected with this parasite. In India, occurrence of this parasite is 114 per 1000 people. The purpose of the project is to prom
occurring wild herb as an effective, economic, safe and sustainable remedy against Giardia intestinalis. This parasite colonizes and reproduces in the small intestine leading to diarrhoea. Drugs in
but also have become ineffective due to resistance developed by Giardia against them. This has prompted the investigation of a natural product, Rubusellipticus to validate the giardicidal property
 Experiments demonstrate that root extract of this herb can be effectively used as a natural remedy against giardiasis.

Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Animal Sciences
2011 AS304
BIRDS OF THE SANTA CRUZ SANDHILLS
Alexander Michael Rinkert, Connor Chesus,
The Santa Cruz Sandhills is a rare and unique habitat found only in central Santa Cruz County, California. There are two distinct communities that make up the habitat: Sand Chaparral and Sand
4,000 acres of Sandhills habitat. These two communities are home to many endemic organisms that are adapted to the climate the habitat makes. Because of this uniqueness and rarity, the San
study in many different areas of science. However, one area lacks considerably: birds and avian ecology. Very little information is known about the birds of the Sandhills. It has been loosely prop
the adjacent habitats, mixed evergreen and Coastal Redwood forest, but no study has been preformed to confirm or deny this. This led us to ask “What are the ‘birds of the Santa Cruz Sandhills’,
community within this habitat?” In September 2010, we began monitoring three Sandhills sites (one each of Sand Parkland, Sand Chaparral, and a site of mixed communities) to determine if the d
Sandhills was influenced by their adjacent habitats. Through a process of monitoring three times a week in area count form, we were able to determine what and how many birds are in each comm
that to the adjacent habitats to see if there is any similarity between avian life.
2007 AS304
SEARCHING THE GENE ESSENTIAL FOR DROSOPHILA DEVELOPMENT: IDENTIFICATION OF ESCARGOT
HungJen Chen, Lai TsaiTa
Taipei Municipal ChienKuo Senior High School, Taipei, Taiwan, R.O.C.
Using the Drosophila model, we studied how overexpression of genes induced a certain phenotype of shorter antennae and defects in the anterior equatorial region of eyes. Five strains with these
strains by molecular screens between the Pelement lines (EP lines) and the pattern lines overexpressing a gene dll, abdA, or Ubx under the leading of promoter eq, or pattern lines expressing GA
promoter eq, ey, or dpp. In this study, we used plasmid rescue and inverse PCR to check the insertion site of the Pelement and get the flanking sequence of a gene responsible for the
inserted in the upstream of gene escargot (esg), we identified the involvement of esg in the developmental control. To understand the spatiotemporal control of Esg protein in Drosophila
of imaginal discs of "wild type", "eq>esg cross with UASGFP", "eq>GFP (control)" and other strains with antibodies (antiDll, antiCaspase3, antiEsg, etc.) The results showed that protein Esg c
threeinstar larvae in normal. Overexpression of Esg caused the defects of distal antennae and the anterior equatorial region of eyes, indicating its expression level needed to be controlled for cel
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winners Team Projects Presented by Science News
2008 AS305
CONSUMPTION OF FOOD ELABORATED ON THE BASIS OF CRICKETS (ACHETA DOMESTICUS), AS A COMPLEMENT RICH IN PROTEINS
Camila Silvina Correa, Marcela Guerra,
Liceo NO 5, Tacuarembo, URUGUAY
The purpose of this project is to search for a source of proteins which is abundant and not expensive since it has been detected that most children are quite short due to the fact
proteins. The crickets (Acheta domesticus) can be considered as an alternative source owing to their abundance and the fact of containing proteins as any other insect. On <
above, the aim of this project is to investigate the nutritive value of these insects and the possibility of including them in our daily diet. To achieve our aims some professionals were interviewed:
nutritionist. The survey indicates that proteins are essential in the psychophysical development of children and that not all the proteins have the same nutritive value. A breeding place was built i
analysis of the recognition of proteins with nitric acid within the crickets is done. Apart from this, flour was elaborated, which was used to prepare biscuits. The result of the analysis made to the c
On the basis of these findings, it can be concluded that the cricket are an alternative source of proteins consumption. Furthermore, the cultural barriers are an important obstacle for the consump
may contribute to solve a problem that concerns everyone throughout the world and raise awareness about the vital importance of proteins consumption.
2007 AS305
THE EFFECTS OF FLUID MECHANICAL PRESSURE ON THE REGENERATION IN PLANARIA
Matthew Adam Woo, Austin Chang
Manhasset High School, Manhasset, New York
Over 6,000 people died last year waiting for organ transplants (United Network for Organ Sharing). Stem cells are the key to help solve this problem. Some scientists believe that physical pressur
differentiation (Tang, 04). The purpose of this experiment is to see what effects fluid pressure has on Planarian blastmea cells regeneration. The experiment had 6 dorsal ventrally cut planarian pu
observed their growth daily at pressures of 1.0 x10^5 N/m^2(control), 1.10 x10^5 N/m^2(3ft), 1.19 x10^5 N/m^2(6ft), and 1.28 x10^5 N/m^2(9ft). The tubes were fastened at depths of 3 feet, 6 fee
10foot water column. For each trial, planarian were observed and given a ranking from 1 to 6, based on a scale developed by Sarraf (05). These ranking represented how far along the planarian w
process was repeated 6 times for all groups, totaling 576 planarian. Photos of the planarian development were taken at each stage. Results indicate that at the lowest depth, the regeneration proc
the control. There was a significant difference in the quality and rate of regeneration of the planarian, between the control and 9ft variable group. A One Way ANOVA test followed by a Sheffe pos
also found a p<.01. Greater fluid pressure seems to degrade rate and quality of stem cell regeneration.
2010 AS305
SILKWORM CHARACTERISTICS IMPROVEMENT THROUGH GENETIC HYBRIDIZATION: PHAGOUS AND RESISTANCE OPTIMIZATION
Yue Zhu, Sirui Huang, Fei Chen
Shanghai Wei Yu High School, Shanghai, Shanghai, CHINA
Silkworm is an insect with great economic value, while its monophagous trait and weak physique formed during long time domestication have impaired its further application. So this project aims
improve the resistance of silkworm through genetic hybridization,which will highly increase the economic value and breeding simplicity of it. The research include following stages. (1)Hybridize tw
paired characters to understand the genetic properties of phagous gene; then screen the individuals from BC1 generation with polyphagous and highquality silk traits for next period hybridization.
sequences between the resistance gene, specially existed in the L10 strain, and normal gene through positional cloning and DNA sequencing. (3)Explore the disparity between mln gene of i04 str
injecting dsmln into final stage of larvae or earlier stage of pupae and observing the phenotype of moth to verify our conclusion about mln gene. The results showed: (1)The polyphagous trait is co
are some individuals in progenies that are polyphagous with highquality of silk, indicating that those traits can be combined by hybridization. (2)Comparing to normal gene, nsdz gene, the resista
chromosome 17 has lost 8 nucleotides (8 bp deletions). (3)The mln gene,locating on chromosome 18, has lost exon 4 compared to normal genes. In next stage, the preliminary combination of se
through pyramiding breeding. So the conclusion is: a new strain of silkworm with polyphagous, strong resistance and highquality silk traits can be cultivated through hybridization.
2011 AS305
THE OBSERVATION OF THE BREEDING AND MATING HABITS OF MICE ACCORDING TO THE FOODS THEY CONSUME
Jazmin Ariel Acebedo Nicolas, Caelyn Udani,
James Campbell High School, Ewa Beach, HI
Our project was performed by having two separate pairs of mice and putting each pair on a strict diet, after the allowed time for the mice to adjust to their diet, they were placed together into a ma
interaction towards eachother. The experiment started with first adjusting all the mice to their specific diets and allowing their body enough time to react and correspond with the new nut
time period had elapsed the mice of the same experimental group were placed into their corresponding mating cages that were equipped with their specific diet.The mice were only allowed in their
there was sign of sexual activity between the mice. Once sexual activity occurred between the mice, they were immediately separated and returned into their individual cages. After a few weeks
groups had given birth to their litter and the second half of the data was collected. To ensure that the experiment was controlled during the time period, we made sure to control all the oth
positive/negative affect on the experiment; such as cleaning the cages every day, having the same amount of water/food in each mice cage, and allowing the mice to only be in the same cage fo
2013 AS305
HOW COLD EXPOSURE AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF TREHALOSE PHOSPHATE SYNTHASE IN LYRE CRABS (HYAS LYRATUS)
Erin Gaffaney, Anna Thompson
To determine whether cold exposure affects the expression of TPS in lyre Crabs, RNA was isolated from tissues of crabs exposed to both cold and ambient seawater. cDNA was made from the i
isolate and replicate the gene. Then agarose gel electrophoresis was used to determine whether the TPS gene was expressed. PCR was performed using primers developed for blue cra
no TPS gene was isolated. We determined that the lack of an amplified TPS gene could have been due to the primer that we used. Because the primer used was specific to blue crabs, there is a
gene is highly conserved between other species, the phylogenetic separation between blue crabs and lyre crabs made for difference in the TPS gene. We also extracted hemolymph from
temperatures before and after acclimation to test levels of glucose and trehalose. Our data regarding the hemolymph showed temperature had no statistical effect on trehalose and glucose conce
that increased temperature decreased trehalose concentrations, so our current data suggests below 3°C crabs reach a threshold, where they will not produce more trehalose. Our results
important carbohydrate in transgenic organism research, cryogenics, and organ transplants. Understanding how trehalose functions in species that uses it as a primary blood sugar helps us bette
2014 AS305
INVESTIGATING A SLEEP INDUCING GENE FOUND IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Daniel Tang, Taylor Sun,JoonHee Lee
International School of Beijing, Beijing, Heibei province, China
The goal of this research was to find sleeprelated genes and investigate their relations to humans. Fruit flies were chosen as the subject of this experiment, because they have been used in prior
sleep related gene, a certain PElement (an artificial gene sequence) was used to randomly disrupt genes in fruit flies. These mutated fruit flies were then tested for altered sleep behavior using in
movement tracking. Through this method, a certain line of fruit flies with sleep loss was found. This indicated that the gene disrupted by the Pelement was a sleepinducing gene. To find the exa
Inverse PCR was used. Using the identified sequence and a comparison to gene databases, the gene was identified to be CG10098 in drosophila melanogaster. Some bioinformatics analysis indi
conserved gene. Also, it was found that a homolog protein found in mice functioned in the synapse of neurons, indicating that CG10098 might function in a similar area. Additionally, it should be n
thoroughly researched before. With the identification of CG10098’s gene sequence, its relation to similar genes in other organisms (most importantly, humans) and its characteristics was investig
this sleepinducing gene can be used to deal with many of the sleeprelated problems in modern society. Its identification is also a step forward in researching the genetics of drosophila.
2012 AS305
INVESTIGATING THE SPREAD OF THE INFLUENZA A VIRUS: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE H1N1 SUBTYPE
Surya Narayanaraju Bhupatiraju, Hao Shen,
Lexington High School, Lexington, MA
The H1N1 subtype of the influenza A virus is one of the most common types of the influenza A virus, and was responsible for the 2009 SOIV pandemic, the 1918 Spanish Flu, and the 1976 Swin
light on the virus's evolutionary history between 1918 and 2009 and reveal trends in its phylogeny. Past studies have not documented this entire time frame, and the few published trees lack stron
strains from infected humans in the US between 1918 and 2009 were taken from the NCBI and FluDB databases. After aligning the sequences with MAFFT, two principal phylogenetic trees were
compiled by PAUP*, and a phylogram compiled by BEAST with an MCMC length set to 60,000,000. These two trees had high bootstrap values and strong posterior probabilities on each branch.<
hypothesis that the 2009 strains were related to the 1918 strains. In addition, two separate clades of H1N1 were shown to exist: one of which is the seasonal flu, and the other is a triple reassortm
strains. The route that the H1N1 subtype took as it moved throughout the US was also found, and surprisingly, the time and nucleotide location of H275Y Oseltamivir resistance in seasonal H1N1
nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data between individual strains and the 'aggregate' swine flu strain.
2009 AS305
DIFFERENCES IN CONDITION OF OVERWINTERING COHO SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH) FROM TWO DIFFERENT STREAMS IN SOUTHEAST ALASKA
Robin Lucien Woodby, Nick Wolf Parker,
Little is known about the change in condition of salmon over winter even though winter conditions may affect their survival. A better understanding of winter’s effects on salmon could help explain
salmon condition changed over winter we captured juvenile coho salmon between November 2008 and February 2009 from two streams near Juneau, Alaska: Peterson and Montana Creeks. As m
RNA/DNA ratios, lengthadjusted dry mass, and lipid content. Previous work showed coho losing lipid and dry mass in winter, but no work has been done with RNA/DNA ratios. We hypothesized
decrease over winter. Our hypothesis was rejected. We saw no change in the lipid, lengthadjusted dry mass or RNA/DNA over time in the streams. We concluded that coho do not deteriorate in c
RNA/DNA ratios were significantly higher in Peterson Creek. We conclude that Peterson Creek is a better wintering habitat for coho than Montana Creek. A comparison of the dry mass of fish fro
month when they were simultaneously sampled, showed no difference, but the average length of fish from Peterson Creek was longer than Montana Creek. Increased length, RNA/DNA, and lipid
Peterson Creek in winter. Concurrence between RNA/DNA and the other condition measures indicates RNA/DNA ratios may be a good indicator of fish condition.
2014 AS306
THREE NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS NOVOPHYTOPTUS ROIVAINEN 1947 (ACARIFORMES, ERIOPHYOIDEA) FROM RUSSIA, SERBIA AND USA
Timofei Petrushenko, Valentina Ruazantceva
Academic Gymnasium of SaintPetersburg State University, SaintPetersburg, Russian Federation
Eriophyoid mites of the genus Novophytoptus live inside air cavities of leaves and stems of herbaceous monocots. Three new species of this genus were found on rushes (Juncaceae) in NorthW
ten species of the genus Novophytoptus have been found in Europe (7 species), North America (2 species) and South America (1 species) on plants from the order Poales (families Poaceae, Jun
Component analysis of morphological traits shows that Novophytoptus mite species living on grasses, sedges and rushes do not form three separate groups. Morphological adaptations of Novoph
their endoparasitic life style are briefly discussed.
2010 AS306
PLANKTON POPULATION CENSUS IN THE EASTERN SHORE OF PUERTO RICO THE ATLANTIC OCEAN (PHASE IV)
Ruben Oscar Bras, Guillermo Mirandes, Alejandro Taveira
Colegio Marista, Guaynabo, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the plankton population in the region between Isla Ramos and Medio Mundo, in Fajardo, Puerto Rico. This area is near a marina where significant human a
microorganism which moves according to water currents. It is at the bottom of the marine food chain; not only is it the food source to small fish, but also to large whales. The study was conducte
temperatures were low, with an average temperature of 24ºC. This caused an increase in algae populations which include that of the diatoms. A boat served to reach the chosen area and a net wa
from the water. To each sample, ten mL of red phenol preservative were added. Samples were collected at depths of around three, six, twelve, and fifteen meters, and then studied in the laborato
collected in order to be analyzed chemically. This part of the experiment (the chemical profile) was based on pH and oxygen levels. Moreover, observations and analysis of these samples were re
comparison with last year’s findings. At the time of study, between the months of September and January, phytoplankton dominated over zooplankton. It may be inferred that the marine ecosyste
four years but it is interesting to note a sharp absence of zooplankton compared to last years’ findings.
2012 AS306
THE EFFECT OF NATURAL BETA BLOCKERS ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER AND DAPHNIA MAGNA EXPOSED TO CAFFEINE
Jessica Gabrielle Smith, Madeline Weinfeld,
Pascack Hills High School, Montvale, NJ
The subject of this experiment was to test the effect of bananas and raisins on Drosophila melanogaster and Daphnia magna exposed to caffeine. The purpose of this study was to determine if ba
caffeine’s effect of increasing heart rate and decreasing lifespan of Daphnia magna and Drosophila melanogaster respectively. Claims in literature suggest that potassium counteracts caffeine’s e
high in potassium. If bananas or raisins counteract caffeine’s effect and Daphnia given NoDoz and bananas or raisins are compared to Daphnia given NoDoz without banana or raisins then the Da
slower heart rate. If bananas or raisins counteract caffeine’s effect and Drosophila given NoDoz and bananas or raisins are compared to Drosophila given NoDOz without banana or raisins then th
live longer. Drosophila and Daphnia given caffeine and banana or raisin were compared to Daphnia and Drosophila given caffeine only and Daphnia and Drosophila given no caffeine. Heart rates w
and lifespan recorded in Drosophila. Data showed that that the average heart rate of Daphnia on caffeine alone was 223.33 bpm and percent Drosophila living was zero while compared to raisins D
percent Drosophila living was 71.43. With Lopressor, Daphnia heart rate was 171.33 bpm and percent Drosophila living was 57.14, and nontreated Daphnia had a heart rate of 189.33 and percent
suggests that consumption of raisins may be effective in decreasing heart rate and may be a natural substitute or adjunct to Lopressor.
2008 AS306
POLLUTION IS A MAJOR FACTOR INFLUENCING POPULATION GENETIC STRUCTURE OF WILD GOLDFISH IN LAKE DIANCHI, CHINA
Zijie Zhang, Shiying Li, Yuqiuxiao Wu
Middle School Attached to Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, CHINA
Lake Dianchi ranks as one of the three most polluted lakes in China. It contains variable levels of pollution, depending on the proximity to the city of Kunming. The lake serves as a source of fish
goldfish (Carassius auratus). These common fish have two chromosomal forms: diploids and triploids. The effect of lake pollution on the genetic structure of goldfish was assessed by evaluating
using flow cytometry, and haplotype diversity (Hd), involving sequencing mtDNA Dloop. Pearson correlation was used to statistically investigate the association between the two measures of gen
measures of water pollution. Water pollution decreased from north to south in Lake Dianchi. In parallel, the relative proportion of triploids to diploids dramatically decreased, while th
Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the frequency of diploid fishes was significantly correlated with Chlorophylla (Chla) (P=0.002), biological oxygen demand (BOD) (P=0.045) and chemica
The frequency of diploids was not significantly correlated with total phosphorus (TP) and total nitrogen (TN). In comparison, Hd was significantly correlated with TP and TN (P=0.001), but not sign
a. Although strong directional selection was indicated for both genetic measures, they appeared to be selected independently. Our finding indicated that water pollution and eutrophication might ha
in the wild goldfish’s genetic structure.
2007 AS306
OH, WHERE HAS MY MEMORY GONE? (A PLANARIAN'S PERSPECTIVE)
Rose Yee, Victoria Yum
North Park Collegiate and Vocational School, Brantford, Ontario, Canada
The question addressed in this project was whether the memory of a learned behaviour that was taught to a whole planarian (Dugesia tigrina) would be retained by only the head region (where a “ru
region as well (after cutting the whole planarian in half). The hypothesis was that both the head and tail regions of the planarian would separately retain the memory of the learned behaviour. It is t
just stored in the brain but in the form of molecules that can be found throughout its body. To conduct the experiment, a “task” (to turn “left” in a modified tmaze) was taught to
Once the planaria had learned the task, they were cut into anterior (head) and posterior (tail) halves, allowed a period of “adjustment”, and then the head and tail regions were tested separately to
turn had been retained. Data were collected on the number of trials it took each planarian to initially learn the task and then, after cutting the planaria in half, on whether the sep
individually remember the task. It was found that tail regions “remembered” the direction to turn in the tmaze as well as the head regions. Memory does not appear to require the planarian’s “brain
2009 AS306
AGRICULTURAL PROXIMITY AND CATTLE ACCESS TO FRESHWATER PONDS INCREASE TREMATODE PREVALENCE WITHIN FIRST INTERMEDIATE SNAIL HOSTS
Felicia Anne King, Rogan Kriedt,
Pacific Collegiate School, Santa Cruz, CA
Increased amphibian malformations have been recognized as one of the driving factors in the decline of many amphibian populations. Analyzing the cause of these malformations is essential to p
and field settings, parasitic trematode infections have been linked to these malformations. Anthropomorphic eutrophication is a growing concern; we examined environmental effects assu
agriculture and livestock upon freshwater ponds and their prevalence of trematode infections. Our purpose was to describe the trematode and snail communities, determine prevalence of
establish potential correlations between nutrient levels and trematode prevalence. We randomly sampled 534 snails from 27 ponds in Santa Cruz and Monterey Counties California.
microhabitates. Snails were collected along the periphery and along transects. In the lab, snails were keyed, measured, and dissected to indentify trematode infections. Slides were mad
identify the cercariae. We observed a strong correlation between agricultural proximity and infection prevalence (Student’s t, Comparison of Mean, P=0.00089) and a strong correlation be
infection prevalence within a single property, which relieved concerns of specialauto correlation (Comparison of Mean, P=0.025). We noted a strong positive correlation between the actual infectio
environmental infection trends that strengthens the argument that there is a distinct correlation between the parasitehost exposure to high nutrient levels and the infection prevalence to trematode
P<0.0001).
2011 AS306
THE MECHANISM OF LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACIDINDUCED PROCOAGULATION IN HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Junha Park, Ji Hun An,
Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Busan, SOUTH KOREA
Erythrocytes transfer oxygen in the circulatory system, but recent studies have suggested that they can also participate in coagulation by phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and microvesicle (MV
reports of a detailed and assured mechanism how intrinsic substances causes these effects. We investigated the effects of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a lipid mediator that is released from act
endogenous procoagulant. It has been only known that intracellular Ca2+ levels and PS exposure can be induced by LPA. We examined whether PS exposure and MV generation in human erythr
measured the changes in intracellular Ca2+ and ATP levels. To elucidate the detailed novel mechanism of PS exposure of erythrocytes mediated by LPA, we applied the idea of membra
and flippase, controlled by Ca2+ and ATP respectively. We measured the activities of membrane phospholipid translocases, and we successfully investigated their underlying mechanisms accor
 identified the physiological and pathological significance of LPA by observing the procoagulant activity of PSexposed erythrocytes and adhesion of erythrocytes to vascular endothelial cells
vivo condition using rat thrombosis model. The results suggest that this new insight could facilitate the prevention and treatment of thrombosis by offering possibility to control specific st
2013 AS306
RESEARCH ANALYSIS ON THE FEATURES OF FAMILIES OF KOREAN BUTTERFLIES BASED ON THEIR VEINS
Soo Kyeong Ju, Sumin Bang
Dongducheon High School, Dongducheonsi, SOUTH KOREA
Research analysis on the features of families of Korean butterflies based on their veins. During classifying the butterflies, we realized that their wings of colors, patterns, even the vein ar
analyzed and classified about 72 species of Korean butterflies' vein. We bleached the butterflies' wings to observe more closely. Through this way, we studied similarities and differences
based on characters of their veins. The result of this study follows like this ; There were some similarities and differences in the subfamily. Those results were important to identify the p
veins. The wings of insects cannot be found in other animals, and wings are very unique and distinctive. All wings have different sizes and shapes, but, it can identify by veins. Also, al
similarities and differences about veins. We think this is one of important an object of study to classify them. Therefore, it is expected to be able to analyze the phylogenetic relationships of simil
2007 AS307
UVB RADIATION AND APHIDPARASTOID INTERACTIONS: THE INFLUENCE OF UVB RADIATION ON VARIATION IN RESISTANCE TO PARASITISM IN ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (PE
David William Charles, Colleen Quigley
Salpointe Catholic High School, Tucson AZ, USA
Recently there has been a proven reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer and increases in UVB radiation. Environmental change affects factors such as populations and genetic diversity of in
genetically respond to environmental changes with infection by facultative bacterial endosymbionts like Buchnera(5a) and Hamiltonella defensa(A1A5A) which confer resistance to parasitoid was
determine if exposure of Pea Aphids to UVB radiation would affect the symbiontmediated resistance to parasitism by A.ervi. We Built two UVB radiation chambers. One radiated a low
level (310 cW/cm2). We exposed the aphids to A. ervi (wasps) for parasitism and then 6 hours of UVB per day. After ten days we counted parasitized aphids, live adults, and offspring. We asses
data using logistical regression (Oneway Anova Analysis). We analyzed for both aphid code and UVB exposure. Results indicated the greatest number of parasitized adults occurred in t
low UVB, 5a aphids( 3.6000 mean), low UVB A1A5A aphids (1.86667) and the lowest number of parasitized aphids occurred in the high UVB A1A5A aphids, (3.60000 mean). Natural e
balance and adaptive change in insects. The contribution of this experiment is establishing that of the two variables, aphid code and UVB radiation exposure, the aphid code was a significantly s
parasitism than exposure to UVB radiation. 
2012 AS307
THE EFFECTS OF SCHRECKSTOFF ON MINNOWS
Charley Lynn Denmark, Katheryn Bennett,
WinderBarrow High School, Winder, GA
Yellowfin Shiners (Notropis lutipinnis) release a pheromone, Schreckstoff, when they are harmed which “tells” the other Yellowfin Shiners in the area to hide. We wanted to test the reactions of the
with this project. We know there is a symbiotic relationship between these two fish; Creek Chubs build the nests for Yellowfin Shiners to lay their eggs in, and due to the size difference between t
protect the eggs more effectively. According to research, all cyprinidae should respond negatively to the pheromone. This project is designed to test the reaction of the creek chubs. To conduct t
which contained sardines and three unharmed Yellowfin Shiners. The next trap we set was the Schreckstoff trap, which contained sardines and three Yellowfin Shiners that had been scraped (scr
get them to release Schreckstoff without harming them). This process was repeated multiple times. We found that there was a significant difference between the Chub to Shiner ratio in the Contro
On average, 46% of the fish caught in the control trap were Creek Chubs, and this percentage increases to 77% in the Schreckstoff trap. From this data, we can conclude that our hypothesis was
release of Schreckstoff in an effort to protect Yellowfin Shiners.
2010 AS307
GROWTH OF MEALWORMS (TENEBRIO MOLITOR) WHEN FED PROTEIN SUPPLEMENTS
Alexis Whitney Olson, Tayler Doorn,
People are led to believe that protein supplements will increase muscle mass since it is a major component of muscle cells. The common mealworm, Tenebrio molitor, was used to study the effe
 Mealworms were individually kept in containers containing food sources both high and low in protein – some of them marketed specifically for muscle development in humans. Individual wor
day intervals for 21 days. A total body protein analysis was performed using a colorimetric Biuret’s test at day 21. The three high protein sources ranked lowest in percent change in len
increase) outperformed the whey protein source (3.8%) at day 21. Wheat germ (4 g protein and 1.5 g fat per serving) stimulated the most growth (20.4%). High protein induced negative growth tre
strong positive growth trends. With equal fat contents, the presence of high protein reduced growth. Total protein content was inconclusive. A well balanced diet is required for optimum g
high protein diet reduced growth rates in T. molitor. If mealworms were accepted as models of human nutrition, these results would indicate that a high protein/no fat diet could be detrimental to g
the strength of mature beetles raised from larvae on specific diets.
2013 AS307
THE UNIQUE MOUTHPARTS OF DRAGONFLY LARVAE
Hye Seong Jang, So Hi Lee, Chae Eun Park
Hongseong Girls' Middle School, Hongseong, SOUTH KOREA
We went fishing and saw the dragonfly larvae attached to the fish. and we had Interesting that it is the structure of the mouth of the dragonfly larvaspecific research, then began Dragonfly larvae
insect kingdom according to their mouth, chin, and labium shapes. Quest to explore the target of dragonfly larvae collected each representative of the five species selected have been in
into a moving mouth, palpal lobe, and a novella. Developed movable mouths of the five types of dragonflies and Small king Dragonfly, Hummock Dragonfly was a dragonfly. The Small ki
length; measured at 1/3 of its height. The Young General Dragonfly had the shortest labium length; measured at 1/5 of its height. A semicircle bulb found at the center of a dragonfly larva's labium
Young General Dragonfly and Hummock Dragonfly have many bristles in their mouths. The mouth structure of dragonfly larvae shows a lot of differences in the appearance of the lower li
the same as a dragonfly evolves from a bristled dragonfly larva into an adult dragonfly. Keyword: dragonfly larvae, mouthpart, movable hook, labium
2014 AS307
THE EFFECTS OF NONIONIZING RADIATION FROM WIRELESS FIDELITY IN THE CIRCADIAN RHYTHM OF THE FRUIT FLY (DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER)
Albert Joel ColonGonzalez, Pedro RodriguezFernandez
University Gardens High School, San Juan, Puerto Rico
The amount of electronic devices that use WiFi has created an excess of nonionizing radiation which has been classified as pollution, called electrosmog. But what if the electromagnetic waves
problems to living organisms? This research used Drosophila melanogaster to measure their circadian rhythm, and see if they were affected by the presence of WiFi. The hypothesis was that if D
nonionizing radiation, then changes could occur in its circadian rhythm. To investigate this, movement sensors were used to track the changes that occurred in the circadian rhythm of the flies in
of thirtytwo female flies and thirtytwo male flies were exposed to these waves for six straight days. Data on the number of hours that each fly slept was gathered and averages were also obtaine
female flies slept. The fruit flies’ circadian rhythm was affected by the waves of WiFi and it was affected in a different way for male and female flies. Statistical analysis evidenced that the effect
between gender and WiFi were significantly related to the circadian rhythm Graph analysis evidenced that male fruit flies, slept less than the male control group; they were awake when they were
females slept much more than the female control group; they slept when they were supposed to be awake. In conclusion the hypothesis was approved.
2009 AS307
THE EFFECT OF PREBIRTH LEARNING ON CUTTLEFISH
Timothy Joseph Higgins, Eric David Morris,
South County Secondary School, Lorton, VA
The cuttlefish are marine invertebrates under the order Sepiida and belonging to the Cephalopoda class. The Sepia pharaonis is a tropical species of cuttlefish that live in the IndoPacific Ocean.
intelligence the cuttlefish has a biological advantage over most other marine species. It is theorized that the cuttlefish can absorb visual cues through their clear embryonic sac before birth, sugge
was designed to test the hypothesis that if cuttlefish embryos are exposed to an environment where they observe creatures other then their natural diet, they will tend to eat those animals instead
Three salt water tanks were set up, each containing five cuttlefish embryos. In tank one the embryos observed nothing, serving as the control. Tank two contained cuttlefish observing crabs, but
contained the cuttlefish observing shrimp and crabs, while being separated by a clear barrier. Twentyfour hours after hatching from their embryonic sacs, the clear barrier was removed from tanks
shrimp and crabs were added to all three tanks allowing the cuttlefish to interact and feed on the desired species of their choice. Five days after the cuttlefish hatched, it was determined that the
in which they observed while developing in their embryonic sacs. This research supports the theory that prebirth learning is capable of occurring with the Sepia pharaonis species.
2008 AS307
AUTOTOMY AS A MEANS OF SURVIVAL IN THE SEA CUCUMBER, HOLOTHURIA GLABERRIMA
Eric Rafael RodriguezReyes, Luis A. Rodriguez Reyes,
University Gardens Special High School, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
There is a wide variety of Echinoderms in the ocean. This is a phylum of 6000 species, and one of its groups has a high regeneration capability, specifically those of the Holothuria class.
the capability to regenerate its digestive system through the process of autotomy or evisceration by which it expels some of its organs. The problem for this investigation was: How is the oxygen
glaberrima” related to its evisceration process? The hypothesis under study was that there is a relationship between the level of dissolved oxygen (DO) and the process of evisceration of the sea
survival, since the oxygen intake of the animal decreases after evisceration. The experiment was divided into two phases. In the first phase the oxygen intake of one sea cucumber was measure
cucumber was measured before, during and after evisceration. In the second phase of the experiment the oxygen intake of three other sea cucumbers was measured before, during and after evis
device called dissolved oxygen probe which measures the DO in mg/L, for a period of 60 minutes. According to the experimental data, the sea cucumber “H. glaberrima” uses more DO during and
contradicted the hypothesis. The reason for this phenomenon is that the sea cucumber uses a high amount of energy during the evisceration process.
2013 AS308
A STUDY ON THE RETROPRINCIPLE OF THE MOSQUITO LARVA
HyeBin Park, JeeYoon Kim, HaLim Kim, halim Kim
Boyoung Girl's Middle School, Dongducheon, SOUTH KOREA
After finding mosquito larvae move backward using their tails unlike other aquatic insects, we tried to reveal the retro propulsion principle scientifically. In addition, we intended to find out the grad
backward motion which is not found yet and suggest a biomimetic direction from special organs and motion of mosquito larvae. As a result, we observed that mosquito larvae can move
and the patterns that they move their tails vary according to the moving direction. When moving forward, similar to other aquatic insects, they wiggled their tails and heads side to side between 30
their tails turned in the opposite direction of heads quickly. We monitored a peculiar backward. While, when moving backward, their tails turned in the opposite direction of heads quickly
motion of mosquito larvae with a superhigh speed camera (1/1000 sec). The examination led to the discovery of the following gradual motion paths. we found that mosquito larvae push w
pushing water off toward their tails by controlling the surface area of water exclusion organs when turning their tails. Also, We analyzed that the reason why the body of a mosquito larva does not
mosquito larva rolls its body by moving its head first before gaining a momentum with the tail.
2010 AS308
AN INVESTIGATIVE STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING MIGRATION OF JUVENILE AMERICAN EELS IN THE LOWER HUDSON RIVER ESTUARY
Laura Louise Hellmich, Dara Illowsky,
This study examined the environmental variables impacting a sample number of juvenile American eels (Anguilla rostrata) migrating upstream in a tributary of the lower Hudson River estuary. This
environmental conditions that enhance or inhibit the upstream migration of this species in a novel study location and to examine the effectiveness of a novel catching method, the eel mop. Glass
Hudson River for ten weeks in the spring of 2008 and 2009 using a fyke net. Eels were counted and released and tide height, water temperature, lunar phase, and water turbidity were recorded. Ad
each day of collection was measured. Over the twoyear study period a significant negative correlation existed between eel abundance and water temperature (r=.227, p<.05). The expected corre
however, was not significant (p>.05), nor was the correlation between turbidity and abundance (p>.05). Migration peaked around the new and full moons and average mass showed a negative tren
effective method of catching glass eels, elvers, and yellow phase eels. However, the relatively low numbers caught in the mops demonstrate a lack of upstream accessibility. Results of this stud
as well as use by fisheries and provides vital information for future studies of Anguilla rostrata.
2009 AS308
DETECTION OF BATRACHOCHYTRIUM DENDROBATIDIS IN SALAMANDER POPULATIONS OF TRANSYLVANIA COUNTY
Brooke Elizabeth Burrows, John Burrows, Matthew Travers
Brevard High School, Brevard, NC
With recent speculation proposing Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (the chytrid fungus) as a contributing factor in the global decline of amphibians, the initial goal of our project was to determine if
Transylvania County, NC salamanders and if so to identify trends in location, infected species, and environmental conditions. Potential sites for salamander testing were identified by pro
diversity in environmental conditions. The collection was completed using nets, markers to facilitate the return of the amphibians to their original location, and plastic bags to prevent crosscontam
measured, and swabbed. Swabs were grouped by species per location. The swabs were placed in an ethanol solution prior to being sent to the Pisces Molecular Lab for PCR analysis. 
positive result for B. dendrobatidis. Aneides aeneus, the endangered Green Salamander, and Eurycea wilderae, the Blue Ridge TwoLined Salamander, tested positive for the fungus. The infected
outcrop in Dupont State Forest and in Kings Creek, respectively. At each testing site, environmental data were recorded along with a GPS location and chemical tests. Although it was h
obvious pollution and usage would harbor the fungus, there was no indication of this with the initial data collection. With two different species at two separate locations testing positive, there was
about the spread of B. dendrobatidis.
2008 AS308
A GIS ANALYSIS OF LAND USE IN COMPARISON TO THE QUANTITY OF BALING TWINE IN OSPREY NESTS
Matt Charles Parker, Max Egenhoff,
Hellgate High School, Missoula, MT
Ospreys collect baling twine and use it to line and pad their nests. When Osprey chicks explore the nest, they can easily entangle themselves in the baling twine and suffer serious injury and eve
become seriously entangled and die as well. We hypothesized that there is a direct correlation between the percentage of agricultural or pasture land use in the area surrounding a nest and the am
 For our current and ongoing analysis we have visited many nests, collected the coordinates and ranked the nests using a categorical index with scores from zero to four to judge the amount
quantified data to work with. We then inserted the coordinates onto the GIS program Arc Map, from this we were able to quantify the surrounding land use in the form of a percentage of agricultura
data on most of the nests in the Missoula valley, and have found that there is a strong correlation between the percentages of agricultural or pasture land use and the amount of baling twine in the
2014 AS308
OLFACTOMETER AND GC/MS EVIDENCE FOR (E)2HEXENAL AS A SEMIOCHEMICAL IN THE DEFENSIVE SECRETIONS OF THE KUDZU BUG, MEGACOPTA CRIBRARIA
Abigail Anne Williams, Carly Onnink
Brevard High School, Brevard, NC, United States of America
Megacopta cribraria is a newly invasive stink bug species significantly reducing soybean crop yield across the southeastern United States. Chemical pesticides are a limited method of control an
biological control options. This study is the first reported attempt to identify M. cribraria pheromones that could be utilized in an insect trap for environmentally friendly monitoring or integrated pes
M. cribraria females to be significantly attracted to disturbed M. cribraria specimens. While little is known about the pheromones of the Plataspidae family, a study of Tessaratoma papillosa, anot
superfamily, yielded GC/MS evidence of tridecane in their undisturbed and disturbed volatiles and [E]2hexenal in only their disturbed volatiles. Based on the pervasiveness of pheromone sharing
in the M. cribraria defensive secretions, hypothesizing that [E]2hexenal will illicit a semiochemical response. Open Ytrack olfactometer assays were conducted to evaluate the M. cribraria beha
tridecane. Females were significantly attracted to [E]2hexenal while males were indifferent, and both genders showed indifference to tridecane. GC/MS was performed to analyze the chemicals
Tridecane was detected in the disturbed and undisturbed volatiles, while [E]2hexenal was a component of only the disturbed volatiles. This data supports that [E]2hexenal is a semiochemical i
that could be used as a pheromone trap bait.
2007 AS308
TEMPERATURE & SAND FLY (LUTZOMYIA VERUCARRUM) DEVELOPMENT
Amanda MaryRuth Davenport, Christine Elisabeth Danielson
Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
Lutzomyia verucarrum is a strain of phlebotomine sand fly that is a vector of numerous parasitic diseases such as leishmaniasis and bartonellosis. Leishmaniasis (in its different forms) is a probl
transmittance. Although leishmaniasis is not prevalent in the United States, soldiers overseas are still subject to infection. There is no efficient cure for either disease so prevention is the key com
maladies. This strain typically thrives at 22°C while the others prefer a warmer temperature of 26°C. In order to study the effect of temperature on the life cycle of the L. verucarrum colony, two as
two temperatures. If the only variable is temperature, then the cohort at 26°C will have an accelerated mean generation time compared to that of the 22°C cohort, and the same survival rate.
temperature on sand fly development, a control group was reared in an incubator at 22°C while the experimental group was reared in an incubator at 26°C. Each group consisted of 50 bloodfed fe
cage into individual vials. These vials were studied daily upon the completion of the preoviposition phase to monitor the life cycle of the larvae. The results showed that the mean time o
at the higher temperature which contributed to an overall accelerated life cycle. Both cohorts had similar survival rates however, the number of adults that emerged varied by approximately 400 pe
2012 AS308
INVESTIGATING THE DECLINE OF THE JUVENILE ANGUILLA ROSTRATA POPULATIONS IN THE HUDSON RIVER
Pamela Hope Brigleb, Amanda Bernstein,
Anguilla rostrata (American eel) populations have declined by approximately 90% in the past few decades in the North Atlantic Coastal region; the reason for this decline remains unknown. The pu
determine how water quality parameters impact the juvenile Anguilla rostrata populations in tributaries of the Hudson River, to study the relationship between pigmentation in glass eels and stream
relationship between stream flow rate and the migration of the eel ingress. Sheldontype fyke nets were used to catch the glass eel ingress daily during the migratory season (MarchJune) in tribu
unit effort (CPUE) at Furnace Brook of glass eels was 58.71 (N=2466), while the CPUE of glass eels counted at Minisceongo Creek was 11.77 (N=612) in 2011. A YSI multiprobe used to record
significance between water temperature and abundance and Furnace Brook (p=0.0788) and at Minisceongo Creek (p=.164) in 2011. There was also a higher CPUE of glass eels when Furnace Bro
CPUE of 64.69 glass eels, while the total abundance was higher when Furnace Brook was in fresh water (river mile <37) with a total abundance of 1318 glass eels. A flow meter was used to mea
juvenile eels was anesthetized with clove oil to observe the pigmentation stage of glass eels using a dissecting microscope. These findings provide necessary insight on the reason for Anguilla ro
for habitat restoration and conservation.
Third Award of $250 Society for Freshwater Science
Team Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $4000 to be equally divided among the team members. Trip to attend the London International Youth Forum Office of Naval Research on behal
Corps
2008 AS309
THE EFFECT OF CAMEL'S URINE & MILK IN TREATING GROWTH OF BACTERIA
Anas Mohammed Rawas, moad bakr basfar, ahmed mohammed fakhri elnabarawi
AlHosain Bn Ali High School, makkah, Western, SAUDI ARABIA
This research addresses the effect of using Camel Urine in Camel Milk solution to counter the growth of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria which cause diaria and stomach upsets. 
played a great role in the lives of people as they served as dependable transportation means, food source and wealth. Nomad and desert living people used camel Urine in milk solution to treat di
different literatures from the history and in a saying of prophet Mohammad, peace be upon him, that mixing Camel Urine and Milk is a cure for different type to diseases. Several experim
monitor the effect of different rations of Camel's Urine and Milk in growth of Staphylococcus and Streptococcus bacteria which cause diaria. The results showed that mixing camel's urine
growth of bacteria which could be relatively inexpensive and available in the desert culture for those who can’t afford traditional medical treatment.
2009 AS309
THE CUES THAT ELICIT SPAWNING BEHAVIOR BY THE ROSE BITTERLING IN FRESHWATER MUSSELS CAN ROSE BITTERLING SPAWN IN A DUMMY MUSSEL?
Fumiaki Taniguchi, Yuki Tsujii, Yu Sugimoto
Seifu High School, Osakashi, Osaka, JAPAN
The rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, is a fish that spawns its eggs in the gills of freshwater mussels. The relationship between the rose bitterling and mussels can be thought of as a coevolutio
releasing mechanism for the rose bitterling to spawn has evolved using cues from the mussel. We investigated which potential mussel cues might be used as an innate releasing mechanism by r
behavior. Mussel recognition by rose bitterling was investigated using simultaneous preference tests, in which pairs of dummy mussels were presented to fish. We analyzed the compou
siphon of the mussels, and performed the ninhydrin reaction to identify the presence of amino acids. Finally, we studied the effect of the amino acids on rose bitterling behavior. Our resu
released spawning behavior were as follows: 1) a visual cue of a black ellipse with a yellow exhalant siphon; 2) an olfactory cue comprising ammonia, phosphoric acid, and some amino acids, par
sensory cue of water flow with a velocity of 4.04.9 ml/sec from the exhalant siphon. Several amino acids influenced the behavior of rose bitterling and five successful spawning acts by rose bitte
mussel with Gly. It appeared that Gly induced a balanced response between aggressive and sexual behavior by territorial male bitterling which allowed successful spawning to occur.
2007 AS309
THE BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN AND ITS MIMICKER ON MALE CALLOPLESIOPS ALTIVELIS
Mykal A Eden, Joanita Mathews
Billings West High School, Billings, MT, USA
The amount of fresh water on our planet is limited while the world’s population is consuming more and more each year. Human induced pollution is a very significant concern. Among the water po
Sulfate and a number of its mimickers. One such mimicker is BisphenolA (BPA), a runoff pollutant from plastic factories that falls into this category. While estrogen has been extensively researc
al), the mimicker BPA has not. The purpose of our study is to show that BPA mimics the estrogen compound E1S1 and has the same effect on male Calloplesiops altivelis’ aggression.
same effect as the E1S1 by reducing the aggressive behavior of the treated fish. To determine aggression we counted the number of gill flares and charges each fish made in response to its refle
determined that BPA has a statically significant (tstat= 11.98 at a 95% confidence) effect on aggressive behavior in this fish by reducing gill flare activity within the treated group.
2010 AS309
DIET PILLS: RUSE OR REAL?
Divya Shenoy, Apas Aggarwal,
With obesity on the rise, we're seeing advertisements of Acai, Alli, and Hoodia. Producers allege efficacy; however, when one reads the fine print, it asserts “results may vary." In an attempt to d
we designed an experiment using these three supplements coupled with a holding solution, our control group, on planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala). We used planaria because they divide spontane
regenerate their lost parts. To determine whether the planaria were able to survive in the human dosage, we serially diluted the supplements and concluded that the planaria were indeed able to su
solutions at their weight. An important distinction to note is that because these are diet pills, they shouldn't promote growth. We observed division at varying concentrations and noted th
solution, there was more division in Acai and Alli and less in the Hoodia. Thus, it initially seemed that the Hoodia was the most effective diet supplement because it stunted growth the most. 
system on a scale of one to five. One meaning no regeneration has taken place, five meaning regeneration is complete. When looking at head to tail regeneration, all three diet supplements prom
solution by day seven. Conversely, when looking tail to head regeneration, all three diet pills had reached a higher ranking by day four. So we saw not once but thrice that when the plan
so than when they were in the holding solution. Perhaps claims of weight loss made by consumers are due to their own efforts, not the diet pills alone.
2012 AS309
AN ISOTOPIC ANALYSIS OF ANTHROPOGENIC FOOD SOURCES IN RAPTOR DIETS USING STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIOS AND STABLE NITROGEN ISOTOPE RATIOS
Hannah Harper Hanson, Christian Seipp,
Salt Lake Center for Science Education, Salt Lake City, UT
We measured stable isotope ratios 13C/12C and 15N/14N in feather samples to find differences in anthropogenic food sources among four species of migratory raptors: American Kestrels, Redta
shinned Hawks. Recent declines in American Kestrel populations raise questions about the effects of agricultural practices, including pesticide and fertilizer usage. Collaborating with Haw
contour breast feathers from each species, collected during fall migration at a monitoring station south of Wendover, Nevada. We prepared the samples for isotopic analyses by mass spectromet
the results for statistical differences among species. American Kestrels and Redtailed Hawks hunt in woodlands and open habitats; whereas Cooper’s Hawks and Sharpshinned Hawks
13C/12C differentiates C3 vs. C4 photosynthetic plants within a food chain. Our data showed higher 13C/12C ratios in the diets of the forest raptors relative to the diets of the openspace dwellers
all the forest raptors we sampled had eaten some C4 prey. More than half of the Redtailed hawks had also consumed C4. Only 32% of the American Kestrels were C4 subsidized, suggesting eit
based agriculture and/or invasive grasses or that they failed to access this food source. Results of 15N/14N analysis showed no difference across species. Tracing nitrogen ratios is com
and fertilizers, values differ based on how plants fix nitrogen, and 15N/14N can reveal trophic level.
2013 AS309
REPRODUCTION OF MUTATED DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WITH NONMUTATED ONES (SECOND PHASE)
Joshua Abel Rivera, Darlene Gonzalez
Brigida Alvarez Rodriguez, Vega Baja, PUERTO RICO
The Drosophila melanogaster, well known as “fruit fly”, has been used in many studies because of its short life cycle, which consist of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The purpose for thi
reproduction of mutant fruit flies with nonmutated ones. The hypothesis was, if fruit flies survive in an acid pH level and mutate it will not be able to reproduce with nonmutated fruit flies. <br
was prepared to attract the flies. Seven milliliters of mashed banana were placed in each of four test tubes. Forty drops of lemon were added to each of two tubes until an acid level (pH 4) was ob
this acid habitat. The other two tubes were used as a control group with a pH level of 67. Eight fruit flies in larva stage were put in each of four test tubes; for a total of 32 flies. After the larvae de
were separated by gender and their mutations were observed and recorded. Then they were all placed in a new container with a pH level of 5 in order to adapt all flies to an acid medium habitat wi
food and habitat, to observe the reproduction between the mutated flies and the nonmutated ones. It was concluded that mutant Drosophila melanogaster cannot reproduce with a nonmutated Dr
reproduce among themselves either.
2014 AS309
REPELLENT EFFECTS OF LAMIACEAE PLANT EXTRACTS ON PAEDERUS FUSCIPES BEETLES AND INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF LIME FRUIT OIL ON PAEDERUS DERMATITIS
Boonyakorn Assavanives, Vachana Chongrujipinyo,Chisanu Thumarat
Bangkok Christian College, Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand
Paederus dermatitis is a dangerous skin irritation caused by a potent toxin found in the haemolymph of certain types of rove beetles (e.g. Paederus fuscipes). Although the danger of these rove b
research studies, effective methods for repelling the rove beetles and inhibiting Paederus dermatitis have not been fully investigated. Our objectives are to study the characteristics and behavior
properties of local plants against the rove beetles, and the inhibiting properties of various plant extracts against Paederus dermatitis. The results show that only a low level of vibrating force could
release of the toxin. Moreover, the Lamiaceae (mint family) plants can significantly repel the rove beetles. Furthermore, the essential oil obtained from lime fruits can significantly prevent the infla
these results are used to develop a product for use on skin that repels such beetles and inhibits Paederus dermatitis.
2013 AS310
EFFECT OF SALINITY LEVELS ON THE REPRODUCTION PROCESS OF ARTEMIA FRANCISCANA
Denzel Gabriel Torres, Karla Perez
Luis Negron Lopez, Sabana Grande, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this investigation was to verify if the variations in salinity parameters affect the reproduction of Artemia franciscana. The problem was: How might variations in salinity levels affec
franciscana. The hypothesis under study was: when Artemia franciscana is exposed to different salinity levels, its reproduction is affected, therefore low salinity levels result in the reduction of th
specimens were collected and separated by gender into four groups. Specimens in group “A” were treated with 200 mL. of sea water, representing the control group. Crustaceans in group “B” were
mL. of distilled water. Specimens in group “C” were treated with 100 mL. of sea water and 100 mL. of distilled water and the ones in group “D” were treated with 50 mL. of sea water and 150 mL. o
distilled water were used to change water salinity and observe the changes in the reproduction of this crustacean. Reproduction capacity of each group was observed for seven days. Data analys
caused the reduction of the population of this crustacean affecting its reproduction rate. It was demonstrated that the exposition of Artemia franciscana to different salinity levels, affects its repro
projection for this research is to use Artemia franciscana as a biological indicator of environmental changes inducted by chemical substances that affect water salinity.
2012 AS310
INTERTIDAL INVERTEBRATES AND THEIR NUTRITIONAL VALUES
Taylor Jade Seitz, Alisa Aist,
Polaris K12 School, Anchorage, AK
The purpose of this experiment was to decipher whether the lipid values of intertidal macroinvertebrates change depending on the estuary. The first step to start the experiment was to decide on a
from. After selecting the estuaries, the second step was to visit the estuaries and collect samples matching GLOBE standards. The next step was to examine the samples and collect the data ob
intertidal macroinvertebrates found in the sample to a lab. The invertebrates were sent to a lab. At the lab, the director analyzed the nutritional value of the intertidal macroinvertebrates found in th
school and recorded into data tables. At this point, the question cannot be fully answered. The results of the data only show the nutritional values of the invertebrates from one estuary. T
polychaetes have a higher lipid content than the small and large polychaetes. For now, the data shows that both estuaries house polychaetes and a variety of plant life. The data also shows that
deep, is decreasing with the dropping temperature. Next year, the project will elaborate into more experiments and more data will be taken and recorded. Hopefully, the polychaetes from our next
to at least the family.
2010 AS310
CAN ROSE BITTERLING SPAWN IN A DUMMY MUSSEL? WONDER OF AMINO ACIDS THAT INDUCE SPAWNING AND EJACULATION
Fumiaki Taniguchi, Takanori Hirata, Arata Nishigaki
Seifu High School, Osakashi, Osaka, JAPAN
Rose bitterling, Rhodeus ocellatus, are fish that spawn their eggs in the gills of freshwater mussels. In a preliminary experiment we investigated mussel cues that elicit spawning behavior by bitte
from a pet water bottle worked, though the eggs weren’t fertilized. Thus we developed an “improved” dummy mussel with a “perfect” artificial solution. We investigated the following: 1) W
preferred and what angle it should be set. 2) How 12 amino acids affected bitterling behavior. 3) The amino acids in the water flowing from mussel gills using thinlayer chromatography and　ion e
to spawn in the dummy mussel. 5) Analyzed which amino acids were present in the ovarian fluid and sperm of bitterling. Results showed: 1) The most effective mussel color was black, a
mussels released a solution included the amino acids Gly, Ala, Trp, or Gln, bitterling spawned. 3) The solution from a mussel contained Ala, Gly, Gln, and Lys in high concentrations. 4) Lys, Ala,
induced sperm release by male bitterling. On the basis of results we concluded that the amino acids in the solution from a mussel induce spawning and ejaculation by bitterling. It seems
and mussels is a coevolutionary one linked by common amino acids. We succeeded in fertilizing bitterling eggs by refining the design of our original dummy mussel.
2007 AS310
ATTRACTION AND PARASITIZATION RESPONSE OF THE PARASITOID, TRICHOGRAMMA JAPONICUM ASHMEAD TO OREGANO, COLEUS AMBOINICUS LOUR. EXTRACT
Jane Liboon Suede, Charlotte Joyce Mini Gamelong, Verna Joy Motin Cabanero
Doña Hortencia Salas Benedicto Nat'l HS, La Carlota City, Neg. Occ., Philippines
Biological control agents, such as parasitoids, are now widely used to control the population of agricultural pests. These parasitoids find their host according to various chemical compounds. Mos
plant extracts especially those obtained from aromatic plants. The potential use of these chemicals in the biological control of pests led to the use of Coleus amboinicus Loureiro (oregano) as attr
japonicum Ashmead. This project aimed to test the effect of oregano extract on the orientation and stimulation activity of the parasitoid, Trichogramma japonicum. Specifically
concentration of the extract (5 mL extract to 500 mL distilled water, 10:500, 15:500 or pure oregano extract) is the most efficient attractant of the parasitoid. The effect of the C
response of the parasitoid was determined by the amount of time the Trichogramma japonicum spent inside the treated filter paper during the petri dish bioassay, while its effect on the parasitizat
through the number of Corcyra eggs parasitized by the Trichogramma japonicum in a vial still containing treated filter paper. The study showed that Treatment 3 (15:500) was t
parasitoid, and Treatment 5 (control) as the least attractive. Treatment 3 also yielded the most significant effect on the parasitization of the Trichogramma japonicum. Thus, the researchers concl
specifically the third treatment, has the ability to attract the parasitoid and stimulate its oviposition. 
2009 AS310
CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE REGENERATION OF PLANARIA
Cindy Beth Schmelkin, Maureen Clark,
Monument Mountain Regional High School, Great Barrington, MA
Using the knowledge that malignant tumors are made of the same cells that cause planaria to regenerate themselves, the purpose of this project was to test if probable carcinogens would cause
it was necessary to find the range in which the possibly carcinogenic solutions could affect planaria, but not kill them. Solutions of 0.1 and 0.01 M were mixed and set in petri dishes
of the planaria except for the control died the following day, the solutions were diluted to 0.001M and new planaria “heads” were added to petri dishes with the solutions. The planaria were measure
nitrate (0.001 M) showed the greatest deviation from the control, with a difference of +1.5 mm. The planaria exposed to UV light showed deviation, as well, with an average difference of +1.0 mm.
(0.001 M) and planaria exposed to lead acetate (0.001 M) both showed a 0.5 growth from the control. The solutions that were tested in this project were all listed on the National Institut
By doing this project, that "possible" becomes more definitive, either negatively or positively, thus helping to inform the world about cancercausing agents and helping to prevent exposure to them
2008 AS310
THE GENETIC VARIATION WITHIN THE FAMILY OF LITTORINA SAXATILIS
Johan Ingemar Boström, Tobias Hofving,
Donnergymnasiet Gothenburg, Göteborg, SWEDEN
We studied the genetic variation within a family of the marine snail Littorina saxatilis. This was done by genetically determining the level of polyandry, multiple paternities, in one family of the spe
snail known as the common periwinkle, indigenous throughout the North Atlantic. They can store sperm for up to a year and one family can thus have multiple fathers. The species is at large risk
stage, limited dispersal skills, and closely confined small populations. We used microsatelliteDNA for our study and results showed that polyandry in the species is much larger than what was pr
minimum of 22 partners for the observed litter. This is the second highest documented level of polyandry in the world. We also proved that the species lacks a biological defense mechanism agai
conclusions about the population structures, migration capacity and incestdefense in the species. Our conclusions were built on previous theories on polyandry as well as other factors. We show
be used to efficiently reduce the disadvantages of inbreeding by creating a high genetic variation within the family. This also leads to a strong migration capacity because a single female could ca
counteract the foundereffect. It also leads to a strong defense against fluctuating environmental conditions.
Second Award of $1,500 Team Projects Presented by Science News
2009 AS311
THE EARTHWORM MARVELS REVEALED: PROPOSING A MODEL OF UNDERGROUND LOCOMOTION
Thakerng Soimadee, Wasawat Muninthorn, Theerawit Wilaiprasitporn
Triam Udom Suksa School, Bangkok, THAILAND
Our research project presents an idea of earthworm’s locomotion. The purpose of this study is to find a model which can be used to explain the locomotion of earthworm (Metaphire posthuma) as
earthworms were collected at Triam Udom Suksa School, Bangkok, Thailand, and the experiment apparatus was set on flat ground for observing the locomotion. The total body volume and length
experiment were also recorded. It was found that when the earthworms moved forward, the wavelike appearance was formed from anterior to posteriorend and their total body volume was not re
shortened or contracted the bodies, their heads became "round and plump" and anchored to the surrounding soils by setae. In contrast, when they lengthened or elongated the bodies, their heads
setae. After the detailed observation of earthworms was performed, a model was created using by comparing the movements with the springmass system. The elastic property resulted from wav
represented by coiling springs. The weight of earthworms was used to represent the inertia of body whereas the setae were to represent the friction. The model explained that earthworms could pe
muscular contractions waves, alternately shortening and lengthening the body. In addition, the setae played an important role as an anchor which could help prevent the body from slipping, thus,
through soil more efficiently. The results of this model could be the key to 'fastigiate transformation' and 'plump and round transformation' in order to reduce the resistance from soil and create lub
shoving forward, respectively. As an application, this model of earthworm’s locomotion could be used as a basic to build a prototype robot in which we expect it to be the basis of our future subte
underground planet explorer.
2010 AS311
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COLONY SIZE, WORKER BODY SIZE AND PRODUCTIVITY IN TEMNOTHORAX REGATULUS ANTS
Chelsea Jewel Powers, Damian Alzua,
Social insects including honey bees, wasps, and ants demonstrate complex behavior such as cooperative brood care, reproductive division of labor, and task specialization. In some sense, socia
organisms, functioning at a level above the individual. In ants, social complexity is often associated with worker body size. Consequently, this study assessed the effects of colony size on worke
ant Temnothorax rugatulus. This research contributes new information about colony ontogeny and growth. Twenty colonies of T rugatulus were collected from Mt. Lemmon, Tucson AZ and raised
Colony mass was measured by means of an Ohaus Analytical Plus AP2500 balance. Each colony was photographed and the head width of individual ants was measured using ImageJ. The follo
collected: Larger colony size does not have greater variability in worker body size (t=0.74, df=9,P=0.48) nor do they have larger workers (t=0.06, df=9, P=0.95). Additionally, larger colonies produ
small colonies (t=2.15,df=9, P<0.05). The data also shows that brood size does not vary with brood number (t=0.02, df=9, P=0.98). This suggests that in ants, large colonies may be less efficien
2013 AS311
SPEED BOOST: THE EFFECT OF ENERGY DRINKS ON DROSOPHILA
Joseph G. Cotto, Elizabeth Maxwell
Liberal High School, Liberal, KS
The purpose of the project focuses on the effect of energy drinks and coffee on the reproductive capacity in fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster). The hypothesis was that energy drinks would inc
Drosophila melanogaster, because of its high concentration of caffeine and high amounts of taurine. The substances tested were product A, product B, and product C. Product A had a high dose
in both humans and fruit flies. The caffeine in product B and product C causes high blood pressure and body fatigue. Three vials were made for each substance for a total of 18 vials. The product
and 5.6g of medium. The Diluted vials of product A and product B had 10mL of water, 10 mL of energy drink, and 5.6g of medium. Product C vials had 10mL of water, 5.6 g of product C, and 5.6g
reproduction rates in the control group, product A was 15%, Diluted product A was 28%, and product B, Diluted product B, and product C were all 0%. Product A vials had mold on the top and onl
product A had no mold and reproduction was found in all of the vials. Product B vials and Diluted product B had mold on the bottom and no reproduction. The hypothesis was not supported becau
on reproduction. This may be because of the higher amount of taurine in product B than in product A. The high levels of caffeine in product C may also be a factor since it was 85 times greater th
Energy drinks may have potential as a nontoxic pesticide.
2012 AS311
EFFECTS OF SIAMESE SNAIL (CRYPTOZONA SIAMENSIS) ON NATURAL RUBBER COAGULATION
Nattapong Chinnara, Jatuporn Chaweepak, Nantakan Longlod
Suratpittaya School, Suratthani, Suratthani, THAILAND
Rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) are one of the major crops grown in the South of Thailand and contribute to high economic value to the country. Thailand has been considered as one of the lead
farmers have observed that the land snails consume fresh rubber latex in the bark at the tapping sites, and cause the decline in the latex collection. From our investigation in the rubber plantation
found 5 snail species namely: Cryptozona siamensis (39%), Achatina fulica (23%), Semperula siamensis (22%), Sarika resplendens (8%), and Chloristis platytropis (8%). Cryptozona siamensis o
species, were commonly found consuming the fresh rubber latex at the tapping sites. The effect of the snail mucus on rubber latex coagulation at the tapping site was further investigated.
led to faster coagulation. The Siamese snail mucus exhibited protease activity. Therefore, the Siamese snail mucus may involve in faster rubber coagulation.
2013 AS312
THE DEVELOPMENT OF LOW COST SUSTAINABLE DIETS FOR THE CULTURE OF FRESHWATER PRAWNS
Kevin Charles Wise, Eric Gardiner
St. Joseph Catholic School, Greenville, MS
The purpose of this project was to evaluated different food sources for the culture of larval prawns raised in brackish saltwater system and adult prawns raised in a freshwater system. Adult prawn
diet, a pelleted diet formulated with dried duckweed and zooplankton and natural pond vegetation without supplemental feed. Larval prawns were fed artemia, live freshwater zooplankton and two a
Artemac). Natural pond vegetation was shown to be a better source of nutrients than the pelleted diets. However, percent weight gain of prawns fed the pelleted diet formulated with zooplankton a
the repelleted catfish feed. None of the artemia replacements evaluated in this study were shown suitable for the culture of larvae prawns. This project indicates that prawns can be raised on nat
supplemental feeds. Pelleted diets can be used to supplement pond vegetation but diets should be formulated to reflect natural food items. None of the diets evaluated as a replacement for artem
prawns and until a suitable replacement can be identified, live artemia must be used in the commercial.
2010 AS312
IDENTIFYING TRENDS OF WOLBACHIA PIPIENTIS INFECTION IN VARIOUS SPECIES OF ARTHROPODS
Jeannie Nguyen Tran, Van Tran, Katerina Trinh
Oak Grove High School, San Jose, CA
The Wolbachia bacterium is the most prevalent disease amongst arthropods. The bacterium can alter the reproductive process of species in one of four ways: parthenogenesis, cytoplasmic incom
The proliferation of Wolbachia may eventually result in a shift in mating strategies, a change in the reproductive and cell biology of arthropods, speciation, or even extinction of arthropod populatio
experiment is to identify the infection patterns of Wolbachia in arthropods through DNA analysis to better understand the proliferation of the Wolbachia gene and its effect on arthropod populations
location, Wolbachia is present in 20% of those collected in nature and that the infection rate is higher in insects that are commercially bred. After identifying the sample arthropods, whic
nature, we used polymerase chain reactions (PCR) to replicate segments of the DNA strands of each sample. Though the use of agarose electrophoresis, we separated the DNA fragments by siz
bromide. The banding pattern on the gels indicated the presence or absence of Wolbachia in our samples. Though research is still being conducted, 132 arthropods have been tested thu
inconclusive and of the remaining 82 that tested positive for cytochrome c oxidase (the internal positive control for insect DNA), 34.1% were also positive for Wolbachia. The presence of Wolbach
54.5%, compared to 20.4% in those collected in nature.
2009 AS312
WHAT CAN YOU STOMACH?
Grant Michael Magdanz, Taylor Everett,
Kotzebue High School, Kotzebue, AK
Stenodus leucichthys, locally called sheefish, are the largest member of the whitefish family found in Arctic and subarctic rivers and estuaries. Studies have explored sheefish distribution, popula
behavior, but have not focused on their winter behaviors, especially feeding. The project objective was to determine whether sheefish feed during December and January and, if so, on what? Base
that sheefish do eat, and they eat primarily Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). From subsistence nets set under the ice in Hotham Inlet in Northwest Alaska, we sampled 20% of five catche
sampled. The fish were sexed, measured, and weighed. Then the entire digestive tracts were removed, weighed, and emptied, and the contents alone were weighed. Then the stomachs and their
total, the 49 digestive tracts contained 16 identifiable fish, 65 unidentifiable fish, 15 shrimp, and 1 isopod. From pictures, two fish biologists identified the fish as Pacific herring and the shrimp as
and tank shrimp (Argid or Crangon spp.). The data showed that sheefish in Hotham Inlet used a variety of food sources in December and January. Scientists are planning additional she
would help scientists to know as much as possible about sheefish beforehand. Feeding studies are an important aspect of ichthyology and this study contributed new and specific knowledge of s
2010 AS313
EFFECT OF ADELGES TSUGAE ON SASAJISCYMNUS TSUGAE EGG PRODUCTION
Yohana Dierolf, Rebekah Morgan, Erika Williams
Brevard High School, Brevard, NC
Hemlock trees in western North Carolina are dying due to infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae). Because Sasi beetles (Sasajiscymnus tsugae) imported from Japan are effe
adelgids, they are being raised in laboratories in the United States for release in hemlock forests. The current procedure for raising sasi beetles requires weekly collection of adelgidinfested heml
expensive procedures for rearing beetles and egg production need to be identified. Although honey is an adequate food source for sasi beetles, it is not known if adelgids are required for the repro
address this question, sasi beetles obtained from the NC Department of Agriculture were reared in jars containing a water source and honey or glucose as a food source. Control jars contained he
hemlock branches infested with hemlock woolly adelgids. Twenty beetles were placed into each jar, along with gauze pads for egglaying sites. On a weekly basis, the beetles were transferred to
sugar and tree branches. The number of live beetles and newlylaid eggs were recorded each week for a period of five weeks. The results revealed that egg production occurred only in jars that co
equal rates of mortality were observed in all jars. We conclude that adelgids stimulate sasi beetle egg production, but are not required for sasi beetles.
2013 AS313
ARE FINGERPRINTS INHERITED?
Rachel Erin Meagher, Jaime Nolan
Windsor High School, Windsor, VT
The purpose of this project was to examine what affects the creation of fingerprints. Originally, the project was designed to compare the fingerprints of family members to one another to determine
between the prints would help to support the original hypothesis that fingerprints are inherited from one's parents. It was quickly found that there were too many variables in this experiment, theref
 As the process of this project progressed, a new question was developed: Do fingerprints of the same person have any correlation between them? The experiment was then expanded to exa
fingerprints of each individual are indeed similar between fingers. The data collected refuted this hypothesis. The more fingerprints analyzed, the more questions came to mind. Research
of this project led to the idea that fingerprints are affected by the environment in which they are created. Fingerprint sets of twins, both fraternal and identical and their respective biological parents
collected supported the original hypothesis that one's fingerprints are inherited from his/her parents. The creation of fingerprints continues to marvel scientists' brains. This project has sho
fingerprint analyzation and one of the many mysteries of the human body.
2009 AS313
THE EFFECTS OF OVER THE COUNTER MEDICATION ON THE HEART RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TO HUMAN CARDIOLOGY
Angshylea O'lesizisa Jones, Kayla Coleman,
Jim Hill High School, Jackson, MS
Throughout the experiment three methods were used. Method one: use different concentrations of each pain reliever. Method two: compare body weight to dosages by creating equations that wou
a human. Method three: solve equations to find which dosage given to the daphnia would be most accurate to human beings. Following through the experiment some Daphnia died because of too
environment was interrupted, and toxicity to the anatomy. • Method one: Concentrations were broken down from lose dose to high dose. The concentrations were as followed: .025g, .25g
medications were diluted in 100mL spring water in labeled baby food jars. The water was warmed (2minutes) so the powdered medications can be completely dissolved. • Method two: By
bottles we observed that dosage depends on body weight. To have accurate results, we converted the Daphnia’s body weight into human body weight and human dosages into Daphnia’s dosages
After finding the correct body weight and dosages for a Daphnia Magna, we compared it to a natural human dosage and body weight to observe how the lethal dosage affects the cardiac cells, mu
organs. This project establishes that in addition to the dosing requirements indicated by the manufacturer body weight and metabolic rate must be taken into consideration. Over the coun
Daphnia magna and by inference human heart rate will be increased as a result of these medications.
Third Award of $150 Patent and Trademark Office Society
2010 AS314
THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON MICE
Bryan Marley Lent, Brian Cambra,
Granada High School, Livermore, CA
A new sports supplement has come to the market called creatine, and it is gaining popularity in both the bodybuilding and highschool sports world alike. Because of this, we decided to test the p
on mice. The mice we used were outbred male feeder mice from a local pet store, and after a two week waiting period, we narrowed our initial group of sixty to two groups of thirteen, this left us w
size, and strength. We gave the mice .3g of creatine per kilogram of mice, we used the combined mass of the test group for our calculations. We were easily able to insure that all test mice recei
into their water supply. We measured the effectiveness of creatine through the mass, strength, and observation. The procedure for strength testing was taken from Jackson labs; it involves findin
subject release a piece of wire mesh. Our results showed that creatine caused the test mice to become smaller and weaker than the control. There were also many significant behavioral differenc
group were much more prone to run on the wheel, and never fought with each other. The most notable side effect however was the shrinking of the testicles in the creatine group. This data shows
building benefits but has many unwanted side effects in mice.
2009 AS314
MODERN SCIENCE VS. AGEOLD REMEDIES
Apas Aggarwal, Divya Shenoy,
As modern medicines develop, we often think to discard the old ones. To determine whether these ageold remedies are more effective than our modern cures, we concocted an experiment using
versus a liquid multivitamin, Centrum. We tested the solutions on brown planaria (Dugesia dorotocephala) and through serial dilution, we placed them in varying concentrations of Zrii, Centrum, an
activity for 2 weeks and noticed that the planaria were able to survive in the human dosages, 1 X 105 Zrii mL, 2 X 106 mL Centrum, and the 10mL holding solution. Then, placing 10 planaria in e
After 10 days, there were 0 divisions in the Zrii, 1 division in the Centrum (after 5 days), and 1 division in the holding solution (after 10 days). Moving on to study regeneration, we took 3 planaria f
solutions and cut them at the pharynx. We then looked at regeneration and created a ranking system. After 10 days of observation, we graphed our results and saw that in looking at both head to
planaria in the Centrum appeared to regenerate their lost parts quicker than those in the Zrii did. Thus, we’ve seen twice that the Centrum seems more effective than the Zrii, and consequently, be
our modern science is indeed more effective than our ageold remedies.
2009 AS315
THE EFFECTS OF MULTISYMPTOM COLD MEDICATIONS ON THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF ZEBRAFISH EMBRYOS
Melina Ornelas, Magdaleno Morales, Brisa Ledezma
Capitol Hill High School, Oklahoma City, OK
In humans, medicine can be dangerous to developing embryos if taken during pregnancy, especially during the first trimester. About one out of 33 human babies is born with birth defects, and in 2
caused by prenatal drug exposure. A common defect in newborn babies exposed to cold medication before birth is stunted growth. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are commonly used in research because
In addition, the embryos share common development with human embryos, therefore the effects on zebrafish embryos are comparable and linkable to effects on human embryos. In this project, z
medication, and the effects on their development were observed. Prior to hatching from their chorions (<24 hours old), embryos were placed in a microplate containing 250 uL of dosing solutions (
NonDrowsy Daytime Cold and Flu Relief). They remained in the medication for 5 days and were observed and photographed each day. Control embryos grew at a normal rate and were highly pigm
dependent decrease in both size and pigmentation. In addition, tail “bustling” (curvature) was observed in treated embryos. Untreated embryos showed normal cardiovascular development, howev
including cardiovascular edema.
2010 AS315
ADSCITA STATICES: NIGHTLY VARIATIONS OF APPEARANCE IN A MOTH
Markus Enekvist, Tor Djarv,
Katedralskolan, Lund, SWEDEN
Adscita Statices is a metallic green day active moth, which was at one time observed to change color during night into a rust red. This raised the question whether this was a reoccurring change,
during the study was that it changed color, and did so because of external factors. In mid July the moth was observed every evening and morning for ten days in its natural habitat. A gro
of color changed moths, as well as surrounding temperature, luminous intensity, air pressure and humidity was measured over time. The next night the procedure was repeated. The evening and
results; in the evening the change in color was probably caused by humidity, but in the morning they returned to their original color when the temperature and luminous intensity rose. Due to this u
experiment was carried out. While holding all variables constant at certain values in a container with 25 individuals, it was possible to determine which one that had the strongest relation to color c
showed that humidity was the single most important variable of the ones included. The conclusion of the study was that A.Statices changed color every night, and did so when shrouded
appear on them as dew at night and evaporate with heat, come morning.
2010 AS316
EFFECT OF THE ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL ON THE SPIN PATTERN OF THE NEPHILA CLAVIPES SPIDER
Fadi Tarek Abumoala, Ralphdy Vergne Montes,
Blanca Malaret, Sabana Grande, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this investigation was to verify if the exposition of Nephila clavipes spider to different concentrations of isopropyl alcohol will affect its spin pattern. The problem was: What effect
spider to different concentrations of isopropyl alcohol have on its spin pattern and web structure? The hypothesis formulated was that when Nephila clavipes spider is exposed to different concen
pattern and its web structure is affected. Nine Nephila clavipes spiders were collected and divided into three groups. Spiders in aquarium “A” received no treatment, spiders in aquarium “B” were t
concentration of 70% and the ones in aquarium “C” were treated with isopropyl alcohol that had a concentration of 90%. The liquid was sprayed into the corresponding aquariums and the spin time
times during the six weeks experimentation period. The web’s structure was observed and the diameters of the first five rotations of the webs were measured after 24 hours of study. Data analysi
of isopropyl alcohol has a greater effect on the web’s structure and pattern. It was demonstrated that the exposition of the Nephila clavipes spider to isopropyl alcohol had an effect on its behavio
projection for this research is to use the spider’s spin pattern as a biological indicator of environmental changes inducted by any exposition of chemical substances to the environment.
2009 AS316
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON RETENTION IN DUGESIA TIGRINA(PLANARIA)
Jennifer I. Onyewuenyi, Lizzy O'Connor,
Collins Hill High School, Suwanee, GA
The purpose of this project was to determine the effects of caffeine on retention. Using Brown planarian, Dugesia tigrina, we were able to monitor the planaria’s ability to complete a standard YMa
(caffeine found in energy drinks) after the learning had been established. We hypothesized that the presence of caffeine in different concentrations would lead to a hindrance of retention in the pla
needed to condition the planaria: in the experiment, we used negative reinforcement to increase the occurrence of the desired behavior. After a couple days of this initial training period we added d
experimental group’s water in the form of diluted energy drink, in order for the animals to absorb the caffeine and for us to test their retention. After the planaria were exposed to caffeine, they corr
fifty four percent less of the time (pvalue = 0.01009). The null hypothesis was rejected, supporting the hypothesis that the planaria’s retention capacity was hindered by the addition of caffeine to
experimentation using a different animal, longer training time, and longer exposure times would be beneficial.
2009 AS317
PREDATION OF G. BOLIVIANA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) EGGS BY TUPIOCORIS NOTATUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Eloise Jayne Cave, Melody Santana,
St. Lucie West Centennial High School, Port St. Lucie, FL
Gratiana boliviana is an important biological control agent of the invasive weed tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum) in Florida. Tupiocoris notatus is a common sapfeeding herbivore that feeds o
suggests that T. notatus is the most common herbivore found on tropical soda apple and in certain occasions it has been observed feeding upon immature stages of G. boliviana. 
circumstances does T. notatus feed on G. boliviana eggs? We discussed many environmental circumstances and came to a conclusion to test egg density on TSA leaves, starvation of suckflies
 We tested egg density to see if the amount of eggs on one leaf would affect the suckfly. Four treatments were used with 1, 2, 6 and 10 eggs, ten replicates each. 2 cm2 TSA squares were c
certain number of eggs and one suckfly. The conclusions show that there is a pattern. The suckflies predated more when the egg count was higher. Our second experiment was starvatio
treatments were used with ten replicates each. Then we introduced the suckflies to five eggs in each Petri dish. We concluded that starvation does affect the suckfly. Longer periods of time of st
more on the eggs. Water stress consists of four plants, two with normal irrigation and two with no irrigation. After plants show signs of water stress we inoculated them with 15 suckflies
to Petri dishes with five eggs. The data shows no difference between “water” and “dry” treatments. Therefore, we believe that water stress does not affect the suckflies feeding habit.
2010 AS317
THE EFFECT OF THE MOON ON THE WATER COMPOSITION OF BEES' HONEY (APPIS INDIKA) IN BEE HIVES
Lasitha Lakmal Thotage, H.D.Vinushi Lakshani Kulawansa, G.K.Adeesha Udayarekha
WP/Kalutara Gnanodaya College, Kalutara, western, SRI LANKA
Plucking of bees’ honey is a practice comes from ancient times. People used to pluck bees’ honey during the waning fortnight period and not within the waxing fortnight period. Aim of this study w
of the moon on water percentage of bees’ honey. Our hypothesis was “Water percentage of bees’ honey in bee hives increases during the period of waxing while it decreases during perio
samples of bees’ honey were collected from four different places during four main phases of the lunar circle (Full moon day,New moon day, 3rd Quarter moon day, 1st Quarter moon day).The sam
at the same maturity stage. Flow rate, specific gravity, Nature of dropping and water percentage of each bees honey sample were measured. Flow rate of bees’ honey was 0 .49 mms1,
1.Specific gravity was 1.18, 1.11, 1.28 and 1.15. The nature of dropping in bees’ honey as big drops, big drops,very thin thread, and thin thread,The water percentage of bees’ honey was 28.73%,
average amounts have been recorded in order to Full moon, New moon, Third quarter moon and First quarter moon respectively. . Water percentage of bees’ honey was highest during th
during the third quarter moon and first quarter moon days.It is lowest during the third quarter moon days. The data analysis indicates that the first half of the warning period of time is the
this period the percentage of water in bee’s honey is low. Second half of the waxing period of time is not good to pluck the bee hives.During this period the percentage of water is higher than the o
2010 AS318
DEVELOPMENT OF HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE) FED WITH THREE TYPES OF PREY (DIETS)
Wendy Andrea Valencia Montoya, Laura Munoz_Baena,
Institucion Educativa Centro Formativo de Antioquia, Medellin, Antioquia, COLOMBIA
In the project "Development of Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed with three types of preys (diets)”, eggs of Harmonia axyridis were collected and we waited until the larvae’s hatch
began a comparative experiment between diets. Individuals were isolated in containers (2.5 cm in diameter by 5 cm high); five individuals were given immature stages of Diaphorina citri (Hemipte
larvae were given immature stages of Gynaikothrips garitacambroneroi (Thysanoptera: Phleotripidae), and the development of Harmonia axyridis with different diets was observed. The larvae of H
Diaphorina and Gynaikothrips, despite its known preference for aphids. The growth of individuals fed with Diaphorina was faster than those fed with Gynaikothrips. It was noted less preference for
more consumption of Diaphorina. We conclude that Harmonia axyridis could be used as a biological control agent for Diaphorina and, in special situations, they may be adapted to eat Gynaikothri
2010 BE001
MUSIC THERAPY
Houa Xiong
John A. Johnson Senior High School, Saint Paul, MN
The objective of this experiment was to find out how people’s mood can be affected by music. My prediction was that music will have an effect on a person’s mood. The subjects went into a quie
was. A mood chart was shown to choose their mood from. Then the assigned songs were played according to that participant’s mood choice. After the songs were finished, they answered the res
group sat in the room for three minutes without music or sounds. After the testing, these results demonstrated that there were mood changes in some people, but others were not affected. This in
for therapy. To refine my hypothesis, I will repeat the experiment using specific music on two racial types and reduce the number of mood choices.
2011 BE001
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN POSITIVE HEALTH BEHAVIORS AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRESS
Emily Leona Welch
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the relationships between broad domains of health behaviors and a wide range of types of psychological distress. It was hypothesized that there
correlation between overall selfreported positive health behaviors and levels of overall psychological distress. 1,000 college students were recruited to participate in this online study. They were a
consisting of four scales: the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), the Health Behaviors Checklist (HBC), the Infrequency Scale, and the Abbreviated MarloweCrowne Social Desirability Scale. A Pea
global score from the BSI and each subcategory of the HBC. The correlation coefficient between the global BSI score and the total HBC score was was found to be .18. The hypothesis was acce
the model is statistically significant. Several stepwise regressions were performed to investigate which dimension of the BSI had the most effect on each subcategory of the HBC. Hostility was th
dimensions, appearing in all models but the Accident Control model. Estimates suggest that as many as 50% of all U.S. deaths are attributable to preventable poor health behaviors. Further inves
people with several types of selfreported psychological distress take preventative steps to avoid negative health behaviors and their potentially deadly side effects, such as cancer, hypertension
2013 BE001
"BUILDING BRIDGES": EXPANDING THE TEACHERS' HORIZON REGARDING MENTAL ILLNESSES IN STUDENTS, FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BETTER SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
Bianca Spina Papaleo
Colegio Dante Alighieri, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
30% of SAo Paulo’s population has some kind of mental disease; many of these diseases, such as Depression, Distimic Disorder, Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, Obsessive Compulsive
Substance Abuse, Anxiety Disorder, Schizophrenia and Anorexia or Bulimia have their start in child and teenage hood. According to Bilyk, 12.5% of SAo Paulo’s children from 7 to 14 years old h
means that the prevention and treatment of these diseases is paramount. Teenagers with mental diseases have difficulties in learning and in life as a whole, sometimes because of the lack of pre
of this, I came up with a project to create guidelines and a workshop for the quick identification of these illnesses on the everyday life of my school, organizing a system of prevention. In this sys
with the possibility of having a mental disorder, warn the counseling team, who would contact the student’s family and, then, suggest the intervention of a specialist. To do so, I created a questio
of the teachers on the topic. Teachers from High School of ColEgio Dante Alighieri were given the questionnaire. The analysis showed that, some illnesses the teachers had more difficulty to iden
others. After the analysis, there was a huge workshop with teachers and a specialist, to inform them about mental illnesses and about how important it is for school to work together with psychiat
promote integration in between teacher and students, so these students may have their school environment made better.
2014 BE001
THE EFFECT OF THE AREA OF VISIBLE SCLERA ON A PERSON’S PERCEPTION OF ANOTHER PERSON’S TRUSTWORTHINESS
Kevin Alexander Rodriguez
Westminster Christian School, Palmetto Bay, FL, United States of America
Do people make poor first impressions of a person based on their visible area of their sclera? People make misguided first impressions daily based on the person’s physical appearance. In order
physical first impression, the relationship between the visible area of the sclera and rating of trustworthiness and friendliness were tested. Eye size is generally known as the amount of the iris tha
size, the white area around the iris, will increase iris and eye size. This test was conducted amongst 100 subjects who each reported their rating of trustworthiness and friendliness for the face pre
each face were manipulated to have a different sclera size, and these faces were randomly displayed in a PowerPoint. The unmodified face was displayed as a control along with two faces with la
smaller sclera sizes than that of the control. Results displayed that smaller sclera sizes do indeed result in a perception of a more friendly and trustworthy person. Except for one manipu
results, the other three faces out of the four displayed a lower trustworthiness and friendliness rating for the largest sclera size in comparison to that of the control and two smallest sizes accordin
suggest that as a person’s visible area of the sclera decreases, the perception of that person’s trustworthiness and friendliness increases.
2009 BE001
DEPRESSION OR RECESSION? AN ANALYSIS OF PEOPLES' RESPONSES TO THE CURRENT ECONOMIC CRISIS
Kevin Michael Knight
Collegiate High School, Niceville, FL
103 people in Niceville, FL between the ages of 18 and 78 were surveyed about the economic crisis of 2008 during the course of my study. My hypotheses were that a majority of people would no
would feel the crisis was likely to directly impact them in the near future, and that they would have confidence in the government's ability to improve the economy. I also hypothesized that older s
informed, have more concern about the crisis, and take more preventative measures in response to the crisis than younger individuals (aged 1839). My results indicate that 68% of subj
crisis. 86% believed the crisis would impact them in the near future. 88% had confidence in the government's ability to improve the economy. 90% of individuals aged 1839 did not feel well inform
subjects aged 40 and older. 71% of younger subjects showed concern about the crisis, compared to 91% of those aged 40 and older. 65% of subjects under 40 had taken at least two preventativ
compared to 72% of subjects over 40. In conclusion, all my hypotheses were supported by the data collected.
2008 BE001
THINK AUTISM
Lawanya Jeyaselvan
Celebration High School, Celebration, FL
The purpose of this project is to examine 3 sensory integration activities and the Picture Exchange Communication System on children with Autism who suffer from sensory and speech impairme
jumping on a trampoline prior to completing a task provides sensory input that will better help the child concentrate and perform the task versus swinging on a swing or jumping on an exercise bal
attempts to use the Picture Exchange Communication System and will develop speech skills over time. Following each sensory session each child performed the same activity. For example afte
performed the same activity, which was stringing 5 beads. Each child had seven day intervals for all three sensory integration sessions, for the first seven days the children would jump on the tra
would swing on a swing, and for the final set of seven days the child would jump on an exercise ball. In Conclusion the scientist’s hypothesis was correct jumping on a trampoline is the best vest
autism concentrate more efficiently and perform better with the Picture Exchange Communication system. The scientist noticed that after each child jumped on the trampoline the children had les
this extra hand motion they were able to complete the task at a more appropriate pace. The child also performed more efficiently and correlated pictures with what they desired.
2007 BE001
THE EFFECT OF GENDER ON PHYSICIANS' AND PHARMACISTS' ATTITUDES TOWARD PAIN AND THE USE OF NARCOTIC ANALGESICS
Mark H. McKenzie
Eastside High School, Gainesville, Florida, USA
There are no studies in the medical literature that examine gender of physicians and pharmacists related to opiophobic attitudes (fear of using narcotics) to treat pain. The purpose of this project w
physicians and 403 pharmacists in Florida affected the degree of opiophobia as demonstrated in a survey to assess attitudes toward pain and the use of narcotic analgesics. The surve
that assessed attitudes in four categories: knowledge of pain/treatment, fear of patient addiction to narcotics, apprehension of drug regulatory agencies, and reluctance to prescribe/recommend na
strongly agree to strongly disagree across a sevenpoint Likert scale. Results indicated a high degree of opiophobia with statistically significant differences between physicians’ and pha
categories except knowledge of pain. A correct response was designated for each of the 37 statements. Correct, incorrect, and neither agree/disagree responses were given scores of 1, 1, and 0
within each of the four categories of the survey. The category means were analyzed using analysis of variance for gender alone and gender interaction by physician and pharmacist groups.
statistically significant factor. Therefore, the gender of physicians and pharmacists does not influence their opiophobic attitudes toward patients with pain. Patients are at high risk for in
whether they receive care from male or female physicians or pharmacists. 
2003 BE001
BEHAVIORAL STUDY: THE NEGATIVE CONDITIONING OF ENABLED CURLYO DROSOPHILA
Laura Kathryn Lamar
Pensacola High School, Pensacola, Florida, USA
This project is the result of several behavioral tests on Enabled CurlyO Drosophila. These tests were conducted to determine if negative conditioning could influence a fruit fly's choice of a subst
several clear vials were attached together to form a "T" model. The fly was placed in the base of the "T" and walked up to the top and chose side A, which had one substance, or side B, which ha
design made it possible to clearly see which side the fly chose. The fruit fly's choice was observed by three sets of substance tests. The test substances were the fly's food, mustard, ba
substances were found by the average number of times that the fly chose one substance over another. The fly's food ended up being the favorite substance. Negative conditioning was th
were found. When the fly approached its food, a series of taps would knock the fly around until it turned to the opposite direction and went to the banana. This was repeated until the fly finally wen
 These tests have suggested that a fruit fly will focus on a new substance as a reaction to very mild negative conditioning in addition to harsh treatments. It also suggests that scientists
when handling flies since this experiment shows that negative conditioning can influence fly behavior. 
2004 BE001
THE EFFECTS OF LIVING IN A GROUP ON A MUS MUSCULUS’S LEARNING RATE
Jonathan David Stanley
Fleming Island High School, Orange Park, Florida,United States of America
The purpose of this project is to determine whether mice learn quicker when kept singly or in a group. Five mice should be kept singly and five should be kept in a group. To begin, place
Place one mouse at a time in the maze and allow it to finish before entering the next mouse. Record the times of each mouse from the time they start to the time they finish. Repeat the above st
maze. Repeat this process each day, at the same time of day, until each mouse has run the maze five times. The average run time for the mice to complete the maze was calculated in
kept in a group – 57. The overall average time that the mice improved was calculated in seconds as: Mice kept singly – 88 Mice kept in a group – 50. The hypothesis was incorrect.
improvement when kept singly than when kept in a group. The mice kept in a group ran the maze quicker than the mice that were kept in solitude. Though the mice that lived in a group could run
themselves learned better. 
2005 BE001
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENT, CLASSES, AND STRESS AND THE EFFECT IT HAS ON HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Nava E. Cohen
F.W. Springstead High, Spring Hill, Florida, United States of America
This project deals with trying to understand the correlation between student's social environment, rigor of classes, and student's stress level so that students can be more successful in their acad
There will be a correlation between the social environment of a student, the rigor of classes, and the student's stress, that affects the student's stress level. A survey will be given to loc
will be used for the students taking the survey, so that their parents are aware of the survey. Survey areas include: parents' and grandparents' marital status, student GPA, student age and sex, q
environment, emotions/attitude/behavior in school. To form this selfreport survey, information was researched through literature and formal consultation with a school psychologist.
method to obtain maximum information about the student. After the survey was formed, a professional psychologist thoroughly reviewed and revised the survey to ease any problems that could h
risks that already exist from stressful situations can be agitated by this survey, this is why there is parents' consent for the teenager to fill out the survey. The hypothesis of this project
among social environment, class rigor, and student's stress that can and will affect the student's stress level. This was proven by seeing the class rigor and how many classes they took, as well
whether the teenager has a job, and then adding in the final factor of homelife situations that definitely affected the teenager's choices in life. A little over 50% of the participants surveyed were fe
sex as well as of age.
2006 BE001
CAN ART EXPRESS A PRESCHOOLER'S EMOTION WHEN WORDS FALL SHORT?
Luciana Brink Ranelli
Duluth East High School, Duluth, Minnesota, USA
This study tests whether complex emotions not yet in a preschooler’s vocabulary can be expressed in a drawing. Threeminutes of Rachmaninoff’s Second SymphonyAdagio were recorded on a
conducted at two Duluth preschools one subject at a time in a room separate from other activities; subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Subjects in the drawing category had fo
drew while listening to the music; subjects in the verbal category verbally stated how the music made them feel while listening. Specific followup questions for subjects in each category included
(happy, angry, sad) that best represents how they are feeling, and if a drawer, an explanation of his/her drawing. The sample included 60 subjects (29 drawing, 31 verbal) ages 33 mos.5 yrs. Mor
support for their answers regarding color choice and emotion. Twentythree verbal responders either could not talk about their emotions or what the music made them think about; all but 5 drawing
feeling. Verbal comments were scattered, which illustrated how hard it is to pick just one emotion and explain it. The content of drawings did not matter as much as the subjects’ focused ability to
back to their drawing. Results show it is easier for preschoolers to talk about how they feel if they have previously drawn to music.
2012 BE001
ANALYZING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE PROJECTIVE INKBLOT AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES TEST CORRELATION IN A CLINICAL SETTING
Katlyn Marie Firkus
Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology, Conyers, GA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the consistency of the correlation between the Projective Inkblot Test (P.I.) and Multiple Intelligences Test (M.I.). The rationale behind this exper
a set of standards to Projective Inkblot tests, eliminating the controversy over the tests’ analysis methods. The hypothesis was that an individual’s expression of the correlation between the two t
demographic backgrounds and in the clinical testing environment. The specific aim was to show that there would be no statistical significance among the variables. In order to obtain the
each participant, a printed survey of the M.I. was given alongside the presentation of three selfcreated inkblots. This survey consisted of a series of “Yes and No” questions regarding the intellige
accompanied by questions regarding what the participant viewed and why. Once completed, the responses were exported and analyzed for M.I. expression and respective corollaries. Th
groups and the descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. The ANOVA and Ttests run on the number of corollaries found in each age group (F=1.31, df= 6, p=.268), gender (F
(F=1.75, df= 4, p=.150), proved the variances to be insignificant. This, the desired outcome, supports the hypothesis and the belief that the M.I. may hold the key to a viable set of standards for
Second Award of $1,500 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel
2006 BE002
THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE OF THE LIVING WILL ACCORDING TO VARIOUS AGE GROUPS
Stephen T Hallet
F.W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, Florida, Hernando County
The purpose of the experiment was to find out which age group has the most living wills. The researcher conducted surveys using 30 subjects per age group. The questionnaire was the same for
the questionnaire showed the youngest age group had the least living wills with the numbers of living wills increasing along with the age group, showing the oldest age group with the most. <b
an affect on a subjects answer: subject suffered a loss, was stressed out, hungry, thirsty, or sick at the time. The individual subject’s knowledge level of the topic could also have affected the res
from the surveys the following statistics to support his hypothesis. The researcher received 42 or 28% of yes responses from the 150 subjects that they had a living will. Of the 42 yes responses
or 14% were from the 2635 age group, 6 or 14% were from the 3645 age group, 8 or 19% were from the 4655 age group and 19 or 46% were from the 56 and older age group. 
a survey to determine the percent of subjects who have a regular will. This outcome would probably be attributed to a subject’s financial assets and stability. The researcher believes that the sub
more likely have wills, regardless of their ages. 
2005 BE002
MUSIC & STUDYING: IS THERE A LINK? A 3YR. STUDY: A COMPARISON OF SPECIAL EDICATION & GENERAL EDUCATION STUDENTS
Stephanie Nicole Sickels
Okeechobee High School, Okeechobee, FL USA
This project continued to research learning and studying while listening to music to determine whether there is a difference in test performance of Special Education (SE) students versus General
experiments proved that music did enhance student performance and that classical generated the greatest increases in scores. Two GE classes were given history passages, study guid
again the following day with classical music playing softly. The experiment was repeated utilizing SE students under the same conditions. The experiment produced a GE test score, wit
SE students averaged 55% without music and 74% with music. 80% of GE students passed, as did 68% of SE. A difference of 12% between the groups while listening to classical music is sign
produced a pvalue of .295 for tests administered while listening to music. Therefore, if the experiment is reproduced, the GE students would score 70.5% higher if listening to classical music.
value of .386, therefore, the GE students would score 61.4% better than the SE students studying without music. The conclusion drawn by the experiment substantiates previous assum
expect score improvement while listening to classical music. This experiment could be repeated in other situations and produce similar results of improved scores. Applications to society promise
applied on a wide scale in educational settings. 
2003 BE002
THE EFFECTS OF CURVED AND SHARPLY ANGLED TURNS ON A MOUSE’S (MUS MUSCULUS) ABILITY TO COMPLETE MAZE.
Jonathan David Stanley
Clay High School, Green Cove Springs, Florida, United States of America
 The purpose of this project is to determine whether mice learn quicker in a maze with smooth curves or in a maze with sharp angles if both mazes have the same pattern. The p
obtaining the materials and constructing three mazes. Two mazes should have the same pattern and length. The control maze should have a straight path and be the same length as the direct ro
experiment, place the bait at the finish point of the maze. Place one mouse at a time in the maze and allow it to finish before entering the next mouse. Record the times of each mouse from the t
maze. Repeat the above steps until all five mice have completed the maze. Repeat this process each day, at the same time of day, until each mouse has run each of the three mazes five times.
mice to complete each of the mazes was calculated in seconds as: Angle Maze 202.32; Control Maze 20.68; Curve Maze 115. The average time that the mice improved in each maze was ca
200; Control Maze – 4.2; Curve Maze 47. The hypothesis was incorrect. The mice recorded a higher average rate of improvement in the angle maze than they did in the curve maze.
times of 202 and 115 seconds in the angle maze and curve mazes respectively. Though the mice can run the curve maze quicker, it is easier for them to learn the angle maze. 
2008 BE002
AN ANALYSIS OF LAYPERSON ABILITY AND WILLINGNESS TO USE AUTOMATED EXTERNAL DEFIBRILLATOR'S (AED'S)
Adare Marie Morell
Okaloosa Walton College Collegiate High School, Niceville, FL
Strategies to increase survival for victims of acute cardiac events include increased use of public access defibrillation through the use of automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in communities.
willingness and ability to use an AED. To analyze willingness to use the device, a selfcreated 9 question survey was administered to 100 subjects. Survey questions included willingness to use
stranger; how training in AED use effects willingness; and subject identifiers such as age, gender, educational level, and medical environment exposure. To analyze ability, 20 subjects identified
were asked to participate in a simulated emergency situation necessitating use of a training AED on a mannequin. Appropriate use was scored using American Heart guidelines (turn on device; ap
when indicated; stay clear during shock). The study concluded that layperson’s with AED training will be more willing to use the device than those without training; older subjects expressed more
member than younger subjects; and subjects with higher levels of education had more knowledge of the device. Sixty percent of layperson subjects in the simulation exercise appropriately used t
greatest confusion for subjects. With minimal public advertisement targeting AED awareness and use, I believe a large population of layperson’s could be willing and able to use AEDs on victims
community.
2013 BE002
EPISODIC AND SEMANTIC MEMORY: IS THERE A DIFFERENCE BETWEEN YOUNG ADULTS AND SENIORS?
Luzia Stalder
Gymnasium Neufeld, Bern, SWITZERLAND
Older people are expected to show a reduced episodic performance compared to younger people. In contrast, the semantic performance should be similar for both groups. To prove the h
and used to compare a younger test group (M= age 20y; n= 13) with an older one (M= age 70y; n= 13). In the test 48 items had to be learned, 24 “reading items”= measurement for semantic mem
items”= measurement for episodic memory. After randomizing the items with 48 similar distracting items, the correct recognition was tested. It was shown that the older age group had a
semantic performance was comparable for both groups. The differences were most striking by the various error frequencies of juniors and seniors. Performance in pantomimeitems was significan
(juniors : seniors false pantomime items M=8% vs M=17%; p=0.002). Performance in reading items was identical for both groups (false reading items juniors M=10% vs seniors M=10%). <br
recognition test with different professional categories and groups with different educational levels to find out by which activities the memory performance is influenced. Furthermore, it could be inv
memory skills. In future, these findings may facilitate studies about learning techniques and technical devices which are especially adapted for older people.
2012 BE002
CAN WII TEACH SURGERY? DO VIDEOGAMES AND SURGERY SKILLS CORRELATE?
Megan V. Waples
University School of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI
Surgery has evolved from open surgery to minimally invasive laparoscopic and robotic surgery. During this time, videogames have become increasingly sophisticated and popular. Current surgica
train surgical residents. Having a way to predict surgical skills and also train surgeons without the use of animal experimentation would be very useful. Prior to designing the experiment, interview
was a topic of interest in medical education and patient care. This study concerns whether videogame performance correlates with performance on a laparoscopic training device. There have bee
video game skill and surgical skills especially with a more accessible laparoscopic box simulator. Three sets of subjects (teenagers, adult non surgeons, and surgeons) were tested on t
and two laparoscopic box (lap box) simulator tests. Statistical comparison of times and scores were conducted. One specific videogame was determined to be a better predictor of lap box skills a
at this game. Despite this, teenagers’ abilities on video games did not correlate with lap box performance. The study did show that specific subpopulations (whether or not adults played videogam
laparoscopic/robotic surgeons) did have correlation between certain videogames and lap box tests. Although this is a preliminary study, videogames could be a valuable addition to the tr
do one, teach one.” Further study on video games and surgical simulation is needed.
2014 BE002
HAND HYGIENE GONE VIRAL? A STUDY OF STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN A SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN AS A METHOD OF BRINGING HAND HYGIENE TO THE MASSES
Timothy James Fossum Renier
Duluth East High School, Duluth, MN, United States of America
Aim: This study aimed to spread hand hygiene information and promote behavior change throughout a school population and beyond through student development and sharing of a social media (S
Twitter. Methods: 114 consented high school students participated in an intervention (INT) group, which received education and created material for a SM campaign (SMC). INT assessm
(HWE) and anonymous surveys (weeks 1, 7, and 12) about hand hygiene behaviors and SM. 308 control students (CON) took anonymous surveys (weeks 1 and 12) about hand hygiene behaviors
12). Schoolwide lunchroom hand sanitizer use (LHS) was covertly observed (weeks 1, 7, and 12). Schoolwide absenteeism due to illness was compared across time against an external control h
to obtain information on Facebook viewership. Results: INT had significant improvement (p<0.05) in HWE across time (McNemar’s test), hand washing before eating (Linear Regression),
and desire to improve hand hygiene (Logistic Regression). 30% of CON viewed the SMC. CON who viewed the SMC improved hand washing at school significantly more than CON who did not wi
improvement than CON. Significant prepost SMC improvement in LHS occurred schoolwide (ttest). The campaign was viewed on Facebook 13,292 times reaching 2806 people. Conclu
on student hand hygiene and may be an effective method of communicating with and changing health behaviors among adolescents.
Second Award of $1,000 American Psychological Association
2004 BE002
IMPROVING COGNITIVE FUNCTION AFTER CHRONIC BRAIN INJURY WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
Zarabeth Lehr Golden
Blanche Ely High School, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
The numbers of child and adult survivors of chronic brain injury (CBI) who have significant residual deficits have increased to 25% of the population. One suggested treatment for CBI is the use o
While there is extensive anecdotal evidence supporting the use of HBOT, there are no welldesigned research studies. This research consisted of the comparison of three samples designed to ev
testretest data of 21 children treated with HBOT against archival testretest scores of 42 untreated braininjured and normal controls. The results showed significantly greater improvement in the
daily living, socialization, communication, and motor skills. Another sample compared 21 newly treated adults against 42 archival untreated adult normal and braininjured controls. The results sho
significantly greater gains across cognitive areas. These two samples were compared to another sample of archival SPECT data collected in previous years, analyzing the pre and post measures
studies were strongly supportive of the use of HBOT as a treatment for lessening the neurological impact of CBI. HBOT resulted in improvement in both the metabolic and cognitive functioning of
indicate that HBOT can be an effective aid in ameliorating the neuropsychological and physiological effects of CBI in individuals once believed to be untreatable.
Third Award of $250 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
First Award of $3,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel Foundation
2009 BE002
THE EFFECTS OF TEXT FORMATTING ON COMPREHENSION LEVELS OF STRUGGLING AND ONLEVEL READERS: A TWOYEAR STUDY
Lindsey Brooke Saunders
Union County High School, Lake Butler, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to determine what effects formatted text and unformatted text have on comprehension levels of onlevel readers and struggling readers. A test group of 120 st
5, was used. From the 30 students in each grade, 15 were labeled struggling readers after scoring in the lower 25% of their grade level on the FCAT or SAT10 test. The remaining 15 were labeled
passages were used for each of the grade levels tested. Two of the passages were typed using a different format from the original. The formatted passages had sentences that were broken down
characters per line. Varied line indentions were used for the beginning of each line. The remaining two passages were retyped using justified margins and single line spacing. Eight comprehension
passage. Each student silently read each passage and answered the questions that followed. The results showed that mean scores from all grade levels of onlevel readers tested had a 9% incre
Struggling readers had a 14% increase using formatted text. From these results it can be concluded that using a formatted text pattern in reading passages increases reading comprehension of b
Third Award of $1,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel
2010 BE002
THE EFFECTS OF BORDERLINE HYPOTHYROIDISM ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND DAYTIME DROWSINESS
Michael Andrew Fairchild Harding
The experiment was designed to determine the effects of borderline hypothyroidism on quality of life and daytime sleepiness. This was achieved by first measuring the blood serum levels of Thyr
activity. The patients were given the Epworth sleepiness scale and the HR Quality of Life Scale during routine visits with their health care providers. The results of the experiment did support the
concentration of biological marker of thyroid activity, Thyrotropin, is between half and a full standard deviation above the norm of the population of the population for an experimental group, then th
there daytime sleepiness shall be higher than that of the two control group of patients who either have been treated for thyroid deficiency or who have normal levels of Thyrotropin. The results of t
group having the experimental mean of 2.91+/3.83 HRQoL score points, 4.49+/2.68 Epworth sleepiness score points, and 3.79+/2.41 Harding Overall QoL score points. Contrastingly, the exper
of 7.20+/6.53 HRQoL score points, 8.01+/5.04 Epworth sleepiness score points, and 7.82+/4.93 Harding Overall QoL score points. The null hypothesis of N0 treatment effect is supported beca
the Epworth sleepiness, P≥4.28*104 for the HRQoL score, and P≥1.01*106 for the combined Harding overall QoL score.
2011 BE002
DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF DISTRACTIONS BEHIND THE WHEEL ON TEENAGERS THROUGH THE USE OF DRIVING SIMULATION
Callie Marie Johnson
St. Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge, LA
The purpose of this project was to determine which distraction behind the wheel has the most negative effect on a teenager’s driving performance. A driving simulator was used for this project to
tests – a test without distractions, while talking, while eating, while tuning an iPod, and while texting. Each time a test was taken the number of collisions, speed limit violations, seconds without
reaction time, and total time taken was recorded. Once the results were recorded and the averages compared, it was clear that texting and tuning had the most negative effects, while the control
whether the results of this project would most likely occur with all teenagers, an anova was performed on each data set. Three of the data sets, total time taken, number of seconds without turn s
statistically significant. Data sets that were statistically significant, proven by the anova, included number of collisions, number of seconds speeding, and qualitative data. Then, for each of these
to each of the variables. Although the results were scattered and not definitive, tuning appeared to have the most negative effect most often as shown by the ttests within the data sets that were
the results, the project proved the point that any distraction behind the wheel is harmful to teenagers.
Fourth Award of $500 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel
2014 BE002
HAND HYGIENE GONE VIRAL? A STUDY OF STUDENT INVOLVEMENT IN A SOCIAL MEDIA CAMPAIGN AS A METHOD OF BRINGING HAND HYGIENE TO THE MASSES
Duluth East High School, Duluth, MN, United States of America
Aim: This study aimed to spread hand hygiene information and promote behavior change throughout a school population and beyond through student development and sharing of a social media (S
Twitter. Methods: 114 consented high school students participated in an intervention (INT) group, which received education and created material for a SM campaign (SMC). INT assessm
(HWE) and anonymous surveys (weeks 1, 7, and 12) about hand hygiene behaviors and SM. 308 control students (CON) took anonymous surveys (weeks 1 and 12) about hand hygiene behaviors
12). Schoolwide lunchroom hand sanitizer use (LHS) was covertly observed (weeks 1, 7, and 12). Schoolwide absenteeism due to illness was compared across time against an external control h
to obtain information on Facebook viewership. Results: INT had significant improvement (p<0.05) in HWE across time (McNemar’s test), hand washing before eating (Linear Regression),
and desire to improve hand hygiene (Logistic Regression). 30% of CON viewed the SMC. CON who viewed the SMC improved hand washing at school significantly more than CON who did not wi
improvement than CON. Significant prepost SMC improvement in LHS occurred schoolwide (ttest). The campaign was viewed on Facebook 13,292 times reaching 2806 people. Conclu
on student hand hygiene and may be an effective method of communicating with and changing health behaviors among adolescents.
Fourth Award of $500 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2007 BE002
A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN TWO COMPUTER PLATFORMS AND THE PAPER/PENCIL VERSION WHEN USED BY NURSING STUDENTS TO DOCUMENT PATIENT RECORDS
Brian Michael Rollman
SESO,Mayaguez, PR
Nurses must spend a considerable amount of time documenting the care they give to their patients. Failure to do so may result in the reduction of quality in patient care. Studies have shown that
improve communication processes. Yet most of the literature used for these studies is descriptive writing rather than comparative writing. This research investigated`` if there is any significant dif
number of errors and number of tasks completed by nursing students when charting in two electronic platforms (laptop and Tablet pc) vs. the paper –based one. Fifteen 3rd and 4th year nursing s
minute tutorial sessions and practice time on the 3 documentation platforms. Later students were required to perform 8 charting tasks in each one of the platforms. Students were also required to
of the testing activities. Analysis of variance at a .05 alpha level showed that there was enough evidence to: a) accept that there is a significant difference in the overall time nursing students too
b) in their preference over the 3 platforms under investigation (F = 4.71). No significant variances were found for the number of errors (F = .014) and completion of tasks (F = .098). Findings from
documentation applications provide nursing students with a time saving tool to implement documentation. Nursing programs nationwide must consider enhancing nursing education by introducing
their courses. Such changes will help train nurses to be able to improve the quality of patient care and help to contain the cost of health care services in the future 
Fourth Award of $500 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel Foundation
2004 BE002
IMPROVING COGNITIVE FUNCTION AFTER CHRONIC BRAIN INJURY WITH HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
Blanche Ely High School, Pompano Beach, Florida, United States
The numbers of child and adult survivors of chronic brain injury (CBI) who have significant residual deficits have increased to 25% of the population. One suggested treatment for CBI is the use o
While there is extensive anecdotal evidence supporting the use of HBOT, there are no welldesigned research studies. This research consisted of the comparison of three samples designed to ev
testretest data of 21 children treated with HBOT against archival testretest scores of 42 untreated braininjured and normal controls. The results showed significantly greater improvement in the
daily living, socialization, communication, and motor skills. Another sample compared 21 newly treated adults against 42 archival untreated adult normal and braininjured controls. The results sho
significantly greater gains across cognitive areas. These two samples were compared to another sample of archival SPECT data collected in previous years, analyzing the pre and post measures
studies were strongly supportive of the use of HBOT as a treatment for lessening the neurological impact of CBI. HBOT resulted in improvement in both the metabolic and cognitive functioning of
indicate that HBOT can be an effective aid in ameliorating the neuropsychological and physiological effects of CBI in individuals once believed to be untreatable.
First Award of $1,000 National Academy of Neuropsychology
2011 BE002
DETERMINING THE EFFECT OF DISTRACTIONS BEHIND THE WHEEL ON TEENAGERS THROUGH THE USE OF DRIVING SIMULATION
Callie Marie Johnson
The purpose of this project was to determine which distraction behind the wheel has the most negative effect on a teenager’s driving performance. A driving simulator was used for this project to
tests – a test without distractions, while talking, while eating, while tuning an iPod, and while texting. Each time a test was taken the number of collisions, speed limit violations, seconds without
reaction time, and total time taken was recorded. Once the results were recorded and the averages compared, it was clear that texting and tuning had the most negative effects, while the control
whether the results of this project would most likely occur with all teenagers, an anova was performed on each data set. Three of the data sets, total time taken, number of seconds without turn s
statistically significant. Data sets that were statistically significant, proven by the anova, included number of collisions, number of seconds speeding, and qualitative data. Then, for each of these
to each of the variables. Although the results were scattered and not definitive, tuning appeared to have the most negative effect most often as shown by the ttests within the data sets that were
the results, the project proved the point that any distraction behind the wheel is harmful to teenagers.
2012 BE003
MEDICATION OR CONFECTION II
Sarah Kathryn Bowles
Ackerman High School, Ackerman, MS
Do older children confuse medicines for candies or candies for medicine? Ten common medicines and ten candies were collected, glued on index cards, shellacked, and labeled in pencil on the b
interviewed individually. Each index card was candy or medicine. Each age was talllied on interview sheet. The responses from each subject were tallied to see if the older subjects had a better r
candy. The number of subjects available proved to be the most difficult obstacle in the project. Only 20 subjects were interviewed which resulted in a margin of error of 22.4%. If more subjects we
much lower. Time was the deciding factor in selecting only 20 Subjects. No grade was 100% in identifying medicines and candies. Age was a major factor between 10th graders and 12th
careful with medications within a household since all ages can easily mistake candy for medicine.
2011 BE003
THE BEST LESSON YOU'VE EVER HAD: COMPARING TEACHING METHODS
Danielle Celeste Barillas
Southwestern Educational Society, Mayaguez, PUERTO RICO
The intention of this research was to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods. The research stage included a fourteenitem survey conducted with onehundred randomly sele
of the survey was to identify the main factors that determined the “best lesson” each respondent had experienced. Results of this research survey were used to test one of four hypotheses. <
for presentation to two sets of volunteers. The presentation topics ranged from rightbrain to leftbrain concepts. The concepts were presented to three sets of volunteers using a traditional lecture
other sets of volunteers using a wholebrain teaching method. Evaluations were conducted to quantify the level of volunteer satisfaction after each presentation. Volunteer shortterm assimilation
were evaluated through two simple tests. The first test was administered immediately after the presentation and the second test was administered after approximately twentyone days. An opinion
to ascertain the volunteers’ level of satisfaction with the lesson and the amount of understanding they believed they achieved in the class. Data analysis, including the use of the ZTes
relevant differences in some teaching method comparisons in the four hypotheses. In future projections, a larger sample of people would be used.
2014 BE003
BEEF! HOW SHOULD YOU COOK IT AND HOW DO CONSUMERS PREFER IT?
Case Hilland Emerson
Union County High School, Lake Butler, FL, United States of America
Meat is cooked using a variety of methods to make certain it is safe to eat and is appetizing. The purpose of this continuation study experiment is to determine if palatability and shear force value
indoor grill will differ from those cooked sous vide and finished (seared) on an indoor grill and consumer preference of each. A professional taste panel and a consumer/untrained panel will be aske
meat prepared as above. It is anticipated that meat prepared sous vide will be the preferred method based on previous research. Each participant will score samples using a Likert Scale of 18 fo
connective tissue, connective tissue (trained panel only) and off flavor. Averages will be calculated to compare to year one's data for both trained and consumer/untrained panelists. Both trained a
cooked steaks to be more tender (P < 0.05) than needle tenderized or control steaks. However, both trained and consumer panelists reported sous vide cooked steaks to be less juicy (P < 0.05)
steaks as less flavorful (P < 0.05) than needle tenderized or control steaks. Even so, consumers found no difference (P = 0.61) in overall palatability.
2008 BE003
BODY LANGUAGE
Trevor Gerard Simon Jr.
St. James Parish Science and Math Academy, Vacherie, LA
This experiment proposed the following questions: Is body language and the type of personality of a person directly related? Which type of personality uses more body langue? Are there any spec
expresses more than the other? For this test, I used; 30 Human test subjects, a digital stop watch, and a steady interviewing environment. I began this study by creating a questionnaire and a se
received the questionnaire and completed it thoroughly. Next, subjects participate in an interview. Seven questions were asked, which demanded thorough explanation. All subjects were led to be
recorded; however the questioner only recorded the approximate times of each interview with the subject, and the amount of hand and body gestures each performed during the interview.
created and used to minimize recording time. To relieve pressure on the interviewee, the stop watch and the check list were hidden. This created a false environment to keep results steady.
process to keep distractions to a minimum. After the interview was over, the results from test one were compared to the results from test two in order to determine if personality and talkativeness
gestures.
2009 BE003
HOW SELFESTEEM MODERATES PERCEPTION OF INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM PERFORMANCE IN STUDENT ATHLETES AND MUSICIANS
Claire Elizabeth Yarnell Gamino
Temple High School, Temple, TX
In this study, 54 high school students involved in extracurricular activities (i.e. marching band and varsity athletics) were interviewed in an attempt to discover if selfesteem moderates perceptio
performance. It was predicted that the higher the individual’s selfesteem, the higher selfimposed expectations that would take greater effort to meet, causing the student to be less satisfied with
someone of a lower selfesteem. A Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient test (“Pearson R”) was run using the selfesteem and appraisal of team scores of musicians and yielded a mil
statistically significant, but merits further study. The Pearson R for athletes demonstrated an inverse relationship as predicted, but was not statistically significant. The Student’s “t” tests yielded
musicians and athletes either in selfesteem or perception of performance. The text data yielded a few interesting common themes. The musicians tended to feel the band was lazy and uncommi
chemistry was incompatible. Even though there was not a correlation between the selfesteem and team score, or a significant difference between the athletes’ and musicians’ selfesteem and pe
variability of people and their views of the same issues.
2004 BE003
AUDITORY VS. VISUAL PERCEPTION: WHICH HAS THE GREATER AFFECT ON A CHILD'S SHORTTERM MEMORY
Jessica Caroline Stanton
Columbia High School, Lake City, Flordia, United States of America
In past years I have studied the affects of auditory and visual suggestion of a color on taste. I have also tested the affects of age on taste perception. This year I researched a child’s perception
perception, and a child’s shortterm memory. I wanted to find out if visual or auditory suggestion, when in conflict, has the greater affect on a child’s shortterm memory when both are used simult
out of 240 trials, 65% of the responses from the child will be a color that they have heard. 25% will be a color that they have seen, and 10% will not remember either color. I held up 4 diff
The variable is that I did not say the actual color of the skirt. After I held up all of the dolls I asked the child what color skirts the dolls had on. The visual perception dominated with 68%
Then the auditory perception with 25% with the children saying the color that I said. Finally, 8% of the responses came from the children who couldn’t remember the color that I told them. My project could be useful in many ways to anyon
and advertisers. 
2005 BE003
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF THE MEDIA ON BODY IMAGE AND SELF ESTEEM
Jillian Meredith Phipps
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs FL, 32714, USA
The media is found to be a selective and often negative catalyst. It plays a very influential role in the lives of the teenage generation. The focus has always been placed on them, but what happen
Do the negative influences just disappear? To research the validity of this question posed, a study was done with 200 subjects divided into two age brackets. One bracket consisting of 100 subje
ranging from 1618 years of age. And the other bracket of 100 subjects, represented the adult population, ranging anywhere from 3050 years of age. Within these age brackets 50 individuals were
subjects were selected at random and surveyed. After evaluating the surveys, each individual's media exposure, body image, and selfesteem was rated. A significance test was then performed t
there is a relationship between media exposure and body image and selfesteem and also that the teenage population is more negatively impacted by the media than the adult population. Unexpe
relationship found, and that was between the media exposure and body satisfaction of adult females. Aside from the significance test however, adults and teenagers have equal media ratings and
levels but lower body image levels. Overall the age of the population responds differently to the media but not at significant levels.
2003 BE003
HSDQ A DECADE ADDED TO LIFE
Elizabeth Fairchild Harding
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, FL 32803 USA
Currently in the USA, twomillion people are diagnosed with sleepdisordered breathing (SDB) yearly. However, 30million individuals (estimated) are undiagnosed with SDB yearly. Failure to diagn
as heartfailure, lungdamage, hypertension, strokes, and heartrhythm disorders. Also, SDB lowers life expectancy by ten years (estimated). Additionally, the US National Commissions determin
trafficaccidents and 36% of all fatal trafficaccidents yearly. Doctors desperately need an efficient yet accurate way of identifying SDB. For diagnosis, “The Berlin Questionnaire” (BLQ)
of patients tested had SDB. However, BLQ is cumbersome for the practitioner to give, thus causing many not to administer it. The researcher believed that BLQ could be simplified, hence promo
patients screened for SDB. This study demonstrated the comparable reliability of a fourquestion survey, “The Harding Sleep Disordered Questionnaire” (HSDQ), developed by the resea
administered BLQ and HSDQ to patients, who subsequently received overnight sleepstudies. Correlations between the study/questionnaires were compared. BLQ and HSDQ were equa
significantly more efficient. After the researcher screened 250 patients with BLQ and HSDQ, both tests proved 99% accurate. However, BLQ averaged 10.64 minutes to complete, whereas HSDQ
accurate/efficient, it will hopefully gain widespread acceptance in the medical community, thus allowing every patient to be screened for SBD. HSDQ acceptance would therefore decrease mortali
Third Award of $125 and a certificate American Psychological Association
2013 BE003
APPLYING MATRIX THEORY TO MODEL GLOBAL SOCIAL DYNAMICS
Heeyoon Kim
A matrixbased model was revised from last year to better simulate global social dynamics. It was analyzed to observe changes in dynamics given varying demographic distributions and levels o
cultures. For each trial, demographics were used to generate the sample population. Using the probability range, probabilities (pmn) for connecting each pair of cultures were randomly assigned w
culture, the range was assumed to be [0.8, 1). Then, for each pair of people, the probability was used to determine the sign of the relationship value, and multiplied by a random number from [0, 5
the value was randomly generated from [4, 5]. The differential equation dX/dt = X2 was then used to iterate the initial matrix until the network became stable. The log (base 10) was taken for all th
between people logically converge. After developing an algorithm to count the number of cliques, ten trials were run for each variable pairing. The end behavior, size of larger cliques, and time for
supported hypotheses for behavior and was thus accurate. Countries with low diversity converged to one clique most of the time for any level of friendliness. Greater pmn values corresponded wi
pmn lengthened the stabilization period while increasing convergence for homogeneous countries. Low pmn increased convergence for heterogeneous countries. These results are comparable to
etc. When actual countries were modeled, projected behaviors were more realistic than the results from the previous model.
2003 BE003
HSDQ A DECADE ADDED TO LIFE
Elizabeth Fairchild Harding
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando, FL 32803 USA
Currently in the USA, twomillion people are diagnosed with sleepdisordered breathing (SDB) yearly. However, 30million individuals (estimated) are undiagnosed with SDB yearly. Failure to diagn
as heartfailure, lungdamage, hypertension, strokes, and heartrhythm disorders. Also, SDB lowers life expectancy by ten years (estimated). Additionally, the US National Commissions determin
trafficaccidents and 36% of all fatal trafficaccidents yearly. Doctors desperately need an efficient yet accurate way of identifying SDB. For diagnosis, “The Berlin Questionnaire” (BLQ)
of patients tested had SDB. However, BLQ is cumbersome for the practitioner to give, thus causing many not to administer it. The researcher believed that BLQ could be simplified, hence promo
patients screened for SDB. This study demonstrated the comparable reliability of a fourquestion survey, “The Harding Sleep Disordered Questionnaire” (HSDQ), developed by the resea
administered BLQ and HSDQ to patients, who subsequently received overnight sleepstudies. Correlations between the study/questionnaires were compared. BLQ and HSDQ were equa
significantly more efficient. After the researcher screened 250 patients with BLQ and HSDQ, both tests proved 99% accurate. However, BLQ averaged 10.64 minutes to complete, whereas HSDQ
accurate/efficient, it will hopefully gain widespread acceptance in the medical community, thus allowing every patient to be screened for SBD. HSDQ acceptance would therefore decrease mortali
Scholarship award of $5000 per year for four years University of Akron
2013 BE003
Heeyoon Kim
2006 BE003
COMPARING THE BENEFITS OF A TACTILE MANIPULATIVE VS. A VISUAL AND/OR AUDITORY STIMULUS ON COGNITIVE RECALL, THROUGH EXPERIMENTATION AND ANALYSIS.
Columbia High School, Lake City, Florida
Would using a tactile manipulative be more beneficial than writing information down, or listening to information? I believe that “writing” in a textured substance will affect students’ shortterm memo
experiment will begin when the student is told that he/she will hear a list of numbers. The researcher will also explain that she will be using a turntable filled with beads. A calculator will be used to
will be called out to the student and he/she will “write” the numbers in the manipulative. The researcher will talk to the student for thirty seconds about unrelated topics. She will then ask the stude
“wrote” in the beads. The test will be repeated with one exception. The student will be using a pencil and paper to write the numbers. In the last test, the student will have no form of writing down t
 The tactile manipulative was greatly beneficial when in comparison with both the visual stimulus as well as the auditory stimulus. Out of 96 participants, 24% more subjects recalled four or m
visual test, and 59.4% greater than the auditory test. The validity of this study was found through a statistical hypothesis test. This project will affect all classrooms. It could also be app
government organizations. 
2010 BE003
IMPROVING ADHD TREATMENT: A COMPARISON OF STIMULANT MEDICATION TREATMENT FOR CHILDREN WITH ADHD, COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TRAINING OF ATTENTION A
COMBINATION OF THE TWO
Collegiate High School at Northwest Florida State College, Niceville, FL
This experiment was designed to test a new type of treatment for children with ADHD: Computerized cognitive training programs. Then, it was compared with a very common and widely used trea
purpose was, therefore, to determine if these programs were beneficial alone, and/or in addition to the medication. I hypothesized that the combination of medication and cognitive programs would
the games by themselves would produce the least improvement. I also hypothesized that, at pretreatment, the the group on medication would have more severe ADHD symptoms on the Vanderb
Scale (VADPRS/VADTRS). My results indicate that, on the VADPRS, those in the medication group had more severe symptoms than those in the nonmedication group. The medication
scores, and lower relationship scores than then nonmedication group. In the VADTRS, those in the medication group had lower symptom scores than those in the nonmedication group. Those in
school performance and relationship scores, however. In the online diagnostic assessments, which were used to track cognitive function improvement, those in nonmedication group improved sl
flexibility and speed. Those in the medication group, however, showed more improvement across all the other tests, including working memory and processing speed. tTests were also conducted
generally supports my hypothesis.
Second Award $1,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Friends of NIDA, National Institutes of Health
2013 BE003
Heeyoon Kim
First Award of $1,000 Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology
2013 BE004
SEARCH IN THE WEB FOR JUNIOR SCIENTIFIC INITIATION STUDENTS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE ONLINE INFORMATION SOURCE USED
Sandro Bertelli
Instituto Federal Catarinense Campus Camboriu, Camboriu, BRASIL
The use of the Web to access electronic information sources for scientific initiation researches in vocational high school is unquestionable. However, by the diversity of available contents it is ne
informational competences which allow them identify, find, evaluate and use the informational in a correct and appropriate way to their needs. Aiming to qualitatively evaluate the online informatio
participate on Junior Scientific Initiation events it was done a descriptive survey using a quantitative and qualitative approach. About the research object of study it was defined lists of references
conference proceedings. As an evaluation tool of the selected references it was developed a matrix of evaluation that pooled the criteria in to broad categories to be quoted: evaluation of authorsh
the information, relevance of the content and offer of supply mechanisms to help and deepen. From the 349 online collected references, only 63% (220) have shown electronic available address
identified by the recovered address; the other 30.5% (67) were directed to homepages of portals or similar where it was not possible to identify the probable content used by the researchers. We h
sources qualitatively evaluated, 65% had a score equal to or less than 5. The results demonstrated the importance of increasing the investment in educational processes that lead the students to
use of the online information proper to the context of technicalscientific researches.
2014 BE004
THE EFFECTS OF TEXTING ON DRIVING SAFETY
Conroy Cheers
Caulfield Grammar School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
Texting while driving is a major contributor to road accidents worldwide. In this experiment, a procedure was designed for measuring the safety of texting while driving, handson and handsfree, a
Tests were conducted using a driving simulator, an automated messaging program (“message bot”), and customdesigned handsfree texting app running on an Android smartphone. A set route w
repeatedly, alternating between nontexting, handsfree texting and handson texting. The simulator recorded all road rule violations and traffic accidents which occurred. It was found that handso
as dangerous as nontexting, with 99% confidence. This results supported the hypothesis. Handsfree texting showed no statistical difference in safety when compared to driving without texting. H
in minor violations, such as failing to indicate when changing lanes. This project has a possible application in the form of an educational tool for young drivers, as all software and hardware used w
cost. The software could be refined into a complete solution including a driving simulator for use on a desktop computer and texting applications for use on a smartphone. Drivers could drive in th
shown statistics based on the mistakes they made while driving. This could remove the “It won’t happen to me” attitude that many drivers have towards texting while driving.
2012 BE004
THE EFFECT OF THE HUMAN LEARNING ALGORITHM ON TEST PERFORMANCE
Sagar Deepak Parikh
Plano Senior High School, Plano, TX
The purpose of this project is to test whether academic test performance, specifically in mathematics, is influenced by a human learning algorithm, directly relating to confidence level, and if so, w
algorithm (e.g., what question pattern results in the best performance by a student). To test this, students were randomly assigned one of three question patterns: simple to difficult, difficult to sim
Students were given a common set of directions, and proceeded to take the test. Percentages of correct answers per question were gathered in each individual test group, graphed, compared, an
tests to determine statistical significance. The significant differentials between average test performances as estimated by the average performance models for each test strongly suggest that th
and test performance. This relationship was consistent with the alternate hypothesis proposed prior to experimentation based on previously suggested, untested testtaking strategies. Between T
to be .0195, significantly less than the standard accepted significance level of .05, meaning that this result is statistically significant. The second Ttest had a much more significant result, produ
statistically significant as well. The increased statistical significance of the negative test in comparison to the positive test is interpreted to mean that the algorithm is more reactive to negative fe
positive feedback.
2005 BE004
CAN SIMULATED ROBOTIC BEHAVIORS ELICIT RESPONSES FROM ANOLIS SAGREI?
Thomas Kemerer Bunbury
Center for Advanced Technology, Saint Petersburg, Florida, United States
Over the last few years the use of robotics to study animal behaviors has become more popular. Behavioral researchers have realized robotics as a way to increase their knowledge about animal
Sagrei, a common lizard in the southeastern United States, is known for its unique head bobbing as a form of communication. Researchers have tried to interpret these bobs to better understand
environment around it. To determine if the number of head bobs that a lizard displays elicited a specific type of response from other lizards a robotic lizard was created. This robotic lizard was co
mimic the Anolis Sagrei. This lizard was driven by a servo motor and bobbed its head in 2, 3 and 4 bob cycles. Another still cycle was included with zero head bobs. The real lizard’s reaction was
and seven, zero being no reaction, and seven being an extreme reaction. Statistical analysis of the response data showed that the lizards responded significantly less to the four head bob cycle.
confidence level between four bobs and no movement, a 98% confidence level between 4 bobs and 2 bobs, and a 98% confidence level between 3 bobs and four bobs. There was no significant d
movement, or 3 and no movement. It was hypothesized that a larger number of head bobs would elicit a greater response because the head bob is a sign of aggression. However the data shows
response then the fewer bobs. This lack of reaction could mean that a small number of head bobs are a sign of aggression, or a large number of head bobs mean nothing.
2006 BE004
THE EFFECTS SIX SIGMA METHODOLOGY HAS ON ONLINE EBAY BUSINESSES
Shiyu Xu
Winona Senior High School, Winona MN, United States of America
Six Sigma Methodology is a process used by manufacturing companies to increase their profits. The basic principle of Six Sigma Methodology is this: increase consumer confidence (by using DM
business’s Sigma level and to raise a business’s revenues and profits. Since online shopping has been developing rapidly and has been losing revenues to inefficiency, this study is aimed to find
would increase an Ebay business’s revenues and profits. First, two Ebay stores were set up. Then, Estore A served as the control to represent a typical Ebay store. Estore B’s description page
the elements of Six Sigma. Finally, they each sold nine products. Once Six Sigma Methodology elevated Estore B’s consumer confidence level, its revenues were on average18% higher than E
relatively higher. Therefore, Six Sigma Methodology did boost the Ebay store’s revenues and profits because consumers who were more confident were willing to pay more for the products they b
2004 BE004
HOW TEACHING STYLES AND COLOR AFFECT LEARNING
Rebecca Jane West
Mills University Studies High School, Little Rock AR, United States
This experiment showed the value of visual learning methods versus auditory learning methods, and also showed the relevance of color when the visual method is used, with regards to a group o
with GPAs ranging from 2.5 to 4.0. Three groups of students were chosen to participate. The tests were explained to them, and each of the three tests was performed: ten facts were presented in
in a manner consistent with a combination of the two. On each test the students was asked to name their age, GPA, favorite color, and sex. This information was used to identify individuals so th
Square was used to sort the data and test for significant variations, and each question on the visual tests was colorcoded to a fact. It was discovered that there were no significant varia
expected to do better with the auditory or the visual presentation, according to Devlin. The numbers obtained from the ChiSquare formula were well under the limit (5.99) set for 2 degrees of freed
discovered that, when information was presented visually, 92.8% of students got at least one of the redcoded questions correct, while only 60.7% received points for a correct bluecoded questio
observed results were in accordance with what was presented by Devlin, and that red is more conducive to learning. 
2003 BE004
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT PRESENTATION MODALITIES ON RECALL OF INFORMATION
Mallory Claire Fairman, Upper Arlington High School
Columbus, OH, USA
This experiment attempted to determine which one of three commonlyused presentation modalities (auditory, textual, or visual) has the greatest influence on college students’ abilities to recall pa
recent published study of 324 university students, the visual modality showed the highest recall scores for paired associates followed by the textual modality and auditory modality (Velayo, 2000)
this project was that the recall of pairs of concepts in the visual modality would be significantly higher than the recall of pairs of concepts in the textual and auditory modalities. The null hypothesi
the recall of pairs of concepts using the textual or auditory modality. The experimental procedure required 185 law students to observe paired associate concepts either by observing pictures of th
themselves, or by listening to the concept pairs. The subjects were then tested as to their recall of the paired associate concepts. The results showed that the textual modality produced the highe
predicted visual modality (46.6%). Additionally, the textual modality produced significantly higher recall rates than the auditory modality (34.1%). These results indicate that law students recall inf
visual or auditory learning. The best explanation for the difference in results from previous studies is that this experiment used law school students as subjects. It is possible that law students are
large volume of material they are required to read and their previous success in undergraduate school.
2008 BE004
READING FLUENCY AND COMPREHENSION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN BLOCK AND FORMATTED TEXT
The purpose of this experiment was to determine what effects unformatted text and formatted text passages have on comprehension and reading fluency rates. A group of 20 second graders was
Test Group A and Test Group B, with each group consisting of five boys and five girls. Ten second grade reading level passages were used for each test group. The passages were typed using a
first five passages were typed with justified margins and single spaced lines. The second five were formatted by breaking down the sentences into segments of no more than 30 characters per lin
beginning of each line. Comprehension questions were made up for each of the reading passages using FCAT style question stems. The 10 students were tested on reading fluency for one minut
aloud until the passage was completed. They were then given a comprehension test on the passage read. The results for the first test group showed that the students' reading fluency rate increas
reading from formatted text passages. Comprehension test scores increased by 3% for the same text. The second test group showed an average increase in reading fluency of seven words a mi
passages. Comprehension increased 11% for the same text. From these results it can be concluded that using a formatted text pattern in reading passages increases reading fluency rates and c
2007 BE004
ANIMAL CARING AN EDUCATIONAL PROPOSAL II
Anelise dos Santos Klein
In order to create an active Animal Caring Association several aspects must be observed mainly the local community's effective participation to stimulate the interest in a society where it doesn’t
governmental participation. From this observation, there was formulated a method of playful and informative teaching that stimulates the children to have a good relationship with the dom
CDROM was created with the project and its methodology for to application in local schools. So a new question was formulated: is it possible to implement and to test the applicability of
 Then, workshops of study were carried out with engaged teachers, in way to enable them the application of the method among their students. Like the form of the approximation bet
created with relevant contents and making possible contact with the investigator. After the application, it was executed a quantitative, subjective study about the use of the method by the school
results obtained in the preliminary application. The project was developed through a descriptive inquiry of field and the report made inside the specific standards. The data were obtained t
the conclusion of this stage, it was observed to be possible to insert in the school environment contents that, from the childhood, wake in the human being a feeling of care with the animals and t
of the nature. 
2009 BE004
MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTING: A REVIEW OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT TESTTAKING EFFECTIVENESS
Amanda Gabriela Barillas
The purpose of the experiment was to test factors that are involved in multiplechoice tests. The first variable tested was "Comparing Test Media". 100 people were given one copy of each test: o
"bubble" exam. The second variable was "Strategy vs Nonstrategy". To test this, each person was given a twenty question exam: the first ten questions were to be answered without the strategy
the strategy provided (process of elimination). The third case was to test the "Discouraged Random Guessing" Method. Microsoft Excel randomly simulated 10,000 tests. The probability of gettin
one and two of the choices were calculated. The last variable tested was "Visual Bias due to Position". Using the method provided by "Deal or No Deal", 100 people were asked to pick one "case
diagrams: linear, block and a circular clockwise). After the results were recorded, it was seen that there was a significant difference (9.6 >> 1.96) between scores on paper and computer. The stra
similar difference to that of the first case. Randomly guessing can render most likely a C when one eliminates two of the choices (5%). There was a particular bias towards the center of the layou
be improved with more people's results and more exams. The hypotheses were confirmed in all cases.
Trip to attend the China Adolescents Science and Technology Innovation Contest in July. China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
Renewable Scholarship of $15,000 per year for up to four years IIT Institute of Psychology
2010 BE004
ABILITY TO SUPPRESS THE EXPRESSION OF DISTRESS IN HUMAN APOE MICE
Matthew Samuel Agam
Beaverton High School, Beaverton, OR
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops as a result of a traumatic experience, characterized by physical and emotional reactions brought on by related distres
car accidents and military deployment, which more recently have contributed to a spike in cases 7.7 million Americans are currently affected. Other studies in humans have shown that there ma
(ApoE) genotype and susceptibility to develop PTSD and other neuropsychiatric conditions (Freeman et al, 2005). The present study examined the effects of different ApoE genotypes on extincti
test this effect, 46 male/female mice with genotypes ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 were exposed to a discomfort in a distinct context to generate a startle response, which was extinguished in that
reintroducing the animals into the same context without the discomfort. Measured through startled behavior (defined as the lack of all movement except respiration), videotracking software showe
ApoE4 exhibited enhanced memory extinction compared to their ApoE2 counterparts. These results support a new concept of the relationship between ApoE genotype and learning and memory,
have been shown to have enhanced learning over those with ApoE3 and ApoE4 genotypes. My findings indicate that an ApoE2 genotype may be a risk factor for developing PTSD in humans.
2011 BE004
ANALYZING THE CONSISTENCY OF THE PROJECTIVE INKBLOT AND MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES CORRELATION
Katlyn Marie Firkus
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of age, ethnicity, and gender on the correlation between a projective inkblot (P.I.) test and the Multiple Intelligences Test (M.I.).
in the pursuit of creating standards to the projective inkblot tests, eliminating the controversy over their analysis methods. The hypothesis was that an individual’s demographic background would
correlation between the two tests. The specific aim was to show that there would be no statistical significance among the mentioned demographic variables. In order to obtain the M.I. ex
participant, an online survey was created via Quia software, composing the two tests. This survey consisted of a series of “Yes and No” questions regarding the intelligence categories and three
questions regarding what the participant viewed. Once completed, the responses were exported and analyzed for M.I. expression and respective corollaries. These results were divided i
descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated. The ANOVA and Ttests run on the number of corollaries found in each age group (F=.54, df= 6, p=.778), gender (df= 128, p=.79119
p=.806), proved the variances to be insignificant. This, the desired outcome, supports the hypothesis and the belief that the M.I. may hold the key to viable standards for P.I. tests.
2010 BE004
ABILITY TO SUPPRESS THE EXPRESSION OF DISTRESS IN HUMAN APOE MICE
Matthew Samuel Agam
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder that develops as a result of a traumatic experience, characterized by physical and emotional reactions brought on by related distres
car accidents and military deployment, which more recently have contributed to a spike in cases 7.7 million Americans are currently affected. Other studies in humans have shown that there ma
(ApoE) genotype and susceptibility to develop PTSD and other neuropsychiatric conditions (Freeman et al, 2005). The present study examined the effects of different ApoE genotypes on extincti
test this effect, 46 male/female mice with genotypes ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4 were exposed to a discomfort in a distinct context to generate a startle response, which was extinguished in that
reintroducing the animals into the same context without the discomfort. Measured through startled behavior (defined as the lack of all movement except respiration), videotracking software showe
ApoE4 exhibited enhanced memory extinction compared to their ApoE2 counterparts. These results support a new concept of the relationship between ApoE genotype and learning and memory,
have been shown to have enhanced learning over those with ApoE3 and ApoE4 genotypes. My findings indicate that an ApoE2 genotype may be a risk factor for developing PTSD in humans.
2006 BE005
NAME AND ITS AFFECT ON PERSONALITY/SOCIAL TRAITS, CAREER, AND ATTIRE
Liesl A Swoyer
F.W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, Florida, USA
Personalities, careers, and clothing interest many people, but the extent of the effect name has on them remains unacknowledged. The hypothesis states that a name will affect the personality/s
A survey, using information acquired through extensive research of literature, articles, and the Internet, was made to satisfy the HIPAA laws, ISEF rules, and other applicable regulations. The sur
psychologists and the SRC to ensure minimal risk. The survey was administered to high school students between the ages of thirteen and eighteen. The survey focused on name, occupation, pe
The hypothesis was proven to be correct. By comparing Kabalarian control names with the survey results, it was proven that male and female students are affected by their name. In males, it wa
personality/social traits by 95.7%, employment by 89.6%, and clothing by 74.3%. In females, it was proven that name affects personality/social traits by 94.6%, employment by 88%, and clothin
more affected by name than female subjects. Other statistical analyses were also completed. Over 50% of the subjects were female, resulting in an uneven balance of sex as well as of age. The
in psychology and psychiatry, when considering a person for a job, when considering possible career interests, and in naming a child. 
2009 BE005
TOUCH – TECHNOLOGY OF MAKING TACTILE PICTURES AND AIDS FOR BLIND AND PARTIALLY SIGHTED PRESCHOOL CHILDREN
Natalia Butina
Municipal School # 44, Nizhny Novgorod, RUSSIA
Emotional and perceptible development of blind and partially unsighted preschool children finds difficulties due to an absence of books and aids assisting them to overcome this psychical lag. Th
demonstrated that usually they acquaint child with contour of an object and its relief but provide a little perceptive characteristics. Young children perceive better the pictures with separate fragme
decided to develop technology of making tactile pictures having both visual and tactile similarity with an object thus waking up senses and emotions. I made illustrations in the book where each im
different textures. The selection of textures was made thoroughly with the aim to reproduce perceptive and tactile characteristics of image object. Various types of synthetic furs, textile, cardboar
used. It is also necessary to assure that object is perceived as an integral one, number of fine elements should not be very large. The produced book was delivered to defectologists to s
demonstrated the advantage of technology of complete multitexture applique in making pictures for preschool children because such pictures are interesting and comprehensive; they are tactilec
and shape of an object; it gives perceptive and emotional image; it also acquaints children with nonverbal communications. For children with residual sight picture can be also recognized by colo
contour. Method allows blind and partially sighted preschool children overcoming psychical lag of and assisting in their perceptive and emotional development.
2003 BE005
ARE PEDIATRIC GUIDELINES ADDRESSING THE ISSUE OF COST?
Neha Prabhu Bhoomreddy
William Mason High School, Mason, OH, USA
Are Pediatric Guidelines Addressing the Issue of Cost? This observational study was done to determine whether the developers of pediatric guidelines address the economic aspects of
publish. 285 guidelines were obtained from a web site between January 1995 and December 2001. They were read and evaluated to see if and how much each individual guideline addressed the i
each guideline, any word or phrase that dealt with cost was highlighted in red, underlined, and made bold on the computer. Then, that sentence was copied and recorded in a word document calle
counting the number of sentences that addressed cost from each guideline, the data was recorded in an excel spreadsheet called “New Data Collection Form.” Out of 285 guidelines, 17
the issue of cost somewhere in the guideline. These 177 guideline were further distributed and classified into different categories that showed the depth that each guideline went into while address
62.1% of the guidelines addressed economic aspects of an intervention in some way, many of them stating just a phrase or a sentence at the most, showing that the guidelines still needs to crea
costs in their publications. 
2004 BE005
"WHERE DID THEY GO"
Steven Michael Dodson
Drew Central Schools, Monticello, AR, USA
In the past farmers were continually spraying for boll weevils and worms. The spraying of chemicals in the crop fields helped to maintain control of the stinkbug. After the BG Cotton and Boll Wee
less need for spraying of crop fields. This has allowed the stink to dramatically multiply. This in turn has reduced the crop yield and to farmers this has reduced income. The purpose of t
movement patterns of the stinkbug. The hypothesis was the stink bug does not have a particular movement pattern and their food preference is the cotton boll. One hundred and thirtyfiv
gender and numbered on the underside of their abdomen. Each stinkbug was equipped with a diode which was glued with rubber cement on their back. The stink bugs were released into
cotton, soybean and sorghum. A recco tracing device was used to monitor the movement of the stinkbugs from one field to another. They bugs preferred the soybean fields over the cotton field.<
particular movement pattern. The stinkbugs will feed at the most available food source, but when the bugs have a choice of food, they prefer soybean.
2011 BE005
THE EFFECTS OF ATTENDING FAITHBASED MEETINGS ON PERFORMANCE ANXIETY
Jack Everett Rhoades
C.H. Yoe High School, Cameron, TX
Many scientists in the past have studied extensively the effects of anxiety on performance. However, there has been much less research on ways to lower the anxiety of the performers. There ha
spiritual strategies to combat the anxiety felt by the performers. This study investigated the effects of attending faithbased meetings on performance anxiety levels. The hypothesis stat
not affect performance anxiety. First, informed consent forms were distributed to all of the potential subjects, explaining how confidentiality would be protected. Next, students who return
local Fellowship of Christian Athletes (FCA) chapter and one of our health classes were surveyed about their performance anxiety levels. The study tested three types of anxiety: somatic, concen
results were documented, and then speakers were invited to speak at the local FCA meetings regarding anxiety in performance and life. After that, two weeks of attendance was recorded at the F
resurveyed. After recording all of the data, the data were entered into multiple data analyzing programs for analysis. There were no significant pvalues from the pretreatment tests to the
hypothesis. Thus, if a person attends faithbased meetings, then his or her performance anxiety levels will not be affected. The study could be repeated in the future with a much larger test group
2013 BE005
ORDER VS. CHAOS IN THE TOWN
Natalia Ines McAlister
Liceo de Tarariras, Tarariras, URUGUAY
It was decided to investigate the urbanism in the town of Tarariras. This investigation problem was chosen because it is interesting to know the reasons of the difficulties the visitors have to orien
goal was to know the reasons of the disorderly distribution of the town, based on the hypothesis that Tarariras is not wellordered and this causes problems for visitors as well as residents. The m
goals were: analysing maps of the town from different periods of time, doing surveys to inhabitants of Tarariras and visitors, and interviewing professionals related to the subject. The conclusions
disordered distribution of the town are the lack of roads hierarchization and distributed signs which order the town. Another very important reason is that the town does not have a grid street plan.
town was not planned. The town was born on a crossroad and experienced a high growth from 1950 with the opening of several industries, which promoted the growth around these points of intere
these conclusions, it was proposed to place more signs showing, for example, where police station and fire station are located. In addition to this, in order to guide visitors, it was proposed to plac
place where the sign is located.
2008 BE005
A STUDY OF VARYING HARMONIC SPECTRUM EXPOSURE ON STUDENTS' CONCENTRATION DURING SPATIAL REASONING EXAMINATION AS ASSESSED VIA FOURIER ANALYSE
Vivian Alice Lee
Vista Ridge High School, Cedar Park, TX
When a human hears a single note of a musical instrument, he may not realize that he is not only hearing one frequency, but an overlapping matrix of many overtones ("harmonics"), which can be
application of the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which splits the timedomain sound wave into many frequencydomain bars indicating apparent strength of the harmonic(s). In this study, this prin
exposure to various waveforms with different harmonic spectra on students' concentration levels (see equation below). 60+ students were given different versions of a series of nine spatial reason
460, each with a randomized sequence of questions from a test bank of 90. The students listened to a randomized selection of waveforms while answering the questions. Their results were asses
+ (((180time)/180) * 100 * 0.5) = Concentration Index ("CIndex"); the higher the index the better. From the data collected, it can be observed that the oboe and bassoon's waveforms augmented t
Waveform imaging and the FFT were used to analyze these results: instruments with sawtoothshaped waveforms, both even and odd harmonics, and closed conical bores were most beneficial t
squareshaped waves, only odd harmonics, and closed cylindrical bores (producing only odd harmonics due to presence of a node at one end and antinode at the other) were least beneficial, perh
spectrum present in those most beneficial. A oneway analysis of variance on the CIndex data for all waveforms generated a pvalue of 0.0064.
2005 BE005
MEMORIZATION, DURATION, AND MOTIVATION
Cristina Maria Canfield
A. Crawford Mosley High School, Lynn Haven, FL, United States
The researcher tested ninthgrade advanced students to determine if length of time without rehearsal of information and a student’s motivation to learn the material affected his/her ability to recall
hypothesized if the initial presentation of a concept were only stored in the shortterm memory of the student, testing occurring closer to the time of presentation would result in higher scores.
consisting of a scientific fact and quiz was presented to each of the seventy student subjects. The students recorded the fact three times and after a specific amount of time a quiz was given.
to determine if there was, in fact, a correlation between test scores and length of time between memorizing a fact and recalling it. There was little correlation. Also, the scores did not seem to incr
each series of facts and quizzes, proving hypothesis three wrong. Next the researcher gave a surprise formative test with all eight scientists. The students did poorly on this test.
correct answers to study for a summative test on which the students did very well. Concerning the students’ motivation, the researcher hypothesized that since the students were in an Honors Sc
grades (summative grades). Therefore, the tests that counted more of his/her grade would have better scores. This hypothesis was proven correct. 
2012 BE005
A PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SONIFICATION COMPREHENSION: A FOURTH YEAR STUDY
Neel S Patel
Oviedo High School, Oviedo, FL
In our technologycentric world, fields from finance to medicine use visual humancomputer interfaces (HCIs) to interact with data. However, purely visual HCIs can present both physical (limiting
(limiting range of thinking) barriers to users. This project studies the potential of sonifications, or nonspeech audio patterns (through variation of pitch, intensity, and tempo), to overcome the limit
 A low cost EEG headset was developed based on a Mattel MindFlex device. For this project, an Arduino circuit board was programmed and attached to read data directly from an EEG chip
creating a viable EEG headset for less than $50. The study then assessed comprehension of sonifications through informationsynthesis tests, or questions that require a user to proces
Examples include “what would you expect the trend of the sonification to do in the next five seconds?” Results indicate a high degree of accuracy (76%) across various difficulty levels. <
specific patterns of brain activity with high and lowcomprehension groups. Analysis revealed that lowaccuracy subjects had much higher peaks in brain activity as well as took longer to respond
indicates that highaccuracy subjects exert less conscious brain activity and find the process of comprehending sonifications generally intuitive. This may be a parallel to System 1 and 2 thinking

2008 BE005
Vivian Alice Lee
Second Award of $1,500 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel Foundation
2014 BE005
THE CHANGING FACE OF EDUCATION: DEVELOPMENT OF A PEDAGOGIC COMPUTER APPLICATION AND ITS EFFECT ON STUDENT COGNITION, MOTIVATION, AND PERFORMAN
Caitlyn Mary Ralph
Lake Howell High School, Winter Park, FL, United States of America
Recently, educational institutions have transitioned from traditional instructional methods to computerbased practices. Research must be done to ensure these modifications are not negatively af
study was to utilize teacher views on pedagogic technology in the conversion of a paperbased activity to an interactive, web 2.0 computer application and to test its effect on student cognition, m
prestudy was conducted by surveying teachers on the usage and importance of technology in their classrooms. The results were implemented in the creation of a web 2.0 application by the rese
school students were provided either the paperbased printout, a web 1.0 computer application, or the web 2.0 computer application to complete a lesson. The students answered a pre and postt
attached mental effort statement, and motivation survey. Paas and van Merriënboer’s training efficiency formula was implemented as well. After analysis with ANOVA and ttests, the res
There was no statistically significant difference between students’ pre and posttest scores, learning gains, mental effort, training efficiency, or all types of motivation between the methods. Only
resulted in a significant difference in favor of the web 2.0 method. This suggests that research must guide the efficacious introduction of technology into educational settings. These peda
gaps and enhance the traditional classroom framework, thereby creating a dynamic blended learning environment.
Third Award of $1,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2010 BE005
THE IMPACT OF A SET OF TRAINING PROGRAMS ON THE SEROTONIN HORMONE IN A SAMPLE OF (89) YEAROLD STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DISABILITIES AND ITS CORRELA
BEHAVIOR (AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY)
Mohammad Mesbah AlRefai
Modern Systems Schools, Amman, JORDAN
This study aims at discovering the impact of sports, dietary, and behavior training programs to improve the Serotonin hormone consumption, which is produced by the hypothalamus in the brain.
sports, dietary, and behavior training programs, studied and moderated by a group of specialists to know their suitability to the subject of the study. The program lasted 8 successive weeks.
yearold students with learning disabilities from different private schools. The sample was randomly divided into 2 equal groups: experimental and control groups. Each group was subject to a pre
Language and Mathematics in addition to the assessment of behavior and the level of the concentration of Serotonin hormone in the urine. The results were statistically analyzed using t
sample ttest and paired sample ttest. The results have shown evident improvement in the experimental group's achievement level in Arabic language, with a percentage of (81.70%) and mathem
the training programs. It has also led to the increase of serotonin level with (29.54%) whereas the undesirable behavior has decreased with a percentage of (53.85%). However, no significant diffe
and post measurement for the control group. To sum up, the suggested training programs have not only improved the level of learning disabled students' achievement and behavior, but
2007 BE005
"CACHAZA : WASTE OR FERTILIZER"
Adolfo Luis Soraire
Escuela de Comercio La Trinidad La trinidad Tucuman Argentina
The purpose of “THE SECOND STAGE OF THE PROJECT” is to show the benefits that the installation of a dehydrator and pelleter plant of cachaza would produce in Trinidad and its surrounding
genuine labour alternative through the creation of sources of jobs and in this way, unemployment would decrease. The principal objective are: to improve the social situation th
subproduct “CACHAZA” from a long time ago. To avoid pollution and decrease the costs of production, this would allow the producers to acceed to a fertilizer and a soil improver of exce
investigation and interviews were made and the results are the following: The installation of the plant would improve the social background, solve an environmental problem and
which would determine a progressive increase of the production capacity of the cultivated soils obtaining in this way a high quality product. The benefits of the dehydrator plant would per
employment of the subproduct “cachaza” by small and big producers. 
2012 BE005
Neel S Patel
Third Award of $1000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2008 BE005
Vivian Alice Lee
Second Award $350 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2012 BE005
Neel S Patel
2011 BE006
THE EFFECTS OF VIOLENT MEDIA ON AGGRESSION LEVELS IN TEENAGE BOYS
Nicolas William Johnston
Sydney Church of England Grammar School, Sydney, NSW, AUSTRALIA
Growing concern about exposure to violent media has not reduced widespread involvement in this form of entertainment. Many studies have been conducted to explore the possible effects, but re
studies have suggested that aggression levels increase after exposure and may result in increases in violent activity. Other studies suggest that playing violent video games is related to aggress
stimulation. In contrast, a recent review of the scientific literature suggested that most studies overestimated and overinterpreted the influence of violent video games on aggression. This
questionnaire to analyse the effects of violent computer games on the aggression levels of a group of teenage boys. Results showed that playing M rated games for three hours did not increase s
group. A follow up study was undertaken to assess the effect of playing M rated games on a range of physiological markers of aggression. In the participant with the greatest increase in selfrepo
pressure increased while watching a humorous television show while diastolic was unchanged. In contrast, during the video game’s “assault” phase, diastolic blood pressure also increased drama
changes were observed in two participants whose selfreported aggression levels were relatively unchanged. This study showed that violent video games caused no significant effect on t
group of teenage boys. However, some players can experience quite large changes in physiological markers of aggression when playing these games and these effects should be considered in fu
2010 BE006
HARP THERAPY'S EFFECT ON THE MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Katherine Jane Steffl
St. Mary's High School, Sleepy Eye, MN
Music is an artistic form of communication incorporating instrumental and/or vocal tones in a structural manner. This experiment was designed to determine if Harp Therapy had a positive affect o
residents. The activity director of a Community Nursing Home was contacted. After receiving a list of eligible residents, subjects were met with once every week. Their emotional state, heart rate
and after harp music was played for ten minutes. These steps were repeated for six weeks with every resident. The data collected showed that there was a significant chance in the em
manner. The heart rate and blood pressure results were less noticeable although there was a positive difference for those variables. Nursing home residents do appreciate music in a powerful way
spirits and brings residents back to memorable times in their life. This experiment was designed to determine if Harp Therapy had a positive affect on the Medulla Oblongata of nursing h
nursing home residents respond well to music, harp therapy was a great tool in achieving positive changes in emotional state, heart rate, and blood pressure of the residents. These res
residents because of their need for Music Therapy. Music with a different beat can gain the attention of nursing home residents when it is needed to calm their emotional state, heart rate, and blo
measures.
2004 BE006
ETHICS AND TEENS IV: A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RESULTS AND FACTORS THAT AFFECT ETHICS
Alicia Lynn McDermott
Grace Christian School, Broken Arrow, OK, USA
 Data from the previous year, regarding the effects of age, gender, race, number of parents in the home, and most influential person on teens’ ethics was analyzed on the largest and mos
of these variables on the ability to identify troubled teens. All the data was transformed into numbers then put into a spreadsheet using Excel. A number of different statistical analyses w
analysis, an ANOVA, and a Univariate Analysis (or Interaction) between the different variables. The impact of the newly added variables on the test results was compared to the original set of var
included this year were; High School, Juvenile Delinquent, Male, Female, Race, Number of Parents in the Home, and Most Influential Person. The correlation analysis showed statistical
revealing that the categories of “Caring”, “Judgmental”, and “Subjective”, created by the student researcher, were valid methods of testing the moral attitudes of youth. The analyses also showed
a troubled male 60% of the time, and a troubled female 73.4% of the time. 
2005 BE006
THE EFFECTS OF SEXUALLY APPEALING IMAGES ON COGNITIVE PROCESSING SPEED
Devin Michael Elting
James Bicknell Castle High School, Kaneohe, Hawaii, United States of America
The effect of sexually provocative images on automatic cognitive processing in 20 male and 20 female subjects was examined using a modified Stroop task. As was predicted, no main effect for
Likewise the main effect for visual stimuli (neutral vs. sexually provocative images) was strong (F=8.72, p=.00039), again as was predicted. However, the hypothesis that a gender by stimuli inter
(F=1.09, p=.34). It was hypothesized that male response times would be slower when presented with sexually provocative images of females while female response times would be slower when p
images of males. Visual inspection of graphed data suggests that female subjects showed the predicted response pattern but male subjects had slowed reaction times in response to both male a
provocative. Possible theoretical explanations for these findings included homophobic socialization of males and biologically based reactions to dominance hierarchies. Additional study is called f
Based on feedback provided by judges in earlier rounds the study sample size will be increased. Consequently, findings presented at the International Science Fair may be different than those rep
2009 BE006
MUBSTAR PROGRAM TO COMMUNICATION FOR DEAF
Ahmad Rasmi Almubiden
There is in every society a special category requiring a special adaptation to the environment where they live are the deaf. Modern science has failed to make the deaf person part of the commun
talking about the deaf, but we find the word "deaf community", the word with all the meanings of isolation experienced by the deaf. On the basis of this problem the idea of the Mop Star w
communicate where the program provides sufficient flexibility and capacity to make the deaf communicate across the world provided by the program is to enable deaf people to communicate acro
out from the narrow range and go for the exchange of experiences and knowledge with the deaf in the world. This program contains a very simple user interface that they can deal with it s
program contains a graphical user interface to facilitate dealing with them. The idea of how the program work is very simple that they can send and receive signals between the two partie
communication between the deaf.
2008 BE006
THE IMPACT OF MUSIC ON STUDENTS' TEST SCORES
ChristieBrianna K Momohara
Kailua High School, Kailua, HI
One could assume music is a big part of life, no matter which generation one comes from. At Kailua High School however, any type of listening device isn't allowed to be used during class time.
music truly does impair students' learning and performance abilities. If it's true that people are capable of focusing their conscious awareness on a particular stimulus and they're able to multitask
will not cause a student to perform poorly on a test. In order to carry out this experiement, high school students were randomly selected and randomly placed into two separate groupsthe control
took two tests and studied in between without listening to music, while the experimental group did the same except they listened to music of their choosing. Cautious procedures were taken to av
religious, or ethical beliefs. By conducting this experiment, findings indicate that music does not negatively impact students' test scores. Students who listened to music while studying and taking
those who didn't listen to music. Thus, there is no reason why students are not able to use listening devices during nonlecture class times. People are able to consciously select what to focus on
stimuli at once just as efficiently if they were to do them separately.
2007 BE006
EDUCIRE: GETTING A NEW MEAN OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ON THE INTERNET
Evandro Augusto Oliveira
The purpose of the project Educire is to research on new means of teaching and learning processes on the internet, using a methodology based on an education philosophy, to develop an interdis
resources for teachers and to value the need of learning. Based on researches, the project proposes a new sight of education through one of the greatest genius of humanity, Leonardo D
development of an educational methods that links education and technology in order to improve the experience of teachers and students on the development of knowledge. This new methodology
environment directed at students’ needs, using new generation internet resources (web 2.0). This initiative will bring great benefits to the school community because it will promote the di
the qualified use of the internet, based on a new methodology of teaching that aims to improve the experience of students in the search of knowledge. The basis of the philosophy takes
teaching technology will solve the problem of education if it does not consider a method that develops each student’s potential. 
2012 BE006
A SPECTRUM OF TRIANGULATION: ADHD, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY, AND BIPOLAR SYMPTOMS
Travis Coleman Sigafoos
Champlin Park High School, Champlin, MN
This study aims to investigate the theoretical triangulation between ADHD, circadian rhythmicity, and bipolar symptoms in adolescents. Moreover, the influence of comorbid disorders on the prese
analyzed. An extensive library investigation elucidated significant connections between the underlying comparative biological bases within the triangulation. By using psychological assessments
from a total of 80 informant sets. There are 8 instruments that are used in the study: (1) Consent Form, (2) ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist, (3) Sleep Deprivation Survey, (4) Circad
Evaluation, (6) The SWAN Rating Scale, (7) NICHQ – School Performance Assessment, and (8) Medical History Form. The raw data was processed into value sets and the triangulation is invest
For example, in regards to the relationship between bipolar and ADHD symptom presentation, rs = 0.67, 95% CI [0.52, 0.78], p < .0001. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis is also u
significance of comorbidity values in differentiating ADHD patients from placebos. In conclusion, the magnitude of the triangulation is strong, as well as the potential efficacy for improving the dia
2003 BE006
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF IMAGE MANIPULATIONORIGINAL VS. REAL
John David Hays, Wilcox Hildreth Public schools 404 E. Sapp St. Wilcox, NE, 68982
USA
The purpose of this project was to determine if human perception could detect the difference between a computer manipulated image and the original image. I selected 15 digital photos a
program. With each of the selected 15 photos, I subtracted images or I added images using images that I obtained from additional photos. This can be done with a working knowledge of digital eq
such as Adobe Photoshop. I ended up with 30 photos total. 15 photos had the original image and 15 photos were computer manipulated images. The photos were paired up so that they c
were told the purpose of the project and were asked to complete a survey. They were told that they would be shown 15 sets of pictures, one that was the original and one that had been manipulat
asked to complete the survey by telling which photo was the original picture and what was different in the photos. After the surveying was done, the data was collected and analyzed. The
hypothesis that more than 50% of people will not be able to tell if a photo has been computer manipulated and will therefore state that the manipulated image is the original image. The re
that ordinary people can perceive the difference between the computer manipulated image and the original. 
Second Award of $500 Eastman Kodak Company
2013 BE006
THE EFFECTS OF A MULTIFACTOR HAND HYGIENE INTERVENTION WITH MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING ON HAND WASHING EFFECTIVENESS, BEHAVIOR, ATTITUDES, AND AB
STUDENTS
East High School, Duluth, MN
Aim: This study instituted a hand hygiene intervention (INT) using motivational interviewing (MI) in a high school (HS) setting to improve hand washing effectiveness (HWE), behavior, attitudes, a
 Methods: Within one HS, consent was obtained for 165 students who received classroom based INT, MI sessions, and lessons on realworld application of hand hygiene based on students’
foodservice, education, and the military. HWE scores were collected at weeks 1, 5, 9, and 13; anonymous surveys at weeks 1, 7, and 13, to assess behaviors and attitudes; students’ MI likeline
(CON) (n=71) aggregate absences were compared with INT using onetailed ttests. McNemar’s test evaluated change in HWE. Chisquared tests evaluated hand washing behaviors, and Kruskal
reported hand washing frequency. Results: Significant (p<0.05) improvement was found between week 1 and 13 HWE scores. Significant association existed for MI likeliness to change
change. Significant difference over time was found in hand washing frequency before eating, hand washing duration, belief hand hygiene can prevent illness, and interest in improving health throu
absence difference was found for each 4week period. Conclusion: These findings show a multifactor hand hygiene intervention with MI can significantly impact HWE, behaviors, attitude
may be applicable not only to high school settings, but also to others such as healthcare facilities, food service, and the military.
Second Award of $1,500 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2012 BE006
A SPECTRUM OF TRIANGULATION: ADHD, CIRCADIAN RHYTHMICITY, AND BIPOLAR SYMPTOMS
This study aims to investigate the theoretical triangulation between ADHD, circadian rhythmicity, and bipolar symptoms in adolescents. Moreover, the influence of comorbid disorders on the prese
analyzed. An extensive library investigation elucidated significant connections between the underlying comparative biological bases within the triangulation. By using psychological assessments
from a total of 80 informant sets. There are 8 instruments that are used in the study: (1) Consent Form, (2) ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist, (3) Sleep Deprivation Survey, (4) Circad
Evaluation, (6) The SWAN Rating Scale, (7) NICHQ – School Performance Assessment, and (8) Medical History Form. The raw data was processed into value sets and the triangulation is invest
For example, in regards to the relationship between bipolar and ADHD symptom presentation, rs = 0.67, 95% CI [0.52, 0.78], p < .0001. Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) analysis is also u
significance of comorbidity values in differentiating ADHD patients from placebos. In conclusion, the magnitude of the triangulation is strong, as well as the potential efficacy for improving the dia
2006 BE006
WORKING MEMORY INTERFERENCE EFFECT ON VISUAL ERP'S
Mary Margaret Brinkopf
Canterbury School, Fort Myers, FL USA
This experiment was designed to test how working memory is affected by interference and noninference stimuli dependent on two levels of memory load. My hypothesis examined if working mem
components of ERP in visual cortex (P1, an event related potential waveform) when making cognitive decision about target matching status. Furthermore, is the visual cortex activity to target ma
interference and does the effect vary in working memory load? Lastly, do patients with high fear differ from those with low fear in either of the above statements? In an independent resea
stimuli composed of five valences. The subject pressed M if the probe matched the previous cue diamonds or N if it did not match. I analyzed the resultant data when the subject observed the pr
the visual cortex. Next, an ANOVA statistical analysis was completed which revealed little deviation in valence conditions in phobic subjects but a difference in the control group. Nevertheless, th
substantially higher than the control group. My original hypothesis was rejected because valence failed to cause a deviation in the P1 of the phobic subjects; therefore an alternate hypo
conditions will not have a significant affect on the sensory components of phobics due to their heighten anticipation and stored visual memory of feared object.
2014 BE007
BENEFITS OF THE EDUCATION STYLE USED IN ASIAN AND AMERICAN EDUCATION SYSTEMS
Hyejin Lee
Trinity Lutheran High School Bend Oregon, Bend, OR, United States of America
There are many different types of educational systems that exist. But, we are not sure which are the best educational systems for the students. The first experiement examined two diffe
American and Korean education systems. 30 students studied in the Asian education system and 30 students studied in the American education system. The groups were Elementary, middle, an
studied the same thing for one month and a half. After a month and half, they took the same test at the same time. The biggest difference between the two groups were, the American education s
sleep, more breaks, and do group presentations. Also, this team will be graded on a scale instead of class rank. The Korean education system group does the same thing as before. The
different types of groups studying the different vocabulary of the languages used different styles. One was the visual, and the other one was the repeating system. This experiement was to determ
results for the students.
2013 BE007
THE EFFECTS OF PHENOTYPE CHARACTERISTICS PREFERENCE ON MATE SELECTION
Jennifer Alice Bigley
Ackerman High School, Ackerman, MS
Phenotype preference can be related to by many factors, such as background, clothing, or learned behaviors. However this study focuses on the effect genetics can play on the phenotypic prefer
families were surveyed. Two people from each family were selected on a volunteer basis from a local population. Sets of visual and nonvisual phenotype characteristics were presented in a surv
choose the trait they preferred in a potential mate. These traits were varied from body type, eyebrow shape, hair length, and height. The results were recorded and statistically analyzed for each f
the results each individual’s data was compared randomly to a nonrelated participant. Overall the related group had a greater percentage of phenotypic preferences than the nonrelated group.
choose more common phenotypic characteristics than nonrelated mates.
2010 BE007
WHO AM I? THE ROLE SITUATIONAL FACTORS PLAY WHEN UNDERSTANDING THE SELFCONCEPT
Jean Louise Leighton
Winona Senior High School, Winona, MN
How accurate are personality tests? Objectively, this experiment attempted to manipulate the outcomes of a personality test through prompting selfperceptions. These selfperceptions create fra
in society. It was hypothesized that participants who reviewed Type Descriptions and predicted their resulting type before taking the test, would be influenced by the chosen identity. Th
personality Type Descriptions and predicted which type reflected their individuality. Next, they completed the personality test. The control received the sections in reverse order, the test followed
include: Artisan, Guardian, Idealist, and Rational. Data analysis measured how close a group’s (experimental or control) results were to their chosen types. The data showed significance
an acceptable level in Behavioral Sciences, between the experimental and control group’s discrepancies. The procedures were repeated with a second, more indepth test. It was hypothesized th
second test had no significant difference (p=0.2362). One can conclude that situational factors can affect how one analyzes their personality in a basic test, but not in a more indepth te
selfconcept. This study is important to society because personality tests are similar to learning style tests used in the educational field. In the future, one could explore the perceived self as com
2007 BE007
VISION AID II
Ricardo Wagner Melero
Fundacao Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
In this project I developed two new prototypes of vision aids to help the visually impaired, use their remaining vision in a more effective way. I also present a planning for the insertion of the Visio
the world health organization from 70 to 80% of the people considerate as blind are not really blind and their remaining vision are not being used. That happens mostly because people don’t know
because those devices are very expensive and are of difficult adaptation. The objective of this project is to provide social insertion trough constructing and providing lowcost vision aids
afford the ones that exist on the market, making the vision aid accessible for a large number of people. I projected and constructed a innovator ringmonocular based on the principles of
monocular to be constructed based on the needs of each person. I also constructed an ergonomic support with a magnifying lens attached on it, so the person can read and write whit out having
magnifying lens, which was a very uncomfortable position that is now solved. The prototypes were tested and proved to be efficient and low cost being able to introduce in the society and help a
quality of life, selfesteem and giving them accessibility to the work market and education. 
2008 BE007
ANOREXIA AND BULIMIA: IN TEEN ATHLETES
Sasha Alixer Spalding
F.W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, FL
The purpose of thee experiment is to see how much information athletes know about Anorexia and Bulimia versus nonathletes. The reason for doing this project is to see if the knowledge of the
versus nonathletes with the disorder. It was also hypothesized that athletes knew less about the disorder. The procedure involved having teachers pass out the surveys with the consent
that everything was strictly confidential. When the results were tallied they showed that athletes and Nonathletes had many of the same answers except for minor differences. Such as
bulimia more common in females or males. Also question6 which ask are there any major health risk involved with anorexia and bulimia. These two questions had almost 100% the same answer
that had a lot of variety was question 9 asking how does anorexia affect children’s school work. This question had opposite answers more athletes chose choice A while more nonathletes chose
not enough information to determine which group had better knowledge overall. The answers to the surveys were too close to distinguish a difference between athletes and nonathletes regarding
can benefit from further research. It also suggests that both groups could benefit from further education regarding eating disorders.
2009 BE007
BLIND PEOPLE COAT WITH SMART EYES
Ahmad Nabil Awad
This project is destined to assist blind people to walk freely without the need to use the white stick through wearing a coat with sensors that magnify objects ahead of the blind person by using th
consists of three types of sensors; one located on the chest area in order to detect the objects that are one meter far ahead, and another sensor is located on a hat in order to detect the objects t
and the third is fixed on the knee area in a bended way in order to detect land holes and stairs that are 60 cm. far from the blind person. After making the necessary tests on this applianc
results in detecting the barriers in front of blind people, and consequently enable them to walk freely at a percentage of 90%.
2005 BE007
PSEUDOMEMORIES: CAN WE REALLY BELIEVE WHAT WE REMEMBER?
Paige Nicole Paxton
The Villages High School, the Villages, FL, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to determine if our memories are really believable, or if they're false based upon things we are exposed to. A pseudomemory is the idea that our memories are
seen or heard. In my experiment, I hoped to prove the theory of pseudomemories to be true. For my experiment, I tested my patients by giving them a ten question survey. Then, I had t
had fallen out of a tree. Two weeks after the first session, I had to patients retake the same survey to observe if anyone's answers had changed based upon the story. After all the surveys had b
survey, then compared it with the second one. Along with testing my first set of patients, I also tested a control group to prove that if any patients changed their answers it would've been in result
group, I tested them with the same survey as the others, both sessions, except they didn't read the story in between. In conclusion, my hypothesis was proved to be incorrect. Unfortuna
same. In the future, if I chose to retest my experiment I would probably improve my test by adding more detail to the survey and story. I would increase the amount of questions in the survey as
the story, also by adding more detail. Although my experiment didn't prove my hypothesis to be correct, with my research supporting me, I still feel that pseudomemories do indeed occur. I am st
what I remember. 
2006 BE007
EYEWITNESS ACCURACY
Mariah Lynn Stanley
Titusville High School, Titusville Fl, Brevard
The purpose of this project was to determine if there is a significant difference between males and females with respect to eyewitness accuracy. I conducted a scenario in 17 different science cla
different tests with a total of 400 students responding to my surveys. In the first test, I had the female test subject walk into the classroom and interrupt the teacher at the front of the room. The f
talk to the teacher for exactly three minutes. Once the female test subject had exited the room, I would then enter the classroom and hand out the survey form to the respondents. I explained how
survey forms specifying that they were to still fill out the survey even if they did not see the test subject. The surveys were collected immediately upon completion to prevent the respondents from
process was repeated with a male test subject. The data from each of the survey questions were statistically tested for significance (95%). I used a twopopulation zscore statistics test.
from both the males and females would be the same; the hypothesis (HA) was that there is a difference between both male and female respondents. The responses were statistically significant fo
subject and 4 of 7 questions for the female test subject.
2012 BE007
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN EDUCATIONAL BOARD GAME TO IMPROVE THE STUDY TECHNIQUES OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Brandon Gary Ramnath
Christian Brothers' College, Boksburg, Boksburg, Guteng, SOUTH AFRICA
This project presents the results of research conducted into the different study techniques used by high school students (ages 14 – 18). A survey conducted of 1450 high school students
that the majority of students had little confidence in their current study methods and most relied on rotelearning (parrotfashion) techniques. An educational board game entitled “Virtuoso
studying techniques. A comparison of traditional studying techniques (controlled group) to students using “Virtuoso” to guide their studying showed a clear improvement when tested. 
different schools and showed that students using “Virtuoso” showed an average improvement of 84.5% between initial and final testing. Students in the controlled group only showed 56.8% impro
reported that they enjoyed this technique more than using traditional studying techniques.
2003 BE007
A LOOK AT YOUTH IN TROUBLE: USING SIMPLE ETHICS TO DETECT POTENTIALLY TROUBLED TEENS
Alicia Lynn McDermott
Grace Fellowship Christian School, Broken Arrow, Oklahoma, USA
This project investigates the ethical decisions of teenagers attending high school and compares them with incarcerated teens. Using simple moral dilemmas, the test created by the student resea
potentially troubled teens. Other variables such as age, race, gender, influences, and number of parents were also included to evaluate how these factors affect the moral attitudes of youth. Subje
twenty moral dilemmas, with three possible solutions “Subjective”, “Judgmental”, or “Caring”. The subjects chose one way to solve each. “Caring” answers were more “moralistic”, the opposite of
school teens would answer with a highly “Caring” perspective, while incarcerated teens would have a “Subjective” perspective. Also predicted was that subjects who lived with two parents and wh
father, or both parents would have a more “Caring” viewpoint than those who considered their friends or siblings as their greatest influence. The completed tests were divided into “High School Stu
answers were then collated by subject and subdivided into the three possible categories. Discriminate analysis showed that this instrument could provide an accurate prediction of “troubled” teens
showed significant variation between "Caring" and "Subjective" answers for those teens whose greatest influence was either the Mother or Both parents, as opposed to Friends. Results indicate a
might be used to provide early identification of troubled youth.
Honorable Mention Award American Psychological Association
2011 BE007
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUGAR DEPENDENCE AMONGST ADOLESCENTS
Alessio Pio Giuricich
Bishops Diocesan College, Cape Town
Purpose: Sugar or substance dependence occurs when 3 or more of 7 criteria are met for a diagnosis according to the DSM–IVTR. Adolescents are vulnerable to the initiation of novel or
to substance dependence because of neurobiological factors pertinent to their development. A randomized prevalence study was undertaken. The hypothesis of this investigation was that 50.00%
between the ages of 1318 years, will score 3 or more on the Modified Sugar Addiction Scale (MSAS), which correlates with a diagnosis of sugar dependence. Procedure: Adoles
The MSAS, compiled by the researcher, is a modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) (permission granted). The MSAS contains grouped questions correlating the intake of swe
dependence. The maximum score attainable for the responses was 8 points, with 3 or more points indicating dependence. Data: This investigation surveyed 1654 male and fema
schools in South Africa. The results show 56.61% of the total, 40,24% of the rural, 62,32% of the urban privileged and 67% of the urban underprivileged adolescents are dependent on sugar. Fem
than males (50.62%). Conclusion: The conclusion is that more than 50.00% of adolescents manifest sugar dependence, which agrees with the hypothesis. Further research shou
in adolescence has a trajectory course into adulthood and a cross sensitivity to other substances.
2004 BE007
SECOND LANGUAGE PROCESSING BY ADULT NATIVE SPANISHSPEAKERS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL MODEL OF LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Olivia Andrews Gilliatt
Sleepy Hollow High School, Sleepy Hollow, NY, USA
Grammatical rules are stored in procedural memory; irregularities are memorized in a lexicon in declarative memory. Women rely on the lexicon for some grammatical computations; adult bilingua
Native Spanishspeakers (13 female, 11 male) were tested on their ability to produce English verbs in past tense. Accuracy was analyzed by gender and biographical factors including Age of Arriv
Education. No significant difference in accuracy existed between men and women, however education predicted performance. Analysis of frequency effects and exclusion of confounding variable
the Declarative/Procedural model. The potential difference in language acquisition has implications for the teaching of a second language to adult students.
Second Award of $500 National Academy of Neuropsychology
2011 BE007
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SUGAR DEPENDENCE AMONGST ADOLESCENTS
Alessio Pio Giuricich
Bishops Diocesan College, Cape Town
Purpose: Sugar or substance dependence occurs when 3 or more of 7 criteria are met for a diagnosis according to the DSM–IVTR. Adolescents are vulnerable to the initiation of novel or
to substance dependence because of neurobiological factors pertinent to their development. A randomized prevalence study was undertaken. The hypothesis of this investigation was that 50.00%
between the ages of 1318 years, will score 3 or more on the Modified Sugar Addiction Scale (MSAS), which correlates with a diagnosis of sugar dependence. Procedure: Adoles
The MSAS, compiled by the researcher, is a modified version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS) (permission granted). The MSAS contains grouped questions correlating the intake of swe
dependence. The maximum score attainable for the responses was 8 points, with 3 or more points indicating dependence. Data: This investigation surveyed 1654 male and fema
schools in South Africa. The results show 56.61% of the total, 40,24% of the rural, 62,32% of the urban privileged and 67% of the urban underprivileged adolescents are dependent on sugar. Fem
than males (50.62%). Conclusion: The conclusion is that more than 50.00% of adolescents manifest sugar dependence, which agrees with the hypothesis. Further research shou
in adolescence has a trajectory course into adulthood and a cross sensitivity to other substances.
2004 BE007
SECOND LANGUAGE PROCESSING BY ADULT NATIVE SPANISHSPEAKERS: GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE DECLARATIVE/PROCEDURAL MODEL OF LEXICON AND GRAMMAR
Olivia Andrews Gilliatt
Grammatical rules are stored in procedural memory; irregularities are memorized in a lexicon in declarative memory. Women rely on the lexicon for some grammatical computations; adult bilingua
Native Spanishspeakers (13 female, 11 male) were tested on their ability to produce English verbs in past tense. Accuracy was analyzed by gender and biographical factors including Age of Arriv
Education. No significant difference in accuracy existed between men and women, however education predicted performance. Analysis of frequency effects and exclusion of confounding variable
the Declarative/Procedural model. The potential difference in language acquisition has implications for the teaching of a second language to adult students.
Award of $3,000 in savings bonds, a certificate of achievement and a gold medallion U.S. Army
Second Awards of $1,500 U.S. Air Force
2013 BE008
SIBS OF THE SPECTRUM: EVALUATING SUPPORT GROUPS FOR THOSE WHO HAVE A SIBLING WITH AUTISM
Katherine Emily Hufker
Lindbergh High School, St. Louis, MO
Sibling Support groups provide an opportunity for those who have a brother or sister with autism to meet others in a similar situation and learn more about their siblings. This project sought to dete
to improve sibling relationships. Participants were between 7 and 17 years old and had a sibling with autism who was at least 4 years old. The sibling’s relationship was determined using scores f
whether or not they felt proud of their brother or sister, as determined by the Sibling Relationship Questionnaire. Before matching, those who had attended sibling support groups scored higher on
statistically significant. After matching for the age and gender of the sibling and individual with autism, the test group only outscored the control group in warmth. In addition, those participating in
more comfortable explaining autism to a family member (p=0.028), stranger (p=.063), familiar group (p=.034), or strange group (p<.001) than those that did not participate in a support group. This
for birth order and gender, with both the familiar group (p=.055) and strange group (p=.055) still statistically significant. To validate these findings, a similar study should be performed with a differe
findings support the idea that sibling support groups can be beneficial for those who have a sibling with autism.
2012 BE008
THE PSYCHOSCHEMATIC CINEMATOGRAPHY OF FREE WILL
Amit Kahana
Israeli Arts and Science Academy, Jerusalem, ISRAEL
Free will is central to the debate between two grand theories in psychology: Behaviorism and Humanism. Behaviorists saw the individual as the sum of past experiences, with truly autonomous c
focused on the person's unique innernature, which under the appropriate circumstances guides selfdirected behavior. Cinema, by focusing on human feelings and behavior, reflects this debate. T
aspects of cinematic aesthetical layout called cinematography, such as color, light, perspective, and symbolism, to present views about free will. I develop an original schematic model of how ea
aesthetical "psychoschemas", with the behaviorist schemes directly contrasting the humanistic ones. I then illustrate how schemeuse in cinema reflects each perspective of the Free Will debat
efficiently emphasize the audience's perception and feelings of their movies.
2006 BE008
DOES THE ODOR OF CHOCOLATE STIMULATE MEMORY?
Adrienne M. Heintz
Bradenton Preparatory Academy, Bradenton, FL, USA
I conducted this experiment in order to discover if the odor of chocolate had any memoryenhancing properties that affected humans. I believe that chocolate will enhance the memory of humans,
people trying to remember things. I located an online memory game and gave the test to twenty subjects, once without smelling anything, and once after they smelled groundup chocola
a sheet with clear instructions on how to take the test both with and without smelling the chocolate to avoid confusion. I discovered that the average time for the first test was 2 minutes and 50 se
smelling chocolate was 2 minutes and 14 seconds. This shows a 36 second improvement, or 21.2%. The data supports my hypothesis. This experiment opens up a new window of resea
of room for improvement in my project, however. The subjects could have performed better on the second test only because they became more comfortable, so I should have given the test 5 tim
the averages. Also, I tried to isolate each person while they were taking the test in order to eliminate distractions, but because I did most of my testing at school, it was hard to administer the tes
last thing I believe would have improved my project was to test more people than I did. 
2005 BE008
REACTIONS
Kelci Noelle Mynhier
Manatee High School, Bradenton Florida, USA
Does the way customers dress affect the way store and restaurant personnel act towards them? There are many ways to dress. A person who likes a certain image tends to dress similar to that
types of people are almost always expected, and some people dress differently just to get reactions from people. If dressed like a punk, a "valley" person, a poor person, a pregnant teenager, and
each subject will vary. Five outfits were worn by the researcher while visiting four different types of stores and one fast food restaurant. The amount of time it took for the clerks to assist
subject were recotded after each visit. Z scores were calculated to compare the proportion of rude clerks to each personality, while ttests compared the times. The significant results sho
pregnant teenager and the punk than to the poor person, "valley" person, and the normal person. It also took the clerks significantly longer to assist the pregnant teenager and the punk than to the
normal person. A possible correction for future projects on this topic would be dressing more like the personality to get more responses.
2003 BE008
MATH MADE FUN!
Kellyn Jo Wilkinson
Monte Vista High School, Monte Vista, CO, United States
The purpose of this project was to evaluate small group activities for problem solving as a method to improve individual problem solving skills. It is believed that the more language child
methods they will use. The more methods the student uses the better his/her understanding. By allowing students to work together and learn from each other, they will be better prepared to work
separate classes were used, one with twelve students and one with sixteen. Each of these students were given an individual assessment. Half of the students from each class were involved in g
groups six times, students were given another individual assessment to determine any progress. This process was repeated until the students had taken five assessments. The group activities a
coordinated with what they were learning in class at that time and were approved by the teachers involved. The results show that group activities do improve the individual problem solvin
variable groups were able to explain their methods, use more mathematical language, and solve the problems in various ways. A ttest showed that Class 1 was statistically valid at a level of alph
alpha .001. When the groups were combined, the results were reaffirmed by significance shown at alpha .001.
2009 BE008
ONLINE GAMES' IMPACT ON PERSONALITY OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Thao Ngoc Phan
Duc Trong High School, Duc Trong, Lam dong, VIETNAM
The research aims at understanding the impact of Online Games on high school students’s personality and their study results. Research method: questionnaire , interview, observation, c
 Collected data: Regarding highintensive players, the natural and social needs such as eating and sleeping remarkably reduce (38%) Highlighting my selfcentered tendencies, the ne
increases. The interest of high intensive players in learning is much less than low intensive ones (31% reduced). Computing skills are better and English knowledge is deeper <b
duties : the best effort rate for the work by students who spend much more time playing games is much lower than that by other (representing a decrease of 63%), the number of students who sp
tend to refuse or do not want to work is much higher than that of those spending less time playing (representing an increase of 31%). Regarding the behaviour towards other people: Pay l
indifferent, irresponsible Conclusion: The time students spend playing Online Games has a great effect on their personality and study results. If they spend 4 hours playing every day, th
become more inactive and bad tempered. Playing Online Games is not only money and time consuming but also makes student players neglect their study.
2010 BE008
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF COMPREHENSION DIFFERENCES IN STRUGGLING READERS USING PHRASE AND CHARACTER SPACED MODELS, YEAR THREE
The purpose of this study was to investigate two text models designed for struggling readers and to determine their effects on comprehension levels. It was hypothesized that struggling readers w
passages as compared to characterspaced passages. To test this hypothesis, a test group of 180 students, 30 from each of grades 2,3,4,5,8 and 10 was used. Subjects who qualified for this st
of their grade level on the FCAT or SAT10 test. Reading passages for each grade level were chosen from the GatesMacGinitie reading test booklet. Passages were retyped using phrase and cha
passage for each level was unchanged. Each subject silently read a passage and answered six questions. The test was untimed. The questions were repeated without the original passage one w
were scored by identifying the number of correct explicit and implicit responses. Test scores were compared using paired ttests and Pearson's Correlation Analysis. Both formatted conditions ha
compared to the control condition, but phrasespaced text was superior to characterspaced. Memory tests showed significant differences in test scores (p<0.05) using formatted passages but ph
over character spaced. These results support the researcher's hypothesis.
2011 BE008
IMPROVING PRODUCTIVITY IN FACTORIES THROUGH MUSIC
Danielle Elizabeth Boer
St. Dominic's Academy Newcastle, Newcastle, KwaZulu Natal, SOUTH AFRICA
The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether playing music in factories would increase the productivity of workers, and if it does; which genre of music will provide the greatest impr
 Procedure: Four genres of music were played during experimentation, Pop, Rock, Classical and African, in a knitwear factory and a clothing factory. Before the investigation, the kn
collected for two months while no music was played. Thereafter the four genres were played on a random basis for a further two months. The same was done at the second factory, only differenc
previously played. Productivity data for both factories was compared. An accurate measurement of productivity was calculated as units of garments produced versus the target set for each day.
designed, given to the employees, and completed to determine how they felt about the music being played. Data: Results proved that music improved productivity significantly i
factory (equal to 14 688 extra jerseys) pushing up their output by 13%. At the second factory, productivity increased by 2%. At both factories, Rock music boosted productivity the most, by 4.5%
productivity by 0.2% in the clothing factory. Conclusion: Rock music led to the best improvement. If a company wants to increase productivity while keeping their employees hap
will show a significant increase in productivity.
Renewable Scholarship to the IIT Institute of Psychology $15,000 per year for up to four years IIT College of Psychology
2010 BE008
2008 BE008
THE AUTOMATIC SPEECH TRANSLATOR FOR DISABILITY (DEAF AND BLIND)
Mahmoud Emad Darawsheh
The is project produce the way to create software helps deaf people to communicates in there life by using computer to translate the normal people speech to deaf language , the software use the
2005 to write the program The project algorithm is : import the recognized speech recorded by microphone from system recognizer using speech library > Analyze the words > draw the
project is effected: by the microphone quality ,Listen Place, Recognizer version, OS , Computer skills and VGA Size after testing different value the results was: Noise decreas
OS effect the setting of speech recognizer VGA size increase the speed and quality of viewing on screen Quality of microphone effect in the quality of speech recognizing
of understanding the spoken words recognizer Version effect in the quality of analyzing and converting speech to text The project there is a lot of benefits and application
deaf direct The project can be used in the airports on a large screen The project can transform speech in network and internet Can be used in the TV channels to transla
the deaf daily life(Education , Job , communication with other) A new graphical library can be easily used to draw the graphics using DirectX Library
Third Award of $1,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel Foundation
2004 BE008
THE EFFECTS OF SERIAL POSITION ON VISUAL WORKING MEMORY RECALL TASKS
Bhargav Katikaneni
Ossining High School, Ossining, NY, U.S.A
This study examines how the serial position of an object affects its subsequent recall in a visual working memory (VWM) task. A modified change detection paradigm was used in memory trials o
with respect to serial position of visual objects. Correlation measures were performed with four objects individually as well as with twoobject combinations. Serial position was found to significant
with subjects making recall errors on certain positions more frequently than on others. A positive correlation was found between serial position of a visual object and misrecall frequency; misrecal
and most common for the final object in a group. A similar trend is evident for double object errors – combinations involving the object first in serial position had a misrecall frequency almost half
objects. In an extended analysis, accuracy was improved (ttest significance << 0.001) with repetition – nonrepeated trials had a misrecall frequency of 0.41 while trials that repeated a memory t
significantly altered the effects of serial position on object recall compared to nonrepeated trials. Misrecall frequencies for repeated trials showed a trend opposite to that of previous research on
recency were significant. For repeated information, subjects in this study were better able to recall visual objects closer to the middle in a presented object group while at the same time having dif
final serial positions. These findings provide a model for ordered presentation of objects to maximize recall ability for visual information. 
2010 BE008
2007 BE008
SHORTTERM AND WORKING MEMORY IN CHILDREN: A COMPARISON OF VISUAL SEQUENCES AND PATTERN RECALL
Columbia High School, Lake City Florida, United States of America
This project is assessing shortterm and working memory in children. Four different tests were used: Picture pattern and picture sequence tests, a Corsi Block Test, a Digit Span Test, and the Vi
Thames Valley Test Company, 1997). The first two questions tested shortterm memory, while the other three tested working memory. Five different questions were asked: is pictorial recall bette
sequences, does age have an effect on this picture to sequence ratio, does age have an effect on the VPT score, does age have an effect on the ratio of Corsi to Digit test scores, and does age
VPT scores? Participants amounted to 67 total, ages 5 to 18. Each was given either version A or version B of each test, and every student received the same information before and after each te
minutes per student. My results showed statistical data to accept the following: pictorial presentations are equal in effect, this ratio is equal among age groups, age does affect the VPT score, ag
affects the Corsi to VPT ratio. Full analysis of the data suggests that students are affected by pattern presentation (based on VPT scores), when assessing working memory. It also suggests tha
resources for presentation though out the age groups. This data is also applicable for further scientific study.
2010 BE008
2009 BE009
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF EXPERTISE DEVELOPMENT: NATURE VERSUS NATURE IN CHESS
Ajit A. Vakharia
Eastside High School, Gainesville, FL
A Scientific American article in 2006 examined studies of chess grandmasters’ mental processes and concluded that experts were "made," not "born." The purpose of this project was to examine
training ("nurture") and innate ability ("nature") on expertise development in chess and to explore how their impact differed. Publicly available data for 174 expert chess players between
their current chess rating, starting rating, rating after first five tournaments, number of tournaments played, and years of tournament play. The dependent variable was rating change (current star
included rating change after first five tournaments ("nature"), and number of tournaments played ("nurture"); while the control variable was years of tournament play. Correlation, regression, and cu
analysis. The results showed that nature and nurture contributed equally to expertise development in chess, although nature dominated when including the control variable. The impact o
as a concave function while the impact of nature was an Sshaped function. After grouping experts into those with higher versus lower innate ability, rating change was significantly higher for the
both played in a large number of tournaments. This study concluded that in developing expertise nurture can, up to a point, counter the dominating influence of nature, and that for chess
was magnified when complemented with high levels of nurturing.
2008 BE009
STEREOTYPES IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
Shannon Lee Biagi
Eau Gallie High School, Melbourne, FL
This experiment sought to identify the major source of criminal stereotyping in modern day society. When an individual reads about a crime, they create a mental picture of the suspect. More ofte
likely criminal, but a stereotype that is rooted in the identifier's background. A private internetbased survey was created, which consisted of 20 hypothetical crime scenarios ranging from
hijacking. Participants were given an unlimited amount of time to read the scenarios one at a time, and when done, were given 7 seconds to choose who they believed was the criminal from a line
gathered from a questionnaire taken beforehand, commonalities between the participant's backgrounds and responses were analyzed. It was found that an individual's gender and militar
of stereotypical responses received, age had an inconsistent effect, and amount of television watched per week had strong influences on an individual's bias. Participants who watched zero to nin
correct (statistically valid) responses and 135 incorrect (stereotypical) responses. Those who watched ten to nineteen hours of television per week gave 124 correct and 128 incorrect responses.
twenty or more hours of television per week only gave 118 correct and 164 incorrect responses. This experiment demonstrates that first impressions may be tragically wrong, influenced
control.
2007 BE009
THE EFFECTS OF CONSUMING SNACK FOODS ON READING COMPREHENSION
John William O'Shea
Bagley High School; Bagley, Minnesota USA
My experiment was designed to test if eating while reading helps improve reading comprehension. I tested 8th grade students in a classroom setting. The first day (control) the students read and
following ten days students were provided with a variety of snacks while they read the stories and completed the accompanying tests. I thought this experiment would exhibit that some
comprehension while reading these are licorice, fruit snacks, and Slim Jims. I believed these foods would show positive results because they are chewy, as studies present that chewing or suck
of concentration. The average percentage on the control day was 56.12%. My results showed that on Days 2, 6, and 9 the students scored the highest overall percentages. Day 2 had a
83.52% (Slim Jims), and Day 9 had 81.58% (pretzels). The days with the lowest overall percentages were Day 7 with 56.14% (trail mix) and Day 10 (Goldfish crackers) with 61.25%. 
nearly the same, and in most cases higher percentages. I completed a ranksum statistical test to determine if the mean scores for each set of tests (control and experimental) were significant.
the acceptable range, and therefore I concluded that consuming snack foods can have a positive effect on reading comprehension. 
2012 BE009
HOW INVADERS BECOME QUEENS: TEMPORARY SOCIAL PARASITISM OF SPINY ANT, POLYRHACHIS LAMELLIDENS
Naoto Idogawa
Soka High School, Kodaira, Tokyo, JAPAN
The spiny ant, Polyrhachis lamellidens, uses a clever strategy for propagation called “temporary social parasitism”, whereby the queen occupies the nest of other ant species and makes her own
species, this process is not well understood. Studying the life cycle and parasitic habits of this curious ant may help in controlling social insects which are harmful for humans. I collected
The colony consisted of more than 10,000 ants including one queen. Some other species were also found in the nest. The spiny ant queen has many offspring and can make a large colony during
observed the process of the spiny ant queen killing the host queen and her subsequent reproduction. I also attempted to artificially establish a spiny ant colony. During the killing, the spiny ant qu
afterwards she laid her eggs. The host workers then took care of her eggs and larvae. The spiny ant queen may ingest the host queen’s fluid for egg laying. Using a Scanning Electron M
of several ant species and found that some social parasitic species including the spiny ant have a smooth body surface. The spiny ant queen is considered to take on the “scent” of the host work
structural features. In addition, other social parasitic species that I examined may also behave similarly.
2010 BE009
THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT OF TIME STUDENTS TEXT ON PHONES TO THE NUMBER OF MECHANICAL ERRORS IN A WRITING ASSIGNMENT
Sumer Ryan Doulk
Nature Coast Technical High School, Brooksville, FL
The purpose of this project was to determine if the amount of text time demonstrated by students will affect the amount of mechanical errors in their writing. Mechanical errors being shortening of
lack of punctuation. The researcher’s hypothesis stated that if the amount of text time increases then so will the amount of mechanical errors in their writing. To determine this a survey was given
question on how much time they text, and basic texting habits. Students where then placed in levels based on their average amount of text time daily, and then the researcher received FCAT pro
The researcher counted the mechanical errors in the essay, and then the data was compared by the level of texting time. The results indicated a consistent gain in mechanical areas from Level 1
text daily). The greatest comparison came between the level 5 students compared to the control group (students who do not text). In 8th grade the level 5 students showed a 4.75 % of errors per
with .25% of errors. In 6th grade level 5 indicated a 4.64% of errors per student compared to the control group with a .33% of errors per student. In conclusion the data showed to be conc
the highest daily amount of text time often show the most mechanical errors.
2011 BE009
IMPROVING ADHD TREATMENT, YEAR TWO: OBSERVING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPUTERIZED COGNITIVE TRAINING PROGRAMS ON CHILDREN WITH ADHD, AND STRUGG
SCHOOL SETTING
Northwest Florida State College Collegiate High School, Niceville, FL
This experiment is a continuation of a previous study in which a new type of treatment method for ADHD was tested: computerized cognitive training programs. This year, in addition to observing
group of diagnosed ADD children using both stimulant medication and the program, and the program alone, a group of students from a nearby elementary school that are struggling with their cours
The purpose of this experiment is to test a new treatment method for both ADHD, and other cognitive disorders. I created three hypotheses: 1) The Lumosity cognitive training programs
method for children with ADHD. The overall mean improvement (µi) will be greater than zero. 2) Children using the Lumosity programs in addition to stimulant medication will continue to yield the m
programs without medication. The mean improvement of the medication group (µm) will be greater than the mean improvement of the nonmedication group (µnm). 3) Students using the Lumosity
improvement over the students in the control group. The mean improvement of the student group (µs) will be greater than the mean improvement of the control group (µc). In conclusion, t
the lack of a control group at this point in the study makes it impossible to prove my third hypothesis.
2014 BE009
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE MECHANISMS WITH STUDENTS OF INTERMEDIATE LEVEL
Ali Mohammad Abbas
Jaber AlMubarak AlSabah, Surra, Kuwait
The study on hand addresses the current Multi Defense Mechanisms of students at intermediate level. Where the study aimed to identify the prevalence of tricks the defense of students at interm
most common defensive tricks due to everyday situations. The study was conducted on (214) students from middle school through descriptive analytical method.
2006 BE009
THE IMPACT OF WORK FORCE MIGRATION ON THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
Sorina Codrea
"Emil Racovita" National College, Iasi, Romania
 The project focused on the influences of the migration phenomenon on the mentality, social conduct, behavior, values and lifestyle of children (814 aged) whose one/both parents work a
original habitat. Based on the investigation data, the project aimed to help development of special councilling programs for those children who are negatively affected by the absence of th
initiatives to protect them by setting parents' obligation to solve children care, before their leaving the country. The topic and the outline of the research followed the next hypotheses whic
interpretation. 1.Children whose parents work abroad are more likely to internalize their parents model of leaving the country. 2. Children whose parents work abroad are exposed
 3.Children with parents working abroad are more likely to suffer from lack of affection. 4. For the children in the families where migration is encountered, the spare time budget (t
of the spare time is affected by supplementary tasks, derived from the missing parent domestic choruses. The survey (643 respondents) and observation were chosen as methods of the
observation forms completed by teachers were preferred as instruments. The data interpretation confirmed the hypotheses and led to the conclusion that families with one/both parents ab
and educational environment for the children left home. 
2004 BE009
RACIAL BIAS BY PHYSICIANS PROVIDING PRENATAL CARE
Tamiko Bianca Younge
White Plains High School, White Plains, NY, USA
Nowhere in the United Sates are the divisions of race more prevalent than in racial inequities in health. Black women are twice as likely to deliver preterm compared to white women. This has a p
morbidity. Preterm birth presents an enigma to the medical community; the causes of half of preterm births are unknown and traditional explanations of socioeconomics and behavioral characteris
preterm birth among African Americans. Previous studies have shown that a patient’s race can affect their clinical management, but whether it is a contributing factor to the racial disparity of pret
investigated. Physicians providing prenatal care were surveyed to determine their knowledge, attitudes and intended clinical management related to racial disparities in maternal and infant health.
disparities in perinatal health. However, reported clinical management was influenced by patient race. Responses also differed based on the characteristics of the physician. Findings suggest the
physicians to enhance equity of care and minimize the provider contribution to the racial disparity of preterm birth.
2005 BE009
DOES VIUAL, AUDITORY, OR GUSTORY PRECEPTION HAVE THE GREATEST AFFECT ON A SUPERTASTER, MEDIUMTASTER, OR A NONTASTER: A FIFTH YEAR STUDY
Columbia High School, Lake City FL, United States
Does visual and auditory perception have an affect on the gustory complex? Does it have the greatest affect on a supertaster, mediumtaster, or a nontaster? I believe that out of 540 trials 70% o
and 50% of nontasters will be affected. Wearing gloves I put tasteless blue dye on my subject’s tongue. I held a piece of paper with three holes in it, counting the taste papillae. After my subject
pudding, which was colored red or blue, and tell me what flavor he or she believes it is. I then blindfolded my subject and repeated the test. After the blindfold was removed I gave my subject a sp
said the word “blue.” He or she told me the flavor that they believe the pudding to be. I repeated with a berryflavored pudding. 57% of supertasters, 51% of mediumtasters, and 41% of nontasters
My project could make a great impact on advertising companies around the world. I have found that the auditory suggestion of a color is more influential than a visual suggestion. According to my
of appetizing with the use of an “auditory color.” An auditory color could be used for bland and tasteless foods. For instance, the military, NASA, or any other industry that advertises or supplies f
2013 BE009
STUDENTS' LIFE SATISFACTION BETWEEN CHINESEIMMIGRANTS AND THEIR COUNTERPARTS
Jessica Jiamei Lee
BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to compare the life satisfaction of Chineseimmigrant children versus their counterparts in America and China. METHODS <b
Asianimmigrant children versus nonimmigrant American children, and this year, the study was continued but the independent variable was narrowed down to Chineseimmigrant children versus n
variable is their average life satisfaction score measured by using the Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (SLSS, 1991, Huebner). Some personal information was obtained using a brief demographi
deviations, pvalues, ttests, and multivariate linear regression were carried out by SPSS 21 and SAS 9.3. RESULTS After distributing around 170 surveys, 47 came back from C
came back from native Chinese adolescents. In all, there were 48 males and 80 females. The results showed that native Chinese children had a lower overall life satisfaction than Chines
4.39±0.83, p=0.0001). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that on average, Chinese immigrant children have a mean life satisfaction score of 0.71 higher than that of native Chine
potential confounding factors (Beta±SE: 0.71±0.17, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Native Chinese children do have a lesser life satisfaction than their counterparts in America, they
and wish for a different kind of life. Investigation on larger populations and with more complex scales may be necessary for a future study.
2003 BE009
THE STIMULI EFFECT: HEARING AND REACTION TIMES
Chetan Bhasker Jhaveri
La Plata High School, La Plata, MD, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to determine whether the ear(s) in which a stimulus is administered effects reaction times to that stimulus. Previous studies using dichotictesting methods ha
EarAdvantage for righthanded subjects, but this has been refuted by recent studies that show a decreased CrossedUncrossedDifference for auditory stimuli. My project was meant to verify wh
times could be verified using a simple reaction time method. I carried out my project by gathering 50 healthy, consenting, right handed testsubjects for experimentation. All reaction times were m
simultaneously with the administration of a stimulus, with the number of milliseconds passing between the time the ruler was dropped to its being caught serving as a measure of reaction times. A
prepared tape into a tape player with independent volume control headphones. On this tape, I recorded the stimulus "go" 9 times, with the stimulus being administered 3 times each into the left, ri
the data showed that there was a distinct average 24 millisecond LeftEarAdvantage (4.75%) among my subjects in simple reaction times. Paired sample Ttests and regression analysis corrobo
was unexpected but is consistent with the belief that the auditory pathway has strong bilateral access to the cerebral hemispheres. This finding may prove important for future devices, such as ea
optimal reaction times.
Third Award of $1,000 U.S. Coast Guard
2014 BE010
THE EFFECTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTRACTION ON THE PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS IN THE AVERAGE ADOLESCENTS MIND
Sarah Eva DiSalvo
Coral Academy of Science Las Vegas, Nevada, Henderson, NV, United States of America
The purpose of this project is to test the effects of psychological distraction on the problem solving process in the average adolescents mind. Adolescents struggle with stress and learning throug
adolescents deal with these types of stress. Most adolescents rely on the instinctual part of the brain called the Amygdala; this leads to many causes of emotional arousal and irrational decision
take over the mind. I tested to see if distraction would help adolescents think through problems unconsciously to make better decisions. According to the Unconscious Thought Theory, the uncon
tasks outside of one’s awareness to solve tasks. When testing this experiment it could result in distraction helping the problem solving process in the average adolescents mind. In my experimen
how to solve questions in relation to Continuous Compounding. Next they were shown a distraction video with both happy and sorrowful emotions. Finally, participants were asked to solve a math
Compounding. Throughout data collection it was found that 71% percent of the participants in the experimental group solved the problem correctly, while only 28% of the Control Group solved the
from the Data Collection, it can be noted that the experiment was statistically and experimentally significant. According to the data presented, and the statistics shown, throughout 95% of the wor
distraction, will be able to create correct solutions to the problems at hand, ultimately improving ones ability to solve problems effectively.
2012 BE010
EVALUATING SHORTTERM EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS AND THEIR ABILITY TO CHANGE PERCEPTIONS OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Samantha Jaye Selby
Saint Clair High School, St. Clair, MO
Teenagers are an age group faced with much decision making that can forever affect their lives, either negatively or positively. High schools, local businesses, and organizations will spend a lot o
speakers to come and present to high schools. Common topics range from bullying to drugs to why they should go to college. Are these programs effective? Is there really a positive impact on th
evaluation measured the students’ opinions of a guest speaker they have heard and determined if there was an overall change in perceptions of the students. The speaker evaluated spoke to a g
use and its negative effects. Those students were then administered a survey pertaining to the presentation they saw. Results showed a positive effect on the high school students, therefore the
2007 BE010
THE EYEWITNESSING PROJECT: HOW IS AN INDIVIDUAL'S BLOOD PRESSURE EFFECTED AFTER EXPOSURE TO A CRIME SCENE?
Shyam Janak Desai
Celebration High School, Celebration, Florida, USA
The problem that was experimented upon is how is an individual's blood pressure effected after exposure to a crime scene? It was hypothesized that blood pressure will dramatically increase pos
scene. Students would be in an environment of stress and anxiety. It is believed that females will perform much better on the survey than males because they are prone to being more focused an
higher blood pressure than the males because they are not used to the rigorous and stressful environment. To perform this project a column of mercury is linked to an inflatable cuff, whic
stethoscope is then used to listen to the sounds of the blood in the brachial artery, at the bend of the elbow. The first set of blood pressure will be taken 30 minutes prior to the viewing of the vide
results there are no variables. Individuals will be shown the 3 minute and 32 second video clip of the crime scene. Blood pressure will be taken again. Finally, Surveys will be distributed and indiv
will ask questions very similar to a detective seeking information about the criminal. Blood pressure will be taken again immediately after survey is completed, and then again 30 minutes after the
critical to understanding an individual's accuracy on a crime scene report in a state of stress versus a state of normality. The hypothesis was proven incorrect. Girls were shown to be less precise
impacted by their increase in blood pressure. The males had a stable blood pressure and answers closer to what was correct.
2009 BE010
LEARNING STYLES: SUBSTANTIATING THE THEORY THAT LEARNING STYLES ENHANCE EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT BY ANALYZING VAK SURVEYS AND INDIVIDUAL LEARN
My research project on learning styles is intended to help students understand how they learn best. Students usually learn according to how their teacher presents the information. However, not a
works for one may not work for another. That is why educating individuals about learning styles can help students discover their best study methods, and can increase their school performance. I
learning style preference. Then, I used individual learning styles assessments (ILSA), which showed the student’s application of each learning style. The learning styles used in this experiment a
goal was to measure the application of a student’s learning style by having them memorize as much of a poem as they can. Data analysis showed that seven ttests had statistical confidence, ra
that my tests were consistent. Also, 1/5 of students had a VAK survey to LSA relationship match, where the VAK surveys are in direct correlation to the LSA. Thus shows that (13/65) students u
preference. This process is crucial because, some scholars disagree with learning styles. I found that learning styles are significant, and 1/5 of students use their entire preference. I have set a s
project, and I plan to do a continuation by having a class find their learning styles in class, and monitor their academic progress.
2003 BE010
MARKETING FACTORS RELATING TO CONSUMERS' NATURAL TENDANCIES
Jessica Ann Borgen
Lake Park Audubon High School, Lake Park, Minnesota
This study dealt with the marketing strategies used by grocery stores and supermarkets. I will determine what, if any, strategies are employed by grocery stores to maximize customer satisfactio
project is to create an "ideal" grocery store. It will be formed from a meld of actual grocery store layouts and survey results. Incorporated will also be factors such as color scheme and music play
actual grocery stores were obtained and surveys were administered to a select age group of 1219 year olds and asked them to arrange the ten most common departments of a store as they chos
combined on a large piece of tag board to show the trneds and similarities. The section with the most of a particular department was classified as such. Also, color schemes and music chosen by
this data was used to create an "ideal" store layout and setting to maximize customer satisfaction and promote sales. The majority of participants arranged the departments in a similar fashion to
stores. The color schemes chosen were warming and/or calming which promotes sales and a comfortable setting. The observation determined the type, quality, and frequency of certain behaviors
2004 BE010
ANIMAL COMPANIONSHIP AS A FACTOR IN ADOLESCENT SCHOOL PERFORMANCE
Laura Joy Fitzpatrick
Ossining High School, Ossining, New York, USA
Attachment to a companion animal and school performance were measured among a sample of 107 adolescents, aged 14 to 17 years, from a diverse high school in suburban New York. Respond
composed of the Companion Animal Bonding Scale as well as eleven questions about aspects of adolescent life, including involvement in extracurricular activities (ECI) and twelve questions reg
responses to Kohlberg’s “Heinz and the Druggist” dilemma were analyzed using a Moral Reasoning Grammar. Each subject's cumulative grade point average (GPA) for the year in which the testin
Owners, time spent home alone after school was inversely related to GPA; this was not true of Owners. In all Owners, time per day spent in a room with a companion animal was significantly pos
attachment to pets was positively related to ECI. In AfricanAmericans only, number of pets could be used to predict GPA. Other significant results were found in the general population, in female
There was no significant relationship between animal companionship and strategies of moral reasoning. These findings indicate strong associations between animal companionship and school pe
racial minorities.
2008 BE010
WHAT'S IN AND WHAT'S OUT: HIGH SCHOOLERS' PERCEPTIONS OF COOLNESS
Shelby Marie Raye
Manatee High School, Bradenton, FL
What qualities does a “cool” teenager possess? Teenagers tend to judge their peers on how cool they are. The purpose of this study is to find out what traits make a teenager “cool” to his/her pee
school administrators, teachers, and parents to fully understand why teenagers may exhibit certain behaviors. How cool a teenager is taps into 5 different domains: athletics, academics, social re
deviant behaviors. If teenagers are surveyed on what they believe the qualities of a “cool” teenager are, then appearance and personality traits will appear to be the most important qualities of a “c
determine what qualities teenagers believe a "cool" teenager possesses, 389 students at a large high school were surveyed. The survey was designed specifically for this study. The most comm
compared between male and female responses. The surveys were also compared by age, ranging from 14yearsold to 18yearsold. Significant results were found regarding the qualities
female teenagers indicated that participating in athletics was cool. Almost half of the participants agreed that GPA does not pertain to coolness. Males rated funny as the most likely positive trait
outgoing. It was also found that 17yearolds thought it was cooler to drink alcohol and take part in risky behaviors than any other age group. The perceptions of what qualities a cool teenager pos
and age.
2006 BE010
TESTING SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY IN STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED SOCIETIES
Edie Marie Uyesugi
Paoli Jr/Sr high School
Social contract theory is the thought that social orders (societies) have standards, known as morals or ethics that guide behavior for members. These rules, rights, and responsibilities are implicit
the society. They are not legislatively determined but behaviors accepted commonly to be “right.” This project tested this theory in two types of societies. The structured society was a h
settings were considered structured because members of these groups traditionally have accepted sets of moral guidelines. The unstructured society settings were a large mall and several public
unstructured because it could not be assumed that people in these settings had commonly accepted moral behavior codes. The researcher dropped a dollar bill in a society and observed the reac
by observation. The money was returned, kept, or left on the ground. Returning the dollar was the only interaction between researcher and society members. The hypothesis was that peo
the money more often than in the unstructured. Data supported the hypothesis. One hundred and thirty reactions were recorded from each society. In the structured society 93% of people returne
returned it. Results were analyzed using a Z test for significance. Understanding human behaviors and factors that influence it is of great value, because it could help predict how membe
 
Tuition Scholarship Award of $5,000 per year for 4 years for a total value of $20,000 Indiana University
2010 BE010
GEMARA AND GEMATRIA: A CASE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF THE USE OF SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTUALIZING FOR THE LEARNING OF MATHEMATICS
Tamara Gedankien
Escola Brasileira Israelita Chaim Nachman Bialik, Sao Paulo, SP, BRASIL
My research verified the educational impacts that result from the use of sociocultural contextualizing as teaching methodology. I worked with 87 students in a Jewish school, using elements of th
skills. I used the Gematria, which is a system of notation of Hebrew letters, with 25 students in the 4th grade, and a chapter from the Gemara, which consists of rabbinical geometrical co
19 students in the 8th grade. Each group went through a didactic sequence of four onehour classes, including a slide show, two exercises forms, homework and a test. Control groups (4th grade,
remained in regular math classes. The experimental classes showed a significant improvement in a posttrail test based on SARESP (Evaluation System of Educational Achievements of the Sta
following aspects: SARESP 2008 results showed that only 35% of the 8th grade students in the State of São Paulo presented the ability to recognize geometric representations of the special bino
in the control class was 43%, and 74% in the experimental class. In the 4th grade, 69% of the experimental class showed the ability to perform calculations and operations, while the control grou
verified 34%. The homework assignments for both experimental and control classes were categorized using a qualitative system, and by that, I could compare the homework production among th
 The results indicate amazing learning impacts resulting from sociocultural contextualizing, what should encourage similar research in other cultures. I believe that adopting this methodol
plurality. I am currently working to implement this model in my school.
Renewable Scholarship to the IIT Institute of Psychology $15,000 per year for up to four years Illinois Institute of Technology
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel
2005 BE010
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF BREAST AND PROSTATE CANCER PATIENTS PHASE II: TREATMENT IMPACT AND MANAGEMENT ISS
Antonio Javier Pietrantoni
Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, San Juan, Puerto Rico, USA
The purpose of this investigation is to contribute knowledge to the scientific community and to provide a new angle to dealing with Breast and Prostate cancer patients and survivors and their Qua
Prostate cancer patients and survivors there is a limited amount of knowledge regarding their HRQOL. We hypothesized that QOL was affected by the educational level, civil status and treatment
have a better QOL than patients. The FACTB and FACTP, HRQOL questionnaires for Breast and Prostate cancer, were administered to participants in a span of two years, the first year to thos
those with Prostate cancer. The variables were then scored/analyzed using scales provided by FACIT. Overall, Breast cancer survivors scored the highest QOL score than Breast cancer patients
survivors. Hispanic women have a High Social Scale HRQOL possibly because women are affected in Emotional terms by their disease and look for support in contacts or groups while Hispanic
social scale score mainly because they tend to be more personal about their condition. The Physical and Functional Scales had no significant difference in score, except with Prostate cancer pat
Prostate cancer patients and survivors, the HRQOL does not solely depend on the effects of treatments, civil status and education, but, on the perception and coping capabilities experience has
2011 BE010
THE INFLUENCE OF PHRASESPACED TEXT ON READING COMPREHENSION OF STROKE PATIENTS
Stroke affects more than 700,000 people each year in the United States alone. As a result of a stroke, many survivors need rehabilitation to help regain skills that were lost. One such skill is read
of this study was to design a text format that would provide the initial organization needed to comprehend reading material more effectively. This format was tested using adult stroke patients to d
comprehension abilities of the group. A typical adult group with no brain injuries was also tested. It was hypothesized that both the stroke and typical adults would score higher on phrasespaced
passages. To test this hypothesis, a test group of 20 stroke patients in nursing homes and 20 typical adults with no brain injuries was used. All subjects were required to have a minimum
equivalent. Twelve reading passages were chosen from GatesMacGinitie reading test booklets, levels 58. Three passages were chosen from each level. Each passage was reformatted using ph
points. The neutral passages would remain in their original format. Each subject silently read a phrasespaced passage and a neutral passage and answered four questions. This was repeated for
Test scores were compared using Paired tTests and Pearson's Correlation Analysis. Subjects in both test groups had higher comprehension scores after reading passages in the phrasespaced
interaction, p<0.05, between stroke adults and phrasespaced formats. The typical adult group did not show significant interaction, p=0.2778. These results reflect the expected hypothesis.
2008 BE010
WHAT'S IN AND WHAT'S OUT: HIGH SCHOOLERS' PERCEPTIONS OF COOLNESS
Shelby Marie Raye
Manatee High School, Bradenton, FL
What qualities does a “cool” teenager possess? Teenagers tend to judge their peers on how cool they are. The purpose of this study is to find out what traits make a teenager “cool” to his/her pee
school administrators, teachers, and parents to fully understand why teenagers may exhibit certain behaviors. How cool a teenager is taps into 5 different domains: athletics, academics, social re
deviant behaviors. If teenagers are surveyed on what they believe the qualities of a “cool” teenager are, then appearance and personality traits will appear to be the most important qualities of a “c
determine what qualities teenagers believe a "cool" teenager possesses, 389 students at a large high school were surveyed. The survey was designed specifically for this study. The most comm
compared between male and female responses. The surveys were also compared by age, ranging from 14yearsold to 18yearsold. Significant results were found regarding the qualities
female teenagers indicated that participating in athletics was cool. Almost half of the participants agreed that GPA does not pertain to coolness. Males rated funny as the most likely positive trait
outgoing. It was also found that 17yearolds thought it was cooler to drink alcohol and take part in risky behaviors than any other age group. The perceptions of what qualities a cool teenager pos
and age.
Third Award of $1,000 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health
2011 BE010
THE INFLUENCE OF PHRASESPACED TEXT ON READING COMPREHENSION OF STROKE PATIENTS
Stroke affects more than 700,000 people each year in the United States alone. As a result of a stroke, many survivors need rehabilitation to help regain skills that were lost. One such skill is read
of this study was to design a text format that would provide the initial organization needed to comprehend reading material more effectively. This format was tested using adult stroke patients to d
comprehension abilities of the group. A typical adult group with no brain injuries was also tested. It was hypothesized that both the stroke and typical adults would score higher on phrasespaced
passages. To test this hypothesis, a test group of 20 stroke patients in nursing homes and 20 typical adults with no brain injuries was used. All subjects were required to have a minimum
equivalent. Twelve reading passages were chosen from GatesMacGinitie reading test booklets, levels 58. Three passages were chosen from each level. Each passage was reformatted using ph
points. The neutral passages would remain in their original format. Each subject silently read a phrasespaced passage and a neutral passage and answered four questions. This was repeated for
Test scores were compared using Paired tTests and Pearson's Correlation Analysis. Subjects in both test groups had higher comprehension scores after reading passages in the phrasespaced
interaction, p<0.05, between stroke adults and phrasespaced formats. The typical adult group did not show significant interaction, p=0.2778. These results reflect the expected hypothesis.
Second Award of $350 Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology
2004 BE011
THE EFFECT OF VOLTAGE ON PARAMECIUM BEHAVIOR
Kristina Gvozdjan
Centreville High School, Clifton, VA, U.S.A.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the behavior of paramecium changes as a result of electric shocks of different magnitude. It was hypothesized that higher voltages cause
Times that take paramecia to travel the distance of 2 mm at different voltages were recorded. The results were obtained from 5 different water cultures of Paramecium caudatum, each pretreated
100v, and 125v). The electric shocks (2 seconds in length) were applied in 10 minute intervals. Besides descriptive statistics, ANOVA and Posthoc statistical tests were used. The results showe
influence the paramecium to take more time to travel the given distance than the control group. 100v, as well as 125v shocks, caused the paramecium to take significantly more time to travel the
shocks and to the negative control (p<0.0001). Behavioral modifications, including observed frequent changes in swimming direction and collisions, affected the time required for parame
that increase in voltage, causes a significant prolongation of the interval that paramecium needs to travel the given length, especially at higher voltages. The further research should determine the
deviation. 
2006 BE011
IS AGE A FACTOR OF THE STROOP EFFECT?
Jerrica Lynn Williams
Benjamin E. Mays High School, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
The Stroop Effect is a demonstration of interference in the reaction time of a task. When a word such as blue, green or red is printed in a color differing from the color expressed by the word's sem
processing of the word's color, leading to slower test reaction times and an increase in mistakes. The purpose of my project is to determine if age is a factor of the Stroop Effect. I hypo
Effect. I deem the Stroop effect will have the greatest impact on people between thirteen and twentyfive. Fifteen subjects in each age group were asked to participate. The subjects wer
presented in front of them so that the cards faced the participant. As the participant named each color correctly, the index card was removed, revealing the next card. The procedure for "Stack 2"
 The seniors citizens that participated had the most trouble with the Stroop Effect. The average Stroop Effect recall time for preteens was 22.70 seconds, while the average senior citize
a difference of 11. 78 seconds. The average recall time for adolescents when asked to name the color of the random letters was 19.22 seconds, while the elderly, when asked to do the same, ha
9.39 seconds. 
2009 BE011
A DERMATOGLYPHIC CORRELATION TO WORK ETHIC
Louise Frances Johnson
Terrebonne High School, Houma, LA
The purpose of this project is to determine whether there is a correlation linking dermatoglyphics and work ethic. Fingerprints (dermatoglyphics) will be analogous in each category dealing with wo
exists or not, a random sampling of 122 students was taken. Before the sampling could begin, however, human subject forms needed o be distributed and collected. Then, a survey containing dif
work ethic was administered. The subject then took their right thumb and rolled it into the ink pad provided for them. They then placed their thumb at the bottom of the survey to give their fingerpr
clear enough to classify. Once the students were finished, the surveys with the fingerprints were collected and then analyzed for any possible correlation. Analysis of the results revealed that the
dermatoglyphics and work ethic. People who have a loop pattern have a tendency to maintain an A average. They are most likely to be enrolled in regular classes, and their work ethic is directed
who possess a whorl pattern have a tendency to have a C average. They are most likely to be enrolled in gifted classes, and their work ethic is directed toward work outside of school. People wh
retain a B average. They are most likely to be enrolled in honors classes and their work ethic is directed toward school work.
2007 BE011
SENSORY INTEGRATION & AUTISM
Lawanya Jeyaselvan
Celebration High School, Celebration, Florida, USA
The Purpose of this project is to see which type of sensory activity will better help children with autism. The Hypothesis is that jumping on a trampoline will better help the child concentrate on the
and sitting on a core disc. During this experiment ten children diagnosed with autism were asked to join in this study. The experiment was completed by having a certified teacher lead the children
shape puzzle, a five piece Pegboard and stringing five beads on to a shoe lace. Each child was timed during the first trial, which followed no vestibular sensory activity session. After each child
put through the three vestibular activities, jumping on a trampoline, sitting on a core disc, and swinging on a swing each for ten minutes. Following the trampoline session was stringing five beads
disc the child would complete the simple shape puzzle and finally, after swinging they would then complete the five piece pegboard. After the scientist completed the experiment she observed tha
the children were better able to concentrate and could complete the task at a faster pace. When the children first had to complete each activity most of them had many stems that them back from
pace however after the sensory session this was no longer a setback for the children. In conclusion, the scientist's hypothesis was correct; jumping on a trampoline helped the autistic children co
2010 BE011
STUDENT CONNECTION
Andressa Cardozo Rodrigues
Colegio Presidente Emilio Garrastazu Medici, Bage, Rio Grande do Sul, BRASIL
During a debate in a geography class was observed that students exchanged ideas about globalization, while discussing the issue arose professions: the profession choose to pursue in the future
journalism and its importance and either positive or negative implications on society. Realizing the lack of information of high school students about the profession, decided to support the
connection with the school and school events that are relevant and meaningful to students. As well, the approach of writing today's issues by providing the theoretical basis of the students for fur
social group where each one is inserted. In preparing and matching the database of events and information collected during the research were observed the following items that may be d
Such as socioeconomic status of students, the need for professionalism and access to information, among others. With the proposal of the use of a student newspaper want to help mor
performance in Higher Education and in his professional life. Having access to a variety of news from multiple disciplines students will be encouraged to interact in a globalized world, providing th
the discussion of topics of interest.
2013 BE011
AIDING DEMENTIA PATIENTS WITH DAILY TASKS USING RFID
Divya Koyyalagunta
Clear Lake High School, Houston, TX
Almost 14% of people over the age of 71 have some form of dementia. As dementia progresses, it impacts the ability of the elderly to function independently and increases the burden on caregiv
based prompting in aiding those with dementia, visual prompting and RFID (RadioFrequency Identification) were used in the place of a caregiver for three basic tasks: donning a sweater, brushing
Eleven subjects were initially proctored a MMSE (MiniMental Status Examination) to determine severity of dementia, and then asked to complete each of the three tasks independently. The resi
with visual cues as well as RFID that allowed them to prompt themselves to perform the tasks. A NRS (Numeric Rating Scale) was used to record the level of difficulty the resident had in comple
provided a resourceful tool for helping dementia residents complete tasks, and RFID proved to be a viable method for promoting independent task completion. RFID showed a significant increase
percentage of residents that completed the task. As seen in this study, machine based prompting showed a significant improvement in the success rate for residents to complete tasks in the abs
promise as a tool in aiding those with dementia for basic selfcare and instrumental activities of daily living, as well as for teaching forgotten tasks.
2011 BE011
AN ANALYSIS OF LISTENER PERCEPTION AND VISUAL REPLICATION OF SONIFICATIONS: A THIRD YEAR STUDY
Neel Sanjay Patel
To address the limitations of humancomputer interfaces (HCIs) that rely purely on visual means of information communication, it is necessary to expand information communication to nonvisual
viability of using sonification, or nonspeech audio, and the parameters of pitch, intensity, and tempo, as part of nonvisual HCIs by assessing the accuracy of listener comprehension of sonificat
explores the both accuracy with which a listener can visually replicate an auditory pattern and the cognitive context of this audiotovisual translation. It was hypothesized that an untrained listene
able to create a corresponding visual representation with a high degree of accuracy (μ>50%), and that certain characteristics of the visual graph (i.e. the presentation of axes) would affect the nat
group of 50 subjects spanning demographic categories was given a set of 12 sonifications and asked to create corresponding visual representations. The control group was given only blank spac
experimental group was given blank space, axes, and grid points, each for 4 trials. The results indicate a 76% accuracy rate in users visually replicating an auditory pattern, showing evi
comprehend the patterns in a sonification. The analysis shows slight differences in accuracy levels between the experimental and control groups with significant differences by key demographic f
hypothesis was supported by the data, showing the viability of sonification for information communication.
2005 BE011
QUANTITATIVE EEG AS AN IDENTIFIER OF LEARNING MODALITY
Ilang Mae Guiroy
York School, Monterey, CA, U.S.A.
In the current educational system, students who are highly modal learners miss out on a portion of their education. One feasible solution offered to this dilemma is for the educational system to a
student with the use of a quantitative measure of her learning modality. This study offers a new method that uses the measure of mental focus while a person is being taught in different
numerical measure using brain waves. Twenty students with a mean age of sixteen were included in the study. Each subject was given an assessment, which stimulated learning in three modalit
visual. While learning, the subject’s frontal lobe brain activity was monitored using electroencephalograph (EEG) sensors. Brainwave data were processed in real time by a computer software prog
alpha brainwaves as a measure of mental focus (Quantitative EEG (QEEG)). In this study, QEEG identified a preferred learning modality 86% of the time indicating that the learning modality of a
activity. This quantitative EEG identifier of learning modality will offer educators a new set of tools to adapt their teaching to match the needs of the students. 
2012 BE011
WHO DO YOU LISTEN TO? AN EXPLORATION ON THE EFFECTS OF AGE AND GENDER ON LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Savanah Quinn Frisk
Kapa'a High School, Kapa'a, HI
This research explores the tendency to listen more effectively toward males. 352 students from the Kapaa school district in Kauai were tested for this tendency. Two classes from each grade lev
comprehension test previously recorded by a male, the other by a female. The voices read a short passage and five multiple choice questions. Data from each schooling level was tested for stati
students showed a trend of listening more effectively to the female. The Ttest and Confidence Interval were both found to be significant, returning a pvalue of 0.005 which is less then 0.01. The
significant and it is supported that the gender of the speaker influenced the student's test scores, skewing them higher when the female spoke. The same process was followed for the middle and
students listened more effectively to the male speaker. The data was found significant with a pvalue of 0.026. The high school students did not show a definite trend and the pvalue was insignifi
cannot be rejected for this school level. The gender of the speaker did not appear to have an affect on the high school students' test scores. I have made several speculations surrounding this ou
significant as they point to a crucial age in the development of the listening bias, middle school. The bias is not present since birth, so it can be assumed that society is influential in it's developm
today it glorifies the male authoritarian figure through heroes, businessmen, and political figures and middle school students are old enough to be influenced by this sexism.
First Award of $1,000; in addition, the student's school will be awarded $500 and the student's mentor will be awarded $250 Acoustical Society of America
2011 BE011
Neel Sanjay Patel
2003 BE011
WHAT HAPPENED HERE?
Carson Alan Baughman
White Pine High School, Ely, Nevada, USA
The Shooting Gallery Archeological Site exists within a small basin west of the town of Alamo, Nevada, along highway 93. The site consists of petroglyphs, stone tools, hunting blinds and most i
that have been stood on end along several ridge tops. It is not clear as to how these "pillars" were used. This led me to attempt to explain the site and how it was used through archeological infer
the use of the site was made in 5 major steps. First, I thoroughly explored the site on foot. While exploring, I plotted all important artifacts that I found. I then downloaded all the data that had bee
computer program called Arcview. Using this data I generated a large topographic map indicating all the artifacts I found. I then conducted background research using a number of books, articles
known as archeological inference I looked for commonalties between the Shooting Gallery site and sites that had previously been studied. The exact position of 188 pillars, 21 hunting bl
(stone flakes, signs of tool making), 3 rock piles and 18 petroglyph panels were recorded. After analyzing this data in conjunction with my literature search, I deduced that the site had been used
seasonal living. I was also able to conclude that the users of the site were most likely indigenous populations of Southern Paiute, Western Shoshone or of a Fremont contemporary. 
Tuition scholarship of $5,000 per year for 4 years for a total value of $20,000 Indiana University
2011 BE011
Neel Sanjay Patel
2014 BE011
HOST PREFERENCES OF WILD NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN IXODES SCAPULARIS
Hannah Frankie Stewart
PlainviewOld Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, NY, United States of America
Lyme disease is the number one vectorborn disease in the United States, most commonly carried by the Blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. Although the tick is found all over the United State
humans are heavily concentrated in the northeast. This project theorizes that this may be due to the ticks’ preference in host. This study places I. scapularis from the north and the south
this experiment, which grants ticks the freedom to choose between three of seven different hosts. The movements of ticks were qualitatively and quantitatively observed and recorded for 24 hour
Oneway ANOVA tests were performed to find if there was a significance difference in the quantities of ticks outside the starting chamber at any specific time. In all results, the statistical signific
data from the one hour mark was used when calculating chisquares to determine if ticks preferred a certain type of host over another. Surprisingly, significant results were found only when comp
mammals for Northern and Southern ticks in favor of the lizards (p=0.0125). This indicates that ticks prefer to feed off of coldblooded lizards, as opposed to warmblooded mammals. This projec
outbreaks and occurrences of Lyme disease based upon the population densities of known species in an ecosystem.
2008 BE011
THE CHRONIC EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY ON QUALITY OF LIFE AND LEVELS OF DAYTIME DROWSINESS
The experiment was designed to determine the effects of growth hormone on quality of life and daytime sleepiness. This was achieved by first measuring the blood serum levels of InsulinLike Gr
Growth Hormone. The patients were given the Epworth sleepiness scale and the HR Quality of Life Scale during routine visits with their health care providers. The results of the experiment did su
serum concentration of biological marker of Growth Hormone, InsulinLike Growth Factor1, is at least twothirds of a standard deviation below the median of the population for an experimental gro
than that of a control group, and their daytime sleepiness shall be higher than that of the control group. The results of the experiment showed that the control group having the experimental mean
9.785+/5.833 Epworth sleepiness score points, and 41.6+/23.9 Harding Overall QoL score points while the control group had the experimental mean of 1.857+/3.485 HRQoL score points, 5.714
and 15.6+/9.3 Harding Overall QoL score points. The null hypothesis of N0 treatment effect is supported because the PValue of N1 is P¡Ý0.0064 for the combined Harding overall QoL score, a P
P¡Ý0.048 for the Epworth sleepiness score.
2005 BE011
QUANTITATIVE EEG AS AN IDENTIFIER OF LEARNING MODALITY
Ilang Mae Guiroy
York School, Monterey, CA, U.S.A.
In the current educational system, students who are highly modal learners miss out on a portion of their education. One feasible solution offered to this dilemma is for the educational system to a
student with the use of a quantitative measure of her learning modality. This study offers a new method that uses the measure of mental focus while a person is being taught in different
numerical measure using brain waves. Twenty students with a mean age of sixteen were included in the study. Each subject was given an assessment, which stimulated learning in three modalit
visual. While learning, the subject’s frontal lobe brain activity was monitored using electroencephalograph (EEG) sensors. Brainwave data were processed in real time by a computer software prog
alpha brainwaves as a measure of mental focus (Quantitative EEG (QEEG)). In this study, QEEG identified a preferred learning modality 86% of the time indicating that the learning modality of a
activity. This quantitative EEG identifier of learning modality will offer educators a new set of tools to adapt their teaching to match the needs of the students. 
Award $500 National Academy of Neuropsychology
2011 BE011
Neel Sanjay Patel
2013 BE012
INVESTIGATING THE UNIVERSALITY OF IRLEN METHOD
Jheri' Ginae Richards
This project investigates the universality of Irlen Method and colored overlays. Irlen Method uses color to improve the skills of people suffering from reading and learning disabilities. This study ex
people suffering from Irlen Syndrome would improve the comprehension and speed at which a person with no pre existing reading disability reads. Thirty fourteen to fifteen year old partic
groups, each containing five girls and five boys. In these groups, participants were asked to read three simple, different passages. The separation of the groups determined which passages were
which the blue or peach colored overlays were used. The participant read the passage and answered five questions that followed each The passages without any overlay were read slowe
The slower the passage was read however, the better the comprehension scores were. Girls read slower than boys, causing their comprehension scores to also be higher. The order in which the o
results recorded. When participants read a passage without an overlay last or second, the times were slower. In conclusion, the overlays increased the speed at which one reads, but did not impr
the part of the research hypothesis dealing with speed was accepted, an extension of this project would focus on the other portion of the experiment pertaining to improving comprehension.
2010 BE012
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE DEMAND AND STRESS
Chase Tyler Huggins
Saint Charles West High School, Saint Charles, MO
The purpose of this study was to seek out whether stress affects cognitive performance. Cognitive demand is the measurement of how difficult a task becomes to an individual while attempting t
is the measurement of how well an individual completes a task. The participants were asked to complete multiple puzzles while under a time limit. The level of stress was manipulated by the abs
stress) of a large clock placed strategically to ensure visibility. This manipulation of stress caused direct change in the performance of the participants in the high stress group.
2012 BE012
IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN ABSENTEEISM AND RIT, LEXILE, AND GPA?
Victoria Lindsey Bruce
Ackerman High School, Ackerman
School is very important. It educates you and gets you ready for the rest of your life. It shapes the way you will live your life and cuts out your career. The purpose of this project was to state tha
I think people should motivate themselves to go to school and be serious with their work. To get into any college you have to have a fairly high GPA, RIT, and Lexile score. I studied to see how a
point average and Lexile. I collected all of my data from the school counselor, divided the people into groups according to how many days missed, averaged the scores together, and made tables
missed, the lower the test scores.
2009 BE012
FATAL DISTRACTION
Lauren Elizabeth Dearmond
H. L. Bourgeois High School, Gray, LA
The purpose of this experiment was to comparae the affects of talking to a passinger while driving to that of talking on a cell phone, I was hoping to be able to conclude whether talking to a passe
to the driver's ability as talking on a cell phone while driving. My hypothesis was that the driver's driving ability would be affected even more when they talked on the cell phone. 
and a steering wheel controller. The test subjects drove three rounds while talking on a cell phone, three rouds while talking to a passenger, and three rounds with no distractions. I recorded each
ran into another car. A majority of the time, subjects drove better talking to the passenger than on a cell phone, with some exceptions. I observed that people who stated they talked on t
often less distracted by the cell phone than everyone else. I concluded that a majority of the time driving with a cell phone is more hindering to the driver's abilities. However, drivers sho
passenger because it can be equally hindering to the driver's ability, if not more, depending on the level of concentration demanded by the conversation
2008 BE012
COLOR ME HAPPY: THE EFFECTS OF COLOR ON MEMORIZATION TASKS
Stratton Elizabeth Haywood
Holy Savior Menard Central High School, Alexandria, LA
This project was designed to determine the effect of color on sensory input, specifically if color can help students with memorization tasks. This idea was developed after hearing a teacher’s conc
memorizing vocabulary. The hypothesis is that colored paper does not affect student memory. A total of 80 fifth and sixth grade students, all performing below grade level, were chosen
words chosen from second and third grade spelling books were printed on five different colors of paper, including white. The students memorized the words on one color of paper and recorded as
looseleaf paper. This process was repeated for each color of paper. Overall, students performed similarly using both white and colored paper. However, the fifth graders scored 11.2% h
other color, while the sixth grade class scored 8.2% lower using pale green paper. This is noteworthy because on all types of paper, except pale green, the sixth graders scored higher than the fif
raised several questions that will be addressed in future research: 1) Why is there such a discrepancy in scores using pale green paper? 2) Would allowing students to record words on the same c
memorized increase scores? 3) What is the ideal color to aid memorization, and is it different for different ages?
2003 BE012
MEDIA MAYHEM: THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON CHILDREN
Natalie Rose Mergler
ChaminadeJulienne Catholic High School, Dayton OH, United States of America
The overall goal of this year's project is to provide insight into the physiological response to television and to determine whether all forms of TV affect children equally or whether it is only violent f
hypotheses are: 1. Children will experience raised cortisol levels after viewing TV and these level will remain raised longer than the normal duration of cortisol. 2. The data after one month of cont
reduction in total TV hours is more effective than a reduction in violent programming. The students were initially shown a TV sample and saliva samples were obtained before, immediately followi
analyze the curve at which the cortisol diminishes. The students were monitored for one month in which some were instructed to have the same TV habits, others limited total TV time and others
the same total television hours. The test was repeated and saliva samples were obtained as described above. An immunoblot assay was used to trace cortisol. A program was compiled to analyz
This data suggested an abnormal curve in cortisol caused by television based on ttests and logarithmic regression analysis. Cortisol levels elevated for abnormal periods lead to functional lesion
lobes of the brain which control aggressive and impulsive behavior. Data also suggests that a reduction in total television hours (logarithmic regression results in r2=0.8 to the theoretical) not simp
(logarithmic regression results in r2=0.2 to the theoretical) is more effective. Thus is can be suggested that all forms of television potentially result in abnormal cortical curves.
First Award of $1,000 and a certificate American Psychological Association
2004 BE012
HOW DO LINGUISTIC AND LOGICAL INTELLIGENCE CORRELATE TO PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE?
Joshua Damian Salvi
York Catholic High School, York Pennsylvania, USA
Each year, thousands of teenagers in high school are required to take part in standardized testing. These tests, (i.e. the SATs), supposedly measure students' successful intelligence. These test
may determine the ultimate outcome of those students' academic success in life. According to psychologist Robert J. Sternberg, standardized tests are limited in scope and measure two
linguistic. Another independent form of intelligence, practical intelligence, is also required to obtain a successful intelligence level. A test was created to ascertain any possible correlation between
supporting either Sternberg or his opponents. A sampling of high school students received and completed selfreported tests, whose results were completely anonymous. These results were then
verbal [linguistic] percentiles from the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills. Analysis of the standard deviation validated no direct correlation between greater linguistic and logical intelligence levels
Results support Sternberg's theory that all three intelligences are independent. Therefore, standardized testing measures only two of the three intelligences and is partially ineffective. All research
$10,000 per year scholarship, renewable annually Florida Institute of Technology
2011 BE012
A CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) AND SLEEP/WAKE DISORDERS
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming a widespread epidemic, in which both the diagnosis and understanding of the etiology is quite limited. The relationship between ADHD
the results are limited as well. This epidemiological investigation will examine the role of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythms, sleep/wake disorders, medical history, and social factors in relation
methodology utilizes 9 instruments; (1) Greeting and Consent Form, (2) Identification and Subject Information Form, (3) Simple Medical History Form, (4) NICHQ Vanderbilt Assessment Scale, (5
Test, (7) Sleep/Wake SelfAssessment, (8) ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist, and (9) Sleep Deprivation Survey. Through the compilation of the data and extensive analysis, several s
significant relationship was found between the Sleep Deprivation composite score and the diagnostic score for the ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist (r = 0.5943, 95% confidence inter
Also, a significant relationship was found between ADHD symptoms and sleep/wake disorders (r = 0.5887, 95% confidence interval of 0.4250 to 0.7152; p < 0.0001). This research is very signific
introductory study in which new factors such as sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm deficiencies, and sleep/wake disorders should be assessed in ADHD diagnostics, along with other significant f
2014 BE012
A COMPREHENSIVE STUDY OF DOLLAR HEGEMONY, QUANTITATIVE EASING, AND THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE MARKET
Justin Chase Lafazan
Syosset High School, Syosset, NY, United States of America
On September 13th, 2012, The United States Federal Reserve Board voted for the third time in its history to begin a Quantitative Easing Policy (Q.E.P.), a $4090 billion a month, openended, bo
purchasing program. Economic research has not yet studied the impact of a Q.E.P. on the foreignexchange market. Data was collected from the Federal Reserve Economic Research database.
testing to determine the extent of impact that a Q.E.P. has on the foreignexchange market by analyzing exchange rate values around the date of announcement. Ttests, percent testing, and me
2010, and 2012 Q.E.P. While the hypothesis was supported that Q.E.P. forces negative pressure on dollar value, it was determined that, although Asian currency and composite currency rates re
Northern European and North American currency rates substantially react to the announcement. Q.E.P. 1 was also shown to have an appreciating effect on dollar value, while Q.E.P. 2 and 3 were
diminishing marginal returns throughout
2011 BE012
A CLINICAL AND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD) AND SLEEP/WAKE DISORDERS
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is becoming a widespread epidemic, in which both the diagnosis and understanding of the etiology is quite limited. The relationship between ADHD
the results are limited as well. This epidemiological investigation will examine the role of sleep deprivation, circadian rhythms, sleep/wake disorders, medical history, and social factors in relation
methodology utilizes 9 instruments; (1) Greeting and Consent Form, (2) Identification and Subject Information Form, (3) Simple Medical History Form, (4) NICHQ Vanderbilt Assessment Scale, (5
Test, (7) Sleep/Wake SelfAssessment, (8) ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist, and (9) Sleep Deprivation Survey. Through the compilation of the data and extensive analysis, several s
significant relationship was found between the Sleep Deprivation composite score and the diagnostic score for the ADHD SelfReport Scale: Symptom Checklist (r = 0.5943, 95% confidence inter
Also, a significant relationship was found between ADHD symptoms and sleep/wake disorders (r = 0.5887, 95% confidence interval of 0.4250 to 0.7152; p < 0.0001). This research is very signific
introductory study in which new factors such as sleep deprivation, circadian rhythm deficiencies, and sleep/wake disorders should be assessed in ADHD diagnostics, along with other significant f
2005 BE012
VIDEO GAMES: FRIEND OR FOE?
Peter David Allen
York Catholic High School, York, Pennsylvania, United States of America
The American public has been exposed to the “dark side” of video games: the graphic violence, the brutal subject matter, and its addictive qualities. Recently, the redeeming qualities of video gam
branches of the military play video games to train, video game playing surgeons are making fewer errors when operating, and stroke victims are being rehabilitated faster by the use of video game
determine if teenagers who play video games regularly have better handeye coordination and visual attention skills than those who don’t play. During video game play, the neurotransmitter dopam
person’s ability to learn; therefore, increasing their handeye coordination and visual attention skills. The subjects were teenagers who were divided into two categories, gamers (3+ hours
hours/week), based on the amount of video games they typically played per week. The experiment tested handeye coordination by using a ruler drop test and a cup stacking test. Subjects were
find test and a multiobject slideshow flash test. In respect to eyehand coordination, nongamers scored 41% lower than gamers in the ruler drop test and 10.4% lower in the cup stackin
nongamers scored 31.2% lower on the object find test and 16.3% lower in the multiobject slideshow flash test. Gamers proved to have superior handeye coordination and visual attention over n
2003 BE012
MEDIA MAYHEM: THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL REACTION AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON CHILDREN
Natalie Rose Mergler
ChaminadeJulienne Catholic High School, Dayton OH, United States of America
The overall goal of this year's project is to provide insight into the physiological response to television and to determine whether all forms of TV affect children equally or whether it is only violent f
hypotheses are: 1. Children will experience raised cortisol levels after viewing TV and these level will remain raised longer than the normal duration of cortisol. 2. The data after one month of cont
reduction in total TV hours is more effective than a reduction in violent programming. The students were initially shown a TV sample and saliva samples were obtained before, immediately followi
analyze the curve at which the cortisol diminishes. The students were monitored for one month in which some were instructed to have the same TV habits, others limited total TV time and others
the same total television hours. The test was repeated and saliva samples were obtained as described above. An immunoblot assay was used to trace cortisol. A program was compiled to analyz
This data suggested an abnormal curve in cortisol caused by television based on ttests and logarithmic regression analysis. Cortisol levels elevated for abnormal periods lead to functional lesion
lobes of the brain which control aggressive and impulsive behavior. Data also suggests that a reduction in total television hours (logarithmic regression results in r2=0.8 to the theoretical) not simp
(logarithmic regression results in r2=0.2 to the theoretical) is more effective. Thus is can be suggested that all forms of television potentially result in abnormal cortical curves.
2007 BE012
EFFECTS OF CONTEXT ON INTERIOR SCRAMBLED TEXT
Stefan Joshua Coburn
Fayette County High School, Fayetteville, Georgia USA
The purpose of this experiment is to identify what effect context has on interior scrambled text recognition. The hypothesis presented for experimentation was a null hypothesis, that context had n
participants were given two sets of 24 stimuli to distinguish as either interior scrambled word or nonword in a lexical decision experiment. In one set the twenty four stimuli were each presented in
were each presented in the context of a sentence, which was completely interiorly scrambled. Each stimulus was shown via PowerPoint on a slide for 4 seconds. To keep some control over the s
drawn from a list of the 500 most common sight words to ensure consistent familiarity. In the context condition the stimuli that had to be identified was always the last word. Each participant was
context set first and the other second. For each participant the difference in correctly identified stimuli was taken and an average difference was calculated. The mean difference was 3.88 stimuli.
5.34X10^10 was obtained. This statistical analysis indicates that the data refutes the null hypothesis. This means the null hypothesis can be reasonably rejected in favor of the alternative hypoth
In addition, the data contests the idea that the ability to read interior scrambled text implies that people read words independent of letter order.
2006 BE012
ANIMAL CARING AN EDUACATIONAL PROPOSAL
Anelise dos Santos Klein
Fundação Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo RS, Brasil
In order to create an association of protection to the animals that works, several aspects must be observed, between them the community’s effective participation. But since it will wake a respec
a society where these actions are not stimulated. Theories of the psychology emphasize to be in the childhood in which we build our character. From these data the question was formu
educative program for children that contributes to the development of respected attitudes with the animals? On basis of the aforementioned factors it was prepared a method of playful teaching of
children of as they might treat the domestic animals. The method intends to stimulate the children to have a good familiarity with the animals from activities that develop his creativity a
implemented firstly in an institution of childlike teaching. After the knowledge of the quite satisfactory results, a cdrom was produced with informations of introduction of this program, which will b
 The project was developed through a descriptive research of field. The data were obtained through the use of the children in the proposed activities, of questionnaires carried out with teache
conclusion of this stage it was noticed that it is possible to wake in the children a feeling of care with the animals and change the way as they react in the environment where they lives.
College Fund of $1,000 National AntiVivisection Society
2012 BE013
DISTRACTION BY CONVENIENT TECHNOLOGICAL COMMUNICATION, PART II
Sara Voisard
MidBuchanan High School, Faucett, MO
A large majority of automobile accidents in the United States are caused by driver inattention. One factor of distraction for many drivers involves the cell phone. This study was conducted to dete
between cell phone use and the amount of time it takes a driver to react to a stimulus. Testing involved a simulated driving course where subjects must carry on a conversation through talk and a
while completing the course. The results of that test were compared with the results of a simulation the subject took prior without the use of a cell phone. This study is important to driving safety
legislation and insurance. The alternate hypothesis states that if subjects are talking or texting on a cell phone while driving, their reaction time will be slower.
2010 BE013
LEARNING STYLES AND ADHD: THE UTILIZATION OF VAK METHODOLOGY AND DSMIV CRITERIA TO ENHANCE EDUCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND TO FIND A RELATIONSHIP B
ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects over 7% of schoolaged children. ADHD students often have difficulty learning in an educational environment. ADHD prevalence is rapidly i
wanted to discover a method that could help ADHD students reach their full potential. The student researcher investigated the relationship between ADHD and learning styles. In order to investiga
and utilized VAK Methodology. The VAK Survey, vLSA, aLSA, kLSA, and iLSA were developed by the student researcher in collaboration with professional researchers. The VAK Methodology a
students’ learning style preferences and the application of the visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning styles. In order to find the sequence of each student’s inattentiveness, impulsivity and hype
Scale: Symptom Checklist was developed by the student researcher and based on DSM IVTR (APA, 2000) criteria. The student researcher triangulated the learning style preferences, the vkLSA
and found a significant relationship between learning styles and ADHD. Also, there is a significant increase in test performance when students understand their learning style preferences. The stu
need to help students understand their learning style preferences in order to help them manage their ADHD symptoms and learn to their best ability.
2011 BE013
HOW DO THE VARIABLES AGE, GENDER, AND YEARS OF MUSICAL TRAINING AFFECT PERCEPTION OF MUSICAL INTERVALS?
Samantha Arden Morrison
Classen School of Advanced Studies, Oklahoma City, OK
The purpose of this project was to see if differing age, gender, and years of musical training affected the perception of intervals in the musical scale. After doing a literature review it was found tha
have certain qualities about them regardless of previous conception of those pitches. Before experimenting it was thought that a subject would find the minor second, major seventh, and
because they are the smallest and largest intervals and because it spans exactly half of the musical scale. To begin experimentation, the eleven intervals in the musical scale were randomly reco
subjects age, gender, years of musical training, and their response to each interval. Subjects would listen to the recording and rate each interval’s pleasantness (5 to 5) on the survey. This proce
subjects. After experimentation it was found that the hypothesis was correct, the most unpleasant intervals were the major seventh and minor second. The most pleasant intervals were
Major third; Children under the age of twelve considered everything more pleasantly; Teenagers (age 1516), especially girls, rated intervals strongly; The people with the most musical training usu
unpleasantly. If this project were to be repeated, it would be important to pay more attention to the noise level surrounding the subject to prevent variation in the subject’s response.
2008 BE013
IS A PICTURE WORTH A THOUSAND WORDS?
Sarah Beatrice Bellingham
Santa Catalina School, Monterey, CA
The ability to memorize new words is key to learning a new language. This study tests how a person’s memorization skills depend on the presentation of new material. Studies have suggested th
used to teach different language students, for example, teaching using pictures versus teaching using words. This was tested in this experiment by using two sets of flashcards on a test group of
methods of memorization. One set had a word in English on one side and the same word translated into a foreign language on the other side. The second set of flashcards had a picture represent
foreign language on the other side. My subjects came from the 3rd through 6th grade classes of All Saints’ Episcopal Day School, and their ages ranged from 812 years old. A total of 76 student
large degree of variability in the performance of my subject group, although some trends are clear, for example improved performance with age. Neither picture nor word flashcards could be consid
students, as 53% of the students scored higher using words, 39% scored higher using pictures, and 8% scored the same on both tests. However, the results also show that some students perfor
word associations. This suggests that the optimal sort of teaching styles varies depending on the individual.
2006 BE013
THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE CONSUMPTION ON THE REM SLEEP PERIOD
Caroline Anne Blosser
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington, Ohio, United States
REM sleep is essential to daily necessities such as memory, learning, cognitive ability and daily performance, and growth and repair. The purpose of this project was to observe the effects of caf
period of the human sleep cycle. It was hypothesized that moderate to significant caffeine consumption in both male and female adults between the ages of 16 and 55 would both decrease the le
decrease the number of completed REM periods each sleep session. To test this hypothesis, 34 subjects participated for three days in recording hourly food and drink consumption, as well as ge
behaviors each night. Subjects were divided into two separate categories based on daily caffeine consumption; 17 subjects who did not consume caffeine and 17 moderate to high consumers of c
required to wear a REMView® sleepmonitoring device each night that recorded the length and characteristics of the REM sleep period. It was concluded that caffeine consumption has
completed REM periods each sleep session. However, evidence suggests that caffeine decreases the length of each individual REM period. These results imply that caffeine consumption may p
addition, caffeine may actually withdraw an individual out of REM sleep prematurely. Future studies are needed to determine how significantly caffeine consumption affects REM as compared wit
2005 BE013
THE PEER PRESSURE EFFECT A SEARCH FOR GREATER UNDERSTANDING
Cristina Maria Costantini
University School of Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI, USA
The purpose of my experiment is to find a practical and reliable method of measuring the degree of susceptibility to peer pressure in individuals, and to find a scientific method to study and gain a
effect of peer pressure. Forty freshman boys were first instructed to complete five different paperandpencil tests, four of which are commonly used by social psychologists to measure
monitoring, selfconsciousness and selfesteem. I designed the fifth test myself to measure selfconfidence, leadership, and friendship skills. Each test subject was then seated in a roo
to answer 25 verbal math problems. The test subject was not aware that the other three students in the room were “plants” who had been instructed to give the wrong answers to some of the prob
subject was asked to answer first were used to measure his math ability. The ten questions which he was asked to answer last were used to measure peer pressure susceptibility. When the test
make a decision whether to go along with the wrong answer which he had just heard from the three “plants”, or give his own answer. My experiment was able to measure the degree of co
identify statistically significant correlations between specific personality traits and conformity. This experimental method may be used to gain a greater understanding of the cause and effect of pe
2003 BE013
THE PREVALENCE OF SLEEP COMPLAINTS IN MIDDLE SCHOOL AND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Julianne Marie Susman
John Jay High School, Katonah NY, USA
Although the prevalence of sleep disorders is well established in the adult population, fewer studies have been conducted with adolescents. Changes in circadian rhythms, busy schedules, earlier
school work demands as well as other factors may predispose adolescents to poor sleep habits. In addition, there may be underlying symptoms of sleep disorders that may further contribute to p
to determine whether otherwise healthy middle school and high school students report symptoms of common sleep disorders. The study was conducted through a survey, based on a webbased
After IRB approval was obtained, copies of the survey, and informational letter, and a mental health resource sheet was mailed to the parents of 7th, 8th, 10th, and 11th grade students enrolled a
Surveys were returned anonynously, and data was entered into spreadsheets and analyzed using SAS (Chi square tests). The older children reported less refreshing sleep and complained more o
snoring. There was a trend more girls to often report more symptoms of insomnia. The results of the survey are consisten with the literature on short and unrefreshing sleep endorsed by adolesce
may be other factors impacting sleep that may contribute to daytime sleepiness. It may be important for health professionals to probe into other possible sleep complaints when teens present wit
2014 BE013
THE PARADOX OF EMOTIONAL DIMENSIONALITY: THE EFFECT OF THE DIMENSIONALITY OF AUDIO STIMULI ON THE BRAIN’S ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY, A NEUROSCIENCE STUDY
Michelle Marie Marquez
Math and Science High School at Clover Hill, Midlothian, VA, United States of America
There is tangible proof that music therapy works in treating symptoms of mood disorders (clinical depression and bipolar disorders), neurological disorders (schizophrenia, amnesia, Alzheimer's, e
Traumatic Stress Disorder and Attention Deficit Disorder). The mechanisms of action and the origins of these phenomena present a confusing picture to experts in the field. The purpose of this re
correlation between the Fractal Dimension (Dimensionality) of audio stimuli and the selective emotions induced by the stimuli and to monitor if these results would be confirmed and verified using
study reveals that the internal mathematical structure of the soundstimuli itself could be responsible for the induction of selective emotions. There is a trend between low Fractal Dimension audio
responses of joy (serenity, ecstasy, etc.) along with a shortening effect on time perception. Meanwhile, high Fractal Dimension audio stimuli were shown to predominantly trigger “negative” emotio
terror, etc.) with a lengthening effect on time perception. These results support the idea that primary emotions could be universal across cultures and may have an evolutionary and biological bas
dimensionality of sounds and music are correlated with the selective triggering of emotions. This study provides a fundamental understanding to advance the fields of biomathematics, emotional

Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2007 BE013
SIX SIGMA AND THE CHANGE OF HUMAN BEHAVIORS: THE CREATION OF SIX SIGMA BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION PROCEDURE (SIX SIGMA BMP)
Will Xu
Winona Senior High School, Winona MN, United States of America
After the attacks of 9/11, the amount of money contributed to a charity organization for local use declined. However, the declining trend persisted year after year, resulting in cuts to local charity s
steady decline in the amount of money a local charity organization received from its fundraising campaigns by changing the behaviors of contributors. Six Sigma BMP, a new Six Sigma procedu
created to design efficient fundraising processes. The model followed five steps: define, measure, analyze, design, and verify. Two hypotheses were tested at a regional private university, which
Six Sigma BMP would receive a larger number of contributions and that fundraising campaign using Six Sigma BMP would receive more money per contribution. Results showed that while it may
Six Sigma BMP would increase the amount of money received per contribution. It is concluded that Six Sigma BMP can be used to modify human behavior and create efficient fundraising proce
is needed.
2004 BE013
HOW DOES LEARNING MODALITY PREDICT SAT SCORES?
Ilang Mae Guiroy
York School, Monterey CA, U. S. A.
The objective of this study was to discover if students who are of a certain learning modality would perform higher on the SAT than others. The modalities are visual, auditory, and tactile/kinesthe
discover this, is a power point presentation containing slides on which characters from the Katakana and Ndujka alphabets are presented to stimulate learning in the three modalities. The upper range SAT scorers were either naturally multimodal or learned to cope very well, making it easier for them to understand material presented in class, and later asked of
midrange SAT scores were probably visual learners who did not need to learn how to cope quite as much. Students with low range SAT scores were probably highly modal, but learned to cope, bu
range. Students learn best in different ways. If classes could be taught to benefit all the students, performance would improve and comprehension of the material would increase.
2013 BE013
POLAR BEARS, PENGUINS, AND COGNITIVE PROCESSING... OH MY!, YEAR THREE
Caitlyn Mary Ralph
Lake Howell High School, Winter Park, FL
As society is rapidly replacing traditional classroom instruction with technological techniques, testing needs to be done to assess if these changes are negatively affecting students’ education.
whether converting a paperbased comic activity, the traditional method, into a webbased application would alter a learner’s cognitive processing. The webbased application was produced by the
students completed an activity via the webbased application and 38 different students completed the same activity via the paperbased printout. The students also filled out a Likert survey to ev
van Merrienboer’s training efficiency formula was employed during data analysis which assessed students’ performance (accuracy) level in comparison to their mental effort (estimates of cognitiv
tests, the null hypothesis is accepted with caution. It was found that the germane cognitive load survey, mental effort, and training efficiency data had no significant difference between the traditio
of .28, .94, and .97 respectively. However, the accuracy of the students’ work did have a significant difference with a pvalue of .0017 supporting the traditional method. This shows that c
be introduced in older students’ classrooms alongside traditional methods. Students need to be taught and exposed to these new instruments effectively, therefore raising their experience and in
Ultimately, it was indicated that overall there was no significant difference between traditional and webbased methods in cognitive processing.
2009 BE013
PREDICTING BIOBEHAVIORAL LINKS BETWEEN NURTURING AND COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH MODEL SPECIES, RATTUS NORVEGICUS
Ashlee Nicole Sharer
Wayne County High School, Jesup, GA
a) The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the lack of nurturing would impair intellectual development and problem solving skills of a model species, Rattus norvegicus. By studying mo
of how similar behavior would be displaying in humans. b) Construct a Morris Water Maze. Collect four specimens and subject them to the water maze to create a baseline. Collect two r
separate cages under controlled conditions. Phase A: The tested pair will be nurtured for two weeks, thirty minutes daily. At the end of two weeks, all four specimens are subject to maze testing
end of week four, the two controls will receive nurturing sessions to view the potential “catchup” factor of the hippocampus. Report results. c) The average baseline time was 125.94 seco
displayed an average time of 114.53 seconds, and the nurtured a time of 78.15 seconds. End Phase B: the nurtured group showed an average final time of 39.3 seconds and the control an averag
Phase A of nurtured.) d) In conclusion, my hypothesis stated that while I believed nurturing would have a significant effect on model species, the catchup phenomenon would not be pres
experimentation, my hypothesis was correct for Phase A of experimentation, but incorrect for Phase B; Rattus norvegicus do show significant catchup rates.
First Award of $2,500 States United for Biomedical Research (SUBR)
2003 BE014
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSIC ON SHORTTERM MEMORY
Douglas Joseph Christman, McKinley Junior High School
Saint Albans, WV, United States of America
The purpose of my experiment was to see if any type of music would provide a better studying environment opposed to silence. I also wanted to see which music type would give the worst result
Take one person to the library or a back room that is quiet. Inform them of the procedures they will be going through. Next, play the first song while showing the first set of pictures. After one min
and give the person one minute to right down as many as he/she can remember. Afterwards, have them stare at a blank sheet of paper for one minute to clear their mind. Repeat all steps using d
music each time. The data taken during this experiment showed that classical music was best for middle aged adults and silence was best for teenagers of both genders. 
that studying efficiency would be at its peak if no music or classical was on and the least efficienct would be at its lowest if rap music would be played. A student or teacher could use the results
environment for studying and inproving their grades.
2004 BE014
SYMBOLS OF CIRCLE IN THE WORLD CIVILIZATION AND THE SAKHA NATIONAL CULTURES
Kristina Mikhailovna Sitnikova
Sakha – Belgian Gymnasium, Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Russia
The paper deals with the regularities of reflection in the circle image the symbols of religions and mythological world outlooks of the east and the west in order to find the deep bases of the statem
modern world full of religions contradictions. The author studies the nation of symbol and its appearance in the circle image since the most ancient times up to our days. By means of the historica
the symbolic meaning of the circle image, the ancient symbol of the centre and the world are disclosed. In the world civilization experience the divided circle in the form of a wheel symbolizes the
circle image existed in the medieval myths about Atlantida and Shambala, in the legend of King Arthur as the symbol of Dream about Peace and Happiness. The modern notion of “a round table”
in the modern business world goes back to the legend of King Arthur and the Knights of the Round Table. In author’s opinion, the penetration into the intellectual depth of the circle image, uncove
its symbolic content expressing the idea of harmony with the surrounding world and the Universe will help to arrange in order the conscience of a modern civilized individual. The author tries to un
problems disclosing the social, cultural and engineering correlations. 
2005 BE014
WHAT DO YOU THINK?
Peter Michael Bishara
Dr. Ronald E. McNair Academic High School, Jersey City, NJ, USA
This project began with a series of forwarded emails sent to me. I was intrigued how the tests knew all the answers I would say before I even said them. The underlying principle of this project w
minds, are affected by the repetition of items. This repetition is also known as the priming effect. The priming effect shows a manipulation over certain parts of the brain; the Frontal Cortex (thinki
(Association Area). Forty test subjects were given three different examinations all using the priming effect. All tests proved to show 62% of the subjects to have the correct, or primed, answer.
that the expected answers were given and that the priming effect was statistically significant. Each test also showed varying levels of the priming effect suggesting that the amount of priming doe
accuracy of an answer.
2006 BE014
THE EFFECT OF MUSICAL TRAINING ON THE CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION OF MUSICAL SEQUENCES
Alysha Harper Owen
Dallastown Area High school, Dallastown, PA, United States
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is the site of high processing where sensory stimuli are perceived, processed, and acted upon. There are two cerebral hemispheres, and each is functional
the left hemisphere is specialized for linguistic and sequential processes, whereas the right hemisphere is specialized for spatial and holistic processes, including musical perception. Le
change musical processing to a linguistictype task. The hypothesis of this experiment is that musical training will change the discrimination of tone sequences from a right hemisphere task to a
righthanded subjects (six musicians, six nonmusicians) were tested. Two tests were given: a word recognition test and a tonal sequence test. In the verbal test, two different words were presente
ear (dichotic stimulation). After each question, the subject would select an answer from an answer tape. The music test was presented similarly, using the dichotic perception of two different three
expected, on the verbal task there was a right ear/left brain advantage compared to the left ear/right brain (62% accuracy verses 55% accuracy.) On the musical task, there was no significant diff
nonmusicians. In fact, both musicians and nonmusicians showed a slight right ear/left brain advantage for recognizing tonal sequences. The hypothesis was therefore not supported. Mu
size, unreliable music task, and technical difficulties with tape synchronization could have influenced the outcome of this experiment. The hypothesis is still felt to be plausible and worthy of furth
2007 BE014
SIMULATED AVIATION PERFORMANCE EFFECTS OF AN ENGINEERED ENVIRONMENT
Louis Walter Buckalew, IV
Davidson High School, Mobile, Alabama, United States of America
Today's military aircraft cockpits are increasingly complex, as advanced weapons systems and technology are added creating greater demands on pilots. To "fight and win," pilots must be given
and commercial research has explored possibly relevant effects of negative ions on health, physical, cognitive, and emotional variables with mixed results. This study was to determine is a nega
hypothesized, performance related to aviation combat. As paid volunteers, 16 male high school students served as subjects. Primary equipment included a PC, CRT monitor, and Microsoft Comb
a control station and negative ion generator, joystick, sound chair, and plat panel dispay organized in a plywood 'cockpit.' Before testing, subjects completed an informed consent form and gaming
mission briefing, joystick training, and practice trial. Each subject had 2 trials in ioncharged and 2 in 'normal' environments, with a break between trial blocks to change conditions. Trial scenarios
started under normal and half under ion conditions. Measures of simulated combat performance included mission time, firing accuracy, bombers 'killed,' and efficiency. Results suggested conclus
normal conditions and accuracy was no different, ion conditions showed better performance for bomber 'kills' and overall efficiency (primary mission goals). While findings are encouraging in supp
should increase subject and task sample sizes and time to allow 'acclimation' before testing in the ion condition.
2008 BE014
A NOVEL THERAPY FOR NICOTINE DEPENDENCE
Miranda Phoebe Hajishengallis
duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, KY
Substance abuse has developed into a recurring societal crisis over the years. Surprisingly, one of the most addictive drugs is nicotine, a substance primarily found in tobacco. In medical terms,
on the stimulant effects of nicotine, and thus, cessation becomes extremely challenging. Current therapies for smoking cessation have high relapse rates. The purpose of this study was to evalua
Decane1, 10diylbispicolinium Diiodide (bPiDi) as a pharmacotherapy for nicotine dependence in a rodent model. The experiments examined the acute effect of bPiDi on locomotor activity, as w
bPiDi on nicotine selfadministration and sucrosemaintained responding. Firstly, the rats were sensitized to nicotine with subcutaneous nicotine injections; thus, they were assessed for nicotinei
following pretreatment with bPiDi in a locomotor chamber. For the self administration experiments, rats were first trained to respond for either intravenous nicotine or sucrose pellets using a twole
they were pretreated with various doses of bPiDi or saline 15 minutes before each session. Results showed that bPiDi attenuated the hyperactivity produced by nicotine. Furthermore, bPiDi dose
repeated nicotine selfadministration, but not sucrosemaintained responding. The specific decrease in nicotine selfadministration by bPiDi suggests that this nicotinic receptor antagonist may be
for tobacco dependence.
2009 BE014
LEARNING, NATURALLY DOES A NATURAL ENVIRONMENT ENHANCE LEARNING?
Trevor Will van Voorthuijsen
Prospect Christian Homeschool, Lecanto, FL
The purpose of this study was to determine if students learn the Dolch Basic Sight Vocabulary Words more effectively when taught in a natural outdoor setting. Sixteen randomly chosen first grad
identical tutoring of 25 Dolch words; eight students remained indoors while eight studied outdoors. Most tutoring sessions opened with an animal/plant encounter; the Dolch words were presented
Intelligences using various games and activities. The hypothesis of the study was that the subjects meeting outdoors would retain more sight words than those taught indoors. 
determine known words, so the posttest would reflect words learned. Each tutoring session was 15 minutes long twice weekly for 10 weeks. Individual biweekly tests were given. 
of the words taught, while the "outside" group gained 83%. Given those learned words, the inside subjects retained 78%; the outside set had a retention rate of 91%. Class B's inside students gai
outside group recognized 71%. Upon testing for retention, the inside group scored 88%, and the outside group 93%. According to this study, the subjects instructed in a natural environm
words than those within the conventional classroom setting. It showed that a basic skill such as word recognition was enhanced by outdoor instruction. Current educational practices and theories
natural settings for learning.
2011 BE014
EFFECTS OF THE FULL MOON ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Dominique Helen Tlomak
The moon has always been mysterious to people. There has been a persistent myth throughout the years that the full moon affects and alters human behavior, resulting in more aggression and v
that the full moon affects human behavior and it is associated with a significantly larger number of violent deaths including homicides, suicides and accidents on the full moon days in Milwaukee
Suicidal Deaths by Year and Cause Reports from 2001 to 2010 were received from Milwaukee County Medical Examiner’s Office in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. The list of phases of the Moon from 20
obtained from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration website. I compared the number of homicides, suicides, and accidents on the full moon days and new moon days. I calculated t
full moon and new moon for homicides, suicides and accidents. I used a twosamplettest to show a significant statistical difference. I found a p value of .628 for homicides, a p value of .422 for
accidents. Despite the persistence of the lunar myth throughout time, my study provides no support for such a phenomenon. Since the p values were high, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected.
statistically significant difference in the number of homicides, suicides and accidents on the full moon days in Milwaukee County between 2001 and 2010.
2014 BE014
HAWKING FOR DEAF
Lina Rasmi Almbaidin
Aljazeera School, Amman, Jordan
There has not been any official communication language through which the normal people and the deaf can communicate, which means that social networking will remain unfinished and disconne
work I have developed the "hawking" application to build a bridge between sign language and spoken language, so as to enable the deaf to exchange experiences and knowledge, and to go along
development and even be a part of it Which will take them out of their isolation and unilateralism imposed by the language barrier. Hawking application works to convert operative speech
and in the same manner to word of readable post in both normal and sign language so that they can understand us. On the other hand, to enable the deaf to express themselves they can write wh
or the alphabetic of sing language, and in case that their language capabilities were weak then they will choose one of the “modes” which contains a group of pictures representing Terms in sign
situations and contains most of the daily life terminology. These modes will appear in application interface such as mode of shopping, working and traveling. Thanks to our “hawking” app
can connect freely with the community without the need for an interpreter to translate their language. Moreover they will be able to convey to the community their thoughts and understand what is
adapt and creativity in their vocational and academic fields.
2010 BE014
IT AIN'T OVER 'TIL THE KNOCKOUT MOUSE SINGS
Benjamin Rogers Bauchwitz
Hershey High School, Hershey, PA
Fragile X mental retardation is a genetic disease that affects one in 4000 males and often produces a significant negative effect on their ability to speak. One third of people with Fragile X syndro
severe social disabilities. Fragile X syndrome results from the mutation of the Fmr1 gene, which in turn leads to inadequate Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein being produced. By blocking that
model of this disorder. My experiment focused on comparing the vocalizations of these knockout mice (ko) with those of normal wildtype mice (wt). These mice, which would normally produce U
shown to be nearly silent when placed in social situations with other males. The wt mice, on the other hand, were generally quite vocal. The adult ko mouse results seemed to match what is seen
retardation, since they have serious problems in speaking, but more than twothirds do not have autism and are quite social. Mice were also tested in their home cage with a single female who wa
generally vocalize for sexual reasons, it would be quite strange if the ko mice did not vocalize. Mice with the human Fragile X transgene were also investigated because this could give a more dir
Fragile X.
2012 BE014
THE EFFECT OF COFFEE EXTRACT & CAFFEINE ON THE LOCOMOTORY RATE AND BASAL SLOWING RESPONSE OF A LRRK2 TRANSGENIC CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS (G2019
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Megan Smith
This project investigated the effects of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine – substances epidemiological studies hypothesize protect against Parkinson’s disease (PD) – on the
basal slowing response transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) with the G2019S mutation in leucinerich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the most common mutation linked to PD. These C. eleg
locomotory rate dysfunction because of decreased levels of dopamine, were exposed to 10% (v/v) caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee or 3.6 mM caffeine from hatching. Significant improvements
slowing response were noted in G2019S C. elegans treated with caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine when compared to the dysfunction in these behaviors observed in untreated
occurred after the L4 molt and did not result from an alteration in lifespan. Thus, coffee and caffeine can likely be used to lessen the neurodegeneration and associated behavior dysfunction in the
basal slowing response caused by inherited PD resulting from the G2019S mutation in LRRK2.
2013 BE014
THE EFFECTS OF THE MEDIA ON GENDER STEREOTYPES AND THE FURTHERING OF SEXUAL HARASSMENT
Petra Katherine Ronald
The media has been shown to influence adolescents in various ways. In past studies, body image and gender stereotypical beliefs have been associated with the amount of media to which an ad
expands on those associations and also takes a new approach to find a correlation between the media and adolescents’ perpetration and acceptance of sexual harassment. A survey of 332 fresh
165 girls, was taken, and both the type and amount of media exposure the participants listed were analyzed. It was found that exposure to high sexual reality television shows was associated to
acceptance of sexual harassment, and more perpetration of sexual harassment when compared to low sexual reality television shows. Furthermore, exposure to high sexual reality shows had les
sexual scripted television shows, proving that the sexual content of the media adolescents are exposed to has an effect on their gender stereotypical views, acceptance of sexual harassment, an
is disconcerting due to the increase in sexual content of today’s media and the rising new genre of reality television. Sexual harassment and gender stereotypes shouldn’t be acceptable in today’s
supporting them. With this research, the portrayals of the media in adolescent TV programs may be subject to change with time.
2012 BE014
THE EFFECT OF COFFEE EXTRACT & CAFFEINE ON THE LOCOMOTORY RATE AND BASAL SLOWING RESPONSE OF A LRRK2 TRANSGENIC CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS (G2019
PARKINSON’S DISEASE
Megan Smith
This project investigated the effects of caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine – substances epidemiological studies hypothesize protect against Parkinson’s disease (PD) – on the
basal slowing response transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) with the G2019S mutation in leucinerich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), the most common mutation linked to PD. These C. eleg
locomotory rate dysfunction because of decreased levels of dopamine, were exposed to 10% (v/v) caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee or 3.6 mM caffeine from hatching. Significant improvements
slowing response were noted in G2019S C. elegans treated with caffeinated coffee, decaffeinated coffee, and caffeine when compared to the dysfunction in these behaviors observed in untreated
occurred after the L4 molt and did not result from an alteration in lifespan. Thus, coffee and caffeine can likely be used to lessen the neurodegeneration and associated behavior dysfunction in the
basal slowing response caused by inherited PD resulting from the G2019S mutation in LRRK2.
2010 BE014
IT AIN'T OVER 'TIL THE KNOCKOUT MOUSE SINGS
Benjamin Rogers Bauchwitz
Hershey High School, Hershey, PA
Fragile X mental retardation is a genetic disease that affects one in 4000 males and often produces a significant negative effect on their ability to speak. One third of people with Fragile X syndro
severe social disabilities. Fragile X syndrome results from the mutation of the Fmr1 gene, which in turn leads to inadequate Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein being produced. By blocking that
model of this disorder. My experiment focused on comparing the vocalizations of these knockout mice (ko) with those of normal wildtype mice (wt). These mice, which would normally produce U
shown to be nearly silent when placed in social situations with other males. The wt mice, on the other hand, were generally quite vocal. The adult ko mouse results seemed to match what is seen
retardation, since they have serious problems in speaking, but more than twothirds do not have autism and are quite social. Mice were also tested in their home cage with a single female who wa
generally vocalize for sexual reasons, it would be quite strange if the ko mice did not vocalize. Mice with the human Fragile X transgene were also investigated because this could give a more dir
Fragile X.
2010 BE015
PERCEPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Kelly Elizabeth Liles
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, MS
This purpose of this study was to determine the effect environmental awareness has on environmental involvement of students ages of 1418 at Oak Grove High School. A total of 200 participant
environmental issues. Once all surveys were completed, it was found that there was a correlation between the perception of participants' environmental views and participants' involvement in acti
research should be done to a broader sample size and political views and religious views could be obtained to determine if there is a correlation to environmental issues or if it simply just a stereo
2009 BE015
MULTITASKING: DOES CELL PHONE USE AFFECT PERFORMANCE?
Eric Bonnefil Van Dyk
Winston Churchill High School, San Antonio, TX
This experiment was inspired by media attention to multitasking and its effect on driving. It was designed to test whether a handsfree cell phone device would be distracting in a simulated driving
tested: 1) Subjects given a “distraction” on a simulated driving task have impaired performance; 2) Younger subjects are more distracted when using a handsfree cell phone device than older sub
experience; 3) Females perform better than males when distracted because “females are better at multitasking”. Each subject performed a computerized version of a cognitive task (Stroop task)
without distraction. Reaction times were analyzed using 3way ANOVA. Age and gender were compared for susceptibility to distraction. Results for the Stroop task provided validation of the hand
groups (Younger Females, Younger Males, Older Females, Older Males) showed significantly impaired performance (p<0.0001). Older subjects were more distractible than younger subjects (p<0.
indicated that females performed significantly slower than males overall (p<0.01). Significant impairment of “driving” performance due to handsfree cell phone distraction was observed in Older Fe
Older Males showed nonsignificant impaired performance during cell phone distraction. This experiment demonstrates that handsfree cell phone distraction does impair performance in both task
driving task, a larger number of subjects may need to be tested and a longer “driving” time may be required.
2008 BE015
ALGEBRA: NOT THE SAME OLD GAME
Neil Martin Redfield
John Jay Science and Engineering Academy, San Antonio, TX
Educational computer games claim to teach effectively. There has never been a longterm study to rate how effective they are. In Part I of this study (20062007), an educational mathematics ga
test scores over a five week period. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the effectiveness of the same computer game (Math Blaster Algebra, comprehensive for Algebra I) over a five
determine if student performance and attitudes towards math improved. Fifty students participated in this secondyear study. At the start of the experiment, students took a test rating t
survey quantifying their attitudes towards math. Twentythree students were given a copy of the game to play at home and a sheet to record their playing times over 15 weeks. A performance tes
for 5 weeks and again after 15 weeks. An attitude survey was administered at 15 weeks. Test scores were compared using paired ttests, and r2 values were derived comparing the length of time
classroom performance. Student performance at 5 weeks did improve but not significantly so. No significant variations were noted at 15 weeks. No changes in student attitude were apparent. Com
indicated a significant improvement in test scores (8%). The results suggest a fiveweek playing time was beneficial but that no further improvements occurred after 15 weeks.
2007 BE015
DIFFERENTIATING EARLYONSET BIPOLAR DISORDER FROM ADHD, A TWOYEAR STUDY
Zachary Adam Rubin
Canterbury School, Fort Myers, Florida, U.S.A.
Childhood bipolar disorder is one of the most disabling forms of mental illness and a major challenge has been to differentiate children with earlyonset bipolar disorder from those with attentionde
purpose of this twoyear study was to differentiate symptoms of earlyonset bipolar disorder, symptoms of ADHD, and behaviors of normal childhood and adolescence so that children can be prop
for bipolar disorder. The first year of experimentation determined symptoms that are associated with earlyonset bipolar disorder. Using these results, the second year of this experiment sought to
bipolar disorder from symptoms of ADHD and from behaviors of normal childhood and adolescence. I hypothesized that there would be a statistically significant difference between the Bipolar gro
Bipolar Group and the Control group for positive bipolar disorder symptomatology. A questionnaire containing 27 questions concerning prominent symptoms of bipolar disorder revealed by the first
questionnaire and informed consent form were given to 15 teenagers diagnosed with ADHD and to a control group of 15 teenagers without this diagnosis. Neither group had a diagnosis of bipolar d
hypothesis and revealed that 19 of the bipolar symptoms used for this experiment were not typically found in those with and without ADHD. This focused group of symptoms would be useful in di
from children with ADHD and those with typical child and adolescent behaviors.
2005 BE015
THE GERMAN DIALECT IN THE FORMER COLONY OF BAUMSCHNEIS
Bruno Gasparotto Ponne
Fundação Liberato Salzano da Cunha Novo Hamburgo RS Brasil
In the beginning of the XIX century, Europe was going through terrible wars that left its people extremely impoverished. The Germanic peoples lived in wretched conditions in this context. Hence,
out to be an opportunity for a better life. The idea of bringing these people to Brazil came from Empress Maria Leopoldina, wife of the Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro I. She was of German descen
difficulties in her homeland. Germans started to arrive in Brazil in 1824 bringing with them an enormous cultural background. So, even after 180 years, some habits and traditions which t
very strong. This project investigates one of these traditions: the speaking of the German dialect even until today in the city of Dois Irmãos, the late German colony of Baumschneis. Th
that there are very many German descendants living in Southern Brazil who are interested in fostering the culture of their forefathers, and this includes their language. That is why this in
of why some German descendants preserve this dialect and others not. This was achieved through interviews and theoretical references. All this was released to the community so that there wou
history, and, in this way, maintaining the traditions of their ancestors and preserving the cultural plurality which exists in Brazil. 
2006 BE015
SUBJECT EYEWITNESS MEMORY OF PHOTOGRAPH STIMULUS BASED UPON LONG AND SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS POSED
Pioneer Cole Winter
Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School, Miami FL, United States of America
This experiment studied efficiency of eliciting information from subjects. Subjects (n=89) were randomly seated and recieved one of two questionnaires: one had three long response questions (G
response "critical question" and one with three short response questions (Group S), followed by the same critical question as Group L. Both Questionnaires ended with a filler task, eliminating one
pressures subjects into abbreviating information, or alert them of questionnaire variation. Measurements for groups' first three responses were disregarded; attention paid solely to critical
the same photograph stimulus for 45 seconds and then responded to the questionnaire. Originally hypothesized, Group L would have greater word count in the critical question from three
Group S has higher mean word count (28.65) than Group L (22.93). Two Sample TTest resports the probability level Group L is less than Group S is .037583. In gender, Group L has nearly equal
a 4.257 mean difference. Group S had a mean gender difference of 1.41 (males higher). Results duggest Group S did better than Group L, who may have experienced memory barrier or
have been primed through the short response questions, perceiving it required to give lengthy responses. This theory of eyewitness memory and behavior presents efficient ways to minimize mis
with application to aiding in military and law enforcement interrogations.
2004 BE015
EFFECTS OF BILINGUALISM ON LANGUAGESELECTIVE OR LANGUAGENONSELECTIVE ACCESS
Julia A. Hornaday
Central High School, St. Joseph, MO, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the bilingual experience occurs through a process of languageselective (LS) or languagenonselective (LNS) access. LS access occurs when
same, but different meanings) in one language leads to the selective access of its lexical system. LNS access occurs when the reading of a homograph leads to the access of multiple lexical sy
would not use LS access. This was tested by use of an original computer program composed of two parts. The first was a personal survey asking background information about the test subject in
was a threephase test using interlexical homographs. In phase one the homographs were presented without context, phase two in English context, and phase three in Spanish context.
times in Spanish and English with and without context were determined. The averages were analyzed statistically using independent variable ttests and ANOVA. The results showed that without
simultaneously be accessed. It was therefore concluded that LNS was being utilized. However, with the influence of context, subjects responses indicated LS access. It was also shown that inte
primary language prevents the access of the less experienced lexicon.
2014 BE015
ROLE OF SOMATOSTATIN INTERNEURONS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Divya Koyyalagunta
Clear Lake High School, Houston, TX, United States of America
The neural circuits that subserve odorant processing are susceptible to dysregulation/attrition in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Studies have shown that early olf
impairment, and have been shown to correlate with loss of Somatostatin (Sst) interneurons in vital areas of odorant and memory processing. These neurons broadly populate the main olfactory bu
(AON, an area crucial to odor mixture processing), but they have received relatively little attention. This project was geared towards determining whether the 5xFAD model of AD (AD mouse mod
recapitulates the Alzheimer’s phenotype in odor discrimination ability and amount of Sst interneurons, and whether activation of Sst interneurons in the AON rescues this Alzheimer’s phenotype.<
are lost in 5xFAD mice, cell counts were performed on 5xFADSstCre animals injected with flextdtomato, and immunohistochemistry was performed to reveal early amyloid deposition.
over time, showed impairment in odor discrimination of mixtures, and accumulation of Aß plaque deposition. A crosshabituation task (an assessment of olfactory acuity) was conducted as a beh
injected with HM3d and treated with CNO (chemical genetic manipulation in which a drugmodulated receptor on Creexpressing Sst interneurons and activated by CNO) revealed improvement on
determining the connectivity of Sst interneurons in a system involved in AD, potential biomarkers for early disease diagnosis and targets for therapeutic intervention can be identified.
2003 BE015
ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE PITCH: IT'S MUSIC TO MY EARS! OR IS IT TO MY MIND?
Sita Chandrika Palepu
James Madison High School, Vienna, VA, United States of America
Possessors of Absolute Pitch, “APers,” and Relative Pitch, “RPers,” differ in how they perceive music. This project’s purpose was to uncover what these differences were and the cognitive reaso
experiment consisted of three computerized tasks, programmed in visual basic (backend) and Matlab (frontend). Two tones were played in each task, and the subject was asked to determine th
interval, “ISI,” (time gap between two tones) was varied in the three tasks: 300 ms, 5 seconds, and 100 ms, respectively. Subjects were also asked to identify mistuning. APers did sign
perceiving the musical interval in tasks 1 and 2. Conversely, the RPers were more accurate in task 3. Also, RPers were more sensitive to mistuning. Using the empirical evidence, a the
perception” was developed. It was concluded that memory attenuation detrimentally affects RPers, but not APers, as they can extract values for each tone from their linguistically coded AP temp
force APers to switch to their illformed RP template, explaining their poor performance in task 3. AP possessors perform a broad category search rather than a discrimination search, thus diminis
mistuning. The cohesive theory and model of music perception for AP and RP possessors lays a foundation for further applications in the development of a unified theory of music and la
contributes to the longterm/shortterm memory and nature/nurture studies and debates. 
First Award of $500 Acoustical Society of America
2011 BE015
THE TECHNOLOGIES AS A RESOURCE FOR THE EFFECTIVE LEARNING OF THE ADOLESCENTS AND BEARERS OF ADHD (ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER)
Matheus Manuppella
Colegio Hebraico Brasileiro Renascenca, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
Electronic games have potential to develop logical learning, scientific reasoning and the cognitive areas of the brain, as the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. In my research, I used this cla
stimulus for the concentration, memorization and selfcontrol of adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), whose brain dysfunction lies in the previously mentioned prefronta
neurotransmitters that suffer a higher reuptake in the brains of ADHD patients. If such games show potential for bearers of special needs, they could also present potential for the educat
students, who belong to Generation Z, immersed in a highly technological environment. To achieve my goals, I submitted adolescents with ADHD to concentration, memorization and se
they came into contact with a series of electronic games and remade the tests. So, I was able to analyze how such games stimulate them. I also elaborated a game as an exercise to be incorpor
showing how these three aspects can be stimulated to obtain better school results. This game works with text interpretation; geography, history and newsreel questions, and it were applied to AD
 With those results, I conclude that electronic games can stimulate several brain functions; therefore, they can be used to develop and improve the performance of people in certain activities
happen to people with certain neurobiological problems.
2003 BE015
ABSOLUTE VS. RELATIVE PITCH: IT'S MUSIC TO MY EARS! OR IS IT TO MY MIND?
Sita Chandrika Palepu
James Madison High School, Vienna, VA, United States of America
Possessors of Absolute Pitch, “APers,” and Relative Pitch, “RPers,” differ in how they perceive music. This project’s purpose was to uncover what these differences were and the cognitive reaso
experiment consisted of three computerized tasks, programmed in visual basic (backend) and Matlab (frontend). Two tones were played in each task, and the subject was asked to determine th
interval, “ISI,” (time gap between two tones) was varied in the three tasks: 300 ms, 5 seconds, and 100 ms, respectively. Subjects were also asked to identify mistuning. APers did sign
perceiving the musical interval in tasks 1 and 2. Conversely, the RPers were more accurate in task 3. Also, RPers were more sensitive to mistuning. Using the empirical evidence, a the
perception” was developed. It was concluded that memory attenuation detrimentally affects RPers, but not APers, as they can extract values for each tone from their linguistically coded AP temp
force APers to switch to their illformed RP template, explaining their poor performance in task 3. AP possessors perform a broad category search rather than a discrimination search, thus diminis
mistuning. The cohesive theory and model of music perception for AP and RP possessors lays a foundation for further applications in the development of a unified theory of music and la
contributes to the longterm/shortterm memory and nature/nurture studies and debates. 
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel Foundation
2014 BE015
Divya Koyyalagunta
First Award of $3,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2012 BE015
COMPILATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA POLITICAL CONVERSATIONS, LINGUISTIC TWITTER PROFILE ANALYSIS, AND MEDIA BIAS TO ACCURATELY REFLECT REGIONAL POLITICAL C
Shawn David Meacham
To gauge the effectiveness of social networking sites in reflecting regional and national political climates, commercially available software with geolocation capabilities, called “Viral Heat”, was us
volume and positive sentiment of each GOP candidates’ last name on the social networking sites Twitter and Facebook. The number of shared Tweets (Retweets) and total impact (compiled by a
publishing relevant Tweets) was also used to reflect regional political climates. The percentage of positive Facebook sentiment pertaining to each candidate nationally strongly correlated with nati
weeks, sentiment on Facebook strongly correlated with regional polls in Iowa. The Twitter profiles of major news organizations and each GOP candidate was analyzed using linguistic so
over 24,000 writers totaling 168 million words. The software categorizes text by emotional states, social connections, and thinking styles. On 4/5 weeks, the personable scores (measured by the
use positive emotion) and analytic scores (measured by ample usage of large words and phrases with complex thinking) of each candidate still in the GOP race strongly correlated with nationwide
increasingly accurate, as the GOP presidential race becomes more concentrated. This study has shown the validity of social networking and media bias analysis in accurately, consiste
regional and national political climates in realtime.
2013 BE015
DEVELOPING AN ANDROID TABLET APPLICATION FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Nazia Ejaz Ahmed
Williams High School, Plano, TX
Alzheimer’s disease is a dementia that is one of the leading causes of death without a cure. With an early diagnosis, however, reversible symptoms may be treated and the otherwise rapid progre
down. Today’s conventional methods of diagnosis such as brain scans and paper tests do not allow an early enough diagnosis to take such precautionary measures. In order to resolve the proble
methods, a 20question Android application timed test was developed to detect early signs of cognitive impairment. The application was tested on three groups: a group of healthy seniors (HS), a
cognitive impairment (MCI), and a group of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Trimmed means were calculated for each question answered by the three participant groups, and percent chan
values. Higher scores on the test signified more severe cognitive impairment, meaning greater percent changes were associated with the questions that were more effective in detecting early imp
percent increase from the trimmed mean of the HS to that of the MCI participants, meaning that the application was effective in detecting early signs. The percent increase in the math category s
that of those with MCI was significantly greater than the percent changes observed in the verbal and visual categories, leading to the conclusion that the math questions were most effective in de
2014 BE015
Divya Koyyalagunta

2012 BE015
COMPILATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA POLITICAL CONVERSATIONS, LINGUISTIC TWITTER PROFILE ANALYSIS, AND MEDIA BIAS TO ACCURATELY REFLECT REGIONAL POLITICAL C
Shawn David Meacham
To gauge the effectiveness of social networking sites in reflecting regional and national political climates, commercially available software with geolocation capabilities, called “Viral Heat”, was us
volume and positive sentiment of each GOP candidates’ last name on the social networking sites Twitter and Facebook. The number of shared Tweets (Retweets) and total impact (compiled by a
publishing relevant Tweets) was also used to reflect regional political climates. The percentage of positive Facebook sentiment pertaining to each candidate nationally strongly correlated with nati
weeks, sentiment on Facebook strongly correlated with regional polls in Iowa. The Twitter profiles of major news organizations and each GOP candidate was analyzed using linguistic so
over 24,000 writers totaling 168 million words. The software categorizes text by emotional states, social connections, and thinking styles. On 4/5 weeks, the personable scores (measured by the
use positive emotion) and analytic scores (measured by ample usage of large words and phrases with complex thinking) of each candidate still in the GOP race strongly correlated with nationwide
increasingly accurate, as the GOP presidential race becomes more concentrated. This study has shown the validity of social networking and media bias analysis in accurately, consiste
regional and national political climates in realtime.
2012 BE016
PHYSIOLOGY OF SELFCONTROL: DOES BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVEL HAVE AN EFFECT ON SELFCONTROL?
Chad Deniz Erturk
Spartanburg Day School, Spartanburg, SC
A growing body of literature claim that selfcontrol relies on a resource. This research claims that when selfcontrol is exerted this resource, which is reported as glucose, is depleted from the peri
this resource is unavailable individual will be able to exert less control. An opposing view claims that selfcontrol is regulated by a motivational mechanism rather than metabolic. In this project, I
selfcontrol as well as the selfcontrol vs. nonselfcontrol task on the depletion of glucose from blood by using rats as a model system. My results show that selfcontrol tasks do not deplete gluc
improve selfcontrol. I also used Scratch visual programming language to create scenarios to simulate selfcontrol, immediate reward and forced trials. I also created an interactive scenario that a
and then observe how the rat would respond to this data in real life.
2005 BE016
DJUHA'S SLEEVE: A STUDY ON THE RELIABILITY OF THE ORAL TRADITION
Katie Lynn Thompson
St. Clair High School, St. Clair, Minnesota, United States
Djuha's Sleeve was a study of the reliability of the oral tradition. My experiment was designed to imitate the game Telephone. I chose a Syrian folk tale called "Djuha's Sleeve" and told it to one p
the story to someone else. The second person told it to a third person while I recorded it, and so on, until the story had been passed through six people. I used the recordings to track the number
one version to the next. As it turned out, none of the final versions of the story were anywhere near the original version. Based on the results, I can conclude that no one ever listens to or interpre
ever has been or ever will be told the same way twice.
2007 BE016
UPON THE ANALYSIS OF AN INDIVIDUAL'S HANDWRITING, WILL GRAPHOLOGY DERIEVE AN INTERPRETATION OF THE INDIVIDUAL THAT COINCIDES WITH THE INDIVIDUAL'S IN
Evelyn Velez
Edgewater High School, Orlando Florida, USA
The extension of the experiment was intended to find out if peers of a student will say the same things about a student that their handwriting says about them. I hypothesized that pe
accurately than writers' views. This relationship was researched using computer created analysis reports compared to answers. Students in grades 912 were studied an
lower classmen, grades 11/12 = upper classmen.) Using computer software and an analysis kit created by myself, lower classmen showed 25% variation and 8% significant. I concluded that older students were more likely to have handwriting that shows the way they see themselves, and the views of pee
groups. 
2006 BE016
THE EFFECTS OF RACE, AGE, AND GENDER ON SPATIAL BEHAVIOR AN OBSERVATIONAL PROJECT CONDUCTED ON THE D.C. METRORAIL
Anne Kelly Minoff
Yorktown High School, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of race, age, and gender on human spatial behavior. Spatial behavior is defined by movement in reaction to surrounding objects or pe
strangers is informed by implicit associations and attitudes towards "ingroups" like race, age, and gender. In this experiment, Metro riders' seating choices were used to represent the characteris
different ingroups towards strangers. It was hypothesized that the races, ages, and genders of Metro riders would have a significant effect on seating behavior, with passengers of common race,
more often than apart. Of the ingroups considered, it was hypothesized that gender, followed by race and then age, would have the greatest effect on spatial behavior. Ten hours of obse
Metrorail (Washington D.C.'s subway system) to test the hypothesis. The gender and approximate age and race of each passenger to sit down was noted, in addition to the characteristics of the p
interactions were observed. It was shown that the majority of Metro riders preferred to sit with women, Whites, and riders close to their own age. However, Chi square tests run on the data suppor
associations between race, age, and gender were not statistically strong. The rejection of the hypothesis could indicate either that Metro riders' spatial behavior is not strongly informed by implicit
on the Metro does not represent the degree of spatial invasion necessary for implicit associations to significantly affect spatial behavior.
2008 BE016
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT AND MATH CLASS PLACEMENT
Annalee Grace Beaver
Perham High School, Perham, MN
In many schools today students are placed into two different categories when placed into math classes: advanced and nonadvanced. This study was done to see if cognitive development of stud
formal than students in nonadvanced math classes. It was hypothesized that the people in advanced math classes think more formally than those who are not. An evaluation test to determine a
Karplus, Lawson, and Renner cognitive development placement test, based on Piaget’s theory of cognitive development, was obtained and distributed to eight classes of 9th and 10th grade stude
protect identity, and analyzed. Each of the student’s answers to the different puzzles in the test was analyzed and the student was placed into one of the following groups: preoperational, concre
concluded that students in advanced math classes are at a higher level of cognitive development than students in traditional math classes.
2003 BE016
IDENTIFICATION OF ABSOLUTE PITCH POSSESSORS WITHOUT THE BIAS OF MUSICAL TRAINING; THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCREENING PROCEDURE THAT DISCERNS BETWEE
Priya Ashoke Rajdev
Ossining High School, 29 South Highland Ave, Ossining, NY 10562, USA
The current definition for the specialized skill Absolute Pitch (AP) finds a middle ground between the dispute over the learned versus the innate nature of the skill: AP is the ability to (1) internalize
differences between two tones, and (2) the ability to apply a label to this internalization. This twofold description vastly broadens the population size of those who exhibit APqualities. However, t
via pitch labeling tasks excludes a portion of the population without substantial musical background. The first test was based on existing musical procedures by classifying individual notes by nam
three tests were based on tone internalization and comparison, via selfreferencing. The results for each test were compared. There was a significant difference between test 1 and tests 2, 3, and
two groups were separated from the sample. One group compared selfidentified AP and relative pitch possessors (RP) with AP and RP possessors identified by tests 2, 3, and 4. The other group
subjects without significant musical experience.
Second Award of $250 and a certificate American Intellectual Property Law Association
2011 BE016
PROBLEMATIZING PEDAGOGY AS A NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION STRATEGY: A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
Heitor Geraldo da Cruz Santos
Colegio GGE, Recife, Pernambuco, BRASIL
The diseases that kill the most people in the world arise directly from poor eating habits. In addition to this, current nutritional education in schools has a major obstacle, which is the lack of meth
the effectiveness of a nutritional education methodology that problematizes the learning process and considers aspects of social constructivism in the process of eating behavior change. I worke
two analyses. In the first group, comprised of 40 teenagers from the 8th and 9th grades, I analyzed the impact of a onehour lecture in the improvement of students’ eating behavior. In the second
more continuous and interdisciplinary work – I developed and applied two didactic sequences, which consist of seven onehour classes each, with 20 students in 6th grade and 18 in 7th grade. Th
in each didactic sequence were: eating habits over time, in the 6th grade, and the influences of food marketing in teenagers’ eating habits, in 7th grade. In both analyses, participants’ eating beha
period of 6 months after the intervention. Best results were found in the second analysis: the percentage of inappropriate diets decreased from 47.37% to 23.68% and the number of appropriate d
Students' opinions about the methodology were also verified. The collected data demonstrated astonishing impacts resulting from the use of the proposed methodology. To achieve the scientific c
articles. I believe that the development and dissemination of this innovative methodology provides teachers a feasible and efficient pedagogical strategy.
2004 BE016
NEUROCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF NICOTINE AND COCAINE ON PERIADOLESCENT AND ADULTS RATS
Jennifer Alicia Ledon
Dr. Michael M Krop Senior High, Miami Florida, USA
Tobacco use is prevalent in the adolescent populations and is a major concern because tobacco is highly addictive and is linked with illicit drug use. Little research is available on the interaction b
in animal models. This tissue study examined the effects of chronic nicotine alone and on cocainestimulated activity in male periadolescent rats compared to male adult rats. Neurochemical ana
nucleus acumbens and caudate putamen and then mounting them on gelatin/chromate coated slides that will be stored at 70 degrees Celsius prior to Dopamine Transporter and Dopamine D1 an
and standards were apposed to radiosensitive film and a Macintoshbased image analysis system, a oneway ANOVA and Fisher's Protected Least Significant Difference (PLSD) were used. This
transporter densities in adolescents. Adult rats did not show significant change, implying that they do not take part in nicotine and cocaine sensitization. Consequently, it may be that nicotine use
than during adulthood and that adolescent may be particularly vulnerable to the risk of cocaine abuse after nicotine use. This information should be taken into account so as to help us better unde
in adolescents compared to adults.
2011 BE016
PROBLEMATIZING PEDAGOGY AS A NUTRITIONAL EDUCATION STRATEGY: A SOCIAL CONSTRUCTIVIST APPROACH
Colegio GGE, Recife, Pernambuco, BRASIL
The diseases that kill the most people in the world arise directly from poor eating habits. In addition to this, current nutritional education in schools has a major obstacle, which is the lack of meth
the effectiveness of a nutritional education methodology that problematizes the learning process and considers aspects of social constructivism in the process of eating behavior change. I worke
two analyses. In the first group, comprised of 40 teenagers from the 8th and 9th grades, I analyzed the impact of a onehour lecture in the improvement of students’ eating behavior. In the second
more continuous and interdisciplinary work – I developed and applied two didactic sequences, which consist of seven onehour classes each, with 20 students in 6th grade and 18 in 7th grade. Th
in each didactic sequence were: eating habits over time, in the 6th grade, and the influences of food marketing in teenagers’ eating habits, in 7th grade. In both analyses, participants’ eating beha
period of 6 months after the intervention. Best results were found in the second analysis: the percentage of inappropriate diets decreased from 47.37% to 23.68% and the number of appropriate d
Students' opinions about the methodology were also verified. The collected data demonstrated astonishing impacts resulting from the use of the proposed methodology. To achieve the scientific c
articles. I believe that the development and dissemination of this innovative methodology provides teachers a feasible and efficient pedagogical strategy.
2009 BE016
ANALYSIS OF EYE CONTACT AND DRIVING TIME ON A SIMULATED DRIVING DEVICE: CRAZY TEXTING WHILE DRIVING
Chee Xiong
Como Park Senior High School, St. Paul, MN
TWD or texting while driving is a serious problem that has been increasingly growing worse. Billions of text messages and cell phone calls are sent in the United States each year and it seems th
growing. Many people drive while having cell phone conversations, text messaging, listening to an iPod, or entering address information into a global positioning device. Teen drivers are most pro
can successfully drive while doing so and are against any legislation opposing their use while driving. I surveyed 450 people twelve and older to assess where and how often they text, who they s
about texting while driving, legal aspects and ability to text without looking. I found a relationship between age and three activities. For subjects I measured the amount of eye contact, driving tim
driving simulator under normal day time conditions and while texting. I found a negative linear relationship for texting while driving with age. With and without texting, I also found 48% difference in
13% difference in means in the driving time. My observation results correlated positively with the literature review.
2003 BE016
IDENTIFICATION OF ABSOLUTE PITCH POSSESSORS WITHOUT THE BIAS OF MUSICAL TRAINING; THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SCREENING PROCEDURE THAT DISCERNS BETWEE
Priya Ashoke Rajdev
Ossining High School, 29 South Highland Ave, Ossining, NY 10562, USA
The current definition for the specialized skill Absolute Pitch (AP) finds a middle ground between the dispute over the learned versus the innate nature of the skill: AP is the ability to (1) internalize
differences between two tones, and (2) the ability to apply a label to this internalization. This twofold description vastly broadens the population size of those who exhibit APqualities. However, t
via pitch labeling tasks excludes a portion of the population without substantial musical background. The first test was based on existing musical procedures by classifying individual notes by nam
three tests were based on tone internalization and comparison, via selfreferencing. The results for each test were compared. There was a significant difference between test 1 and tests 2, 3, and
two groups were separated from the sample. One group compared selfidentified AP and relative pitch possessors (RP) with AP and RP possessors identified by tests 2, 3, and 4. The other group
subjects without significant musical experience.
2014 BE016
DIFFERENCES IN WORD USAGE PATTERNS BETWEEN "WELLRECOVERED" APHASIC PATIENTS AND CONTROL SUBJECTS ON A PICTURE DESCRIPTION TASK
Daniela Ida Ganelin
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD, United States of America
I developed an approach for analyzing worduse patterns that could be used to create a diagnostic tool for poststroke aphasia patients with discourse difficulties, who are currently severely under
transcripts and structural MRI scans from 18 poststroke anomic aphasia patients (8 male) who scored above 88 on the Aphasia Quotient of the Western Aphasia Battery and 16 control subjects
significantly by age or years of education. Patients produced fewer words, fewer descriptive terms, and less nonrepetitive content per word than controls. Voxelbased lesionsymptom mapping o
word use patterns may be related to damage in brain regions associated with working memory, attention, and motor planning. Many poststroke patients who lose linguistic abilities event
study. These “wellrecovered” patients score at nearnormal levels on standard aphasia tests that assess individual sounds, words, and sentences, but may experience lingering, underdiagnosed
conversations. The lesionsymptom mapping results of this small study suggest that such discourse difficulties are associated more closely with cognitive deficits than most linguistic tasks. Con
better testing to identify and understand a concern of high importance for a currently severely underdiagnosed and undertreated patient group.
2010 BE016
NUTRITION EDUCATION IN BRAZILIAN SCHOOLS: A NEW METHODOLOGY
Associacao Educacional e Cultural ArcoIris, Recife, PE, BRASIL
In Brazil, lack of nutrition teaching methodologies is one of the main obstacles to working with nutrition education. The most deadly diseases in the world are related to poor eating. Adolescence i
healthy eating habits will have repercussions throughout teenagers’ lives, I found it necessary to conduct a research and collect data on nutrient profiles for this age group. Then, I analyzed the d
intervention activities in nutrition education, based on specific features of the public. The 1st step of my research was to work on studies that focus on the analysis of dietary habits of teenagers.
anthropometric analysis. Thereafter, using the technique "Picture of the Diet" I examined the influence of the school in forming healthy eating habits. After collecting and analyzing information in t
step: developing a methodology for intervention in nutritional education. The methodology is based on principles of social constructivist theory, for which knowledge is constructed recognizing the
and acting on it. The methodology was tested through lectures in public and private schools and culminated in the development of an orientation booklet for teachers on working with nutritional ed
submitted to a committee of specialists in the areas of education and nutrition. Their opinions together with the results of the lectures, indicate the efficiency of my methodology. Finally, I focused
investment in nutrition education in Brazil, by collecting signatures for a petition, and discussions with government officials.
Third Award of $150 Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology
2014 BE017
TESTING TEACHING STYLES
Jennifer Lee McDonnal
York School, Monterey, CA, United States of America
Americans love to make reforms to education, and our most recent attempt is the new "Common Core," also referred to as "English and Language Arts Standards for Technology, Social Studies,
emphasis on a student's ability to write well. This means that language arts teachers now have to teach basic writing skills in addition to their grade level curriculum. What is the most efficient wa
project attempts to address this issue through an exploration of two different teaching styles: collaborative and lecture. To test this, 22 middle school classrooms (572 students) were randomly as
collaborative, and control and each group was exposed to either a certain teaching style or no teaching style (control). After the lesson, each student was tested to determine their knowledge of
Though the collaboration group did have a higher percent average than the lecture group, there was not a statistically significant difference, meaning that neither teaching style was more effective
that students who work collaboratively will perform significantly better than students who listen to a lecture was not supported.
2013 BE017
HOW EXPOSURE TO HUMAN PHEROMONES AFFECTS ATTRACTION RATINGS FOR STRANGERS
Samantha Heidersdorf
To determine how pheromone exposure affects attraction ratings for strangers I extracted pheromones from control pads and those worn overnight by male and female volunteers. Extracts were a
pheromone, 24 female pheromone, and 24 controls. Sampling kits were made for 12 male and 12 female subjects with each mask type according to a Latin square experimental design.
opposite gender for 12 qualities (attractiveness, trustworthiness, dangerousness, etc), for 12 photos total. Questions were grouped into four indices: Attractiveness (ATI), Genetic Fitness (GFI), E
(AVI). Female subjects exposed to male pheromones rated higher than controls for ATI, GFI, and EFI across all 12 photos, but the effect was strongest for the first four, possibly from d
over time. Male subject data was more complex. The results supported my hypothesis that female attraction ratings would be higher when exposed to male pheromones. Males, however, only rat
unexpectedly, reacted stronger to male pheromones, possibly due to competition pressure. Though sample sizes were small, statistically significant results were observed for EFI ratings of fema
(p=0.031) and when comparing pooled male or female masks versus control (p<0.036). The effect seemed strongest on judgment of emotional fitness by females. The results of my exp
how subconscious detection of human pheromones might affect the choice of a mate, even in today's society.
2010 BE017
YOU ARE WHAT YOU EAT
Alexis Amy Caletka
Holy Savior Menard Central High School, Alexandria, LA
At the core of scientific research are essential questions on the topic of the human personality… What makes us different from each other? Though scientists have been able to define personality
feelings, and behaviors that make a person unique—the ultimate puzzle lies within the question of what makes us different from one another. Research suggests that people respond to a particula
ways due to differing personalities. The question arose, does personality type affect eating habits. Based on available research it was predicted that people with differing personality types would c
way. The experiment began by giving test subjects an Oreo and videotaping how they ate it. Subjects then took a personality test to see if there was any connection between how each person a
Each person’s result was then compared to that of the others. Both extroverts and introverts preferred to bite the cookie nearly 2:1 over splitting it. Intuitive personalities were evenly split between
personalities preferred biting to splitting. Thinking personalities preferred biting to splitting while feeling personalities were evenly split. Perceiving personalities also prefer biting to splitting, while j
split. A specific trend did not appear in the more rare types of eating. The results of this experiment show that a connection does exist between various personality types and eating habits.
2011 BE017
STUDY JAMS
Whitney Ashton Clinger
Cascade Public High School, Cascade, MT
The purpose of my experiment was to test the Mozart Effect using classic rock, classical, and country music as auditory stimuli. The expected hypothesis was that students would perform bette
listening to music. The project focused on which music genre effected performance the most. Each genre of music was tested against the control for the Mozart Effect. Eight students studied the
played in the background. During study sessions and tests, the students were observed for unique behaviors and the results were documented. After studying, they were asked questions, includi
forthcoming test and whether or not they liked the music. After responding to these questions, the students were given a written test. Over the course of eight days, each student took four history
test, the students were quizzed on the difficulty of the test and how they felt they performed. The students test results supported the null hypothesis for the tested sample size. The data was ana
significance was found. More test subjects and repeated experiments are needed to find the significance of the effect of each music genre on each student’s testing performance.
2005 BE017
THE EFFECTS OF CHRONOLOGICAL AGE ON TEENAGE DECISION MAKING
Ashley Sandra Kroubetz
Lake Crystal Wellcome Memorial Secondary School, Lake Crystal, MN, United States
This project was chosen because there is information that needs to be shared regarding issues that teenagers are facing today. The purpose of this project was to determine how chronological ag
habits, sexual activity, alcohol use, and drug use. It was hypothesized that chronological age would have a negative effect on teenagers as they got older in the areas of sexual activity, alcohol u
would have a positive effect in the areas of drinking and driving. A confidential survey of students in grades 712 was done to test the hypothesis. The hypothesis that chronological aging did hav
activity, alcohol use, and drug use was supported. However, it was not supported in that chronological aging did not have a positive effect on drinking and driving. The largest turning point in the d
occur between 8th and 9th grade. This is when sexual activity, alcohol use, and drug use increased dramatically. These findings show that even more needs to be done to educate and help young
2004 BE017
CATCH MY DRIFT?
Jennifer Hope Reinovsky
Pickens High School, Pickens SC, USA
QUESTION: Do females communicate more clearly by utilizing hand gestures and body language more than males? HYPOTHESIS: I believe that females will communicate more aptly
and posture changes. PROCEDURE:1. Interview person using list of questions to provoke communication while recording with video camera. 2. Repeat previous step for all people of ea
several times on television checking off the appropriate functions on the checklist with pencil. 4. Use the independant ttest to asses the significance of my data BIBLIOGRAPHY: <
Dictionary of Gestures, Signs, and Body Language Cues.” http://members.aol.com/nonverbal2/diction1.html. c 2003. Masip, Jaurne. “Nonverbal Behavior – Nonverbal Communication Lin
http://www3.usal.es/~nonverbal/introduction.htm. Spain c 2003 <http://nonverbal.ucsc.edu/> 
2003 BE017
DEVELOPING A TOOL TO ASSESS THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF PATIENTS WITH ADVANCED NEUROBLASTOMA UNDERGOING EXPERIMENTAL THERAPY
Andrew Russell Pickett
Ossining High School, Ossining, New York, USA
This study developed and validated an assessment tool that can evaluate the quality of life of patients with neuroblastoma undergoing experimental therapy. Participants consisted of a simple ran
oncology healthcare providers. Each was given a preliminary instrument and instructed to answer the questions from the perspective of a patient. Following completion of the survey, a semistruc
the participants to gain input from their professional opinion. To validate the tool both a quantitative and qualitative method was used. To test for necessary item reduction, percent resp
those that did not receive a twentyfive percent or greater consensus were removed. A Chronbach Alpha Test was performed on the survey to test for internal consistency and reliability. The surv
correlation analyses.. A standardized item alpha greater than .60 was necessary to label a group a reliable scale. All but one group achieved a high rvalue, therefore confirming internal consisten
was necessary in the group that did not pass the test. The qualitative analysis confirmed the need for item addition in this group and identified what subjects should be added. After undergoing ite
Alpha Test for internal consistency and reliability the tool is confirmed valid. This tool can be used to provide healthcare professionals and patients with more information on the effects
enabling them to make an informed decision on participation. 
2009 BE017
VIOLIN OR VOICE... BRAIN FOOD FOR ALZHEIMER'S PATIENTS?
Skye Nicole Singleton
Bartlesville MidHigh, Bartlesville, OK
This experiment aimed to discover if playing the violin increases Alzheimer’s patients’ appetites and overall happiness as much or more than singing. Research was done on Alzheimer’s disease,
the brain in order to understand key components of the experiment, as well as to enhance the experiment’s capacity to target the major complications that those with Alzheimer’s disease experie
memory and loss of ability to do simple, everyday tasks. With the permission of the local assisted living facility, the control group of sixteen patients, which was the same as the experimental gro
behavior and appetite was observed first for eight visits at their dinnertime from 5:005:30 using observation guidelines devised for this experiment. The guidelines consisted of positive/negative q
percentage of meal eaten. This process was repeated with the experimental group except that six songs were played on the violin for half of the dinnertime. Then, questions from the observation
positive/negative categories and averaged accordingly. Their overall appetite increased by thirteen percent, which was the same result as with singing. This result is not significant, and it is not d
increases appetite more. However, playing the violin increases their appetite by twentyseven percent, which is thirteen percent more than singing did.
HM Acoustical Society of America
2008 BE017
CROWDINGOUT OR CROWDINGIN: WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AND PRIVATE FUNDING FOR PUBLIC LIBRARIES?
Xiaomeng Zeng
West High School, Iowa City, IA
There has been an ongoing debate in the public library community over raising private donations to fight budget crunches. Some fear that an influx of private funds might result in losses of govern
while others argue the opposite – the crowdingin effect. This debate is also theoretically linked to theories of prosocial behavior, and no previous research has examined this issue. The critical q
private contributions to public libraries crowd out each other? In line with the impure altruism theory and the traditional concern of librarians, I hypothesized that there will be a crowdingout effect i
hypothesis, I obtained and processed the 2000 U.S Census data for Iowa and data from the Iowa Public Library Statistics, containing information from more than 500 public libraries in Iowa from y
statistical models that include government funding, private donations, city population, median age, household income, education level, and Friends groups. I found, contrary to my hypothesis, a c
effect in both directions: an increase in public funding is associated with an increase in private donations, and vice versa. This indicates that, in this case, the impure altruism theory is not suppo
government and private donors conditionally cooperate with each other and perceive each others’ financial contributions to the public library as positive signals to continue support, resulting in this
2007 BE017
THE EFFECTS OF CAPSAICIN ON DROSOPHILA
Ann Simone Cooper
Lafayette Senior High School, Lexington, KY, USA
Capsaicin, the active ingredient in red peppers, might serve as a natural repellent or insecticide. A genetically engineered strand of Drosophila was used that contains 3 inserted genes which code
capsaicin receptor). The expression was targeted specifically for sensory neurons. The sensitivity to capsaicin was compared in background strains to the over expresser strain in both larvae and
different experimental paradigms: (1) adult taste, (2) larval taste, (3) egg laying, and (4) adult smell. Capsaicin was exposed to the flies in its pure form mixed with cornmeal to compare with groun
From these experiments I proved that my hypothesis was not supported in that red pepper and pure capsaicin did not serve as a natural repellent, but it did act as a insecticide for larvae but not a
the adults and larvae in the over expresser strain are very sensitive to capsaicin. This study relates to the potential use of red pepper as means to control insects from growing in exposed foods p
civilizations (i.e., Koreans and their traditional kimchi dishes). This study may also help one to understand the range of sensitivities to capsaicin in humans and other animals by varied expressio
2006 BE017
THE EFFECT OF INFORMATION ORGANIZATION ON MEMORY RECALL
Alexander Cary Wilkerson
Chantilly High School, Chantilly, VA, United States
This experiment’s purpose was to compare two information organization methods – chunking and hierarchies. These methods were compared with a controlled standard to show changes due to o
greater organization and meaning in information would elicit greater recall. Subjects in the sample group were randomly assigned into three equal groups. Subjects in group one, two, and three rec
organized by chunking, and information organized by hierarchy, respectively. All subjects received a recall form. Subjects had ten minutes to study the information. Immediately afterwards, the s
recalled the information on the recall form. Forms were collected; recall forms were scored as a percentage recalled of the total information studied. Differences in sample means showed
organization compared to the unorganized information, but tintervals with a 95% confidence level were inconclusive about population means. Tintervals showed a significant difference between h
information. The three data sets had different levels of variability. Groups one and three had similar interquartile ranges and similar standard deviations. Group two had an IQR that was about thre
and two and a standard deviation that was nearly twice the size of group one’s. The measures of center showed a trend of increasing percentage recalled with increasing organization. The data w
Group one was slightly skewed right by a high outlier; groups two and three were slightly skewed left. 
2012 BE017
UTILIZATION OF AUDIO AND VISUAL PROMPTING TO AID DEMENTIA PATIENTS WITH DAILY TASKS
Divya Koyyalagunta
Almost 14% of people over the age of 71 have some form of Dementia. As Dementia progresses, it impacts the ability to function independently and increases the burden on caregivers. To evalu
prompting in aiding Dementia patients with daily tasks, audio/visual prompting were used in the place of a caretaker for three basic tasks: hand washing, donning a sweater, and covering a pillowc
proctored a MMSE (MiniMental Status Examination) to determine severity of dementia, and then asked to complete each of the three tasks using only audio cues. A VAS (Visual Analogue Scale
of which the patient had in completing the task. After waiting a day, the patients were tested with visual cues for the tasks not completed with audio cues and evaluated again using the VAS. 
were able to complete the hand washing and donning a sweater task with just the audio cues, but the third task of putting on a pillowcase required visual cues for a majority of subjects. This show
were not as accustomed to required more thorough prompting. As seen in the study, machine prompting permitted a large success rate for patients in completing tasks in the absence of a careta
increases in number with a growing elderly population, machine based prompting could be a viable alternative to caretakers in everyday life. 
2004 BE018
THE STROOP EFFECT
Alyssa Marie Jensen
Carson High School, Carson City NV, United States of America
My experiment, “The Stroop Effect,” will determine if it is more difficult for teenagers to look past the written color of a word (such as the word “purple” written in green ink) or the written placemen
below a box). I believe it will be more difficult for teenagers to look past the written placement of a word. I will complete this experiment by performing a twopart test on numerous teenagers.
subjects' response time to word colors. Subjects will first complete two sets of fifteen word color cards a control sample (words printed in the same color named by the word) and a test sample
named by the word). The subject will be timed in how long it takes to name the words on each set of fifteen cards. Each time will be recorded on a chart under COLOR TEST as "Control" and "Te
experiment tests subjects' response time to word placement (the words "right," "left," "top" and "bottom" written around a box). The subject will be asked to complete two sets of fifteen word place
printed in the same placement named by the word) and a test sample (words printed in a placement different from that named by the word for example, the word "top" printed to the right of the b
it takes to complete each sample, and those times will be recorded under PLACEMENT TEST as "Control" and "Test" times.
2010 BE018
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: FACTORS TO A STUDENT'S SUCCESS
Krupa H. Merchant
Dutchtown High School, Hampton, GA
Purpose of the experiment: What is cheating? This simple question is often asked by many students, teachers, and parents. Why is this question so difficult to answer? Something that one perso
cheating from another’s vantage point. This is one of the reasons why the academic dishonesty (cheating) occurs in schools. Although some students do not know all the types of cheating, many
they are fully aware that their actions are dishonest. This behavior strikes interest, and serves as the purpose of this research project. What influences academic honesty vs. dishonesty in high s
six high school students were chosen to participate in the survey, seven males and females from each grade 912. Once the data was gathered, the answers were disaggregated by gender and g
considered, noticeable differences were communicated in the forms of graphs. Data: For those students who cheated most often, it was due to a lack of time. Their major reason was pro
concern for grades. When asked about their motivation for making good grades, a majority of the students claimed that they were intrinsically motivated. Others sited parental pressure followed b
The researcher believes that dishonesty arises when students realize the hardships of college or want to gain the “easy way out” of high school. This hypothesis was partially accepted and partia
6% of the students were concerned with college. On the other hand, 24% of the students resulted to cheating because of procrastination and a lack of time.
2012 BE018
SHAPING YOUR THOUGHTS
Hana Kim Ulman
Hedgesville High School, Hedgesville, WV
The purpose for this project is whether or not mismatched shapes will have the same effect as the Stroop Effect, and when presenting this test to second graders will their results different from th
 The procedure for the Stroop Effect: First, print off the Stroop Effect tests. The first row consists of colors that do not match the word. The second row consisted of colors that did
asking the volunteers to name both rows; recording the time. Subtract the two rows to find the time difference. The Shape test procedure: First, print off two different types of shapes tes
and the word printed within would be triangle. The second row had matching shapes and words. The volunteers were asked to name the shape not the actual word. Test the volunteers. Ask them
table. Subtract the two rows to find the time difference. The average second gradercompleted row one of the Stroop Effect in eleven seconds and row two in five seconds; they
seventeen seconds and row two in six seconds. The conclusion is that the Stroop Effect along with the Shape tests affected the second graders just as much as it affected those who h
2014 BE018
ALEXITHYMIA AND HEMISPHERIC LATERALIZATION OF EMOTIONAL VALENCE AND VERBAL ABILITY
Helene Lovett
Lusher Charter School, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
Individuals with alexithymia, a condition characterized by difficulty identifying and describing emotions, have been shown to process emotions in their brain hemispheres differently than do nonale
were to explore the relationship between alexithymia scores and emotion valence ratings (the perceived positivity or negativity of an emotion) in the context of conflicting emotion lateralization the
alexithymia and vocabulary, a measure defined as left hemisphere controlled. Participants in the study completed an alexithymia questionnaire, a self report measure on the participant's perceptio
vocabulary test. As hypothesized, alexithymics rated negative emotion words less negatively than did nonalexithymics. This indicates that alexithymics have a less extreme perception of emotio
spectrum. As for the role of the separate brain hemispheres in alexithymia, one explanation for why highly alexithymic people rated negative emotion terms as slightly more positive is that they a
brain hemisphere which may be more suited for processing positivelyvalenced emotions: the left hemisphere. While normal individuals process emotions in either hemisphere, alexithymics prefe
hemisphere. In addition, vocabulary scores, an indicator of left hemispheric dysfunctioning, decreased as alexithymia scores increased, further suggesting that alexithymia is rooted in left hemisp
and emotion perception insights can enhance both psychiatric and medical treatment of alexithymic individuals.
2008 BE018
THE ABILITY TO LEARN: LEARNING AND COMMUNICATION BETWEEN COMET GOLDFISH
Kaleigh Anne Eichel
Strongsville Sr High School, Strongsville, OH
This project examines whether goldfish have the ability to learn to perform a simple task and then transfer this learned information to unlearned members of the same species. Firstly, th
separated into an isolated aquarium with identical environmental conditions. The environment was then altered through the introduction of a maze and the lone goldfish was trained to swim throug
positive reinforcement in operant conditioning. The fish was able to successfully complete the maze in an average time of thirtytwo seconds. Secondly, two fish were randomly selectin
into the aquarium of the trained fish. Without a stimulus from human intervention, the newly introduced fish partially learned the maze through the deliberate actions of the trained fish. The larger t
and backward through the opening of the maze to encourage the others to follow its behavior and it would coral the others towards the maze opening. Thirdly, the two fish were removed
into to the aquarium of the trained fish. This case found that the transfer of learning was more pronounced for a single unlearned fish compared to two unlearned fish. This project found t
behavior of a learned fish and that there is a tendency of the learned fished to actively influence the learning of the unlearned fish.
2003 BE018
EPILEPSY IMPACT: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SELFPERCEPTION, PSYCHOSOCIAL CHA RACTERISTICS, AND LIMITATIONS OF PATIENTS WITH INTRACTABLE EPILEPS
Alfredo Andrés Medina, Academia del Perpetuo Socorro
704 Martí St. San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907
The purpose of this investigation is to contribute knowledge to provide further understanding of the psychosocial characteristics of the patients with intractable epilepsy and to improve their social
in Puerto Rico, no studies have been conducted regarding the impact of selfperception, psychosocial characteristics and individual limitations on patients with intractable epilepsy. In the sociode
that epilepsy patients will predominantly male, university attendees, of high unemployment, and a tendency to remain single. It was hypothesized that epilepsy will affect the patient in their daily a
profile, behavior, and functional limitations. A template was designed using the medical preevaluation document and the medical questionnaire. Data was collected by designated supervisor and
were measured and analyzed. Chisquare analysis was used to study an association between variables of interest. Sociodemographically, female predominated in a ratio of M:F 1:1.5, high schoo
and the majority of patients were single and student. Patients reported an average social satisfaction and intellectual capacity. Most patients do not disclose their condition. Additionally, they repo
in memory, and sleep disturbances. Patients have limitations that they do not perceive: overprotective families, limited educational, financial, and recreational opportunities. Patients reported they
Epilepsy is a medical diagnosis but also a social label. This leads people with epilepsy to perceive a lack of social support, thus causing a more unfavorable quality of life.
2006 BE018
THE ABILITY TO RECALL: MALE VS. FEMALE
Hannah Elizabeth Reid
Upper Sandusky High School, Upper Sandusky, Ohio USA
The purpose of this research is to find if there's a difference between male and female recall. Memory is the brain's ability to store or retrieve events, pictures, words, etc.The brain codes each me
hippocampus and temporal lobes or the cerebral cortex: storing the memory.The hypothesis for this experiment is that when presented with photographs, women will remember more details then m
4"x6" photos in color, black and white, and with a variety of details to test the memory of an equal qroup of males and females from the ages of 1460. The amount of details the person could rem
onto a sheet of paper. A comparison was made of each subject's entries. At the conclusion of this research, a majority of the males were found to have only given a general overview of each pho
a more descriptive entry for each photograph. Based on the results of this experiment, women have a greater memory for detail then men do. However, a small amount of the men were able to re
Based on research, there are some males with very good memory ability, but females have a greater ability to recall detail. In society, this research would prove useful to people and corporations
marketing of products and materials towards certain genders.
$5000 per year for four year scholarships. Indiana UniversityPurdue University Indianapolis
2013 BE018
THE ANALYSIS OF THE STROOP EFFECT & SHAPES TEST ON THE DIFFERENT STAGES OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT
Hana Kim Ulman
Hedgesville High School, Hedgesville, WV
From previous experimentation it is evident that the Stroop Effect affects the ability to recall the appropriate color; however, can these results be correlated to the different stages of psychologica
to the Stroop Effect? Two hundred volunteers were asked to name row one & row two of the Stroop Effect test and a self generated shapes test. In each test row one did not correspond
For instance, the word red would be printed in the color purple and volunteers would be asked to name the color or the word circle would be printed inside of the shape of a square and the voluntee
Either way it presents a challenge and the interference of the automatic reading results in a challenge when naming the shape or color. The 200 volunteers were separated by the different growth
Boys: Stroop Effect Test: Ages 58: 14.16, Ages 1012: 9.04, Ages 1315: 5.815, and Ages 1721: 3.92 TAverage Time: Girls: Stroop Effect: Ages 58 12.76, Ages 1012: 8.28, Ages 1315: 4.2,
Boys: Shapes Test: Ages 58: 12.88, Ages 1012: 9.72, Ages 1315: 6, Ages 1721: 4.12. Average Time: Girls: Shapes Test: Ages 58: 12.12, Ages 1012: 6.52, Ages 1315: 4.96, Ages 1721: 3
there is a significant difference between the row one and row two of both tests as well as between the different brain stages. All in all, I conclude that there is a significant correlation betw
and the Stroop Effect and Shapes test. As the age increases the time difference decreases. Different factors such as phonological awareness and Myelination effect the results.
2011 BE018
WHO PAYS MORE FOR NATIONALLY BRANDED PRODUCTSEDUCATED OR LESS ENLIGHTENED, OLD OR YOUNG?
Sara Elisabeth Miller
Nicolet High School, Gendale, WI
Have you ever wondered why consumers buy privatelabel products over nationally branded products? There are many factors that influence consumers’ choices, including perceived product qua
on the specific product and many demographic factors, consumers are willing to pay varying brand premiums. Brand premiums can be defined as the percentage that consumers are willing to pay
equivalent. This study focuses on whether age, education, or other demographic data affects brand premiums that consumers are willing to pay. Using surveymonkey.com, an online survey tool,
regarding the prices that they were willing to pay for 12 nationally branded products versus their privatelabel alternatives. The survey contained four sections. First were questions regarding brand
distracter questions such as “do you read the newspaper daily.” Third were questions pertaining to brand loyalty. And last was a section on demographics. Using IBM SPSS Statistics (SPSS), it
educated consumers were willing to pay lower premiums for nationally branded products compared to their privatelabel alternatives. This study demonstrates that more knowledgeable consumers
other factors) are willing to pay lower brand premiums than younger, less educated consumers.
2009 BE018
FUN & GAMES: A STUDY OF RATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN INDIVIDUALS THROUGH COGNITIVE REFLECTIONS TESTING AND PREDICTIONS OF NASH EQUILIBRIUM IN NPERSON GAM
Catherine Susan Haag
Beaumont School, Cleveland Heights, OH
This project determines if individuals with higher cognitive ability, a rational, reflective way of thinking, behave more closely to John Nash’s predictions of equilibrium in nperson games than indiv
of participants were gathered in separate locations and given Dr. Shane Frederick’s threequestion Cognitive Reflections Test as a measure of cognitive ability; all three questions have intuitive w
requires more reflection. Those who answer two or three questions correctly have more cognitive ability than those who answer one or zero questions correctly. Participants then guess a
based on John Keynes’ Beauty Contest concept. Prior to the game they are told they will win if their guess equals twothirds of the average of the group’s guesses. Rational thinkers would guess
rational thinkers who would simultaneously guess zero. If every guess is zero, everyone wins and no player has incentive to change his strategy; Nash equilibrium forms. The hypothesis
individuals who answered two or three questions correctly on the test did not always guess progressively lower numbers throughout the game’s five trials, and did not always get closer to guessin
inadequate sample size. The results of this experiment should encourage schools everywhere to focus on development of stronger cognitive ability in students.
2008 BE018
Kaleigh Anne Eichel
2005 BE018
LIAR, LIAR, YOUR STOMACH'S ON FIRE
Trisha Satya Pasricha
Clear Lake High School; Houston, TX; USA
The aim of this study was to test the effects of lying on the electrical rhythm of the stomach. The gastrointestinal tract is uniquely sensitive to mental stress, reflecting the communication betwee
enteric nervous system. I hypothesized that this relationship could be exploited to provide insight into the psychological state of an individual when lying by analyzing changes in gastric
rely on nongastrointestinal physiological changes (ie. heart rate and sweating), but are only about 90% accurate and often unreliable. Baseline electrogastrography (EGG), a measure of
heart rate variability (HRV), a standard measure of sympathovagal balance, was performed in 17 eligible subjects. A "truth test" was then administered that compelled the subject to both lie and t
which changes in EGG and HRV were monitored. Analysis of the results showed a distinct change in the electrical rhythm of the stomach between the baseline and lying period. The HR
distinguishing between lying and telling the truth. The addition of the EGG to standard polygraph methods has clear value in improving the accuracy of current lie detectors. In addition to
for a variety of security applications, the results also provide understanding of the complex communication between the big brain and the little brain in the stomach. 
2007 BE018
A SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS: THE PERSONAL INTERACTIONS BETWEEN TEACHING AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF IN A SECONDARY SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT
Eric Russell Stipe
West Salem High School, Salem, Oregon, USA
In any given placebe it a school, an office building, even a communitya social network is present. These social networks provide an interesting insight into the connections and interactions tha
purpose of my research and experimentation is to construct a Social Network Analysis within the confines of West Salem High School. I hypothesize that with the current architecture of the scho
faculty will be departmentally oriented; that crossbuilding communication will be very limited and the system as a whole will be somewhat segregated. This Social Network Analysis (SNA) which
representation of the interactions taking place within school. With the given information, this question is addressed: What variables within the system could potentially be altered to provide a more
facetoface communication between faculty and students is facilitated and encouraged?
2003 BE018
EPILEPSY IMPACT: SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC STUDY OF SELFPERCEPTION, PSYCHOSOCIAL CHA RACTERISTICS, AND LIMITATIONS OF PATIENTS WITH INTRACTABLE EPILEPS
Alfredo Andrés Medina, Academia del Perpetuo Socorro
704 Martí St. San Juan, Puerto Rico 00907
The purpose of this investigation is to contribute knowledge to provide further understanding of the psychosocial characteristics of the patients with intractable epilepsy and to improve their social
in Puerto Rico, no studies have been conducted regarding the impact of selfperception, psychosocial characteristics and individual limitations on patients with intractable epilepsy. In the sociode
that epilepsy patients will predominantly male, university attendees, of high unemployment, and a tendency to remain single. It was hypothesized that epilepsy will affect the patient in their daily a
profile, behavior, and functional limitations. A template was designed using the medical preevaluation document and the medical questionnaire. Data was collected by designated supervisor and
were measured and analyzed. Chisquare analysis was used to study an association between variables of interest. Sociodemographically, female predominated in a ratio of M:F 1:1.5, high schoo
and the majority of patients were single and student. Patients reported an average social satisfaction and intellectual capacity. Most patients do not disclose their condition. Additionally, they repo
in memory, and sleep disturbances. Patients have limitations that they do not perceive: overprotective families, limited educational, financial, and recreational opportunities. Patients reported they
Epilepsy is a medical diagnosis but also a social label. This leads people with epilepsy to perceive a lack of social support, thus causing a more unfavorable quality of life.
2008 BE018
Kaleigh Anne Eichel
The SIYSS is a multidisciplinary seminar highlighting some of the most remarkable achievements by young scientists from around the world. The students have the opportunity to visit scientific
press conferences, learn more about Sweden and experience the extravagance of the Nobel festivities. Valid passport required for travel. Seaborg SIYSS Award
Third Award $150 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2009 BE018
FUN & GAMES: A STUDY OF RATIONAL BEHAVIOR IN INDIVIDUALS THROUGH COGNITIVE REFLECTIONS TESTING AND PREDICTIONS OF NASH EQUILIBRIUM IN NPERSON GAM
Catherine Susan Haag
Beaumont School, Cleveland Heights, OH
This project determines if individuals with higher cognitive ability, a rational, reflective way of thinking, behave more closely to John Nash’s predictions of equilibrium in nperson games than indiv
of participants were gathered in separate locations and given Dr. Shane Frederick’s threequestion Cognitive Reflections Test as a measure of cognitive ability; all three questions have intuitive w
requires more reflection. Those who answer two or three questions correctly have more cognitive ability than those who answer one or zero questions correctly. Participants then guess a
based on John Keynes’ Beauty Contest concept. Prior to the game they are told they will win if their guess equals twothirds of the average of the group’s guesses. Rational thinkers would guess
rational thinkers who would simultaneously guess zero. If every guess is zero, everyone wins and no player has incentive to change his strategy; Nash equilibrium forms. The hypothesis
individuals who answered two or three questions correctly on the test did not always guess progressively lower numbers throughout the game’s five trials, and did not always get closer to guessin
inadequate sample size. The results of this experiment should encourage schools everywhere to focus on development of stronger cognitive ability in students.
Genius Scholarships Sierra Nevada College
2014 BE019
LINKING THE ONSET TYPE AND LEVEL OF SEVERITY OF A DIAGNOSIS OF AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER WITH SYMPTOMS AND CAUSATIONS
Courtney Alexandra Astore
Cardinal Mooney Catholic High School, Sarasota, FL, United States of America
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurological body based biological disorder. Although ample research has been documented, there are still many theories, questions about the cau
protocol for therapy. The purpose of this project is to establish more definitive causation links of ASD and gain a richer understanding of how the onset types as well as the level of severity of a d
symptoms. It was hypothesized that the levels of severity based on an individual’s diagnosis of ASD would show clear similarities on the type of onset, early/later indicators, specific sy
improved categories of improvement. Also, the levels of severity would indicate trends in several factorial areas. In order to conduct this study, prior research on the three levels of severity, symp
This included interviewing ASD specialists offering details and insights into developing the data study. There were 78 participants of parents of children affected by ASD which conveye
where an affected individual may lie on the Autism Spectrum. The control group of parents of children unaffected by ASD included 50 participants. It was concluded that there were similarities of
severity as well as onset types. However, the hypothesis was disproved by there being no definitive causation identifiers throughout the levels of severity and onset type. The study did show som
relating to individuals affected by ASD.
2012 BE019
WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY AND ITS CORRELATION TO SOCIAL DEFICITS FOUND IN THE AUTISM SPECTRUM
Colton Michael Green
Cedarcrest High School, Duvall, WA
This study further explores how working memory capacity factors into social responses; specifically, social deficits found in the Autism Spectrum. This research project should enlighten the scien
understand social deficits typical from Autistic individuals. It was hypothesized that if there is a relationship between the total working memory capacity of a person with and without an Autism Sp
Autism Spectrum Disorder will have a lower working memory capacity and therefore further explaining their social deficit because the ability to modify social responses is a function controlled by
relationship found in working memory capacity between individuals with and without Autism using the OperationWord Span Task. Ten total Autistic and nonAutistic males between the ages of 15
from the answer booklets of the test to ultimately calculate a numerical value to represent working memory capacity. The data was analyzed and the standard deviation was found for each of the
Sample T” test to determine that there was not a statistical significant difference between individuals with and without and Autism Spectrum Disorder. In conclusion, the hypothesis stated was no
Operationword Span Task. Therefore, the insignificant correlation of working memory capacity between the two groups shows that a lower working memory capacity is not factor in social deficits
2010 BE019
THE EFFECTS "CHAT" MAY HAVE IN THE WRITTEN COMPOSITION OF TEENAGERS BETWEEN THE AGES OF FOURTEEN AND SIXTEEN YEARS
Luis Alejandro Vazquez
Colegio Maria Auxiliadora, Carolina, PUERTO RICO
Our society is constantly receiving the effects of technological advances. An example of this affirmation is the prolonged use of “Chat” by teenagers. Our teenagers have created a language that
controversy and is against the basic principles of the correct usage of grammar. This investigation is concerned with the study of the effect that the prolonged usage of “Chat” will have on
ages of fourteen to sixteen years. A sample of one hundred and fifty teenagers were divided into two groups of seventy five (control and experimental groups respectively). Each group was subjec
affected their written composition. The experimental group was located in a computer laboratory and divided into three groups of twenty five students. The experimental group used the “Chat” met
dictated one sentence at a time. The same paragraph was dictated to the experimental group and written in a loose leaf paper. The purpose of this was to be able to observe and analyze the abbr
affects their written composition. The control group was divided into three groups of twenty five students. The same paragraph was dictated to this group. The control group wrote the paragraph in
experimental groups answered a questionnaire and the results were tabulated and analyzed.
2011 BE019
THE EFFECT OF COMMUNICATION STYLE ON LATERAL EYE MOVEMENT WHEN ASKED A KINESTHETIC QUESTION
Elizabeth Marie Hargis
Central Virginia Governor's School, Lynchburg, VA
The purpose of this study was to determine if communication style has an effect on lateral eye movement when asked a kinesthetic question. This study was conducted during the fall of 2010 at
tested to find communication style using an online assessment. They were then asked a series of four kinesthetic questions; after each question, the initial lateral eye movement was recorded.
the researcher obtained a pvalue of 2.06x1012; since the alpha value was set at 0.05, it was found that communication style has a significant effect on lateral eye movement. The overall hypoth
communication style, then their eyes would move in the directions depicted in an “Eye Accessing Cues” chart, while those with an auditory, visual, or kinesthetic communication style would tend
regions, was not supported. Although the results were found to be statistically significant, they did not follow the predictions in the “Eye Accessing Cues” chart. In conclusion, communication styl
movement, but the eye movement does not follow the predicted patterns.
2003 BE019
THE CREMATION PROCESS
Pedro David Gil de Rubio
Colegio San José, Río Piedras, P.R.
The objective of this investigation is to inquire into people's knowledge about cremation, so people can make the right decisions. It was taken into consideration that cremation can substitute the
about cremation. To orientate the people, a crematory was visited to observe the process. A sample of 100 persons (over 18 years) in Puerto Rico was taken. A questionnaire was given to inquire
Resulting in a 0% of perfect knowledge, 26% of average knowledge, 63% of little knowledge, and 11% no knowledge. People did not know what happened in a crematory. They were also instructe
knowledge.
2005 BE019
PITCHES GO UP AND DOWN PART 2
Cynthia Alejandra Juraidini
Homer Hanna High School, Brownsville, Texas, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment is to determine whether the Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate from an Experience and NonExperienced Males and Females will increase while singing the musical s
Male or Female. Let her/him practice for a couple of minutes on the different pitches that are in the musical scale. When the participant is done practicing, put the Blood Pressure monitor around
Before they start to sing take the Blood Pressure and their Pulse Rate. After taking the Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate, ask the participant to sing the first note that will be played in the piano or
pitch by using the musical tuner. The piano will start on a low pitch called Do. Next, ask her/him to sing Do and hold it for a few seconds, to take the Blood Pressure using the monitor and the ste
the same pitch again and the participant will sing it for a couple of seconds, so that you can take the Pulse Rate. After the participant is done singing the last pitch, which is high, Do, let the parti
their Blood Pressure and Pulse Rate of the participant. Repeat steps 18 with all the participants. My hypothesis was correct and incorrect at the same time.
2008 BE019
IS IT SAFE TO DISH AND DRIVE? THE EFFECT OF CELL PHONE USAGE ON REACTION TIME
Amelia Joann Eads
Blevins Junior High School, Fort Collins, CO
The problem I am trying to solve is whether the usage of a cellular phone affects a person’s reaction time. To decipher the answer to my question I first found a reaction time test online.
online that was used for visual stimulation. In addition, I wrote a list of simple questions and acquired two cell phones. To test one of my volunteers I first had them take the reaction time test wit
visual stimulation of the video was present. This acted as my control and the average time was taken from five trials. After recording those results I then had my assistant call my volunteer on a
repeat the reaction time test while talking to my assistant on the cellular phone. In this second experiment the visual stimulation of the video was still present, and five trials were also taken. To a
attention to the “conversation” in the second test, my assistant asked them the simple questions while talking on the phone to my volunteer. The results of my data agreed with the opini
results that the use of a cell phone does increase a person’s reaction time.
2006 BE019
IT'S NOT AS EASY AS 123: LIMITS OF THE HUMAN ABILITY TO COUNT
Jake Baron
Stuyvesant High School; New York, NY; USA
The ability to quickly count a group of objects is something we often take for granted, but counting is more errorprone than it may seem. Human counting ability was investigated using a compute
in a rectangle, under three visual conditions: 1) central presentation, 2) peripheral presentation, and 3) peripheral presentation with distracter dots surrounding the rectangle. Even under the easies
accurately count only up to 3 objects in a glimpse. Presenting the dots peripherally and surrounded by distracters invoked visual crowding, which radically impaired counting accuracy. Under this
observers’ counts is increased by about +2 at every number of dots presented, compared to central viewing. This impairment is especially drastic for small numbers of objects (fewer than 4) sinc
is zero in this domain. These results indicate that when an array of objects is crowded, we cannot reliably count even 1, 2, or 3 objects. Each object must be fixated individually, one at a time.
2007 BE019
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF MUSIC ON SHORT TERM MEMORY
James Patrick Dalton
La Salle High School, Milwaukie, Oregon, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to find how different music genres affect one's cognitive ability, specifically short term memory. The initial idea was to find which types of music affect memo
music did not matter as much as I presumed. The subjects responded best to no music and worst to rap. The subjects were shown sequences of letters then asked to write them down w
The subjects were graded by how many they got correct out of seven sequences for each genre. A correct sequence required the subject to remember both the correct letters and the correct orde
3.2 out of 7. The music genres included rock, classical, rap, and slow music. The subjects also took part in a control (no music). The subjects scored the highest while listening to class
while listening to rap (2.93/7). When they listened to no music they averaged 3.43 out of 7. The data suggests that it is best to listen to no music while doing something that requires shor
around the same short term memory ability. However, the statistical analysis was not sufficient enough to reject the null hypothesis. Therefore, while the data suggests that music affects short te
not conclusively establish that it does.
2004 BE019
THE EFFECTS OF MUSIC TYPES ON DRIVING ABILITY
Rebecca Elizabeth Wilder
Mentor High School, Mentor, Ohio, U.S.A.
This project explores the effects of different types of music listened to on driving ability. In 1998, 14% of all fatal car accidents killed 6,300 teens between the ages of 15 and 19. Since only 7% o
responsible for twice as many fatal accidents as all other drivers. This experiment is an attempt to show that if teens listen to loud, aggressive music rather than soft, relaxing music, then they w
test this, 50 teens will listen to rock music, country music, and no music while driving in a simulator and their number of crashes while listenening to each CD will be recorded and analyzed. Acco
elicit a certain behavior one time, such as dancing, and something different another time, such as smiling when remembering a dance" (2002). What people listen to sparks an emotion, which can
when a person hears a song, their entire mood will change and subsequently, the way they drive will change. If it is found that music causes teens to drive more aggressively, then many fatal car
teens listen to soft relaxing music instead of loud, aggressive music.
REMOVE FROM AWARD SCRIPT>>> Honorable Mention American Statistical Association
2013 BE019
THE ATRISK MATURING BRAIN: EFFECTS OF STRESS PARADIGMS ON MOOD, MEMORY AND COGNITION IN ADOLESCENTS AND THE ROLE OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Zarin Ibnat Rahman
Brookings High School, Brookings, SD
The adolescent brain, especially the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) that controls a number of cognitive functions, is within maturation. Research has revealed that the changes in the PFC increase its su
in the environment. This makes adolescent brain more atrisk to external stressors, like sleep deprivation and excessive screen time exposure. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate if t
adolescent neurobehavioral functions, especially mood, cognition and working memory. This investigation is the first to describe excessive screen time exposure in adolescents and their associa
cognitive performance. Adolescents’ (n=67) were divided in two groups: Normal Sleep (NS) and Sleep Deprived (SD) on the basis of Sleep Survey. Sleep habits and screen time exposure were as
sleep patterns and screen time exposure. A series of behavioral and neuropsychological tests that assess daytime sleepiness (PDSS), attention (SynWin and Stroop), mood and anxiety (POMS
(PASAT) were administered. Twoway ANOVA, followed by ttest and with Bonferrroni corrections for multiple comparisons, was used to compare the 2 groups. Pearson correlation was used to te
value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings clearly indicate that electronic activities shape adolescents' sleep pattern reducing sleep time and the systematic stress and fatig
memory and cognition, supporting the stated hypotheses. The findings raise a public health concern regarding offschool stress paradigms and neurobehavioral functioning in adolescents.
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2009 BE019
THE EFFECTS OF EQUINE ASSOCIATION ON THE INITIAL BENEFICIARY AND BENEFACTOR
Katlin Jayne Hornig
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, CO
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if horse and human association can aid in decreasing the negative effects of stress and anxiety, both mentally and physically. This will be done by
humans during three different thirty minute therapeutic sessions. Stress and anxiety levels will be evaluated for human and horse as well as vital counts. This research will include various types o
paired with a horse of mild temperament. They will be required to participate in three sessions, each time practicing a different method of equine association. Prior to commencement and conclus
complete various questionnaires, read safety and procedural protocols, and have their vitals taken to determine the benefits or lack thereof. The horse will be evaluated in a similar manner. <
I found amazing results. Over 80% of all horses and humans involved in these sessions experienced a decrease or a regulation of his/her vitals. In general, I found that horses and humans both b
physically from association. Aberrant and troubled individuals appear to have the greatest positive influence from their equine encounter. This research is already allowing horses to be implement
facilities for stress management and therapeutic/treatment programs. I am glad to see its current contribution and am working toward furthering its usage.
First Award of $3,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences Presented by Intel
2013 BE019
THE ATRISK MATURING BRAIN: EFFECTS OF STRESS PARADIGMS ON MOOD, MEMORY AND COGNITION IN ADOLESCENTS AND THE ROLE OF THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX
Zarin Ibnat Rahman
The adolescent brain, especially the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) that controls a number of cognitive functions, is within maturation. Research has revealed that the changes in the PFC increase its su
in the environment. This makes adolescent brain more atrisk to external stressors, like sleep deprivation and excessive screen time exposure. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate if t
adolescent neurobehavioral functions, especially mood, cognition and working memory. This investigation is the first to describe excessive screen time exposure in adolescents and their associa
cognitive performance. Adolescents’ (n=67) were divided in two groups: Normal Sleep (NS) and Sleep Deprived (SD) on the basis of Sleep Survey. Sleep habits and screen time exposure were as
sleep patterns and screen time exposure. A series of behavioral and neuropsychological tests that assess daytime sleepiness (PDSS), attention (SynWin and Stroop), mood and anxiety (POMS
(PASAT) were administered. Twoway ANOVA, followed by ttest and with Bonferrroni corrections for multiple comparisons, was used to compare the 2 groups. Pearson correlation was used to te
value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings clearly indicate that electronic activities shape adolescents' sleep pattern reducing sleep time and the systematic stress and fatig
memory and cognition, supporting the stated hypotheses. The findings raise a public health concern regarding offschool stress paradigms and neurobehavioral functioning in adolescents.
First Award of $2,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2009 BE019
THE EFFECTS OF EQUINE ASSOCIATION ON THE INITIAL BENEFICIARY AND BENEFACTOR
Katlin Jayne Hornig
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, CO
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if horse and human association can aid in decreasing the negative effects of stress and anxiety, both mentally and physically. This will be done by
humans during three different thirty minute therapeutic sessions. Stress and anxiety levels will be evaluated for human and horse as well as vital counts. This research will include various types o
paired with a horse of mild temperament. They will be required to participate in three sessions, each time practicing a different method of equine association. Prior to commencement and conclus
complete various questionnaires, read safety and procedural protocols, and have their vitals taken to determine the benefits or lack thereof. The horse will be evaluated in a similar manner. <
I found amazing results. Over 80% of all horses and humans involved in these sessions experienced a decrease or a regulation of his/her vitals. In general, I found that horses and humans both b
physically from association. Aberrant and troubled individuals appear to have the greatest positive influence from their equine encounter. This research is already allowing horses to be implement
facilities for stress management and therapeutic/treatment programs. I am glad to see its current contribution and am working toward furthering its usage.
2011 BE020
IT'S NOT ALL ABOUT ME: AN INVESTIGATION OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PROCESSES IN POPULAR SONGS
Annelise Cummings
Cleveland High School, Portland, OR
Music is everywhere, and according to the American Academy of Pediatrics (2008), music videos and lyrics are a growing part of both children’s and adolescents’ social life and identity. Is there
popular music and personality? Several studies were designed using the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count program (LIWC; Pennebaker, 2001) to analyze lyrical content and its’ correlati
narcissism (Twenge, et. al., 2008). The first and second studies sampled 1,500 song titles and 150 song lyrics for the years of 19922006. A third study was designed to assess the latest popula
2009, 2010, and songs popularized by the musical comedy, Glee. These studies imply a relation between music lyrics and selfreported narcissism. Consistent with an exposure model,
titles preceded increases in narcissism. The implications and limitations of these studies are discussed in the context of a dynamic model of personality considering selection and exposure of mu
2010 BE020
ALGEBRA: NOT THE SAME OLD GAME EDUCATIONAL GAMING FOR KNOWLEDGE RETENTION
Neil Martin Redfield
John Jay Science and Engineering Academy, San Antonio, TX
Educational computer games have been around almost as long as the personal computer. However, there have been few longterm studies performed to evaluate their effectiveness. Previous wo
educational gaming to be effective alongside traditional classroom education. The goal of this research was to determine if educational gaming can be applied to promote knowledge retention ove
hypothesized that educational gaming would cause full retention of knowledge, promote greater retention, and there would be a correlation between time played and level of retention.The educatio
comprehensive for Algebra 1, was evaluated using simple pre and posttest procedures over the summer break of 2009. The pre/posttest used consisted of multiple choice questions and was c
(ninth grade Algebra 1 students) were divided into a game group (n=21) and a control group (n=57). Tests were administered before and after the summer break. Game group subjects reported the
Blaster Algebra. Analysis indicated an increase in knowledge of the game group from pretest to posttest. There was no correlation between time spent playing and retention level. The n
group increased from the pretest to the posttest, indicating increased familiarity with Algebra 1. Control group showed no significant change. In conclusion, since significance was not conclusive
recommended to determine if educational gaming can be effectively applied to promote knowledge retention.
2014 BE020
INFLUENCE OF AGE IN RESPONSE TO EMOTICON STIMULI USING FACIAL ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY
Ellen Guyer
Carter County High School, Ekalaka, MT, United States of America
Digitalization is changing human behavior. In 2013 Pew Research, conducted a survey of cell phone users found of American cell phone users, 44% slept with their phones and 29% described th
imagine living without.” Despite the massive impact of cell phones, and the digital communication associated with them, there is relatively little scientific research about the human physiological r
cell phone usage and therefore, it is important to study the influence of age on the “emoticon”. Would an elderly man on the latter end of the generation gap react to a smileyface the same way h
extent compared to those younger that may be habituated to emoticon use? To determine age’s effect on the response to emoticons, 80 subjects participated in an experiment. Electrodes measu
zygomaticus major muscle (mV) while each subject viewed a 10second slideshow containing one emoticon image and one photograph image selected to initiate that muscle’s function (smiling).
were followed to analyze the data. Using the resulting rectified means and percent baseline values, statistical analyses showed two main results: 1. Since there were significant differenc
emoticons or photographs, age does influence response. Younger groups responded equally to emoticons and photographs. Older subjects preferred photographs. This can be used in advertisem
was not a significant difference between percent baseline emoticon and percent baseline photograph, across all age groups.
2013 BE020
THE IMPACT OF ONLINE PEDAGOGICAL STRATEGIES ON STUDENT ACHIEVEMENT
Krissa Rose Woodring
Snowcrest Junior High School, Eden, UT
The purpose of this study is to determine if the responses to online teaching interventions targeting specific learning styles are related to age. A PowerPoint presentation on Asian Geography wa
each contained a different fact . Two slides were designed for each of the 5 major online learning styles (kinesthetic, visual, writing, visual, and audio). After viewing the slides, students were sho
facts previously viewed. This PowerPoint was shown to 6th, 9th, and High School students. A Chi squared and ANOVA test were conducted to compare ages and online learning responses.
only differences among age groups, but there were also predominant learning styles for each group. There was a significant difference between the 6th and 9th and 6th and 10th in all of the learnin
significant difference between 9th and High School students. In 6th grade, kinesthetic and reading were the strongest compared to writing and visual which were lower. In the 9th and High School
highest scoring with audio scoring the lowest. The predominant learning style in all of the age groups was kinesthetic. The results of this study show that learning styles differ as students progres
classrooms incorporate more online learning into their curriculum, it is both possible and important that learning styles be utilized when designing instructional materials.
2003 BE020
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL TRAUMA ON PERSONALITY
Blanche Ely, Pompano Beach, Fl, USA
Personality characteristics after trauma plays a major role in determining how an individual recovers from a traumatic event. Personality may be affected by a person’s emotional reaction to traum
trauma, or neurological alterations that change personality. The current study attempted to identify the effects of physical and neurological changes on personality in a 2 x 2 multivariate design, c
employed 419 subjects selected from clinical and research archives. The dependent variables were 13 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI2). The results of a
MANCOVA revealed significant effects for Physical, Neurological, and their interaction. As a consequence, posthoc univariate ANCOVAs were conducted for each factor and their interaction acr
posthoc ANCOVAs for the Physical variable indicated that 7 of the 13 variables showed significant differences (p<. 01), while there were only 2 significant differences for the Neurological variable
both main variables were significant, the physical variable had a much stronger impact on personality than the neurological variable. The mean scores of the neurological group fell into the same a
however those studies did not control for the effects of emotional and physical trauma. The results support the conclusion that it is not the neurological injury itself that affects personality but the
symptoms and problems caused by a traumatic event.
Second Award of $500 and a certificate American Psychological Association
$10,000 per year scholarships, renewable annually Florida Institute of Technology
2004 BE020
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AND SURVIVORS
Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, San Juan, Puerto Rico
The purpose of this investigation is to contribute knowledge to the scientific community and to provide a new angle to dealing with Breast cancer patients and survivors and their Quality of Life. A
and survivors there is a limited amount of knowledge regarding their HRQOL. It was hypothesized that QOL was affected by the educational level, civil status and treatment of a patient and that s
patients. The FACTB, designed by Dr. Cella, a HRQOL questionnaire for Breast cancer patients was administered. The variables were then scored, measured and analyzed using scales provided
was 106.88, a High Medium score, survivors scored a High score of 117.62. Hispanic women have a High Social Scale HRQOL possibly because Hispanic women are affected in Emotional terms
contacts or groups. The Physical and Functional Scales had no significant difference in score. Patients who received Chemotherapy, Radiation and Combination had a lower QOL than Survivors,
treatment give way to a better QOL in the future. Patients who received Tamoxifen ,whose side effects are longterm, had a higher QOL than Survivors. In Hispanic Breast cancer patients, the HR
effects of treatments, civil status and education, but, on the perception and coping capabilities experience has given them.
2005 BE020
A STATISTICAL EVALUATION OF NORTHERN PAIUTE ROCK ART FROM THE GUANO VALLEY REGION
Grant Jeffery Snitker
McNary High School, Keizer, Oregon, United States of America
Rock art of the Northern Great Basin is not well understood. Few theories about the functions of this art exist. Of the limited theories, I chose the two most prominent to analyze. The first theory i
suggests that the petroglyphs and pictographs were made by the male Shaman of the tribe and had extreme religious importance. The other theory is proposed by Dr. William J. Cannon and Mary
pictographs to be scenes that illustrate practical duties such as food manufacturing and hunting techniques and were made by all people of the tribe. It is suggested that the nearer the rock art is
more influential the art is in their lives. After surveying, mapping, and then categorizing hundreds rock art panels of the Northern Great Basin, I have come to an interpretation that is a co
many examples of Shaman inspired rock art panels, but I also found panels illustrating manufacturing grains, mountain sheep, and other food stuffs. I believe that the type of rock art panel is rela
I have created detailed maps that include GPS coordinates of habitation sites in the area and used them to statistically analyze the rock art distribution. Perhaps this distribution can be applied a
 
Tuition Scholarship of $5,000 per year for four years Oregon State University
2007 BE020
THE EFFICACY OF SELECTED BIOFEEDBACK TECHNIQUES IN MITIGATING SYMPTOMS ASSOCIATED WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
Michael Joseph Berger
The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, New York, USA
I conducted a case study with a human subject (adolescent male) diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. The study will be carried out with the goal of helping the subject to “selfsoothe” by lea
biofeedback techniques, thereby lessening his need to express frustration through socially unacceptable behaviors. To evaluate the efficacy of the biofeedback treatments administered to childre
scale/report (the "Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist” or “ATEC”), is completed by the parent of the subject pretreatment, periodically throughout the treatment, and posttreatment. This scal
categories of specified behaviors, and differs from previous scales/tests which were instruments primarily designed to diagnose autism rather than to measure gradations of symptom improvemen
regimen of biofeedback therapy has helped the subject to measurably mitigate symptoms associated with his diagnosed disorder. This is evidenced by the pretreatment ATEC report, which mea
the subject’s autistic symptoms to be “28” (the higher the score, the greater the subject’s impairment), having improved to a “22” by week 4 of the study. Furthermore, the most substantially affec
by 4 levels (“13” to “9”) from the pretreatment ATEC report to the latest ATEC report. This study’s findings strongly suggest that conventional biofeedback therapy may be an effective treatment
associated with autism spectrum disorder (especially symptoms which fall under the category of sociability).
2006 BE020
THE CONTEXT EFFECT OF SENSE STIMULI ON DECLARATIVE MEMORY
Samuel Jang
Nicolet High School, Glendale, Wisconsin, United States
The purpose of this research is to test the context effect of the change in various environment set by sense stimuli on declarative memory. Context effect gives differences in subjects’ performan
present during learning and later remembering are either matched or mismatched. Context effect is important because it can improve memory. People use senses everyday and this research test
stimuli considered in this research are color, odor, and taste. For the sample test on the context effect, subjects are given three types of test environment. Under the SAME environmen
as that of learning. Under the NO environment, subjects are given an environment without sense stumuli (white color, no odor, and no taste). Under the DIFF environment a set of different environ
presented to subjects. The sample size of each test case is 20, and two types of word list are used for two days. The statistical analysis on the result lead to the conclusion that testing
statistically significant context effect over the NO environment. Testing under the SAME environment, however, gives statistically significant context effect over testing under the DIFF environme
2009 BE020
IS THE TASTE OF COLOURED FOOD DRINKS REAL OR IMAGINARY?
Mayokun Oluwagbenga Gogo
Homat Private Schools, Lagos, West Africa, NIGERIA
The present study was based upon the hypothesis that the taste of coloured food drinks may be more imaginary than real and that judgement regarding taste or flavour is at least partly influenced
(12) food packs numbered 1 to 12 were each filled with 30g of sugar in 250ml of water. In addition, food colourings (Rose pink, Orange, Green and Chocolate) were added to packs 1 – 4, respectiv
and food flavours mixedup in them without matching the colours with flavours. Packs 9 12 contained flavours (Strawberry, Orange, Lemon and Chocolate) with their peculiar colours (as stated a
samples. The volunteers ate crackers in between the samples to clear off previous flavours. The results showed that food colour influenced perceived food flavour as 50% of students sp
basis of colours. Only 30% could identify the flavours in different colours. However, 62.5% were able to identify the taste correctly when appropriate colours were matched with their characteristic
colouring and orange flavour combined to form a drink most preferred. This suggests that young people just take any food coated with attractive colours and many times assume flavour
underscores the need for regulatory bodies to ensure that the content visàvis colouring, flavour, other ingredients and their amounts are satisfactorily safe.
2008 BE020
AIM TO WRITE
Taylor Hanna Fitch
BeltonHonea Path High School, Honea Path, SC
The purpose of this investigation is to discover whether or not a child's accuracy at hitting a target has a direct correlation to his handwriting skills. I predicted that a child's handeye coordination
insight to how the child could complete a handwriting task. Handwriting is an activity that each of us uses everyday. In order to achieve highquality handwriting, several elements must b
success of both handwriting and welldeveloped handeye coordination. Visual acuity includes: visual fixation, accommodation (focusing), convergence (eye aiming), binocularity (eye teaming), an
each of these components is functioning correctly, the child will develop good handeye coordination and be able to achieve higher handwriting scores. If any one of these components is off, it co
ability to succeed. To prove this theory, children from grades K3 through first grade were asked to hit a target at a distance of ten feet with10 beanbags. The number of accurate hits was
write a word or phrase. Their handwriting was reviewed by the examiner with preset criteria. A handwriting score was given. The child's accuracy and handwriting score were compared. The result
hypothesis was indeed correct. Thus, these results could be used to encourage teachers to use a new teaching method involving hand –eye coordination activities.
2004 BE020
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OF BREAST CANCER PATIENTS AND SURVIVORS
The purpose of this investigation is to contribute knowledge to the scientific community and to provide a new angle to dealing with Breast cancer patients and survivors and their Quality of Life. A
and survivors there is a limited amount of knowledge regarding their HRQOL. It was hypothesized that QOL was affected by the educational level, civil status and treatment of a patient and that s
patients. The FACTB, designed by Dr. Cella, a HRQOL questionnaire for Breast cancer patients was administered. The variables were then scored, measured and analyzed using scales provided
was 106.88, a High Medium score, survivors scored a High score of 117.62. Hispanic women have a High Social Scale HRQOL possibly because Hispanic women are affected in Emotional terms
contacts or groups. The Physical and Functional Scales had no significant difference in score. Patients who received Chemotherapy, Radiation and Combination had a lower QOL than Survivors,
treatment give way to a better QOL in the future. Patients who received Tamoxifen ,whose side effects are longterm, had a higher QOL than Survivors. In Hispanic Breast cancer patients, the HR
effects of treatments, civil status and education, but, on the perception and coping capabilities experience has given them.
2012 BE020
ARE SOME DISABILITIES MORE HANDICAPPING THAN OTHERS? A COMPARISON OF TEACHER GRADING OF CHILDREN WITH MEDICAL, PHYSICAL AND BEHAVIORAL DISABILIT
Brett Evan Gossett
John F. Kennedy High School, Bellmore, NY
This study was designed to assess teacher bias regarding behavioral, physical or medical disabilities and its affect on their grading of student work. A cohort of 5184 middle school teachers natio
as part of a national fictitious essay contest in which children with disabilities were asked to write about overcoming their respective disabilities. The teacher sample was comprised of 24 equal de
gender, census region and population density. Each teacher received three “generic” essays, one supposedly written by a child with ADHD (behavioral), one by a child with Cerebral Palsy (physic
(medical). The essays were generic in that the disabilities could be interchanged without compromising the structure of the essay. A total of 557 respondents completed and returned their respons
grammar & syntax, spelling & punctuation, organization, writing style, emotional appeal and overall ranking. When analyzed, the results suggest that teachers were more sympathetic towards chi
ranked the Cerebral Palsy essays “best” 51 percent of the time; this was more than both the ADHD and diabetes essays combined. More education and sensitivity training for teachers concerning
disorders (including behavioral and medical disorders) are likely needed in the future to ensure that all children are truly given the same educational opportunities.
2003 BE020
THE INFLUENCE OF PHYSICAL AND NEUROLOGICAL TRAUMA ON PERSONALITY
Blanche Ely, Pompano Beach, Fl, USA
Personality characteristics after trauma plays a major role in determining how an individual recovers from a traumatic event. Personality may be affected by a person’s emotional reaction to traum
trauma, or neurological alterations that change personality. The current study attempted to identify the effects of physical and neurological changes on personality in a 2 x 2 multivariate design, c
employed 419 subjects selected from clinical and research archives. The dependent variables were 13 scales from the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory 2 (MMPI2). The results of a
MANCOVA revealed significant effects for Physical, Neurological, and their interaction. As a consequence, posthoc univariate ANCOVAs were conducted for each factor and their interaction acr
posthoc ANCOVAs for the Physical variable indicated that 7 of the 13 variables showed significant differences (p<. 01), while there were only 2 significant differences for the Neurological variable
both main variables were significant, the physical variable had a much stronger impact on personality than the neurological variable. The mean scores of the neurological group fell into the same a
however those studies did not control for the effects of emotional and physical trauma. The results support the conclusion that it is not the neurological injury itself that affects personality but the
symptoms and problems caused by a traumatic event.
2013 BE021
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF INFRASOUND ON HUMANS
Sarah Eva DiSalvo
Coral Academy of Science Las Vegas, Nevada, Henderson, NV
The purpose of this experiment is to psychologically and physiologically observe how humans respond to Infrasound. Infrasound is sound that is below the human hearing range. It has extremely
hertz, and extremely high decibels. However, even though you may not be able to hear Infrasound, you can feel it through large vibrations caused by its sound waves. When testing humans expo
blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, and temperature as well as a unusual feelings and anxiety. This would be caused by a very important nervous system in the human body called the pe
responsible for detecting sensations such as pain, warmth, coldness, and vibrations. When a sensation is detected it is sent to your brain where the sensation will be processed. Because of how
are, the human body could respond negatively to the vibrations, making someone feel very anxious and nervous. During the experiment, one person at a time would walk into a room for 3 minutes
the experiment physiologically were: 86% of the humans had a much higher heart rates then before the experiment, 68% had higher temperatures, and 75% had lower blood pressures and 52% ha
Psychologically 96% felt calm before the experiment, However, during the experiment 52% felt very anxious, and 72% felt extremely unusual and nervous. But the control group that was not expo
through out the whole test. The Infrasound made the human subjects have lower blood pressure, higher heart rate, temperature, and respiratory rate as well as the humans feeling unusual and anx
2014 BE021
"ANATORAMA": THE WONDERFUL HUMAN BODY
Marisol Leon Cruz
Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Sinaloa, Mazatlan, Mexico
To date, teaching science has been treated as an unachievable aspect and has been reserved only for a privilege group to which students do not have access. thus, making it a challenge for stud
subjects of biology and health science; the characteristics, functions and instruments related to health problems with the body system are carried out and they could be difficult and tedious to und
information provided is excessive. For example, there are definitions, structures, functions and concepts causing boredom and loss of interest. Furthermore, these issues brings as consequence;
high percentage of failing grades. Therefore, something had to be done to make this learning process less overwhelming, easier to learn and more fun. The objective was to make a dida
meaning of its two words that compose it. The game has four different types of challenges such as; multiple choice questions, drawing and molding, complete the word, definitions, and last but n
Thusly, combining and incorporating different learning abilities and characteristics of each student. In conclusion, this game “ANATORAMA” contributes to students´ ability to dominate t
to simplify topics that are long and boring making it more fun and more relaxing. Further, this game promotes the development and improvement of competence and students´ personal growth suc
responsibility and respect.
2011 BE021
DESIGNING A GLASS SYSTEM TO CONTROL THE LIGHT INTENSITY AND ROOM TEMPERATURE
Sanad Nidal AbuHaikal
Modern Montessori School, Amman, JORDAN
Due to the importance of colors in our life, by giving beauty to things and effecting on human’s mood, I was interested to carry out my research in a field that contain using colors in a way to be c
found statistical data in the school’s magazine that included 84 people indicating the effect of colors on their moods. The data were: 1) 67 people answered that colors have a great effect on them
moods. 2) While the other 17 people were distributed either they don’t see them as good effecter on their mood, or they don’t care for such things. Moreover, as we all know that some colors have
such as (Blue and Red). In Addition, due to the unstable weather state in our country and even in most of the countries over the world, light intensity and heat inside rooms changes frequ
carry out my research in this field; to control the light intensity in a way that suits students, sick people, business men and plants. Also, my glass system should also provide the user with the co
with color the increase its growth. To achieve my above mentioned goals, I’ve did number of experiments on polarizers, shaded glass and colored glass, to study their effect on the light i
the experiments were studied, to come out with a unique design of the glass system. My glass system consist of a fixed polarizer and in front of it a rotatable one, which will rotate as a
a complete electrical system. Between the 2 polarizers, colored sheets will be sliding to the system to apply their effect on it. Moreover, the system was tested, and amazing results were gathere
2007 BE021
EVEN FOOTING: THE EFFECT OF PERSONALITY TYPE ON PERFORMANCE IN MULTIPLE CHOICE TESTING
Erika Elizabeth Swartz
West Potomac High School, Alexandria, Virginia, United States of America
This research study examined the effect of MBTI personality type on performance in multiple choice testing. It aimed to determine qualitatively whether or not the format of multiple choice testing
detriment of sensates.. Some literature suggests that timed multiple choice testing favors the intuitive type. Based on this study, the researcher hypothesized that intuitives would outperform sen
Thirty two subjects were given a General Knowledge Multiple Choice Test designed by the researcher and a personality inventory. The subjects, 11th grade AP US students, were 40% intuitive, 5
The subject’s test performance was analyzed by questions correct out of completed, number of questions completed, and scored PSATstyle. ttests determined that there was no statistically sig
performance of the types in any category. However, the 75th percentile of test scores was 60.2% intuitive. Upper percentiles in general contained more intuitives than sensates and the general su
further investigation. A large national test pool of PSAT and SAT takers already exists. Standardized testing and testing in general are of critical importance to student’s careers. Strategies of the
the less successful type perform to potential on tests. This study also has implications for the test preparation industry.
2008 BE021
WALKING STICK FOR VISUALDISABLED PEOPLE AGAINST AIR CRASHES
Jessica Silva Silveira
Colegio Fundacao Bradesco Gravatai, GravataiRS, Rio Grande do Sul, BRASIL
After a conversation, an interview, with a visual disabled person about the difficulties he finds every day, I discovered that one of the most frequent problems is when the person is moving in a sid
face obstacles that are above the ground, in the air, such as branches of trees and public telephones. So I dedicated my research and studies trying to find alternatives that wo
idea of a special walking stick, which could help to prevent such shocks. That's why I created a prototype of a walking stick to help the visual disabled people, facilitating their displacement and a
handling, without electronic components and with a low cost. This walking stick should avoid the shocks with air objects (at the height of the head) that a common walking stick is unable to detec
simple, is a regular walking stick increased by a shaft of VHF antenna, designed for front and up until the size of the head of the person. In the presence of an air obstacle, it would sense a tremo
preventing the collision. I hope that this prototype developed in my project could be implemented and that could be part of the daily life of this group of people, improving and fa
2005 BE021
IS A PICTURE WORTH A 1000 LIVES?
Cory D. Cox
Charlottesville high school, Charlottesville V.A. USA.
 Wearing a seatbelt reduces the risk of serious and fatal injuries, medical/legal expenses and lost productivity from driving accidents. Previously, I demonstrated that when signs that en
are put up at the exits of senior centers, seniors were more likely to buckle up, and this effect lasted for at least four years. In last year’s project I found that similar signs worked the same way, o
churches). I wanted to find out why signs work. I hypothesized that: 1) the effects of signs would be reliable, 2) signs would be more effective when seen at the beginning rather than in
motivational message, a picture modeling seatbelt usage plus instructions to buckle up would work better than a sign with a modeling picture and instructions, which would work better than either
observed 1,260 drivers at six intersections and found that: 1) the effects of signs were reliable across locations, time and observers, 2) signs worked similarly at exits and at intersections, 3) sign
picture that modeled this, worked better than either instructions or a model alone, and 4) a motivational message did not improve seatbelt use. Signs modeling and instructing seatbelt use could b
hours/day, 365 days/year encouraging safe behavior, saving lives and money. 
2010 BE021
RISKY BUSINESS: WHAT COGNITIVE FACTORS INFLUENCE RISK TAKING IN THE ACADEMIC SETTING?
Joseph Hunter Yagoda
William A. Shine Great Neck South High School, Great Neck, NY
High schools that are developing policies to curb class cutting, cheating, plagiarism, and other risks face a limited amount of pertinent research. Current studies on teenage risk taking focus on h
surveys, and are not commonly conducted in high school settings. This study took into account those limitations, examining risk taking in a high school setting using a behavioral measure as a w
and nonrisk takers. Specifically, the risk of class cutting was modeled by an innovative simulation mimicking a prototypical classroom. Following the risk scenario, subjects (n=60) were given co
perception of the risk’s benefits and harms, peer risk taking, and confidence in avoiding the risk’s harms. Additionally, the General DecisionMaking Style (Scott & Bruce, 1995) was utilized to ex
styles. Results indicated statistically significant differences, with risk takers having greater perceptions of the risk’s benefit (p=.019), peer risk taking (p<.001), and confidence in avoiding the risk
thinking style dominated both groups, nonrisk takers exhibited more rational thinking (p=.050) as well as less intuitive (p=.016) and spontaneous thinking (p=.007). Results suggest that schools s
class, work to minimize the perception of peer risk taking, and have clear enforcement of consequences. Further research will examine the role risk taking plays in choice of profession and job tra
2012 BE021
OMG: LOOK WHO JOINED FACEBOOK! THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARENTING AND ADOLESCENT RISK BEHAVIORS
Benjamin Jake Kornick
Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, NY
Research has shown that high levels of parental knowledge, parental solicitation, parental control, and parentchild closeness predict fewer adolescent risk behaviors offline. However, this study w
factors predict fewer adolescent risk behaviors online and the role that online "friendship" plays in predicting risky behaviors. High school students (N=133) completed a 74item survey about their
participation in risky behaviors offline and online. Regression analyses indicated that the models explained 20% of the variance in offline risk behaviors and 11% of the variance in online risk beha
parental knowledge predicted fewer risky behaviors. Parental control and parentchild closeness were the best predictors of parental knowledge; however, they did not explain variance in offline ris
parental knowledge in the hierarchical multiple regression and were found to be mediated by parental knowledge. Parental solicitation did account for additional variance in risk behaviors, but unlik
closeness, it was a positive predictor of risk behaviors both offline and online. In fact, parental solicitation was the only significant predictor of online risk behaviors in the hierarchical logistic regre
additional research to identify the particular factors that may help explain the risks teens take online.
2009 BE021
EFFICACY OF PEERDELIEVERED SLEEP HYGIENE EDUCATION ON SLEEP HYGIENE PRACTICES, SLEEP QUALITY, AND MOOD IN EVENINGTYPE ADOLESCENTS
Elliot E.A. Prince
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville, OR
Eveningtype adolescents are at greatest risk for inadequate sleep hygiene and quality and for depressed mood. This study aims to determine relationships between sleep and mood, and to exam
education in eveningtype adolescents under two differing demand conditions. The hypotheses were: 1) If eveningtype adolescents receive peerdelivered sleep hygiene education, then they will
sleep quality, and mood under a condition of high demand (final exams); and 2) There will be a significant relationship between evening chronotype and mood. These hypotheses were tested in a
controlled block design (experimental group n=13; control group n=11) with two phases. The first condition (baseline) was lowdemand which occurred during a school break (7 free days). The sec
which occurred during school final exams (4 school days, 4 free days). The results supported part of the first hypthesis: the experimental group improved in sleep quality (p value less than .05). T
as relationships between sleep hygiene and quality were established with mood (negative correlation, p value less than .05) and eveningness was associated with mood (negative correlation, p va
that eveningtype adolescents are optimal candidates for sleep hygiene education as a way to improve sleep and mood.
2003 BE021
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEXICAL PROCESSING: AN EXAMINATION OF A MODEL OF THE COMPARISON PROCESS
Megan Chaya Gross
Hunter College High School, New York, NY, USA
This study examined the neurobiology of lexical processing in working memory. Adult participants were presented with a series of word pairs and asked to determine whether the words in each pa
six types of word pairs: identical real words, identical nonwords, real words differing in onset, nonwords differing in onset, real words differing in coda, and nonwords differing in coda. This study
process provided a model of what may happen in lexical access during comprehension. The latencies and shape of waveforms in eventrelated brain potentials permitted a detailed examination o
phonological negativity, a portion of the waveform that indicates the point at which the brain detects a difference between words, was present in all differing pair classes. There were no significant
differences were found between the peak latencies of the phonological negativity for real word pairs and nonword pairs. The phonological negativity occurred nearly 200 ms earlier for word pairs d
pairs differing in the final sound, which suggested that the comparison is performed linearly across the word representations and is concluded once words begin to differ phonologically.
First Award of $1,000 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
2006 BE021
THE VISUAL GLOVE CONSTRUCTING A LOWCOST HAPTIC FEEDBACK DEVICE
Ahmad Shakir Manshad
Las Cruces High School, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States
The goal of this research is the development of a new lowcost haptic feedback device for visually impaired, blind and deafblind persons allowing them to visualize graphical information such as
glove consisting of six vibration motors, five are places on top of each finger, and one is placed on the back of the palm. The vibration from each finger represents a direction to reach a graph on
Through constant movement according to given direction, a person is able to reach the graphed function and is able to visualize the graph. The directions are controlled through the software which
functions and uses algorithms to determine directions. This software collects user time, clicks, and directions to analyze glove performance. The results showed that visualizing a graph through t
faster than through acoustic feedback at the 90% significance level. Thirteen visually handicapped students tested and approved the usability of the glove. The visual glove is significantly less ex
Scholarship Award of $2,000 and Summer Internship (including housing) valued at approximately $5,000. Cook Group Incorporated
2012 BE021
2004 BE021
HOW DOES LEARNING SIGN LANGUAGE AFFECT PERCEPTION?
Elizabeth Rose Kolod
Midwood High School, Brooklyn, NY, USA
Everyone uses emotional facial expressions, but people who sign American Sign Language (ASL) use a different kind of facial expressions as an essential part of the language. Does all of this si
whether learning ASL has an effect on visual discrimination, deaf signers, hearing signers and hearing nonsigners were tested with three groups of faces: emotional facial expressions, linguistic A
different people. The deaf observers perform half as well as hearing signers for all stimuli. When compared to the efficiencies of hearing nonsigners, these results show that learning ASL improve
impairs it. The observers who know ASL perform best with linguistic facial expressions. Thus, learning ASL improves one’s ability to identify facial expressions.
2009 BE021
EFFICACY OF PEERDELIEVERED SLEEP HYGIENE EDUCATION ON SLEEP HYGIENE PRACTICES, SLEEP QUALITY, AND MOOD IN EVENINGTYPE ADOLESCENTS
Elliot E.A. Prince
Eveningtype adolescents are at greatest risk for inadequate sleep hygiene and quality and for depressed mood. This study aims to determine relationships between sleep and mood, and to exam
education in eveningtype adolescents under two differing demand conditions. The hypotheses were: 1) If eveningtype adolescents receive peerdelivered sleep hygiene education, then they will
sleep quality, and mood under a condition of high demand (final exams); and 2) There will be a significant relationship between evening chronotype and mood. These hypotheses were tested in a
controlled block design (experimental group n=13; control group n=11) with two phases. The first condition (baseline) was lowdemand which occurred during a school break (7 free days). The sec
which occurred during school final exams (4 school days, 4 free days). The results supported part of the first hypthesis: the experimental group improved in sleep quality (p value less than .05). T
as relationships between sleep hygiene and quality were established with mood (negative correlation, p value less than .05) and eveningness was associated with mood (negative correlation, p va
that eveningtype adolescents are optimal candidates for sleep hygiene education as a way to improve sleep and mood.
2003 BE021
THE NEUROBIOLOGY OF LEXICAL PROCESSING: AN EXAMINATION OF A MODEL OF THE COMPARISON PROCESS
Megan Chaya Gross
Hunter College High School, New York, NY, USA
This study examined the neurobiology of lexical processing in working memory. Adult participants were presented with a series of word pairs and asked to determine whether the words in each pa
six types of word pairs: identical real words, identical nonwords, real words differing in onset, nonwords differing in onset, real words differing in coda, and nonwords differing in coda. This study
process provided a model of what may happen in lexical access during comprehension. The latencies and shape of waveforms in eventrelated brain potentials permitted a detailed examination o
phonological negativity, a portion of the waveform that indicates the point at which the brain detects a difference between words, was present in all differing pair classes. There were no significant
differences were found between the peak latencies of the phonological negativity for real word pairs and nonword pairs. The phonological negativity occurred nearly 200 ms earlier for word pairs d
pairs differing in the final sound, which suggested that the comparison is performed linearly across the word representations and is concluded once words begin to differ phonologically.
2012 BE021
Second Award $1,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2010 BE021
RISKY BUSINESS: WHAT COGNITIVE FACTORS INFLUENCE RISK TAKING IN THE ACADEMIC SETTING?
Joseph Hunter Yagoda
High schools that are developing policies to curb class cutting, cheating, plagiarism, and other risks face a limited amount of pertinent research. Current studies on teenage risk taking focus on h
surveys, and are not commonly conducted in high school settings. This study took into account those limitations, examining risk taking in a high school setting using a behavioral measure as a w
and nonrisk takers. Specifically, the risk of class cutting was modeled by an innovative simulation mimicking a prototypical classroom. Following the risk scenario, subjects (n=60) were given co
perception of the risk’s benefits and harms, peer risk taking, and confidence in avoiding the risk’s harms. Additionally, the General DecisionMaking Style (Scott & Bruce, 1995) was utilized to ex
styles. Results indicated statistically significant differences, with risk takers having greater perceptions of the risk’s benefit (p=.019), peer risk taking (p<.001), and confidence in avoiding the risk
thinking style dominated both groups, nonrisk takers exhibited more rational thinking (p=.050) as well as less intuitive (p=.016) and spontaneous thinking (p=.007). Results suggest that schools s
class, work to minimize the perception of peer risk taking, and have clear enforcement of consequences. Further research will examine the role risk taking plays in choice of profession and job tra
Third Award of $1,000 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Friends of NIDA, National Institutes of Health
2014 BE022
INVESTIGATION INTO WHETHER TEENAGERS READ FASTER AND RETAIN MORE INFORMATION WHEN TESTED USING VARIOUS MEDIA
Matthew Daniel Symon
Herzlia High School, Cape Town, Western Cape, South Africa
With the increasing use of digital devices in the classrooms the aim of this project was to determine if the reading speed and retention of information of teenagers benefited from the use of techno
15 and 17 years were tested. A simple, singleword list for reading speed and simple passage for comprehension were presented first on paper and then on a digital device. A more comp
passage were then presented first on paper and then on a digital device. All tests were checked using referenced standardized reading framework programmes, namely ATOS and Lexile. Words r
medium. Multiplechoice questions were then answered, on paper, based on the information read in the comprehensions. The data was represented graphically and statistical analysis determined
there was no significant difference in reading accuracy between the simple and complex wordlists read in either of the mediums tested. Analysis of the simple comprehension passages showed a
printed version when compared to the digital device. Results from the more complex passages showed a significantly higher percentage of memory recall on the digital device. In conclus
is minimal difference between the reading speed of either media in both defined difficulties. The age group tested retained more from the complex passage as presented on the digital device wher
passage on printed media.
2011 BE022
ALCOHOLIC TEST
Nadia Robert Matrak
Ecole Du Saint Coeur, Bekfaya, Mount Lebanon, LEBANON
The purpose of our project is to decrees the accidents caused by drunk drivers. Breathing test: It’s an electronic test done by the police in order to measure the alcoholic level in
interface relay is connected to the electronic breath tester so that when the alcoholic level is high the interface relay will not function and when it’s normal it will function well. The contact cable of
relay so that when the level of alcohol is high the car won’t turn on and if the level of the alcohol was normal the car will start normally. Conclusion: When the alcoholic level is hi
driver’s ability to control his car the car will not start.
2006 BE022
THE DEPENDENCE OF IMAGE RECALL AND RECOGNITION ON PIXEL SIZE IN HUMANS
Granton A. Jindal
Baton Rouge Magnet High School, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
An important ability of the human brain is to recognize pictures. A sharp picture is made up of a large number of small regions of uniform illumination called pixels. What enables the brain to recog
Absolute pixel size or pixel size in relation to key features of the face? I think it is the latter. For experimentation, I selected two pictures A and B for each of 19 individuals. Using a computer pro
research, I generated photos A1A7 from each picture A. These pictures were made by combining pixels in groups (reduction factors) of 1, 4, 9, 16, 36, 64, and 256 respectively. I gave human su
starting with the lowest resolution, I showed photos A7A1 until recognition was made. I found that recognition is possible at poor picture quality minimizing file size for storage applications. I also
Indian and American pictures about the same while American subjects recognized American pictures better than Indian pictures. I also observed that closeup pictures were recognizable at larger
improvement in reduction factor became weaker exhibiting a logarithmic dependence at higher zoom, when critical features were being cut off. At the recognition point, all pictures had about the s
key features irrespective of pixel size, supporting my hypothesis. For better recognition, the viewer must be familiar with ethnic features. This has homeland security applications.
2003 BE022
IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN LEFT HANDED AND READING DISABILITIES?
Jenna Rae Parisien
Turtle Mt. Community High School Box 440 Belcourt, ND 58316
Learning disabilities especially reading disabilities have been around for centuries, but it wasn't until the 1960's that researchers started to identify them. Many studies have shown that we need to
people with disabilities learn to read in order to ensure a more productive population. Methods currently being used are helping a few, but haven't been proven to be very effective. 
correlation between left handed people and having an increase in reading disabilities. If this is the case, finding methods to help people with reading disabilities may have something to do with left
the information for my project, I contacted several schools and asked them for their numbers of students with reading disabilities and whether they were right or left handed. I also found out the nu
there was no increase amount of left handed people with reading disabilities compared to the normal population, but I did find a significant number of males with learning disabilities compared to fe
the individuals with reading disabilities were male. One issue that may need to be addressed in teaching people with reading disabilities is to use an approach that is more geared toward the differ
females learn to read.
2004 BE022
WHICH COLOR HAS THE FASTEST REACTION TIME?
Tiana Monique Woitas
Loyola High School Mankato, MN United States
For my hypothesis, I predicted that Yellow would be the color with the fastest reaction time because of it's brightness. However, I did still have strong feelings towards the colors of Red and Oran
my research that Red was a color known to express boldness and excitement, and orange standing less aggressive than Red, but still a color to create the feeling of energy. For my proc
a total of 24 sets that determined which color had the fastest reaction time. I used 4 different colored ping pong balls (Red, Yellow, Orange and Green) that would be released from my "machine"
correctly positioned sitting, he/she was instructed that once I released a colored ping pong ball down my machine, they would attempt to catch the colored ping pong ball once the visualized it rel
a total of 8 releases catching with their right hand, 8 releases catching with their left, as well as 8 releases catching with both hands. I would time each of my subject's reaction times with my stop
each ball, and stopping the watch once my subject made any type of movement towards each colored ball they visualized. I tested a total of 40 subjects. In conclusion then, I disproved
the color with the fastest reaction time. Orange stood in between, coming in as the color with the second fastest reaction time. The colors both Yellow and Green evened out to be the colors on th
reaction times.
2008 BE022
PREPRO: PROSPECTING EMPRENEURS, A SOCIAL INCLUSION PROPOSAL THROUGH ENTERPRISING EDUCATION
Camila Dahmer
Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, BRASIL
The project aims at characterizing an experience of enterprising education, as well, the steps to plan and build a company, developing skills and competences that could not be reached through r
such as the developing of enterprising spirit, the ability of working and planning in group, creativity, innovation, organization sense, among other capacities and professional skills that are currentl
contributes to the formation of the citizen and to the social inclusion. To accomplish the project, data has been raised through bibliographic researches and interviews about the meaning
enterprising practices at schools and also, analyzing the experiences that have been carried on. The results showed that this concept improves students’ qualification, as citizens and as professi
competences to life, as a political man, able to interfere in the social reality, improving people’s life quality and allowing the students insertion in the market. It has been concluded that t
but it is ratified that the evidences raised, allied to fontpeople and to the analyzed experiences, allowed the elaboration of a proposal of enterprising education to schools. It is believed that the bu
suggestion to other schools, as an initial methodological proposal, aiming at qualifying the student as a citizen and as a professional, favoring the social insertion.
2009 BE022
TWO UNIVERSAL LANGUAGES: MUSIC AND MATH
Mary Patricia Rougeau
The purpose of this science experiment is to see if there is any correlation between Algebra test scores and genres of music. Many colleges have done studies involving Education and Music an
University, who performed a test involving music affecting the taste of wine. It concluded that the genre of music played effected how the subjects taste toward the wine was. 
Two of the exam both consisted of ten Algebra 1 questions and ten Algebra 2 questions. A survey was created with 9 questions about the exam and the music played. Three different genres were
made for each one. Subjects were given the exam and answer sheet and given instructions for both Parts. The music began playing, and the subjects had ten minuets for Part 1 after ten minutes
ten minuets for Part 2 began. When the time for Part 2 ended, the subjects were given the survey to complete. From taking the exams and finding the averages and matching those to t
conclusions can be made. When comparing average scores to any genre, the scores while listening to music were higher than the average with out music; it occurred with every genre. Though m
the average score while listening to music was the higher than the average score with out music, for every question.
2007 BE022
DOES THE BRAIN COMPUTE MATHEMATICAL RISK? THE INFLUENCE OF RISK AND REWARD ON THE ECONOMIC BEHAVIOR OF HUMANS
Aditya Maruti Palepu
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Tech., Alexandria, Virginia, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine how reward values impact perceived risk by humans. Human risk analysis plays a major role everyday as they operate on perceived risk and not o
deals with several computations through the brain’s higher cognitive areas, we explored the effects of age in this experiment. A computer based java Roulette game was devised for subjects in th
(College kids), and 2650 (Adults) years. The game involved two wheels with distinct number of sectors and a preset bet value, each of which were varied between trials. The choices of the subje
based on their perceived riskiness, chances of winning, the bet value, and potential earnings) are captured for each subject. The average risk taken by the subjects is evaluated at all reward valu
comparison method. The shape and nature of the graph (i.e. flat, linear, sigmoid) allowed us to evaluate the two system hypothesis. The pooled results show no significant difference between chi
significant differences between adults and the other two groups. The younger age groups tended to play the game with lower risk at all bet values compared to the adult group. The two system hy
scenario by not having both systems collaborate to make an “intermediate” decision, but rather the subject used either one or the other.
2005 BE022
THE BIORBITAL ROTATIONAL THERAPY SWING: A NEW HOPE FOR CHILDREN WITH ADHD
Liz (Elizabeth) Anne Baker
University High School, 422 N. Arcadia Blvd., Tucson, AZ 85711 USA
This project designed, built and tested a unique therapy swing that increased the concentration and performance of ADHD children. The wideranging and multidimensional movement of the swing
stimulated the Vestibular system in the inner ear and significantly improved a child’s ability to compete schoolwork. Eighty elementary students participated in this blind study of the Bi
fourcell design divided ADHD and NonADHD children into equal groups, and then further divided them into equal treatment versus control groups. Sex and age were equally balanced. 
words that they copied from a chalkboard while being observed for accuracy, on and offtask behaviors, time and changes in their affect. Forty students received three sessions of swing therapy.
group and received similar, nonswing interaction for the same length of time. A posttest followed. Analysis of the data revealed the concentration and performance of all students impro
on all measures, except time. And, the improvement of ADHD students who received treatment was even more highly significant in these areas. Whether a child was on a stimulant medication or
effectiveness of the swing. Based on my results, it was concluded that the BiOrbital Rotational Therapy Swing was effective in improving the concentration and performance of all childr
ADHD. This project sets a mandate for further research. 
2010 BE022
THE EFFECTS OF ISSUEBASED AND CHARACTERBASED ATTACK ADS ON INTENT TO VOTE AND PERCEPTIONS OF CANDIDATES
Aaron Michael Levine
While many studies have been conducted on how attack ads affect political candidates, this experiment is one of the first to test the comparative effects of characterbased and issuebased ads.
school budget election were given a brief description of two candidates in a state senate race and randomly assigned to view a characterbased ad, issuebased ad, or no ad at all. Participants th
and for each of the two candidates on a 6item, 7point Likerttype scale. Participants also reported their perceptions of the candidates on 2, 5item, 7point bipolar scales. Oneway ANOVAS and
that, contrary to the findings of previous studies, neither type of attack ad affected perceptions of the sponsor. However, participants who viewed the issuebased ad reported more negative perce
members of the control group, and people who viewed the characterbased ad reported the most negative perceptions of all. Similarly, participants who viewed the characterbased attack reported
over the target, followed by participants who saw the issuebased ad. Interestingly, both ads increased intent to vote in general with characterbased ads again having a greater effect. The implica
campaigns, the role of negative advertising, and the potential for reform of the system are discussed.
Third Award of $500 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Sciences. Illinois Institute of Technology
2005 BE022
2010 BE022
THE EFFECTS OF ISSUEBASED AND CHARACTERBASED ATTACK ADS ON INTENT TO VOTE AND PERCEPTIONS OF CANDIDATES
Aaron Michael Levine
While many studies have been conducted on how attack ads affect political candidates, this experiment is one of the first to test the comparative effects of characterbased and issuebased ads.
school budget election were given a brief description of two candidates in a state senate race and randomly assigned to view a characterbased ad, issuebased ad, or no ad at all. Participants th
and for each of the two candidates on a 6item, 7point Likerttype scale. Participants also reported their perceptions of the candidates on 2, 5item, 7point bipolar scales. Oneway ANOVAS and
that, contrary to the findings of previous studies, neither type of attack ad affected perceptions of the sponsor. However, participants who viewed the issuebased ad reported more negative perce
members of the control group, and people who viewed the characterbased ad reported the most negative perceptions of all. Similarly, participants who viewed the characterbased attack reported
over the target, followed by participants who saw the issuebased ad. Interestingly, both ads increased intent to vote in general with characterbased ads again having a greater effect. The implica
campaigns, the role of negative advertising, and the potential for reform of the system are discussed.
2012 BE022
THE EFFECTS OF MULTITALKER BACKGROUND NOISE ON OVERT SPONTANEOUS SPEECH PRODUCTION
Josh Feng
Sheboygan North High School, Sheboygan, WI
Previous research has shown that English multitalker babble hinders serial recall/speech comprehension in English monolinguals more than foreign babble. The goal of this experiment was to se
speech production by analyzing the effects of background noise on rate of speech (ROS), an excellent indicator of proficiency. It was expected that the average ROS during English noise would b
English monolinguals due to increased informational masking, while the mean ROS for Chinese and silent conditions would be similar. Twotalker background babble was produced by na
recited syntactically normal sentences that were mixed and removed of silent gaps. Participants listened to various audio prompts and responded to these stimuli with speech while English, Chin
presented through headphones. ROS was determined using a Praat script that automatically measured syllable nuclei in speech files by analyzing peaks in sound intensity. Total number
duration of speech to produce ROS measurements. Although the mean ROS during English noise (2.54593 syllables/second) deviated slightly from the Chinese and silent conditions (2. 56368 an
effect is too small to become statistically significant. ANOVA analysis made evident that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected (P=.926). Further analysis adjusted for variation between participa
popular belief, background noise may not have as large of an effect on speech production as often thought.
2005 BE022
Honorable Mention Award National Academy of Neuropsychology
2012 BE022
THE EFFECTS OF MULTITALKER BACKGROUND NOISE ON OVERT SPONTANEOUS SPEECH PRODUCTION
Josh Feng
Sheboygan North High School, Sheboygan, WI
Previous research has shown that English multitalker babble hinders serial recall/speech comprehension in English monolinguals more than foreign babble. The goal of this experiment was to se
speech production by analyzing the effects of background noise on rate of speech (ROS), an excellent indicator of proficiency. It was expected that the average ROS during English noise would b
English monolinguals due to increased informational masking, while the mean ROS for Chinese and silent conditions would be similar. Twotalker background babble was produced by na
recited syntactically normal sentences that were mixed and removed of silent gaps. Participants listened to various audio prompts and responded to these stimuli with speech while English, Chin
presented through headphones. ROS was determined using a Praat script that automatically measured syllable nuclei in speech files by analyzing peaks in sound intensity. Total number
duration of speech to produce ROS measurements. Although the mean ROS during English noise (2.54593 syllables/second) deviated slightly from the Chinese and silent conditions (2. 56368 an
effect is too small to become statistically significant. ANOVA analysis made evident that the null hypothesis cannot be rejected (P=.926). Further analysis adjusted for variation between participa
popular belief, background noise may not have as large of an effect on speech production as often thought.
2007 BE023
PHER OR UNPHER? PHEROMONE INFLUENCE ON HUMAN PREFERENCE AND THE EFFECT OF CIGARETTE SMOKING.
Christian LeeAnne Young
San Jacinto Christian Academy, Amarillo, Texas
This study evaluated the effect of synthetic human pheromones on the preference of humans for inanimate objects. The study was doubleblinded with all variables controlled. Synthetic male phe
was obtained. 100 female subjects were presented with two pieces of gauze in plastic bags with unique identifiers: one had one drop of pheromone. Each gauze was evaluated by feel, visual insp
subjects were asked to choose a preferred one. Recorded data included age, infectious symptoms, allergy symptoms, history of smoking, ability to smell, menstrual history, and the reason for th
and 63% of nonallergic/infected (p=0.011) chose the pheromone gauze. 44% of women chose due to smell; 70% of these women (p=0.003) and 76% 1840 years (p=0.001) chose the pheromone
(p=0.113) and 61% of women 3140 years (p=0.029) chose the pheromone gauze; women over 40 appeared to choose randomly. Male pheromones influenced the preference of females in an age
were originally evaluated they chose the pheromone gauze only 50% of the time consistent with random chance. Fifty additional smokers were tested. Only 37% of the 60 smokers (p=0.00035)
differentiation. Less than 3 packyear smokers chose randomly; higher exposure induced a negative response. Smoking was able to negate or reverse the positive effect of human pheromones.
may be beneficial for antismoking campaigns. Subjects continue to be evaluated. 
2006 BE023
THE EFFECTS OF STEREOTYPE THREAT RELATING TO GENDER AND 11+ GRADING
Katherine Charlotte Rachel Donnelly
Loreto College Coleraine, Northern Ireland, BT51 3JZ
The 11+ examination is still used in Northern Ireland for academic selection top a grammar school. I have examined the effect of reminding pupils of their grades in this examination on their perfo
have discovered significant effects on pupils’ performance in this test in 14 and 15 year old pupils in a Catholic Grammar school. The experiment was planned with 120 pupils in year 11 (
were girls Pupils were divided into 3 groups, one group were to experience the gender stereotype threat, another the 11+ treat and the final group was a control group. Each pupil
had their name on the front and contained an answer grid with a code that referred to the pupils’ sex and 11+ grade. On the front of the answer grid was a stimulus which the pupils had to respond
had to write a short paragraph in response to the stimulus explaining whether or not they agreed with it and why. Only the answer grid was collected so that the test results were confidential. <
2009 BE023
EXPRESSION PROJECT: YOUTH AND CULTURE INTEGRATED
Marina Matias Corte
Colegio Coracao de Maria, Esteio, Rio Grande do Sul, BRASIL
The young people are, every day, surrounded by information, motivation and influences. This project had two main objectives: check these influences, which often have been the base of the youn
ways of cultural expression towards the young people of Esteio city. It was developed in the pilot school, with artistic programming: theatre presentation, film related to the national culture, and da
people that live in Esteio city. Following the methodology, it was selected a public school. Which served as a research field and actions. This choice was based on fact that this school has no cu
group, for example. In order to obtain percentage and more detailed information, questionnaires were applied to students of six schools in Esteio: five public schools and one private. School, so th
were integrated in the research. Workshops were established with students surveyed, with the goal of narrowing the huge gap that often exists between the young and art. The project aims, beyon
with society, culture and the art, change the view that the youngster has about cultural expression, because the culture contributes to social relationships, the selfesteem, leisure, and the intellec
2008 BE023
THE AUDIOVISUAL INFLUENCE TO THE SOCIAL EXCLUSION: USING THE AUDIOVISUAL RESOURCES AS AN EDUCATIONAL INSTRUMENT
Guilherme Antwarg
Escola Brasileira Israelita Chaim Nachman Bialik, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
A very common criticism is that the school being a learning institution and space for the construction of knowledge, shouldn’t allow audiovisual means such as television and cinema assume a r
However, we can’t deny the fact that the audiovisual Medias have influence over individuals in general. The school would be denying the reality in which young people live considering the audiov
of Media reflects as the main reference which young people have to form their way of understanding the world. Admitting the role of cinematographic pieces (the main focus of our theme)
it’s production context), may be used as an educational instrument, if the school knows how to use it, and may guarantee that the student will be able to absorb the context and take a standpoint
guarantee that the student insert himself as a member of society, since he is instinctively discriminating due to his capitalist system. The goal of this report is to verify the existence of a
fact that individuals end up not being able to analyse the facts which he/she sees and hears, becoming unable to assume a respectable position within an evergrowing capitalist and audiovisual
questionnaires used in the 8th grade students of EMEF Lorenço Manoel Sparapan, in Sao Paulo, will serve as a basis for our comprehension about how the schools see the importance of this iss
2004 BE023
EFFECTS OF THE INTERNET IN THE FAMILY
Mónica NievesRivera
Francisco Morales, Naranjito, Puerto Rico
The following research analyses the effects of the Internet in the family. The hypothesis postulates that the use of Internet affects family relations if it is not used properly or under responsible su
survey was done using a questionnaire. There was a reasonable and representative number of families who have the service of Internet. The questionnaires were analyzed and the familie
any, that have occurred among them due to the use of Internet. Once the facts were abridged, other studies related to the theme were analyzed to support the facts obtained. The data w
 According to the results, the conclusion was that the Internet affects family relations in a negative way if it is not used properly or under a responsible supervision.
2003 BE023
EASTERN SHORE BIRD MONITORING TOOL DEVELOPMENT
Justin Alexander Hanacek
Thomas S. Wootton High School, Rockville, Maryland
At the height of the eastern shore migrations hundreds of thousands of birds use the National refuges for shelter and food. Assateague and Chincoteaque Islands are among the largest and most
fowl. These Islands are important for research with bird populations. The purpose of this experiment is to determine if a bird population to bird call ratio can be developed for terns by gathering bot
controlled area. This ratio would be useful because it could then be applied as a bird population assessment tool in the absence of visual verification. This is especially useful during night time mo
species of terns tested, every bird in a feeding area will produce an average of 10 calls over a 30 minute interval and a bird/call ratio of 1:10. This is because terns produce calls when feeding to c
the food is. The experiment uses a unique feature available in the Inlet separating Assateague National Seashore and Ocean City, Maryland. This site allows visual data to be collected
feeding area. Bird calls were captured using an acoustic parabolic microphone. Data was gathered on five different nights of the season migration. In this experiment, the collection of da
establishment of a ratio was successful. However the hypothesis was wrong. The bird/call ratio was about 6:1. No statistical difference was found between actual bird counts and population predi
showed this ratio would accuratly estimate the total population of feeding terns in that area. With more research, this call ratio method may prove to be a useful tool for estimating tern populations
2011 BE023
PAPER VERSUS SCREEN & MEMORIZATION EFFECTS
Allison Kay Herrera
John B Alexander High School, Laredo, TX
This study tests the correlation between a high school student’s ability to memorize and the medium of the reading material. The mediums are specifically hardcopy and softcopy, the difference b
physical, like paper, while softcopy is digital, like a projected image. There were 100 subjects invited to participate, but only 62 subjects complied and consented. All the subjects were s
School during the Fall semester of 2010. The students were asked to read 30 random words on paper for 90 seconds, then attempt to recall and write as many as possible afterwards. Afterwards,
words on a projected screen under the same circumstances. Overall, the hardcopy reading material had a higher accuracy rate than the softcopy reading material. On average female su
likewise 18 year olds did better than 17 year olds. The accumulation of ideas gained from this study leans towards the concept that hardcopy reading material should be used in lieu of softcopy b
ability.
2013 BE023
MY PROJECT IS FANTASTIC! GENDER DIFFERENCES IN SELFPROMOTION AND THEIR EFFECTS ON PERCEPTIONS OF A COLLEGE ESSAY
Arshia Aalami Harandi
Studies have found that men report higher tendencies to selfpromote in the job application process than women and that the effect of selfpromotion depends on the candidate’s gender. Selfprom
in advocating for one’s competence, has led to backlash for female selfpromoters. However, no study has investigated whether similar effects exist in the college application process. This projec
conducted to fill this void. The first study sought to determine whether young men and women have different tendencies to selfpromote. Essays were gathered from high school juniors, coded by
differences. Young men reported having selfpromoted more successfully than young women and did, in fact, write more about their accomplishments and themselves and less about others. The
promoting and the applicant’s gender affect how college admissions officers and guidance counselors perceive an applicant. These professionals were randomly assigned to read a college essay
the applicant’s gender. Results indicated that the selfpromoting male applicant was rated as more socially skilled, likable, and likely to get accepted to a college than the selfpromoting female ap
be the best predictor of perceptions of likely acceptance. The two studies suggest that women are less likely to selfpromote in the college essay and experience backlash when they do. Future r
can present their achievements without triggering backlash.
2012 BE023
OPTOGENETIC INTERROGATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTORCONTAINING NEURONS AS A TECHNIQUE TO RESTORE TIMING: A NOVEL APPROACH TO
John Edward Solder
Staples High School, Westport, CT
Millions suffer debilitating prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairments. Current treatment options are limited; medications affect molecular mechanisms systemically and deep brain stimulation is region
used novel optogenetic interrogation methods to study: 1) the role of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic projections and dopamine D1receptor containing PFC neurons in the control of tim
PFC function critical to daily activities, and 2) optogenetics as a mechanism and regionspecific approach to treat PFC impairment. In work performed in collaboration with a team of university re
performance of rats was observed after dopaminergic blockade both in the VTA and of PFC dopamine D1 receptors, supporting the importance of this brain system in timed responses. Performan
delivery to mice that expressed 473nm, blue laser lightsensitive activating channels, Channelrhodopsin2, specifically in dopamine D1 receptorcontaining neurons. This showed PFC D1 neuron o
related timing performance. Constructs were developed to test a final hypothesis that optogenetic stimulation of postsynaptic PFC D1 receptorcontaining neurons, via blue light sensitive activatin
compensate for a loss of VTA dopamine signaling in mice expressing unfloxed 590nm yellow lightsensitive inhibitory channel halorhodopsin in VTA neurons. The findings demonstrate the import
control of timing responses and provide a novel optogenetic treatment model for PFC disorders, including those arising from impairments upstream.
2010 BE023
UNDERSTANDING THE PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS RELATED TO LOW MAMMOGRAPHY ADHERENCE AMONGST LOWINCOME, URBAN AFRICAN AMERICANS
Kevin Young Xu
The American Cancer Society and the National Cancer Institute suggest that women receive an annual mammogram after age 40. Unfortunately, researchers have estimated that up to 50% of low
to the standards for mammography screening. The present study sought to examine factors related to low mammography adherence rates amongst lowincome, African American women residing
highest breast cancer mortality rates nationwide. In this study, participants (N=100) were surveyed about their knowledge of breast cancer, fatalism, spirituality, and participatory decision making.
breast cancer early detection, participants were surveyed a second time. This study revealed that only 44% of participants were complying with the recommendations for annual mammography sc
receiving annual mammograms tended to have higher levels of breast cancer literacy (p<.01), lower levels of fatalism (p<.05), lower levels of spirituality (p<.01), and higher levels of participatory
who did not adhere to the standards for mammography screening. Following the educational intervention, participants indicated significantly higher breast cancer literacy (p<.01). In addition, after
that they would obtain a mammogram in the upcoming year (90%) as opposed to before educational intervention (52%, p<.01). This finding highlights the potential of educational presentations to
adherence amongst lowincome, urban, African American populations.
2005 BE023
STANDARD FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PROTOCOL FOR THE STUDY OF NEURONAL RESPONSES TO FOOD STIMULI IN HUMANS
Daniel E Katz
Ossining High School, Ossining, NY, United States of America
The neural network responsible for appetite regulation and food ingestion is currently being redefined to incorporate sociocultural and integrative factors. Functional brain imaging now allows for in
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI), yet there is no existing standardized protocol for appetiterelated changes. This experiment aimed at creating this protocol and examining the neur
subjects were scanned using fMRI after being exposed to target food objects or nonfood objects via visual and tactile sensory trials. A standard block design was used to eliminate extraneous a
through a series of conjunctions and subtractions between each of conditions (Food or nonfood, visual or tactile combinations) computed to find final activation levels. Foodrelated activation ten
food (mean ± SEM, 2147 ± 548 vs 1304 ± 329, P = 0.06). The neural network was located to contain activation within the cerebellum, middle frontal gyrus, lingual gyrus, middle occipital gyrus, in
and subgyrus.
2012 BE023
OPTOGENETIC INTERROGATION OF PREFRONTAL CORTEX DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTORCONTAINING NEURONS AS A TECHNIQUE TO RESTORE TIMING: A NOVEL APPROACH TO
John Edward Solder
Millions suffer debilitating prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairments. Current treatment options are limited; medications affect molecular mechanisms systemically and deep brain stimulation is region
used novel optogenetic interrogation methods to study: 1) the role of ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopaminergic projections and dopamine D1receptor containing PFC neurons in the control of tim
PFC function critical to daily activities, and 2) optogenetics as a mechanism and regionspecific approach to treat PFC impairment. In work performed in collaboration with a team of university re
performance of rats was observed after dopaminergic blockade both in the VTA and of PFC dopamine D1 receptors, supporting the importance of this brain system in timed responses. Performan
delivery to mice that expressed 473nm, blue laser lightsensitive activating channels, Channelrhodopsin2, specifically in dopamine D1 receptorcontaining neurons. This showed PFC D1 neuron o
related timing performance. Constructs were developed to test a final hypothesis that optogenetic stimulation of postsynaptic PFC D1 receptorcontaining neurons, via blue light sensitive activatin
compensate for a loss of VTA dopamine signaling in mice expressing unfloxed 590nm yellow lightsensitive inhibitory channel halorhodopsin in VTA neurons. The findings demonstrate the import
control of timing responses and provide a novel optogenetic treatment model for PFC disorders, including those arising from impairments upstream.
First Award of $2,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2010 BE024
THE EFFECT OF CONGRUENT AND INCONGRUENT FACIAL EXPRESSIONS ON REMEMBERING THE EMOTIONS OF OTHERS
Willa Grace Kerkhoff
Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon, OH
People use many different levels of communication when remembering the emotions of others. Using an internet survey, I investigated how well a subject remembered another’s emotions when th
incongruent with the stated emotion. Subjects (N=96) viewed faces coupled with a statement made by the pictured person about how they felt. Afterwards, they answered questions about how the
subject felt that way (recall). I recorded the scores for congruent and incongruent questions, and then compared those scores between men and women, and between different age groups. I found
on both recall (+0.17 on average out of 8) and recognition (+0.43) questions when the facial expression was congruent with the emotion expressed. Women had a higher average score (+0.8) than
greater sensitivity to the feelings of others than men. In older subjects, the average score went down for incongruent facial, but actually increased for congruent expressions. Perhaps as a person
focus more on remembering faces than words. Human social interactions involve multiple levels of communication, and they depend on our ability to recall the thoughts and feelings of others. Th
communication contribute to memory formation will help us to understand how our minds function in social evironments.
2012 BE024
WHAT ARE THE CORRELATIONAL EFFECTS BETWEEN TEACHING STYLE, HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE AND STUDENTS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE?
Tessa Ray Carver
Existing research has linked hemispheric dominance with student’s learning capabilities. This study was designed to determine if a teaching style, formatted to match a particular type of hemisph
academic performance. It was hypothesized that lessons formatted to match the learning style associated with a particular hemispheric dominance would improve academic performance as demo
material taught. Two hundred thirtyfour students were assigned to participate in one of two lesson plans, one using rightbrain strategies (intuitive, creative, nonverbal) and the other using leftbra
Students were compared on pre/posttest scores to determine if the matched teaching style resulted in improved performance. The results of the study disproved the hypothesis since no group ta
statistically significant gain scores between the pre/posttest. However the results did establish that students who were rightbrain and middlebrain were especially apt to benefit from the leftbrain
reached the level of statistical significance at a confidence interval of 75%. Further, teachers were given the same hemispheric dominance inventory and a survey questioning which teaching styl
learning. In spite of the positive findings for leftbrain teaching strategies found here, only 5% of teachers report that a leftbrain teaching style was most effective, with the other 95% preferring a
additional research is warranted, it appears teachers should use a leftbrain approach for greater success in the classroom.
2013 BE024
THE EFFECTS OF AN ADMINISTRATOR'S PROSODY ON AUTISTIC CHILDREN
Shannon Catherine Boley
Westfield High School, Westfield, MA
This project used a single subject alternating treatment design to test how three autistic children responded to directions said in a monotone, animated, and a typical tone of voice; these were qua
with Fast Fourier Transform tests. It was hypothesized that an animated (higher pitch) voice would spur a higher percent independence because of its correlation with positive reinforcement. Sixte
previously mastered, as determined by Applied Behavioral Analysis (ABA), were recorded in the three different tones of voice. ABA tests which incorporated the previously mastered directions we
school, where qualified teachers tested the students using the audio CD. For the higher functioning student, the prosody had little effect on percent independence, indicating that tone of voice did
directions. One lower functioning student indicated a clear preference for the animated voice, while the other experienced an enhanced ability to comprehend directions stated in either a monotone
hypothesis was disproved, this data contributes to previous research and shows that lower functioning students are more affected by tone of voice than higher functioning autistic students. By re
autistic students in the future, one can determine what tone of voice each individual best responds to. Although ideally students should respond to all tones of voice equally, this data can be used
behaviors.
2003 BE024
DO SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES AFFECT TEENS' DECISIONS?
Ashley Ann Gowgiel
Lakewood Ranch High School, Bradenton FL, United States of America
A reason for this project is to discover if teenagers are affected by audio and/or visual subliminal messages. After returning the signed permission forms, the subjects listened to a clip of Beethov
subliminal message of a shape, color, and number. The test subjects then chose a shape, color, and number from a list of three choices for each variable that I gave to them. They then watched
applied for the subliminal message, and were once again asked to chose a shape, color, and number. The individual test subject data was tabulated and analyzed for percent of correct answers f
answers overall. The manipulated variables in this experiment were the subliminal messages (Shape, color, and number). The responding variable was the choice of the test subject. <br
of the subjects tested correctly identified that there was a color in the first audio test, 42% identified that there was a shape in the second audio test, 25% of people identified that there was a num
identified that there was no subliminal message (control) in the last audio test. In the visual category, 45% identified color correctly, 37% answered shape correctly, 31% answered number correc
correctly. 
2004 BE024
ACOUSTIC CONFUSIONS IN IMMEDIATE MEMORY
Courtney Michelle Howard
Jefferson High School, Lafayette, Indiana, United States
I tested Purdue University students using an identity test and a memory recall test. The students were all native American English speakers, eighteen to twentyone years of age. Miller Nicely I t
syllables that the students heard over a microphone with a white background noise that distorted the recorded speaker. Miller Nicely II orally presented a set of five syllable clusters that were to b
recording over white background noise. I formed confusion matrixes and multidimensional scales that visually represented the correlation between the identity and the memory recall.
the proportion of errors performed on both tests individually and the overall average of all twentyfour students, with the importance put on individual results. The results will help link information to
 
2005 BE024
PISCO A PERUVIAN CULTURAL HERITAGE
Paula Mariana Zambrano
C.E. Parroquial San Antonio de Padua Jesús María Lima Perú
Wine and its byproducts production is an economic potential which can promote Peruvian products within international market. Given the controversy about “The Peruvian origin of Pisco” against
of Peruvian’s register, in order to extend the commercialization of this Peruvian grape liquor with the “Denominación de origen Pisco” our purpose is to clarify this dilemma. Hypothesis: "
because Peru owns historic, social, productive and geographic arguments that can prove such argument. Methodology: Theoretical investigation, exploration and expert judgment. PERÚ
of Pisco Harbor (1574), Ica’s old resident found testament (1613). Date Foundation: Pisco Town (1640). Technology Production: XVI Century: used fresh grapejuice, earthen clay pitcher, discont
don’t include aggregates. CHILE: Pisco Elqui (1936), Since 1670 grape spirituous liquor was elaborated, wine was obtained first in continuous distillatory, moderated with distillated water,
yellowish tonality. Beginning Chilean’s prototype industry (XIX century 1831) actual controversy starts. Pisco is Our Cultural Heritage. It isn’t a matter who produces more liquor, who can
publiciting campaigns, or who has the best prices in the international/national market. The point is to defend Peruvian origin. Nobody questions the quality of another liquor. This investigation dem
integrant of the Lisbon’s Agreement in order to register the “Denominación de Origen Pisco” at the “World Intellectual Property Organization” in defense of our legitimate ownership. 
2008 BE024
THE IMMEDIATE EFFECT OF THE INFORMATIONPROCESSING OF SOCIOCULTURAL NORMS ON THE LEVELS OF BODY DISSATISFACTION AND THINIDEAL INTERNALIZATION
Joyce Dhawon Chung
Prior research supports that body dissatisfaction and thinideal internalization are risk factors in the emergence of eating disorders among adolescents and young adults. This experiment sought t
processing of sociocultural norms would alter cognitive constructs of participants, leading to changes in body dissatisfaction and thinideal internalization. Males were hypothesized to form differe
resulting in different changes in the levels of body dissatisfaction and thinideal internalization. The BodyImage Assessment Software (BIAS), a computer program that uploaded a virtua
the computer screen, assessed the level of body dissatisfaction of participants. The Multidimensional Media Influence Scale (MMIS) assessed the level of thinideal internalization of participants
and thinideal internalization were measured, participants in the experimental group were exposed to sociocultural norms. Participants in the control group were exposed to neutral stimuli. Their le
internalization were measured again. Sixtyseven participants volunteered for the experiment (n=67). There were 25 male, 25 female, and 17 control participants. The female experimenta
increase in body dissatisfaction and thinideal internalization, while male experimental participants experienced a slight increase. Both experimental groups yielded statistically significant results (
greater extent than males after exposure to sociocultural norms. Results suggest that females developed different cognitive constructs than males after construct intervention, leading to differen
and thinideal internalization.
2009 BE024
IN SEARCH FOR THE LOST SCIENCE: EPISTEMIC LOSSES AND THE PATH TO THE UNIQUE PARADIGM
Tamara Gedankien
Escola Brasileira Israelita Chaim Nachmann Bialik, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
This project is the result of the perception made on the path taken by some pieces of knowledge as they become forgotten, and thus, can be classified as epistemic losses. Our hypothe
and the consequential paradigm shifts (Kuhn, 1970) were the only factors responsible for this phenomenon, was partially confirmed. The bibliography review on the evolution of Physics a
paradigm shift. And, through an analysis of a specific case of epistemic loss the Brachistochrone – we could testify in which circumstances the discontinuation of a concept can be not only a c
problem. Epistemic losses were also approached in another context. Technical and scientific knowledge is abandoned by the cultural domination of a nation upon another. In m
tries to find this type of knowledge forms an area called Ethnomathematics. We selected two examples of epistemic losses rescued by Ethnomathematics: the Angolan sand drawings, or sona, a
the khipus. Our hypothesis was amplified with the incorporation of those culturally originated epistemic losses, and the analysis led us to two central ideas: Despite the continuou
mankind is systematically less practical and economic. Simple solutions are being replaced by complex and expensive ones. We could also notice a contradiction between a world that is
time with fewer perspectives: a world of a unique paradigm.
2007 BE024
STATE STRUCTURE FEATURES OF MONGOL EMPIRE DURING THE REIGN OF GENGHIS KHAN
Arsalan Zhambalov
Aginsk Okrug Gymnasium, v. Aginskoye, RUSSIA
The role of an individual plays an important role in history studies because it was strongwilled people, who determined – at crucial moments – the ways of the development of their people, state a
work is devoted to studying the activities of the second millennium man, the founder of Mongol Empire – Genghis Khan. The purpose of the work is to reveal the peculiarities of the Mongol Empir
the role of Genghis Khan as a great state figure. The analysis of relevant popularscientific literature was performed during the work. On the base of the analysis the author outlined the pe
system with the position of Mongolian tribes before the state foundation. The grounds of the essence of the state military and administrative system are given, the peculiarities of officials selectio
development of Law and the importance of judicial power. On the basis of the research the author concluded that, besides the popularly known features, Genghis Khan had an outstandin
foresight, which allows to define him an outstanding state figure of the Middle Ages. 
2011 BE024
A STUDY OF THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF ARITHMETIC COMBINATORIAL PROCESSING USING MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)
Liza Joely Strauss
Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, NY
Few neurolinguistic studies have investigated our brain’s basic ability to combine simple units to make meaning out of complex constructions. Recent methodological advances in the study of lin
of arithmetic combinatorial processing. In this work, we have used list and addition calculation tasks to investigate the domain generality or specificity of brain regions of interest. Using Magnetoe
examined areas of the brain that underlie our ability to interpret numerical quantity and perform calculations. Subjects were asked to match singledigit numbers to a corresponding array of dots in
calculations in the addition task. Results showed that the Interparietal Sulcus is crucial in processing numerical magnitude. While activation in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex is associated w
inactive when creating an arithmetic composition, suggesting that this area operates differently in different domains. Unexpectedly, Broca’s area was more active in the addition task than in the li
about this area’s association with memory. Anterior Temporal Lobe activation in the addition task proves that this region plays the same role it does in mathematical processing as it does in langu
2006 BE024
SOUNDS INTO SYLLABLES(TM) II WINDOWS TO THE WORLD OF CHILDHOOD AUTISM
Kayla Cornale
Assumption Catholic Secondary School, Burlington Ontario, Canada
To assist children diagnosed with autism, I created a teaching system called Sounds into Syllables™. It is based on the premise that various musical components can assist these children with
difficulties. This project represents the second phase of the system in both method and application. Harmony is introduced with the creation of six 3 part harmonies that are linked to the
afraid, angry, surprised and disgusted. Three 2 part harmonies have also been created and linked to the concepts of nouns, verbs and adjectives. These harmonies have been integrated into a ch
created specifically for the system and titled The Story of Little Bear. It is designed to assist these children with face perception, recognition of emotional expression and to stimulate inte
their social interaction with others. It also addresses sentence construction by teaching nouns, verbs and adjectives within a series of simple sentences. The conclusion that musical har
and sentence construction difficulties can be drawn from the progress of the nine year old test subject. She has demonstrated enhanced face perception and recognition of emotional expression,
face by using a mirror. Her primary interest in the story is with the changing emotions of the central character Little Bear. 
Award of $1,000 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
2014 BE024
"ARE YOU SURE?" A MULTIFACTOR ANALYSIS: ARE EYEWITNESS TESTIMONIES DOOMING THE INNOCENT?
Ansley Elizabeth Lynn
Glenwood School, Smiths, AL, United States of America
This project examines two specific factors that influence the accuracy and confidence of eyewitness identification in criminal proceedings. PostIdentification Feedback refers to comme
lineup. Offhand remarks such as “good job!” or “I don’t know!” can give cues to witnesses that lineup decisions are either correct or incorrect, raising or lowering the witness’s confidence before t
members of one race are less able to identify suspects of another race. This project tested both factors. In this experiment, a total of 235 people watched two videotaped mock crimes.
local theatre school. After each video, witnesses were shown a sequential, suspectpresent lineup and asked confidence questions. Some received positive comments, others negative, others no
PIF impact. Fully 31 percent of those given feedback indicated they felt more or less sure about their choice, indicating that in nearly one third of cases, witnesses could be easily swayed.
For example, 56 percent of white participants who live in racially homogenous neighborhoods made the wrong choice in the African American lineup. The error rate dropped to 38 percent among w
neighborhoods. Whites were more correct with the lineup of white suspects; blacks more correct with the African American lineup. An earlier project looked at accuracy overall. This phas
judicial procedures dealing with eyewitnesses to eliminate or filter for biases and help reduce the number of wrongful convictions.
2006 BE024
SOUNDS INTO SYLLABLES(TM) II WINDOWS TO THE WORLD OF CHILDHOOD AUTISM
Kayla Cornale
Assumption Catholic Secondary School, Burlington Ontario, Canada
To assist children diagnosed with autism, I created a teaching system called Sounds into Syllables™. It is based on the premise that various musical components can assist these children with
difficulties. This project represents the second phase of the system in both method and application. Harmony is introduced with the creation of six 3 part harmonies that are linked to the
afraid, angry, surprised and disgusted. Three 2 part harmonies have also been created and linked to the concepts of nouns, verbs and adjectives. These harmonies have been integrated into a ch
created specifically for the system and titled The Story of Little Bear. It is designed to assist these children with face perception, recognition of emotional expression and to stimulate inte
their social interaction with others. It also addresses sentence construction by teaching nouns, verbs and adjectives within a series of simple sentences. The conclusion that musical har
and sentence construction difficulties can be drawn from the progress of the nine year old test subject. She has demonstrated enhanced face perception and recognition of emotional expression,
face by using a mirror. Her primary interest in the story is with the changing emotions of the central character Little Bear. 
Mathematica software package for all Intel Grand award first place winners. Wolfram Research, Inc.
2014 BE024
"ARE YOU SURE?" A MULTIFACTOR ANALYSIS: ARE EYEWITNESS TESTIMONIES DOOMING THE INNOCENT?
Ansley Elizabeth Lynn
Glenwood School, Smiths, AL, United States of America
This project examines two specific factors that influence the accuracy and confidence of eyewitness identification in criminal proceedings. PostIdentification Feedback refers to comme
lineup. Offhand remarks such as “good job!” or “I don’t know!” can give cues to witnesses that lineup decisions are either correct or incorrect, raising or lowering the witness’s confidence before t
members of one race are less able to identify suspects of another race. This project tested both factors. In this experiment, a total of 235 people watched two videotaped mock crimes.
local theatre school. After each video, witnesses were shown a sequential, suspectpresent lineup and asked confidence questions. Some received positive comments, others negative, others no
PIF impact. Fully 31 percent of those given feedback indicated they felt more or less sure about their choice, indicating that in nearly one third of cases, witnesses could be easily swayed.
For example, 56 percent of white participants who live in racially homogenous neighborhoods made the wrong choice in the African American lineup. The error rate dropped to 38 percent among w
neighborhoods. Whites were more correct with the lineup of white suspects; blacks more correct with the African American lineup. An earlier project looked at accuracy overall. This phas
judicial procedures dealing with eyewitnesses to eliminate or filter for biases and help reduce the number of wrongful convictions.
Third Award of $1,000 Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology
2011 BE024
A STUDY OF THE COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE OF ARITHMETIC COMBINATORIAL PROCESSING USING MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY (MEG)
Liza Joely Strauss
Mamaroneck High School, Mamaroneck, NY
Few neurolinguistic studies have investigated our brain’s basic ability to combine simple units to make meaning out of complex constructions. Recent methodological advances in the study of lin
of arithmetic combinatorial processing. In this work, we have used list and addition calculation tasks to investigate the domain generality or specificity of brain regions of interest. Using Magnetoe
examined areas of the brain that underlie our ability to interpret numerical quantity and perform calculations. Subjects were asked to match singledigit numbers to a corresponding array of dots in
calculations in the addition task. Results showed that the Interparietal Sulcus is crucial in processing numerical magnitude. While activation in the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex is associated w
inactive when creating an arithmetic composition, suggesting that this area operates differently in different domains. Unexpectedly, Broca’s area was more active in the addition task than in the li
about this area’s association with memory. Anterior Temporal Lobe activation in the addition task proves that this region plays the same role it does in mathematical processing as it does in langu
2007 BE025
THE EFFECT OF PHENOTYPIC VARIATIONS ON A BISPECTRAL INDEX LEVEL DURING SLEEP
Adare Marie Morell
Okaloosa Walton Collegiate High School, Niceville Fl, United States
Research has demonstrated that persons with red hair require more anesthesia during surgery. This known fact about a practical difference that this phenotypic characteristic may play a role in le
machine called the BIS monitor. The BIS is a processed Electroencephalography (EEG) parameter, derived from measurements which are then represented in a single number. The BIS has been
person's hypnotic state, with numbers from 100 when the subject is wide awake, to 0 when brain activity is absent. I measured the Bispectral Index Level (BIS) during natural sleep and hypothesi
individual being tested would affect the BIS reading. I studied 19 persons who each spent a one hour period monitored by the BIS. Their lowest Bispectral Index Level was recorded.
the monitoring period. The BIS readings were then evaluated to determine if phenotypic differences within the population had an effect. Hair color and gender did not demonstrate that the
my study. The nonphenotypic variable of age also failed to statistically show differences in the BIS levels recorded during my study. However, a higher power study with a larger sample size and
heads vs. non red heads is highly recommended. In my study, it is also indicated that anesthesiologists may want to reevaluate the BIS level they keep patients suppressed at during surgery du
shows that humans can enter a significantly lower BIS level during natural sleep than they are suppressed at during surgery. 
2009 BE025
DOES THE AGE AND GENDER AFFECT THE ABILITY TO REMEMBER INFORMATION? PHASE III: IMAGES VS. WORDS
Hans Christian Jetter
Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this experiment was to determine, if words were recalled more than images. A sample of 100 human subjects divided into 5 groups of 20 people, 10 males and 10 females ages 10
covering a ten year span. Every human subject was tested using the same picture containing the 20 different words representing the objects of the two previous examinations. The subjects were
then it was hid from them. They had one minute to write the items recalled. The results showed that females in the ages 3039 years old were able to remember the highest amount of items (9.2 w
constantly remember more words than males. These results are consistent with previous examinations (color and black & white objects). Males remembered more items up to the age of 29 years
The variable of color and to have changed the objects for words has proven that these variables have an impact in the persons’ ability to remember information. The word recalled the most was th
The word written first the most was the butterfly, recalled by 35% of the participants. The words recalled the least were the guitar, telephone and plant, each recalled by 22% of the participants. T
chair, recalled by 10% of the participants.
2003 BE025
HOW RELAXATION AFFECTS THE BODY AND MIND
David Randall Schulze
Tom C. Clark High School, San Antonio, TX USA
This project investigated the effects of relaxation on the body and mind. Relaxation was achieved by having the subjects enter a sensory deprivation tank of water and remain there for a short per
1.2191 X 2.4384 meters and holds 0.90624 cubic meters of water. It holds 272.15544 kg of magnesium sulfate and it is located in a quiet area of the house. Thirtysix subjects were used for this
tank completely relaxes the body; consequently this allows for mental relaxation as well. Thirtysix subjects were divided into groups based on age, gender, and the amount of time spent in the ta
of tests measuring both physical and mental abilities. The tests were: SAT Math, SAT Language, Mental Processing Speed, Chimera Test of Mental Maturity, Content With Life, Blood Pressure,
the results were statistically analyzed according to a T test. The results indicated that young males received greater benefits and scored better on the posttest. These results show a sig
mental state of subjects after being in the tank had a T value equal to 2.603723676 whereas, the subjects that did not enter the tank only indicated a T value equal to 0.6883692642 in scores com
level of significance in the T test indicates that there is a positive difference in mental and physical abilities as a result of spending time in a sensory deprivation tank.
2013 BE025
THE IMPACT OF PARENTING STYLE ON ADOLESCENT EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE: A CROSSCULTURAL STUDY
Ye Rin Koh
PlainviewOld Bethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, NY
The present study investigates the relationship between perceived parenting style and emotional intelligence in a population of high school to collegeaged adolescents. There was a comparison o
sample and a EuropeanAmerican sample to examine the role of culture in determining the degree of impact parenting style has on emotional intelligence. Perceived parenting style and authoritat
Parenting Style Index. Trait Emotional Intelligence QuestionnaireShort Form was used to measure the subjects’ trait emotional intelligence (TEI). KruskalWallis analysis showed statistically sign
styles on emotional intelligence for both cultural groups (p=.020, KoreanAmericans; p=.045, EuropeanAmericans). Parental acceptance, involvement and warmth appeared to be particularly bene
groups. Authoritative parenting was associated with higher TEI, especially in the KoreanAmerican sample. Conversely, data suggests a detrimental consequence of authoritarian parenting style o
both cultures, despite its common perception as a typical, accepted style of parenting in AsianAmerican families; this finding also contradicts an implication of some past studies suggesting tha
for Asian adolescents. The findings of this study emphasize the importance of cultural consideration in research regarding the consequences of parenting and encourages parenting behavior that
intelligence in all adolescents, regardless of culture.
2014 BE025
AN ANALYSIS OF SELFPERCEPTION IN RELATION TO THE DECISION TO INTERVENE IN BULLYING SITUATIONS WITHIN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
Tessa Ray Carver
Weber High School, Pleasant View, UT, United States of America
Bullying is a serious concern at schools related to student wellbeing and academic performance. Educators face mounting pressure to intervene in bullying situations. Existing research linked se
bullying situations. This study was designed to determine if (SP) is related to an educator’s decision to intervene in bullying situations and student attitudes regarding the need for intervention (NI)
medium (SP) would see the highest (NI), while those with low (SP) would see the least (NI). It was also hypothesized students with low (SP) would see the highest (NI), and those with high (SP) w
surveyed to identify their (SP) and then reviewed four bullying scenarios followed by several questions relating (NI). 298 students completed the same questionnaire. The educators and students
into five (SP) groups, high, mediumhigh, medium, mediumlow, and low (SP). No participants fell in the low (SP) group, and no educators fell in the mediumlow (SP) group. The results of the stu
with higher (SP) saw greater (NI) across scenarios, while those with low (SP) saw less (NI). However, this trend showed no statistical significance. The study did find that overall, students see gre
reached a level of statistical significance at p.= 0.10. Applications related to emphasis on using researchbased strategies for intervening in bullying situations were found as well as avenues for f
2012 BE025
THE EFFECTS OF THE MAJORITY'S OPINION ON MINORITY'S DECISION IN RELATION TO GRADE LEVEL
Elias Bradley Johnson
This project examined effects of the majority’s opinion on the minority’s decision in relation to grade level. Participants in 3rd, 5th, 8th, and 12th grade were tested. Confederates answered first, a
were unaware of the experiment were recorded and calculated. Based on scientific literature, it was hypothesized that 3rd graders would conform the most followed by 8th, 5th, and 12th grade par
for all grade levels with an increase in difficulty between tiers. In tier two, 3rd graders conformed the most with no statistical significance between the upper three grades. In tier three, there was n
5th, and 8th grade participants who all conformed at higher rates than 12th grade. A computation of tiers show 3rd graders conformed the most, followed by 5th and 8th grade, where there was no
12th grade participants conformed the least. The data indicates that in situations where material is easy to comprehend students are willing to formulate their own responses at the risk o
are harder to comprehend, students in lower grades rely heavily on peer input. This is important because the data suggests teachers implement less group work in lower grade levels an
to understand. This would be to ensure students grasp concepts and are working through problems by themselves. However, it is not necessary in 12th grade where they generally formulate their
2005 BE025
ORIGINS OF MASS POLARIZATION IN THE TUCSON ELECTORATE
William Amado Green
Rio Rico High School, Rio Rico, Arizona, United States
It is known that the Tucson/American electorate is highly polarized. Several reports from independent agencies and research institutions have been released stating that the causes of this polariz
news channel one views most frequently. In hope of discovering some of the leading causes of polarization a questionnaire was developed addressing issues ranging from the ongoing war in Iraq
United States. Once the questionnaire was developed a random sampling of approximately 5000 registered Tucson voters was obtained and used to call, and acquire responses from 400 resident
through February 7th 2005. Overall it appears that there are many contributing factors to mass polarization in the Tucson electorate. It is evident that a voter's perception of the war in Ir
P<0.000, respectively) as well as whether Saddam Hussein was involved in the September 11th tragedy and whether there are weapons of mass destruction in Iraq (P<0.000 and P<0.004, respec
when they decided for whom they would vote. Other factors such as, fear of terrorist attacks in the United States (P<0.000), a voters perception of U.S. military fatalities in Iraq (P<0.000), and th
a voter receives news (P<0.001 & P<0.000, respectively) appear to strongly contribute to partisan polarization. 
Second Award of $500 and a certificate American Psychological Association
2004 BE025
THE CHIMPANZEE (PAN TROGLODYTES) VOCALIZATION PROJECT REDISCOVERING A LOST FORM OF COMMUNICATION
Elizabeth (Liz) Anne Baker
University High School, 422 N. Arcadia Blvd, Tucson, AZ USA 85711
Over a fourmonth period of time, the vocalizations of sixteen captive chimpanzees were observed. Reliability in the identification of the types of vocalization was ensured through a twoyear regis
established chimpanzee data collection instrument resulted in a total of 960 data points.. Because there were limitations in the established instrument, a more descriptive qualitative system for do
Both the quantitative and qualitative data were compared to a worldwide database of 44,762 chimpanzee data points. An analysis of the data revealed that chimpanzees in the selec
never before recognized. The vocalizations were significant at the 0.000000003 level. Out of the 581 vocalizations, Pant Hoots and Bronx Cheers were significant at the .05 level. In addition, five
detected. Chimpanzees that vocalized the longest per hour were the oldest and only wildcaught chimpanzees (Bonnie 11.67% and Toto 9.33%), and, interestingly, the one who vocalized the sho
(0.35%), who continuously escapes. There were 69 absent vocalizations in emotional situations refuting the common belief that chimpanzee vocalizations stem only from their limbic system, not
 It is clear that chimpanzees vocalize far more than previously imagined. Two vocalizations are particularly significant to their communication. Researchers can no longer assume that al
a new type of vocalizations was discovered. This study established a baseline for current research and a mandate for future studies. 
2011 BE025
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CONSEQUENTIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MORAL DECISIONMAKING
Katherine Michelle Mangialardi
Ossining High School, Ossining
The decision between right and wrong plays an integral role in human life; and it is crucial to determine how the context of a situation can alter such decisions. The present study attempted to det
overtakes altruism through the variance of circumstantial factors surrounding a moral dilemma. Stimuli were presented via the Psychtoolbox application of Matlab, a technical computing software
of a simple moral dilemma, in which they were asked to choose whether to “keep” or “turn in” a found wallet. Dilemmas were varied based on social (the wallet’s owner), economic (monetary amou
consequential (probability of getting caught for keeping the wallet) factors. Subjects completed 30 distinct trials, each in which subjects’ decisions and reaction times were recorded. Subjects’ dec
probability of getting caught, contained monetary amount, wallet’s owner, and reaction time in multiple arrangements. Data was also segregated by gender. It was determined that overall, female s
males, choosing to turn in the wallet more often (p<0.05). However, when a degree of social connectedness existed between the owner of the wallet and the subject, males opted to turn in the wa
consequence and monetary value were increased, the number of subjects choosing to keep the wallet decreased. Future research may continue to investigate the role of different neural systems
moral decisionmaking using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
2004 BE025
THE CHIMPANZEE (PAN TROGLODYTES) VOCALIZATION PROJECT REDISCOVERING A LOST FORM OF COMMUNICATION
Elizabeth (Liz) Anne Baker
University High School, 422 N. Arcadia Blvd, Tucson, AZ USA 85711
Over a fourmonth period of time, the vocalizations of sixteen captive chimpanzees were observed. Reliability in the identification of the types of vocalization was ensured through a twoyear regis
established chimpanzee data collection instrument resulted in a total of 960 data points.. Because there were limitations in the established instrument, a more descriptive qualitative system for do
Both the quantitative and qualitative data were compared to a worldwide database of 44,762 chimpanzee data points. An analysis of the data revealed that chimpanzees in the selec
never before recognized. The vocalizations were significant at the 0.000000003 level. Out of the 581 vocalizations, Pant Hoots and Bronx Cheers were significant at the .05 level. In addition, five
detected. Chimpanzees that vocalized the longest per hour were the oldest and only wildcaught chimpanzees (Bonnie 11.67% and Toto 9.33%), and, interestingly, the one who vocalized the sho
(0.35%), who continuously escapes. There were 69 absent vocalizations in emotional situations refuting the common belief that chimpanzee vocalizations stem only from their limbic system, not
 It is clear that chimpanzees vocalize far more than previously imagined. Two vocalizations are particularly significant to their communication. Researchers can no longer assume that al
a new type of vocalizations was discovered. This study established a baseline for current research and a mandate for future studies. 
2008 BE025
QUE? QUOI? DO LANGUAGES WITH GRAMMATICAL GENDER PROMOTE SEXIST ATTITUDES?
Benjamin David Wasserman
A series of three experiments explored the link between the grammatical structures of a language and expressed sexist attitudes. It was hypothesized that students who read a passage and com
language with grammatical gender would express more sexist attitudes than students who completed the same survey in a language without grammatical gender. In experiment one, 74 high scho
level Spanish classes read and completed either the Spanish version of the passage and survey or the English version. The students who completed the Spanish version expressed significantly
completed the survey in English (p<.05). The second experiment replicated the experiment on 85 high school upperlevel French students. The students who completed the French version of the
sexist attitudes than students who completed the survey in English (p<.01). In the third experiment, the experiment was replicated on 66 high school students who were fluent in both English and
condition expressed marginally more sexist attitudes than students in the English condition (p=.057). In addition, in all three experiments, male participants expressed significantly more sexist att
The results of this study show support for the idea that languages with grammatical gender may promote sexist attitudes in people who read the language.
2011 BE025
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CONSEQUENTIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MORAL DECISIONMAKING
Ossining High School, Ossining
The decision between right and wrong plays an integral role in human life; and it is crucial to determine how the context of a situation can alter such decisions. The present study attempted to det
overtakes altruism through the variance of circumstantial factors surrounding a moral dilemma. Stimuli were presented via the Psychtoolbox application of Matlab, a technical computing software
of a simple moral dilemma, in which they were asked to choose whether to “keep” or “turn in” a found wallet. Dilemmas were varied based on social (the wallet’s owner), economic (monetary amou
consequential (probability of getting caught for keeping the wallet) factors. Subjects completed 30 distinct trials, each in which subjects’ decisions and reaction times were recorded. Subjects’ dec
probability of getting caught, contained monetary amount, wallet’s owner, and reaction time in multiple arrangements. Data was also segregated by gender. It was determined that overall, female s
males, choosing to turn in the wallet more often (p<0.05). However, when a degree of social connectedness existed between the owner of the wallet and the subject, males opted to turn in the wa
consequence and monetary value were increased, the number of subjects choosing to keep the wallet decreased. Future research may continue to investigate the role of different neural systems
moral decisionmaking using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
2010 BE025
OBESITY AND DEPRESSION: DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSES TO ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS
Sarah Averi Albala
John Jay Senior High School, Cross River, NY
Over 300 million people in the world are obese. It has been shown that obesity can significantly decrease quality of life through its impact on psychological factors including depression.
cause for disability. Previous literature has suggested that depression and obesity are directly related. However the studies that link depression and obesity have limitations. Unlike the simple con
links between depression and obesity are far more complex. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and depression in a multiethnic cohort with focus on inclusion
regression models. This study utilized a cohort of 3,298 urban community residents. Using SAS version 9.2, the relationship between obesity and depression was examined adjusting for social va
gender, and social networks. Raceethnicity was coded in three different ways to analyze the overall impact of race, and the specific impact that race has on depression and obesity, as well as d
ethnic groups. A multivariable model with obesity as the dependent variable found no significant relationship between obesity and depression. Gender was found to be a strong predictor of both de
differential findings for the importance of social networks on obesity and depression. These models suggest that raceethnicity and gender are critical influences on stress as mediators for depres
2008 BE025
QUE? QUOI? DO LANGUAGES WITH GRAMMATICAL GENDER PROMOTE SEXIST ATTITUDES?
Benjamin David Wasserman
A series of three experiments explored the link between the grammatical structures of a language and expressed sexist attitudes. It was hypothesized that students who read a passage and com
language with grammatical gender would express more sexist attitudes than students who completed the same survey in a language without grammatical gender. In experiment one, 74 high scho
level Spanish classes read and completed either the Spanish version of the passage and survey or the English version. The students who completed the Spanish version expressed significantly
completed the survey in English (p<.05). The second experiment replicated the experiment on 85 high school upperlevel French students. The students who completed the French version of the
sexist attitudes than students who completed the survey in English (p<.01). In the third experiment, the experiment was replicated on 66 high school students who were fluent in both English and
condition expressed marginally more sexist attitudes than students in the English condition (p=.057). In addition, in all three experiments, male participants expressed significantly more sexist att
The results of this study show support for the idea that languages with grammatical gender may promote sexist attitudes in people who read the language.
2012 BE026
THE EFFECTS OF THE PLACEBO EFFECT AND CAFFEINE ON CONCENTRATION
Bruce B. Biegler
Timber Lake High School, Timber Lake, SD
The Placebo Effect is a change in health or behavior due to a fake treatment being administered, as the recipient of the fake treatment believes he or she received a real treatment. Caffeine, the
coffee and soda pop, is known to increase concentration. Therefore, if caffeine is known to increase concentration, then drinking a beverage believed to contain caffeine, but doesn’t actually cont
due to the Placebo Effect. The purpose of this project was to test this hypothesis. Volunteers were divided into four groups named as the “caffeine group,” the “placebo caffeine group,” the “decaf
After drinking the specified coffee, the subjects then took a oneminute long concentration test. From the results it was concluded that both caffeine and believing caffeine was being ingested inc
hypothesis that the Placebo Effect was significant in subjects' concentration. In an addition, it was found that students had better concentration than adults especially in the “caffeine” and “decaf”
similar age comparisons.
2010 BE026
DO PEOPLE READ FASTER AND COMPREHEND BETTER WHEN THEY READ ON PAPER OR ON THE COMPUTER SCREEN?
Lucy Ann Kunzler
Orion Junior High School, Harrisville, UT
Electronic media are displacing paper media, particularly with teenagers and young adults. My question is: Do people read faster and comprehend better when they read on paper or on the compu
who read from the computer screen will read faster and comprehend better than those who read from paper. I tested 146 people from the ages of twelve to fifteen years old at my school, Orion Jr.
computer classroom at the school; the testing went on in six different class periods in the same classroom. Seventythree students read a passage from paper while being timed. Another seventy
on the computer screen, while being timed, and then took the same comprehension test. The average time to complete reading the selected passage for the person using the computer screen wa
The average time to complete reading the selected passage for the person using the paper was one minute and fiftyfour seconds. The average comprehension score for the students using the co
for students using paper was 6.8. In conclusion, my hypothesis was supported by my data; people ages twelve to fifteen, do read faster and comprehend better when they read on the computer th
2011 BE026
ACADEMIC DISHONESTY: FACTORS TO A STUDENT'S SUCCESS, YEAR TWO
Krupa Merchant
Education is one of the biggest concerns facing America today. It is important that education take place with the utmost academic integrity and academic dishonesty be condemned. The purpose
which consequence is most commonly given to students who partake in academic dishonesty. Then, it is to see how effective that consequence is in deterring future acts of academic dishonesty
question student survey were created. The teacher surveys were given to all 80 teachers of Dutchtown High School. In order to recruit subjects for the student survey, a random number table was
corresponding to a roster of 11th and 12th graders. This random sample was used as subjects for research. Once data was collected, it was disaggregated according to gender and grade level (fo
answers (for teachers). When teachers were asked to rank consequences according to how often they would give them, 100% of them attested to giving a grade of zero to students who cheat, wh
adminstrative referral. When the students were asked what consequences they believed were most effective in preventing cheating, the majority (49%) answered a grade of zero. It was hypothes
adminstrative referral were the two consequences given most often to students. This was accepted, as 100% of the teachers claimed to give a grade of zero and 84% an administrative referral. It
zero would be the most effective deterrent to cheating, as it drastically harms a student's GPA. This was also accepted, as 49% of the students stated that it was the most effective deterrent.
2014 BE026
NEIGHBORHOOD BUILT ENVIRONMENT AND LEISURETIME PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION AMONG ADULTS IN UTAH
Calvin Haowen Yu
Hillcrest High School, Midvale, UT, United States of America
BACKGROUND: Research examining relative importance of multiple built environment features and their associations with leisuretime physical activity (LTPA) participation is limited in general a
the role of the built environment in contributing to individual odds of LTPA participation in Utah. METHODS: Individuallevel data were from Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) c
and through a statewide telephone survey of health and health behavior. The publically accessible BRFSS data has no information on individual identification. Neighborhoodlevel data were from
park database provided by ESRI in ArcGIS. Zip codes were used to define neighborhoods and to link the three data sources into one merged analytical file. Multilevel logistic regression analyses
questions in the whole sample and then in gender and age subsamples. RESULTS: When examined separately, walkability and spatial park accessibility were both significantly and positively cor
reporting LTPA participation in the past month net of individual and neighborhoodlevel confounding factors. When simultaneously examined, the walkability effects remained significant and the p
65 or older were more responsive to park accessibility but less affected by walkability. Walkability effect was slightly weaker for women than for men. CONCLUSION: The built environment matte
participation over and above the impact of personal characteristics. The relative importance of walkability is greater than that of park accessibility in this sample.
2003 BE026
HOW DO PAY RAISES AFFECT MEASURED PERFORMANCE AND INFERRED MOTIVATION IN PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL PLAYERS?
Alex Oliver Kardon
South Side High School, Rockville Centre, New York, USA
Sports fans and members of the media constantly accuse players of becoming lazy and complacent after they have signed more lucrative contracts. The purpose of this study was to determine i
signing a contract with a higher annual salary and declining performance in professional baseball. A possible effect of team success on individual performance was also examined. Adjusted OPS
it was assumed that any decrease in intrinsic motivation would cause a decline in performance. Most previous studies have concluded that external rewards cause decreased intrinsic motivation,
group of researchers have suggested that rewards have no significant effect on intrinsic motivation. Instead, they claim that the success or failure that prompts the presence or absence of the rew
motivation. This study showed that neither rewards nor team success has a significant direct effect on intrinsic motivation.
2007 BE026
EFFECTS OF PLAYING DIFFERENT VIDEO GAME GENRES ON GEOMETRIC, SPATIAL, AND VERBAL REASONING SKILLS OF ADOLESCENTS
James Edward Thompson
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA
The study attempted to determine the effects of playing different types of video games on geometric, spatial, and verbal reasoning skills of local adolescents. The video games compared were pu
The study also proposed to determine any gender differences in performance in the three cognitive abilities. Each participant completed a fiveminute pretest in a cognitive reasoning category, pla
completed a structurally identical, but somewhat different posttest. On the test, the participant noted his or her gender and the average number of hours the participant had played video games ov
video games were rated appropriate for everyone by the ESRB and contained no emotionally stressing material. All testing was conducted at approximately the same time of day in similar physic
group that did not play any video game. The control group had highly restricted behaviors to prevent any use of the cognitive abilities in the study; the data of this group provides a useful standard
experimental groups. The results of the study indicate that there are no significant effects of playing any game on any of the reasoning abilities. Furthermore, the data also suggests that there are
performance in geometric, spatial, or verbal tasks. Finally, the results indicate that most high school students play little or no video games.
2006 BE026
GAME THEORY AND STRATEGIC BEHAVIOR: A STUDY OF BEHAVIOR IN STRATEGIC SETTINGS
Lucia Seda
The purpose of this experiment was to determine what game theory could reveal in decision making situations involving limited information. Game theory principles such as negotiation, positionin
eliminating indecision and managing complex situations have been thoroughly delineated and employed worldwide. Each of these five characteristics assisted in evaluating games and its particul
theory postulates and confirm the belief that game theory helps in understanding strategic situations, three “games” were designed to measure mathematical analysis, critical thinking and probabi
from tenth, eleventh and twelfth grades. These questionnaires were administered during class time for a limited period of time of five minutes per game, where the player selected his option and e
grouped according to grade, gender, answer and whether they were left handed or right handed, to prove if there existed a parallelism between answers and a correlation between variables.
Unpaired Student TTest as well as Chi Square. Significant answers were found in the Newcomb’s Problem Right Hand Sample and the 99% Accuracy Test in both the Left Hand and Right Hand
results were equally paired, in the Newcomb’s Problem the majority of the players chose both boxes and in the 99% Accuracy Test the majority chose to be concerned. Thus, this study asserts t
mathematical analysis, but rather instinct reaction.
2008 BE026
THE NEURAL BASIS OF THE DECISION TO REWARD OR PUNISH IN PARENTING: AN FMRI INVESTIGATION
Benjamin Julius Mueller
John L. Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, NY
Parents constantly make decisions that attempt to influence the behavior of their children through reward and punishment. Indeed, ever since the formulation of Thorndike’s law of effect in 1911,
complex social interaction mediated by reward and punishment. Although recent fMRI studies have begun to investigate the neural bases of social decisionmaking, and some have even explored
punishment, the question of how the human brain makes the widely prevalent and deeply impactful decision to reward or punish has gone completely unexplored in the literature. Therefore, the pu
specialized neural networks for decisions to reward and punish in parenting, and to locate the common neural network underlying both tasks. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to
subjects as they responded to the hypothetical actions of a child with either of two levels of reward or punishment. The discovery of a common neural network confirmed the presence of categoriz
decisions. Decisions to reward activated orbitofrontal gyrus, posterior cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and precentral gyrus, suggesting a deeply ingrained role for emotion in the decision
network associated with the decision to punish was found to include anterior cingulate gyrus, postcentral gyrus, left inferior parietal lobule, and precuneus, all highlevel cognitive regions that sugg
greater degree of regulation and reason.
2004 BE026
THE DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL THOUGHT
Casey King Hogle
Elko High School, Elko, NV, United States
Does the development of political thought (both patriotism and basic American principles) in children and adolescents become more sophisticated with age? Can this development be related to La
development? I hypothesized that the stages of sophistication would increase with age. A questionnaire and categorization rubric corresponding to Kohlberg's six stages of moral development we
sixth, ninth, and twelfth grade (a total of 94 people) were tested. The mean of the responses (categorized into stages) of each grade increased. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) indicated a
for all the questions and when comparing just the questions dealing with basic American principles. The latter difference may be because of increased political socialization and familiarity with tho
was shown with the questions dealing with patriotism. That may result from increased familiarity with patriotism in younger children. Testing the correlation coefficient for interrater reliab
responses was categorized separately by three people, the different peoples' categorizations were statistically correlated. Ttesting showed no statistical difference between genders. 
agrees with my hypothesis. The statistically significant correlation indicates that my questionnaire and categorization rubric are a viable and usable measurement of political thought. Kohlberg's s
as a blueprint for the development of similar stages of political development that advance with age. 
2005 BE026
REHTEAED APHLAEBT SUOP
Kayelon Lee Easterday
EustisFarnam Public Schools
The motive of the initial study, Aphlaebt Suop, was to determine if the ability to read correctly composed yet misspelled words (meaning all the letters of the original word are present, however no
present at all levels of comprehension and if all word types could be read in the same manner. The purpose of the latest study was to determine whether the accuracy levels for each ma
exclusively correspond with that of each maturation level in the former test, or if they inclusively correspond with that specific group of initial subjects. The researcher utilized the former w
100 words broken down into ten categories. Only those subjects tested in the former test were used. 125 subjects were tested throughout the course of the experiment It was concluded
maturation level in the current test do exclusively comply nearly directly with the maturation level of the former test. It was noticed that the trends of each level in the current test almost identicall
terms of maximum, minimum and average values. Results indicated that Level 4 out performed all other levels. The combined results of both studies further indicate that at level four, ind
comprehension potential. The accuracy level of each current maturation level did comply with that of its corresponding level in the former test. 
2013 BE026
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AT SCHOOL: PEDAGOGICAL SOLUTIONS TO THE MAIN DIFFICULTIES FOUND BY BRAZILIAN SECONDARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Tulio Vinicius Andrade Souza
Grupo Genese de Ensino, Recife, BRASIL
The diseases that most kill people in the world are related to sedentary behaviors, and school plays an important role in cultivating healthy habits that can reverse this condition. However, even th
most appropriate school subjects to work on these issues, its teaching conditions in Brazil are alarming. In my research, I aimed to identify the main difficulties found by secondary school teache
effective teaching strategies to solve them. Initially, I worked with 20 physical education teachers, who answered a questionnaire that aimed to identify the obstacles faced by them in their routine
most frequent difficulties: lack of materials, lack of physical space, and lack of students’ interest. The results led to the development of pedagogical strategies focused on integrating students wit
applicability of these strategies, for two months I applied a didactic sequence with 45 juniors from a private high school. Participants completed questionnaires before and after the application of t
verify the behavior change, the appropriation of concepts and students' perceptions about the intervention. The impressive results showed a significant improvement in students’ concepts. To des
handbook specifically for physical education teachers. Aiming to disseminate this material, I carried out a training with 19 teachers, after which 94.73% of the teachers that would apply my solutio
results presented in this study bring important contributions to physical education teachers´ and can help students develop healthy habits.
2009 BE026
HOW SCARY IS TOO SCARY? THE EFFECT OF FEAR APPEALS IN POLITICAL ADVERTISING
Geetika Rudra
Research (Witte, 1992) has established, through the Extended Parallel Process Model, that fear appeals in health advertising typically need to create high levels of response efficacy, selfefficac
audience. However, although fear appeals are a popular strategy in political campaigns today, no studies were found that investigated how such variables collectively affect the success of politica
two high school seniors were randomly assigned to read one of eight versions of a political fear appeal sponsored by a hypothetical presidential candidate. Participants were asked to rate the like
their perceived selfefficacy, their perceived response efficacy, and their perception of terrorism as a threat. Fear appeals with a high level of response efficacy resulted in a greater likelihood to s
high level of of threat led participants to rate terrorism as more of a threat and to express greater self efficacy in terms of believing their vote could help the candidate win the election. This study
employ fear appeals with high levels of response efficacy to convince people to vote for them and high levels of threat severity to mobilize the electorate and maximize message acceptance.
2007 BE027
WHAT CAUSES PEOPLE TO BECOME SERIAL KILLERS?
Samantha Paige Elizabeth Rowe
Marion Harding High School, Marion, Ohio, USA
I believe that childhood experiences can be linked as a factor causing people to become serial killers. This is because childhood experiences play a major role in adult life. If the child does not lea
properly, then this could cause negative effects on the child in their later years. I gathered data from a database, which gave a list of a little over a hundred serial killers and mass murde
from the serial killers and were not included in my research. I also received from the internet several profiles. I did a factor analysis that used 33 serial killers and 10 variables. I could only use 33
individuals that had information available for all 10 variables. The variables I included were: Childhood risk factors; Age of 1st sexual experience; Military history; Triad (animal torture, be
risk factors; Birth order; Number of victims; Behavior during crime factors; After death behavior; and Age when arrested. In the factor analysis I looked at four factors because I had four
concluded from my loading values that the four different factors were: Psychological Risk Factors Environmental Factors Genetic Factors Sexual/Deviant Beha
factors as to what makes people kill. Childhood experiences do play a major role but so do several other factors, such as genetics and experiences throughout life. 
2005 BE027
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF ATTRACTIVENESS
Daniel Tate Verwholt
Hilton Head Preparatory, Hilton Head Island, SC, USA
The problem this experiment attempted to address was how being categorized a model or average person affects other people’s judgments. After creating a portfolio of eight pictures (4 men and 4
unbiased original survey was developed. Within this survey it asked people to rate each picture in four different categories: intelligence, attractiveness, athleticism, and wealth. Once all the mater
surveyed and half were told to rate the pictures as models, and the other 25 to make judgments based on the fact that the pictures were of average people. In order to conceal the true reason for
that much more viable, the survey was said to be used for internal purposes involving trends at a local modeling agency. Once the experimentation was done, the data was analyzed and several
people rated the pictures an average of 34.3053% higher overall when they were labeled models than as average people. In order to determine whether the results were statistically significant, a t
type of statistical test attempts to see if there was a significant difference between two means. In every category (attractiveness, intelligence, athleticism, and wealth), the PValue was found to b
conclusively said that there was a statistically significant difference between the ways people rated the pictures depending on how they were initially prompted. Clearly, simply inducing people to
affected their judgments. This shows that the physical attractiveness stereotype is still alive and well and influencing our everyday lives.
2014 BE027
THE EFFECTS OF IMAGINED STRESSFUL TRAUMA ON OPTIMISM AND SELFESTEEM IN ADOLESCENTS
Karissa Wang
Northern Utah Academy for Math Engineering and Science, Layton, UT, United States of America
This study was designed to determine whether traumatic experiences, defined as those which cause physical, emotional, or psychological distress or harm, affected the outlook of students outwa
esteem). Trauma was induced in participants by reading about stressful situations. Participants (N=59) were all 15 or 16 year old sophomores at NUAMES High School. Permission from
these male (N=26) and female (N=33) students during their classes. Written consent from both participants and their guardians was collected before experimentation. Each participant wa
read. The stories differed in one sentence only. One depicted a highstress situation (N=21), one a lowstressful situation (N=19), and the other did not mention the stressful topic at all (N=19). Pa
Life Orientation Test and the Rosenberg SelfEsteem Scale. Statistical tests, including a onetailed ANOVA, were performed on the data. Fratios and Pvalues were analyzed. 
procedure worked. No significant correlation was found between the stress level and scores in the three different categories. This may have been because the stress level was only slig
did exist. Higher grade point averages correlated with both higher optimism and selfesteem levels. In alignment with past studies by others, females were generally less optimistic and had lower
future studies, the degree of stress will be increased to see if there are statistically significant effects on optimism and selfesteem.
2013 BE027
EXPRESSIVE LANGUAGE SKILLS OUTCOMES IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM WHILE IMPLEMENTING PROLOQUO2GO
Courtney Alexandra Astore
Cardinal Mooney Catholic High School, Sarasota, FL
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders often present with a wide range of expressive language delays; therefore, at times requiring augmentative devices to assist in their verbal communication
augmentative, alternative communication application that is used on iPhones, iPads, and iTouches. This study examined the increase in verbal approximations and mean length of utterances of c
Disorder. The procedures of this study included: 1) reading the book “Brown Bear Brown Bear What Do You See?”, 2) asking the child “What do you see?” without the augmentative application Pro
Proloquo2go application. Six subjects were chosen to participate in this experiment. Data was collected on the number of words approximated by the subjects. The results of this experiment follo
tested in this study demonstrated improvements ranging from 1064% more verbal approximations with the use of the Proloquo2go application. Overall, a 36% increase in verbal approximations fo
Results indicated that use of the Proloquo2go application was effective and significant improvements in the expressive language skills of students with Autism Spectrum Disorders occurred.
subjects displayed an increase in verbal approximations and a longer mean length of utterances with the use of this application. Future research and investigation should focus on implementing P
language tasks and a larger group of subjects.
2011 BE027
CHEMICAL MIND BEND
Ricardo Alejandro Perez
Joseph W. Nixon High School, Laredo, TX
The purpose of this experiment was to view the effects of elevating the levels of various easilymanipulated chemicals on the human mind set and common sense capacity. The overall mission w
promote mental sharpness. These chemicals were testosterone, which is released immediately after exercise, endorphins, which are produced by the body ten minutes after exercise, melatonin,
placed in a dark area, serotonin and interleukins, which are produced when one laughs, and dietary sugar. After running a control test, every chemical was individually elevated and a common sen
This process was followed by the appropriate waiting period to allow the chemical to return to normal levels. The only chemicals which provided a consistently positive effect in comparison to the
other chemicals, melatonin, serotonin and interleukins, testosterone, and sugar, respectively, according to increasing severity, created an inconsistently negative effect on the human mindset.
varied. In conclusion, no chemical but endorphins had a definitely measurable effect, while the others displayed hazy negative trends.
2009 BE027
THE IMPACT OF GRADELEVEL AND GENDER ON HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS SELFREGULATED LEARNING STRATEGIES
Nicole Traci Goldbaum
Plainview OldBethpage John F. Kennedy High School, Plainview, NY
The social cognitive theory of Bandura has provided the theoretical basis for the development of a model of selfregulated academic learning in which personal, contextual, and behavioral factors
for students to exercise control over their own learning, while at the same time setting limits to selfdirection. The present three prong study first examines whether self regulated learning
do older students make more use of selfregulated learning strategies than younger ones. The impact of gender and gradepoint average will also be determined. Ninth and twelfth grade s
middle class high school completed the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ), which was created by Pintrich in 1991. The MSLQ is a selfreport instrument used to investigate
strategies. The MSLQ is scored with separate scales, each sensitive to different aspects of motivation and learning strategies. Statistical analysis, including ttests and Pearson correlations, wer
significant correlations were found between GPA and the subscales of the MSLQ. These findings, confirming the literature, showed positive correlations between academic success and a studen
strategies. Additionally, females surpassed the means of the males and the 12th graders surpassed the means of 9th graders on the subscales of the MSLQ. The differences between the means
significant at the α = 0.05 level. These findings show that females are more selfregulated in their learning than males, and 12th graders are more selfregulated than 9th graders. Therefore, the da
selfregulated learning in adolescents through high school.
2004 BE027
MYTH AND ERGON IN KOM AND WICHI INDIANS. THE PAST SURVIVES IN A CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
Lucrecia Cecilia Teran
Colegio Pablo Apostol, Yerba Buena, Tucuman, Argentina
Two ethnic groups of different linguistic families and origin, the Wichi and the Kom indians, stand out in the Argentine Chaco ecoregion. In this project I applied the ethnologic approach to analyse
their adaptive systems, and I took their myths and ergons as relevant dimensions of their spiritual and economic life in connection with the natural world. By applying participant observa
interviews and analysis of contents, I present as my contribution the explanation of the differences and similarities between these ethnos by cultural borrowings, internal movements, historic traje
Wichi the adaptive system is influenced by a humorous narrative strategy, while in the Kom the mythic structure predominates. This difference may explain why Kom indians can better face the c
their environment, migration to cities and their new life styles. I conclude that culture is not only accumulated patrimony, it is a wider dimension of answers to questions about man's pers
his identification with nature through myths and ergons that grant dignity, identity and human sense to each ethnic group. I propose a programe of educative, social and economic develo
aborigines protagonism wich will allow the incorporation of the Kom and Wichi ethnos to the life of the country in their own interactive space.
2003 BE027
DEAF, NOT DUMB: DISPELLING THE MYTH OF A MATHEMATICS DEFICIT AMONG DEAF STUDENTS
Casey Ann Vaughn
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, NY, USA
Conventional wisdom holds that deaf students do not perform as well as hearing students on tasks involving mathematics. Recent scholars have wondered if the root problem lies in the percentag
standardized tests, but a link has never been empirically demonstrated. Correlations between hearing condition, reading comprehension and mathematical ability were examined among students i
deaf schools and one public elementary school. The present study investigated the degree to which word problem score was influenced by reading comprehension score, sorting subjects by cond
children scored significantly lower on tasks involving reading comprehension and world problems, but scored comparably on tasks involving only simple arithmetic. It was therefore concluded that
deaf children lies not in the area of symbolic mathematics, but rather in the reading comprehension difficulties which interfere with full understanding of word problems.
Third Award of $250 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
2006 BE027
CEREBRAL DOMINANCE: DOES IT AFFECT ACADEMICS?
Jenna Kathryn Johnson
Burnsville Senior High School, Burnsville Minnesota, United States
Highschool students’ academics are influenced by many factors, but they are primarily shaped by instructors. If a teacher schools rightbrained students in a predominately linear matter, or if an
students with divergent concepts, the students in these situations would not be learning to their full capacity, and the teaching strategy could therefore have a negative impact on academic perfor
determine if there was any correlation between cerebral dominance and scholastic achievement. Surveys were given to fortyfive highschool students to determine their hemispherical dominance
While sixty percent of those who took the survey were rightbrained, the conclusion indicated that leftbrained students had significantly higher GPAs, as a possible result of their linear processing
in high schools.
2003 BE027
Casey Ann Vaughn
2008 BE027
MAKING THE CHOICE: AN FMRI ANALYSIS OF IMPULSE AND STRATEGIC DECISIONMAKING IN CLASSIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL STIMULI
Zachary Spencer Lorsch
Oceanside Senior High School, Oceanside, NY
The ability to neurologically process and distinguish stimuli based on certain characteristics is an integral process within the human brain central to everyday life. Therefore, it is no surprise that h
strategies to make classifications and assertions based on both the stimuli presented as well as the scenario for analysis. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate
with two distinct methods of emotional decisionmaking. Twenty subjects (15 behavioral and 5 imaging) were asked to classify faces for emotional content at varying reaction times representing l
made “impulse decisions”. The impulse decisionmaking trial showed increased brain activity throughout most of the brain associated with decreased performance. Strategic decisionmaking was
amygdala, which was not present in the impulse decision trial. When examining cognitive control mechanisms, cognitive control was evident in the impulse trial, not the strategic. Additionally, the
performance was at its peak, suggesting a correlation between the amygdala and emotional decisionmaking. As a whole, these data suggest the use of different neurological pathways for differe
2010 BE027
THE INVESTIGATION OF LATIN AMERICANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES: AN INTERRACIAL SOCIALIZATION STUDY OF AMERICAN AND BRAZILIAN PREADOLESCENTS
Camila Sorese Linneman
The changing demography of the United States and census estimations that minorities will become the majority by 2050 raises the question of how our nation’s race relations will change along wi
termed Latin Americanization, which suggests that the United States will move from a biracial system (identifying people as either black or white) to a multiracial system characteristic of some L
This study aimed to identify if Latin Americanization is occurring in the United States by determining the racial groups preadolescents in the U.S. identify, and the effect this has on the willingnes
(social distance.) Both American and Brazilian preadolescents, aged 812, were given 20 pictures of a boy and girl, whose only difference was skin color (shades 110, taken from the NIS Skin C
divide the pictures into groups by race and to identify which racial group they belonged in. Subjects then completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale for each group they created, quan
each group. There was no significant difference between the number of racial groups identified by American (M= 3.35) and Brazilian subjects (M=3.56) (t=.831, p=.407). However, American subje
other racial groups than Brazilian subjects did, despite the similar identification of racial groups (f=.4089, p=.029). These results support a shift toward the multiracial system characteristic of Lat
2012 BE027
DOES TETRIS MAKE YOU SMARTER? A LONGITUDINAL FMRI STUDY
Courtney Kate Guo
International School of Beijing, Beijing, CHINA
The effects of video games on human brains have not been well studied. Some think that playing video games is beneficial to intellectual development, while others believe that video games are
of this project is to use functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to study the effects of Tetris on the human brain during play and after practice, and test whether Tetris may enhance subje
test. fMRI detects blood oxygenation changes, which has a correlation to neural activity, enabling us to detect the activation and deactivation in human brains when playing Tetris. The ex
hours over 6 weeks while the control group was instructed not to play Tetris. Both groups had fMRI scans at the start and end of the study. At each MRI session, each subject underwent two tas
 The results showed that the activation areas for both the Tetris and rotation tasks have large overlaps in the posterior areas of the brain including the motor cortex, visual cortex and som
areas have large overlaps in the frontal lobe and anterior cingulate, which are related to rational thought processing, and strategic processing. In comparison with the IQ rotation test scores, the e
7.6 percentage points while the control group’s accuracy improved by only 0.6 percentage points. Taken together, these results suggest that playing Tetris may benefit performance on a spatial ro
2010 BE027
THE INVESTIGATION OF LATIN AMERICANIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES: AN INTERRACIAL SOCIALIZATION STUDY OF AMERICAN AND BRAZILIAN PREADOLESCENTS
Camila Sorese Linneman
The changing demography of the United States and census estimations that minorities will become the majority by 2050 raises the question of how our nation’s race relations will change along wi
termed Latin Americanization, which suggests that the United States will move from a biracial system (identifying people as either black or white) to a multiracial system characteristic of some L
This study aimed to identify if Latin Americanization is occurring in the United States by determining the racial groups preadolescents in the U.S. identify, and the effect this has on the willingnes
(social distance.) Both American and Brazilian preadolescents, aged 812, were given 20 pictures of a boy and girl, whose only difference was skin color (shades 110, taken from the NIS Skin C
divide the pictures into groups by race and to identify which racial group they belonged in. Subjects then completed the adapted Bogardus Social Distance Scale for each group they created, quan
each group. There was no significant difference between the number of racial groups identified by American (M= 3.35) and Brazilian subjects (M=3.56) (t=.831, p=.407). However, American subje
other racial groups than Brazilian subjects did, despite the similar identification of racial groups (f=.4089, p=.029). These results support a shift toward the multiracial system characteristic of Lat
2003 BE027
Casey Ann Vaughn
Scholarship in the amount of $8,000 U.S. Navy & Marine Corps
2014 BE028
THE EFFECT OF INNOVATIVE COLORS LEARNING METHOD ON STUDENTS WITH LEARNING DIFFICULTIES
Fahed Gassem Ghazwani
Alrawdha, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
Learning difficulties are one of the most common difficulties that restrict learning and education. The goal of this project is to measure the effect of colors on students with learning difficulties agin
teaching these students using colors, namely red, blue, green, and yellow, for students with learning difficulties will improve their academic performance in comparison to students who are taught
study was conducted on 600 students. The students were given various tests to determine their learning difficulties and IQ tests to ensure that they all have approximately similar IQ level. They w
eliminate students who are colorblind. The remaining students were given a pretest in an Arabic course to evaluate their academic performance. The students were divided into two groups each
was taught using traditional method while the experimental group was taught using the color method. The Ttest showed that the colorteaching method had a positive effect on students' learning
and improved their academic performance (T=290.563, P<.05). The implications of this study is that this method can be used as within a therapy plan for students with learning difficulties and stu
students. It can also be used with preschoolers to increase their positive and active motivation and improve their academic achievement.
2013 BE028
CAPTURE YOUR EEG DEVELOPING RELIABLE BIOINDICATORS AND CORRESPONDING ANDROID APP FOR SAFE DRIVING
Jenny Wang
Each year, a high percentage of accidents are caused by drowsy drivers. In addition to safe driving education, new technology that can detect driver fatigue is critically needed. This project focus
driver fatigue. Common drowsy symptoms, including blinking, extended eye closing, and yawning, were used as bioindicators to detect driver fatigue. A low cost dry EEG headset captured huma
during alert and drowsy states. The raw EEG data was digitally sampled and band filtered into eight distinct frequency bands, from Delta to high Gamma. The power of each spectrum band was c
comparisons between alert and sleepy states were made in order to find a correlation between EEG signals and human fatigue indicators. Using the nonlinear energy operator filter, the respondin
metrics, the peak to mean ratio and the number of response peaks, were used to quantify the strength and participation of EEG spectrum bands. Experiment results have shown that spectrum po
bands are reliable bioindicators for detecting specific types of fatigue phenomena. Based on the resulting power signatures, detection algorithms were created. A prototype Android Smartphone A
demonstrated the effectiveness of this technique. The headset sends the EEG data to the Smartphone via Bluetooth. With the onset of bioindicators, the corresponding EEG fatigue signature wi
output on the phone to alert the drowsy driver.
2010 BE028
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS, DIETARY HABITS, AND HEALTH
Christian Durango
Times Squared Academy, Providence, RI
A first rate society must be conscious of its citizens’ wellbeing despite socioeconomic status, something as delicate as the health of its members is no exception and must be accounted for.
how large the disparities were between people of different socioeconomic classes, by examining the relationship between socioeconomic status, dietary habits and health. The methodol
anonymous survey given to participants who verbally consented. To obtain answers from varying socioeconomic classes surveying was conducted outside of two different businesses, one whose
more affluent than the other. The survey questioned each participant’s income, eating habits, nutrition awareness, personal and family history of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, hi
trends and correlations the results illustrated were evident. Drastic increases in the number of cases of any ailment occurred as the income of the participants decreased. A lack of nutritional awa
socioeconomic status, while the opposite was true for those of higher socioeconomic status. This project brings to light the fact that people of higher socioeconomic status have more nu
lead healthier lives than those of lower socioeconomic status. This must be addressed by some form of government intervention in order to adequately take care of all members of society.
2005 BE028
TEACHER PERCEPTION OF STUDENT ATTITUDE TOWARDS LEARNING
Brett Tyler Figus
St. Charles West High School, St. Charles, Missouri, USA
The paper will discuss teacher perception of student attitude towards learning in class. In reasearching this, a survey was sent to teachers in St. Charles West High School. 30 teachers represen
This survey asked teachers to objectively rate each of their students on a scale of 110, ten being the best possible score. Being probed is whether or not teachers can objectively rate their stude
learning. Research indicates that in nearly every case teachers rated each student as at least 'aboveaverage' (6 or better), and in many cases scores were considerably better.
2004 BE028
INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE EYEWITNESS FACIAL IDENTIFICATION
Elisabeth Lee Crabtree
Byng High School, Ada Oklahoma, USA
Eyewitness identification of a suspect is an influential factor in criminal investigations. The purpose of this project was to determine if eyewitness age, gender, race, or written descriptions after s
face in sequential and lineup viewing. Twelve male facessix Caucasian and six African Americanwere created using a computer program. One hundred twenty subjects in each of three age gro
with equal numbers of males and females viewed the target face, followed by half the subjects writing a description of the face. The target face was ordered differently in three groups of six faces
identification. The largest numbers of incorrect responses were from the youngest subjects, especially those who did not write descriptions, which does not support the theory of verbal o
younger age groups made more mistakes identifying the African American face. A splitsplitplot factorial ANOVA showed significant effects based on subject age (p<.005), whether they wrote de
race (p<.005), and the interaction between subject age and target face race (p<.025). These factors should be considered during forensic investigations.
2006 BE028
THE DETERMINING FACTORS OF GASOLINE PRICES
Henry Jathuren Neilson
Saint Michael's Academy, Bryan, TX, USA
The purpose of my project was to find which factors influenced gasoline prices in Bryan and College Station, Texas during September and October, 2005. I examined the effects of amenities, day
and location variables plus daily wholesale prices on retail gasoline prices. Through this project I was able to test the supply and demand model and find out why some stations have higher gasol
project consisted of data collection followed by statistical analysis. I collected price data twice daily for two months from 28 gas stations along with station characteristics and GPS coordinates.
and wholesale prices from the internet. I ran panel regressions to isolate the impact of individual variables on gasoline prices. I hypothesized that stations with brand names, more amen
and less competition have higher gasoline prices, and that retail prices change in the same direction but not as quickly as wholesale prices. I also tested to see if dayoftheweek, timeofday, or
convenience stores, and distance to the closest competitor had positive impacts on gas prices at the 90% confidence level or higher. Traffic volume had no impact, but location did. Gasoline pric
on Fridays. The wholesale price coefficient was between zero and one, as hypothesized. Prices tend to rise faster than they fall. My project shows that competition is a key determinant of gasolin
2008 BE028
THE EFFECTS OF A STUDENT INSTRUCTIONAL BASED AUDIO VISUAL MODULE COMPARED TO TRADITIONAL TEACHING METHODS ON PERFORMANCE BASED ASSESSMENT
Brooklyn Ann Noble
Orion Junior High, Harrisville, UT
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the efficacy of modules in teaching sixth grade students science content. Three conditions were tested: a) live demonstrations alone, b) instructi
and demonstration. A module is a show with both visual and audio representation that is created at a planetarium. Student content knowledge was tested using a ten question quiz prior to instruct
knowledge gained and analyze how much information they retained. Six groups were formed from the 180 sixth grade students involved, with each condition used with two groups. Those
scored lower on the posttest than the other groups (a mean increase of only 13%). Those groups exposed to both the live demonstration and the modules increased the most on their posttest (a m
work, but maybe there are other things to look into more closely. Due to my research and findings on this project, these student instructionbased modules are now in consideration to be sent out
classrooms.
2012 BE028
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CONSEQUENTIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MORAL DECISIONMAKING: A BEHAVIORAL AND FMRI STUDY
Moral decisions play an integral role in human life, and it is crucial to determine how the context of a situation can alter such decisions. This study attempted to understand the basis of altruistic b
through functional neuroimaging. A computerized variation of the Dictator Game was created and subjects were presented with variations of a hypothetical moral dilemma, in which they were aske
found wallet. Data were analyzed as functions of the probability of getting caught (consequence), the contained monetary amount, the wallet’s owner (social connectedness), and the time it took t
segregated by gender and the functional imaging study employed only female subjects. Overall, female subjects acted more altruistically than males, choosing to turn in the wallet more often (p<
connectedness existed between the owner of the wallet and the subject, males opted to turn in the wallet more often than females. Increasing monetary values resulted in a decrease in the numb
consequential variable had the greatest capacity to impact subjects’ decisions. When consequential certainty was high, neural activation was observed in temporal and parietal lobe structures (p<
external consequences, the decision process engaged frontal regions and the ventral striatum (p<0.05). Findings suggest that the implementation of consequences employs neural mechanisms in
while moral decisionmaking in the absence of consequences may engage neural regions that evaluate moral content by means of recalling past experience.
2007 BE028
INATTENTIVE BLINDNESS: DO YOU SEE WHAT I SEE?
Nicholas Ryan Waggy
Upper Sandusky High School, Upper Sandusky, Ohio, United States
Inattentive blindness is what occurs when an individual is trying to focus on a particular event in an environment where there is an excessive amount of stimuli. The brain acts like a filter and igno
hand. This allows for very obvious events to go unnoticed. Teachers face many dilemmas in the classroom today. One is the basic problem of how to get students to focus on the topic
 Students were administered a short learning styles quiz, and a pre experimental survey. The experiment was explained, tasking the subjects with counting how many times a basketball was
were not told that an unexpected event would occur during the video. Following the movie, a post experimental survey was administered and collected. Of 220 individuals who participate
had three characteristics in common: visual learning style, right handed, and uncorrected vision. Four females (2.8 percent of the population) and one male (1.8 percent of the population) noticed
to the small number of participants that noticed the unexpected event, it does not support the hypothesis that individuals who are visual learners would be most likely to see the unexpected even
Scholarship Award of $20,000 Department of Homeland Security, University Programs Office
2011 BE028
WOULD YOU DO IT FOR THE KIDS? FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREDICTION OF INTERGENERATIONAL PREFERENCES
Sarah Susie Pak
Individuals must frequently decide whether or not to make sacrifices for the benefit of future generations. Such decisions are referred to as intergenerational dilemmas. For example, when nations
they incur large, immediate costs. However, such choices suggest that policymakers believe the shortterm costs are worth the longterm benefits. Previous research on intergenerational dilemm
between actions and consequences and reduced affinity to future others cause decisionmakers to discount the future more heavily. However, it is unclear how these factors interact to produce in
study, participants completed decisionrelated individual difference measures. The social and intertemporal discounting measures were multiplied to create an interaction term. These measures w
model, which showed that all three were significant predictors of intergenerational preferences. The study suggests that impatience and generosity, the theoretical components of intertemporal an
a unique portion of the variance previously unrecognized by existing intergenerational literature. Future work should explore what other factors can predict intergenerational preferences.
2012 BE028
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CONSEQUENTIAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MORAL DECISIONMAKING: A BEHAVIORAL AND FMRI STUDY
Moral decisions play an integral role in human life, and it is crucial to determine how the context of a situation can alter such decisions. This study attempted to understand the basis of altruistic b
through functional neuroimaging. A computerized variation of the Dictator Game was created and subjects were presented with variations of a hypothetical moral dilemma, in which they were aske
found wallet. Data were analyzed as functions of the probability of getting caught (consequence), the contained monetary amount, the wallet’s owner (social connectedness), and the time it took t
segregated by gender and the functional imaging study employed only female subjects. Overall, female subjects acted more altruistically than males, choosing to turn in the wallet more often (p<
connectedness existed between the owner of the wallet and the subject, males opted to turn in the wallet more often than females. Increasing monetary values resulted in a decrease in the numb
consequential variable had the greatest capacity to impact subjects’ decisions. When consequential certainty was high, neural activation was observed in temporal and parietal lobe structures (p<
external consequences, the decision process engaged frontal regions and the ventral striatum (p<0.05). Findings suggest that the implementation of consequences employs neural mechanisms in
while moral decisionmaking in the absence of consequences may engage neural regions that evaluate moral content by means of recalling past experience.
2009 BE028
EXAMINING THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF THE RBANS FOR SPANISH SPEAKERS WITH EPILEPSY
Gabrielle Alexandra Young
Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, NY
Epilepsy is a neuronal condition in which there is a malfunction in the productivity of the electrical signaling within the brain. Many studies have suggested the use of neuropsychology in significa
Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a neuropsychological test given to diagnose patients who have neuropsychological disorders. This test is often used to diag
epilepsy patients. However the clinical utility of the Spanish battery has been questioned as there has yet been a normative established. In this study the doctors at a comprehensive epilepsy ce
English speakers to collectively construct a normative. It was a blind data study and they received the complete RBANS consisting of 12 subtests. We then found that within the results there we
the subtests Language Index (F = 5.36), List Recall (F = 2.93), Picture Naming (F = 9.49), and Digit Span (F = 4.02). Each measured value had a p>.10, except for List Recall which had a p>.01.
are factors such as difference in culture, word valence, and even the ability of adaptive reasoning skills. However there was also a presence of poor memory and naming skills, which is a trait con
Although there were discrepancies within the results, the study proved that the Spanish RBANS can be utilized to help treatment of this population.
2011 BE028
WOULD YOU DO IT FOR THE KIDS? FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE PREDICTION OF INTERGENERATIONAL PREFERENCES
Sarah Susie Pak
Individuals must frequently decide whether or not to make sacrifices for the benefit of future generations. Such decisions are referred to as intergenerational dilemmas. For example, when nations
they incur large, immediate costs. However, such choices suggest that policymakers believe the shortterm costs are worth the longterm benefits. Previous research on intergenerational dilemm
between actions and consequences and reduced affinity to future others cause decisionmakers to discount the future more heavily. However, it is unclear how these factors interact to produce in
study, participants completed decisionrelated individual difference measures. The social and intertemporal discounting measures were multiplied to create an interaction term. These measures w
model, which showed that all three were significant predictors of intergenerational preferences. The study suggests that impatience and generosity, the theoretical components of intertemporal an
a unique portion of the variance previously unrecognized by existing intergenerational literature. Future work should explore what other factors can predict intergenerational preferences.
First Award of $2,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Friends of NIDA, National Institutes of Health
2009 BE028
EXAMINING THE CLINICAL UTILITY OF THE RBANS FOR SPANISH SPEAKERS WITH EPILEPSY
Gabrielle Alexandra Young
Valley Stream South High School, Valley Stream, NY
Epilepsy is a neuronal condition in which there is a malfunction in the productivity of the electrical signaling within the brain. Many studies have suggested the use of neuropsychology in significa
Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a neuropsychological test given to diagnose patients who have neuropsychological disorders. This test is often used to diag
epilepsy patients. However the clinical utility of the Spanish battery has been questioned as there has yet been a normative established. In this study the doctors at a comprehensive epilepsy ce
English speakers to collectively construct a normative. It was a blind data study and they received the complete RBANS consisting of 12 subtests. We then found that within the results there we
the subtests Language Index (F = 5.36), List Recall (F = 2.93), Picture Naming (F = 9.49), and Digit Span (F = 4.02). Each measured value had a p>.10, except for List Recall which had a p>.01.
are factors such as difference in culture, word valence, and even the ability of adaptive reasoning skills. However there was also a presence of poor memory and naming skills, which is a trait con
Although there were discrepancies within the results, the study proved that the Spanish RBANS can be utilized to help treatment of this population.
2007 BE029
WHO'S IN CHARGE? THE EFFECT OF SUBLIMINAL MESSAGES ON THE HUMAN MIND
Chelsea Gail Almany
Herculaneum High School, 1 Blackcat Drive, Herculaneum, Missouri, United States
The question in this study was how much of an influence, if any, subliminal messages have on viewers’ color choice. Subliminal images, signals or messages below the normal levels of perceptio
success of the messages eventually led to their ban by the FCC in the 1970s. The initial idea for this experiment was to determine the effectiveness of visual subliminal messages on viewers, an
would have a distinct effect on viewers’ choices. Two copies were made of a 30second color video clip. One video was left alone, and in the other, a single frame of the word “BLUE” in blue lette
viewers watched the first video, and 40 different viewers watched the second, unedited video. After watching the video once, test subjects were then given a set of five colors (red, green, blue, or
When shown the video with the subliminal messages, 35% of viewers chose blue. However, in the video without the subliminal messages, only 22.5% viewers chose blue. The experiment demon
do have a small effect on viewers’ color choice; therefore, the hypothesis was supported. However, these results could change if viewers were chosen from a more varied age group, or if the mes
point in the video. Backmasking and other forms of audible subliminal messages could also demonstrate different results.
2004 BE029
BATTLE OF THE SEXES
Tracy M. Autenrieth
Boone Grove High School, Valparaiso, IN
The purpose of this project was to determine which gender, male or female, would more quickly and accurately perceive emotions as shown on the human face. It was hypothesized that females
shorter time and have a higher accuracy rate when compared to males. Fifty males and fifty females were randomly selected to participate in this study. Each subject viewed a series of
exhibiting different emotions. Participants selected the appropriate emotion from a list of five choices. The total time for completion of each test was recorded. Averages were calculated for both a
complete the test for each group. Analysis of the data indicated that females and males were about equal in their ability to identify the emotions (females 89%, males 87.8%). Although fe
the test in a shorter period of time (female average 47 seconds, male average 51 seconds), statistical analysis using a ttest failed to show a significant difference at the 95% confidence level.
support the hypothesis. 
2005 BE029
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENT MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCES AND THE EFFECTS ON STUDENT CLASSROOM PERFORMANCE
Johanna Esther Dela Cruz
Kapolei High School, Kapolei, Hi. 96707
The purpose of this experiment was to find whether a student’s grade in a class would change based on having the same multiple intelligence. Fifty students of a history class, and sixtyeight stu
to fill out information regarding their sex, academy, and current grade level. First quarter grades were obtained from both teachers. Students then filled out the multiple intelligence inventory, which
test was tallied, and the highest multiple intelligence was determined. A 2proportion Z test was done for both classes. The null hypothesis is that the number of students with A’s and B’
to the number of students receiving A’s and B’s and have a different intelligence. The alternative hypothesis is that the number of receiving A’s and B’s and have the same intelligence will be gre
A’s or B’s and have a different intelligence. In the history class, a p value of .043 was found, and in the weight lifting class, a p value of .00000281 was found, which in both cases, is extremely
rejected, and the alternative is accepted. It was discovered that student with the same multiple intelligence as their teacher would receive higher grades in class 
2013 BE029
WHEN ONE CUP OF WATER IS LESS THAN ONE CUP OF WATER: AT WHAT AGE DOES A CHILD'S COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT INCLUDES THE ABILITY TO CONSERVE VOLUME AN
Bridget Forsha Dorsey
Mount Ogden Junior High School, Ogden, UT
The age at which children develop the cognitive ability to conserve mass and numbers has been studied only to find the developmental stages at which this skill is obtained. However, children are
rather than cognitive development, so their age is also relevant. I tested kindergarteners and first graders age 57 in local schools, after obtaining consent from parents. Each test consisted of two
understanding of volume conservation I poured water into a different shape of container and asked the child to tell me if there was more, less, or the same amount of water. To test for number co
chips which I then moved into two rows of five and asked if there were more, less, or the same number of chips. This process took place separately with each child. Children’s skills were much m
their cognitive understanding than the mass portion. This indicates that they could also use other skills such as counting. The child’s cognitive ability to conserve was not developed until the age
level. This particular skill directly correlates with math at the elementary level. Since conservation skills aren’t part of the curriculum, students have problems when they start to learn addition, sub
2009 BE029
HOW HARRY POTTER CAN HELP YOU GET A HIGHER SAT SCORE: THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT AND FAMILIARITY ON VOCABULARY RETENTION IN ADOLESCENTS
Trisha Paige Nussbaum
A great deal of educational research has focused on the effectiveness of different learning methods on improving standardized test scores in adolescents. “SAT Prep novels” have been develope
effects of context on vocabulary retention. Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of context as well as familiarity on vocabulary learning and test performance in adolescents.
students in a high school who were randomly assigned to learn common SAT vocabulary words in a list, in a narrative with an unfamiliar character, or in a narrative with a familiar character.
completion test in the same format as that found in the SAT examination which utilized the words they studied. An ANOVA and TukeyKramer post hoc tests demonstrated that those students w
character scored better than either of the other two groups and that students who read a narrative scored better than students who studied from a list. The replication on 104 high school students
measured enjoyment of task and memory over time. An ANOVA and TukeyKramer post hoc tests demonstrated that students learned words present in context with a familiar character best, foll
then by list format. Additionally, the second experiment demonstrated that the enhancement of vocabulary learning produced by familiar context persisted over a 5day period. Interestingly, anoth
showed that enjoyment did not have a significant impact on the relationship between study methods and test scores. These results not only confirm the generally accepted belief that vocabulary
in contextual format, but also that familiarity with the character in the context amplifies this effect.
2006 BE029
WORD SEGMENTATION IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: ASSESSING AMBIGUITIES BETWEEN WORD OFFSETS AND TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITIES
Riana Juhn Betzler
The Fox Lane High School, Bedford, New York USA
The process of language acquisition begins in the infant mind before birth and progresses at such a rapid rate that by the first year of life, infants have reached the level of understanding at which
understood by the outside world. Yet, language acquisition is an indefinably complex and involved process, the fundamentals of which, researchers have barely begun to understand. Aural langua
phonological structure that the learner must recognize and acquire. In a previous study, we investigated the abilities of adult learners to use transitional probabilities (statistical frequencie
language) to segment a continuous speech stream of artificial language. The results of this research indicated that subjects were able to correctly segment the speech stream based on transition
arose within the data results in regard to the effect of word offsets and onsets as an influence on subjects’ ability to correctly segment the speech stream. This research seeks to inves
onsets in determining where word boundaries exist in the continuous speech stream. A novel was presented aurally to participants, followed by a testing session, in which participants were asked
language. Although results have been inconclusive as of yet, discrepancy between word onset or offset cues and transitional probabilities occurs even within natural language.
resolve ambiguity inherent in natural language. 
2011 BE029
STRATEGIES UTILIZED BY PEOPLE WITH AUTISM AND NEUROTYPICAL INDIVIDUALS TO DETERMINE EMOTION IN FACES
Samantha Michelle Phillips
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) determine emotions differently than neurotypical (NT) individuals do. It has been suggested that people with ASD use “rulebased” strategies, meanin
on a rule they’ve been taught, over “templatebased” strategies, meaning they judge the emotion of a face by comparing it to an internal image of what a face with that emotion should look like. H
PowerPoint given to 12 ASD and 29 NT subjects. On each slide was a pair of faces; subjects were instructed to “select which face looks the most REALISTICALLY like you would look if you wer
(ASD). The target emotion switched from happy to sad as the faces switched from happy to sad. Faces were designed to show whether subjects favored moderate or exaggerated depictions (to t
strategy) and whether they relied more on emotion in the top or bottom half of the face. Subjects with ASD favored exaggerated levels of emotion in the mouth whereas NT’s favored moderate. Su
in the mouth over emotion in eyes while NT subjects, for sad faces, favored emotion in eyes. Reliance on faces with the most emotion in the mouth suggests the use of a “rulebased” strategy.
2014 BE029
LIGHT SPEED: A MEASURE OF OCULAR PHOTOTRANSDUCTION USING PULSED LIGHT EMITTING DIODES
Ashley Maye Hamlin
Hilton Head Island High School, Hilton Head Island, SC, United States of America
Researchers working with LIDAR systems reported observing distinct laser pulses propagating over a 100m range. It was hypothesized that these observations were due to the power of suggestio
faster than the eyes’ response time. In a series of experiments, two LEDs were mounted adjacent to each other and were each pulsed at 100ns durations. The delay between each LED flash was
and the observer was asked which LED flashed first or if they flashed simultaneously. In the series, four LEDs were oriented in a linear array with a separation of 125mm between lamps. The dela
from 40 to +40ms so that the array simulated a laser pulse and the observer was asked to identify the direction of the propagating light. For the adjacent LEDs, the average minimal perceived de
linear array, the average minimal perceived delay was about 1ms with 50% accuracy. If the LED array was distributed over a 100m distance with a lamp delay time of 1ms, the perceived light vel
viewers of the linear array experiment had a much faster response time, the difference between the perceived light velocity and the speed of light, 300x10^6 m/s, is three orders of magnitude. Thi
the researchers were influenced by suggestion or other unidentified phenomena. However, these observations were noted by many researchers who doubted the possibility visualizing light movem
2010 BE029
GAME POWER: A GAME ENVIRONMENT FOR MEASURING ICTENHANCED SKILLS OF YOUNG STUDENTS
Abdulaziz Khalid Alghunaim
Asrary School, RIYADH, central, SAUDI ARABIA
As technology becomes more integrated into our daily life, its role in early education is becoming especially important. most educators agree that skills can be divided into three, 
enhanced (Information and Communication Technology) skills. Technology can be used to track development of students skills. Technology is unique in that it can provide an int
which students can learn and be tested. Specifically technology can be used to evaluate soft skills, which include problem solving, teamwork and presentation ability, that despit
 unevaluated. This research aimed to develop a game platform that can measure the ICTenhanced (Information and Communication Technology) skills and soft skills such a
between 8 and 14 years of age. We use a simple game platform that is developed in Scratch R?. Educators can use this tool to measure the improvement of students . This sim
evaluate students without using regular multiplechoice tests. This research proved the efficiency of this game. By comparing it to an accurate paperbased measurement
both the game and the paper test to them. We found a correlation of 0.74 between the scores. We found that the test is as accurate as the paperbased test. We handed them su
 tendencies towards both tests. We conducted a ttest which proved that students tend to play the computer game rather than taking the paper test.
2009 BE029
HOW HARRY POTTER CAN HELP YOU GET A HIGHER SAT SCORE: THE EFFECTS OF CONTEXT AND FAMILIARITY ON VOCABULARY RETENTION IN ADOLESCENTS
Trisha Paige Nussbaum
A great deal of educational research has focused on the effectiveness of different learning methods on improving standardized test scores in adolescents. “SAT Prep novels” have been develope
effects of context on vocabulary retention. Two experiments were conducted to test the effect of context as well as familiarity on vocabulary learning and test performance in adolescents.
students in a high school who were randomly assigned to learn common SAT vocabulary words in a list, in a narrative with an unfamiliar character, or in a narrative with a familiar character.
completion test in the same format as that found in the SAT examination which utilized the words they studied. An ANOVA and TukeyKramer post hoc tests demonstrated that those students w
character scored better than either of the other two groups and that students who read a narrative scored better than students who studied from a list. The replication on 104 high school students
measured enjoyment of task and memory over time. An ANOVA and TukeyKramer post hoc tests demonstrated that students learned words present in context with a familiar character best, foll
then by list format. Additionally, the second experiment demonstrated that the enhancement of vocabulary learning produced by familiar context persisted over a 5day period. Interestingly, anoth
showed that enjoyment did not have a significant impact on the relationship between study methods and test scores. These results not only confirm the generally accepted belief that vocabulary
in contextual format, but also that familiarity with the character in the context amplifies this effect.
2003 BE029
THE EFFECT OF STEREOTYPE THREAT ON HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS' PERFORMANCE ON A MATH TEST
Sarah Elyse Waldman, 7 Pine Drive South, Roslyn, New York 11576
Roslyn High School, Roslyn, New York, USA
Stereotype threat is thought to occur when the fear of validating a negative stereotype leads members of the targeted group to inadvertently confirm the stereotype (Aronson, 1999; Spencer, Stee
performed to investigate the impact of stereotype threat on high school girls’ math performance. In the first experiment, 102 high school students were asked to take an exam that resembled a sh
manipulation took place in the first reading passage where participants were randomly exposed to one of four reading comprehension passages. In the three experimental groups, the passage per
performance. Participants were either told girls are better in math, boys are better in math, or that girls and boys are equal in math ability. The control group read a passage about campaign financ
stereotype threat in the participants. An ANOVA did not reveal the anticipated interaction between student gender and condition that would indicate stereotype threat. The experiment was then rep
ensure that the students had noticed the stereotype and to confirm the absence of stereotype threat in this population. Once again, an ANOVA found no evidence of stereotype threat. A main effe
significance (p=.053); the girls outscored the boys regardless of condition. Differences between the high school and college environments as well as the idiosyncrasies of this school and commun
the surprising results.
2011 BE029
STRATEGIES UTILIZED BY PEOPLE WITH AUTISM AND NEUROTYPICAL INDIVIDUALS TO DETERMINE EMOTION IN FACES
Samantha Michelle Phillips
People with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) determine emotions differently than neurotypical (NT) individuals do. It has been suggested that people with ASD use “rulebased” strategies, meanin
on a rule they’ve been taught, over “templatebased” strategies, meaning they judge the emotion of a face by comparing it to an internal image of what a face with that emotion should look like. H
PowerPoint given to 12 ASD and 29 NT subjects. On each slide was a pair of faces; subjects were instructed to “select which face looks the most REALISTICALLY like you would look if you wer
(ASD). The target emotion switched from happy to sad as the faces switched from happy to sad. Faces were designed to show whether subjects favored moderate or exaggerated depictions (to t
strategy) and whether they relied more on emotion in the top or bottom half of the face. Subjects with ASD favored exaggerated levels of emotion in the mouth whereas NT’s favored moderate. Su
in the mouth over emotion in eyes while NT subjects, for sad faces, favored emotion in eyes. Reliance on faces with the most emotion in the mouth suggests the use of a “rulebased” strategy.
2012 BE029
THE EFFECT OF GROUP THERAPY ON COMMUNICATION IN APHASIA
Laura Marie Anderson
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights, NY
Aphasia, the total or partial loss of language abilities due to stroke or other brain injury, affects over 1,000,000 people in the United States. Therapy for aphasia may be individual and/or in a group
provides patients with the opportunity to practice communication skills. Goals of this study were to gain a better understanding of: (1) communication difficulties patients with aphasia and their ca
these difficulties; and (3) how participating in group therapy affects their perception of their communication abilities. Two anonymous surveys consisting of four question categories were distribute
caregivers nationwide. Results revealed that participation in group therapy increases the ability to communicate and decreases the patient's selfreport of depression and selfperceived handicap.
helping poststroke aphasia patients and their caregivers cope with communication difficulties associated with aphasia.
2008 BE029
INDEPENDENT CONFLICTDRIVEN AND EXPECTANCYDRIVEN MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE CONTROL
Caitlyn Rose Lia
In order to attend selectively to taskrelevant stimuli and ignore taskirrelevant stimuli, the brain needs to strategically control selective attention. Two control strategies, conflictdriven and expect
independently shown to guide selective attention. However, it is unknown whether these two sources of control are independent or connected mechanisms. Subjects were given a form of the Stro
and conflictdriven control, by presenting conflicting (incongruent) and nonconflicting (congruent) Stroop stimuli in probabilistic sequences, in order to examine how subjects’ responses were affec
combination of the two. The data were analyzed to assess whether conflict and expectancydriven control are independent (leading to an additive, combined benefits) or interdependent (the effec
on if the other mechanism was active). It was shown that the degree of expectancydriven control effects was not dependent upon previous trial congruency, and that the degree of conflictdriven
expectancy. The data showed that both expectancydriven and conflictdriven control, independently allowed for about 20 ms decrease in reaction time. Incongruent trials that presented both conf
decrease in reaction time (demonstrating additive effects). This suggests that expectancydriven control and conflictdriven control are derived from two independent mechanisms within the brain.
necessary confirm these findings.
2006 BE029
WORD SEGMENTATION IN LANGUAGE ACQUISITION: ASSESSING AMBIGUITIES BETWEEN WORD OFFSETS AND TRANSITIONAL PROBABILITIES
Riana Juhn Betzler
The Fox Lane High School, Bedford, New York USA
The process of language acquisition begins in the infant mind before birth and progresses at such a rapid rate that by the first year of life, infants have reached the level of understanding at which
understood by the outside world. Yet, language acquisition is an indefinably complex and involved process, the fundamentals of which, researchers have barely begun to understand. Aural langua
phonological structure that the learner must recognize and acquire. In a previous study, we investigated the abilities of adult learners to use transitional probabilities (statistical frequencie
language) to segment a continuous speech stream of artificial language. The results of this research indicated that subjects were able to correctly segment the speech stream based on transition
arose within the data results in regard to the effect of word offsets and onsets as an influence on subjects’ ability to correctly segment the speech stream. This research seeks to inves
onsets in determining where word boundaries exist in the continuous speech stream. A novel was presented aurally to participants, followed by a testing session, in which participants were asked
language. Although results have been inconclusive as of yet, discrepancy between word onset or offset cues and transitional probabilities occurs even within natural language.
resolve ambiguity inherent in natural language. 
2008 BE029
INDEPENDENT CONFLICTDRIVEN AND EXPECTANCYDRIVEN MECHANISMS OF COGNITIVE CONTROL
Caitlyn Rose Lia
In order to attend selectively to taskrelevant stimuli and ignore taskirrelevant stimuli, the brain needs to strategically control selective attention. Two control strategies, conflictdriven and expect
independently shown to guide selective attention. However, it is unknown whether these two sources of control are independent or connected mechanisms. Subjects were given a form of the Stro
and conflictdriven control, by presenting conflicting (incongruent) and nonconflicting (congruent) Stroop stimuli in probabilistic sequences, in order to examine how subjects’ responses were affec
combination of the two. The data were analyzed to assess whether conflict and expectancydriven control are independent (leading to an additive, combined benefits) or interdependent (the effec
on if the other mechanism was active). It was shown that the degree of expectancydriven control effects was not dependent upon previous trial congruency, and that the degree of conflictdriven
expectancy. The data showed that both expectancydriven and conflictdriven control, independently allowed for about 20 ms decrease in reaction time. Incongruent trials that presented both conf
decrease in reaction time (demonstrating additive effects). This suggests that expectancydriven control and conflictdriven control are derived from two independent mechanisms within the brain.
necessary confirm these findings.
2013 BE030
EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY
Victoria Rose Phillips
Davis High School, Kaysville, UT
In the court justice system, it is common for eyewitness testimony to be used as reliable information in criminal cases. It was the aim of this project to prove the unreliability of eyewitness testim
court system. Previous test results demonstrated that eye witness testimony was unreliable, but inattentional blindness produced unusable data because subjects did not perceive the crime that
the variable of suggestion, results showed a slight increase of correct identification, but the percentages remained low; inattentional blindness continued to play a significant role in the results. In
experiment was designed that would tap into social and human tendencies. This procedure gave students something they would not want to look away from, i.e., a peer throwing a temper tantrum
showed with a 95% confidence interval, the true mean fell between 30.8% and 42.6% of individuals who were able to identify the correct photo. Participants that got a good look at the perpetrator’
elimination of inattentional blindness, creating optimal conditions for giving accurate eyewitness testimony. These numbers directly correlate with the four years of previous research, demonstratin
testimony. This project may be useful in encouraging lawmakers to adopt model procedures in the use of eyewitness testimony and the gradual elimination of it as primary evidence.
2011 BE030
ASSESSING THE INDIRECT IMPACT OF FALSE MEMORIES ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH DEVELOPING CRIMINALS
Sara Mohamed Samir Mohamed
El Raml Secondary School for Girls, Alexandria, EGYPT
There are three methods that humans apply for remembering; oral, written and multiple choice descriptions. The purpose of this project is to find out which of these three methods may lead to cre
results could be used to avoid using such method when eyewitnesses are being questioned in courts. Two experiments were carried out; the first involved giving representative sample of voluntee
performance of their memory. They were then introduced to the above methods to enhance their performance, and then given another memory test to observe how far they have improved. This ex
frequently used, became weak through time and the reverse is true, where it gets better gradually, if it is effectively used. The second experiment involved determining which one of the three met
increased false memory. This was carried out through dividing the same volunteers into three groups: A, B and C and each group were introduced to four situations, two were watched by them an
A orally described the four situations, Group B described the same situations through writing, and Group C did the same through multiplechoice. The results of the second experiment indicated th
is therefore recommended that questioning eyewitnesses by written or multiple choice methods in court should be considered to avoid false memory possibilities as much as possible.
2010 BE030
THE HEARING GLASSES
Mahmoud Motaz Ghulman
Dar Althikr Schools, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
A large number of people worldwide suffer from hearing loss problems. This effects negatively on their communication with the society and their ability to learn. This encouraged the researcher to
hearing (The Hearing Glasses). It is supposed to make them able to identify the audio material and improve their interactive communication skills and ability to learn. To prepare to test this purpo
community of the study and chose the study sample and then worked on preparing the study materials (the “Hearing Glasses”, the demonstrated text, survey, and the test). After that he applied a
demonstrated his materials to judging from a couple of specialists to ensure the veracity of the materials and their persistence. Finally after applying his experiments on the study sample (120 sa
study descriptively(mean, median,…) and statistically (TTest and 2way ANOVA). The results were statistically relevant in regards to the positive feedback from the survey participants and high
the "Hearing Glasses" solution are capable of enabling the deaf person a better communication with the surroundings and the ability to identify heard material using the "Hearing Glasses" solution
community in the world and help them communicate in a higher method. The researcher is now working on finding ways to develop the research material (Deaf Glasses) into a commercia
2012 BE030
EFFECTS OF INTONATION ON COGNITIVE LEARNING
Shannon Catherine Boley
This experiment tested whether a female presenter’s tone of voice, monotone or animated, affected high school students’ abilities to recall information. It was hypothesized that the animated vide
of information. A script on the topic of narwhals was presented in two differing videos by an educator to sixty honors level high school students each, after which an assessment measu
While the results were statistically insignificant, the following trends were noted: students who listened to the monotone video presentation performed higher than those who listened to the animat
males on average, and were superior after the animated presentation. Males had the opposite effect by scoring higher with the monotone presentation within their gender. Similarly, regarding the H
presenter’s animated voice with higher intellect, while males assumed greater intelligence with the monotone presentation. Students watching the more animated video rated their interest level an
positively. Students who rated those topics highly also tended to recall more information. According to the results in this study trends would indicate that the stigma against a monotone
suggests that genders differentiate not only in their perception of intelligence but in their ability to recall information.
2005 BE030
IF YOU DRINK, THINK! DON'T GO FOR A SPIN!
Victor Edward Cross
Central High School, Phenix City, Alabama
Research on the effects of alcohol on the ability of orb weaver spiders to spin webs was the basis of an antidrinking and driving campaign: a two faceted program was developed. Facet one was
poster that was created shows before and after photos of the spider webs. At the top of the poster the caption read, "If it will do this to a spider, think of what it will do to you!" Below the photogra
with a dead human in it and the other with a dead spider in it. At the bottom of the poster was the slogan, "If you drink, THINK! Don't go for a spin!" The second facet was a multimedia presentatio
and high school students. A pre and posttest on information on the presentations, a DUI fact sheet, and pledge cards were created. Health and Driver's Education teachers in Russell and Musco
allow the presentation to be made to their classes. The presentation was viewed by 688 students who took the pre and posttests. The cumulative data was analyzed by a 2sample Z test (0.05
that the presentation yielded a significant difference in the knowledge of the students about problems inherent in drinking and operating any kind of vehicle. Additionally, 98.71% of the students st
affected their attitude towards drinking and driving, and those students signed pledges agreeing never to drink and drive.
2003 BE030
ARE PERSONALITY TRAITS MORE HERITABLE FROM THE MALE OR FEMALE PARENT IN PAN TROGLODYTES:CHIMPANZEES?
Elizabeth Anne Baker
University High School Tucson, AZ. USA
No other species resembles the human species more than the Pan troglodyte. Over 98.4% of chimpanzee DNA is compatible with human DNA. This project examines the heritable source of chim
personality testing: Extraversion, Dependability Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Openness, and factors of Dominance, Antisocialness and Subjective WellBeing. This study exa
subjects in a worldwide Chimpanzee program. Traits were measured by a sevenpoint Likert scale completed by volunteers or zookeepers. Pearson Product Moment correlations between the per
personality traits of the offspring were calculated. The data was analyzed by sex of the parents and offspring, siblings, and same zoo versus different zoo location. Correlations were tested at the
results revealed that 100% of the personality traits were more highly correlated with the mother as compared to the father. 87.5% of the personality traits were more highly correlated between the
12.5% correlated with the father. Specifically, 62.5% of the traits were more highly correlated with the mother and the male offspring versus 37.5% with the father. The differences between zoo lo
 Based on the results, it can be concluded that personality traits of the Pan troglodytes are more heritable from the mother chimpanzee. The female offspring inherit a higher number of person
results have implications for the prediction of human problems and prevention.
2007 BE030
HUMAN PERCEPTION OF MISSING FUNDAMENTALS IN MUSIC AND SPEECH
Karl Matthew Speer
Central Virginia Governor's School, Lynchburg, Virginia, United States
As technology allows for smaller and smaller audio devices—mp3 players, cell phones, radios—the diminishing size causes certain portions of the reproduced frequency spectrum to be omitted,
was conducted to determine whether humans perceived missing fundamental frequencies with more ease in either music or speech. Forty pairs of audio tracks consisting of either music or speec
Half of the music pairs and half of the speech pairs had a fundamental removed from one member of the pair. Nine subjects were instructed to listen to the audio pairs and responded whether the
study was conducted at a local women’s college at scheduled times from December 12 to December 15 of 2006. It was discovered through a Chisquared test that missing fundamentals in music
speech (p < .0001). A significant relationship (p < .02) was found between missing fundamental perception and the instrument producing the perceived note through another Chisquared test.
relationship (p < .005) between missing fundamental perception and the pitch of a note.
2009 BE030
NOT ALL WATER IS CREATED EQUAL: A CCOMPARISON OF BOTTLE VS. TAP.
Lissi Lizbet Welton
Buena High School, Sierra Vista, AZ
Water directly effects how every human being lives their life. Where they live, what they eat, what clothes they wear. In essence, water is life. Unfortunately our water supplies are contaminated w
pharmaceuticals. Our current options are to find ultra purified waters. Reverse osmosis and vapor distillation are two purification systems that bottled water companies are currently using.
the EPA so that it is safe to consume. With so many bottled water companies using advertisements that promise “the best” water, how is one supposed to know what is best. This begs the ques
between bottled and tap water? This is a comparative study of what the human palate chooses as their favorite and least favorite water type. Age, amount of water consumed in a day, typical typ
tap, purified) and concern for contaminants are all compared to the general like and dislike of six different types of water. Three types of bottled water: Brand A from a spring, Brand B with electro
from a municiple source, and three types of tap water; Hereford well, Sierra Vista and Tucson tap water. A survey and then a blind taste test of the six different waters were administered to sixty
age groups: young adults, middle adults and older adults. It is hypothesized that the palates of the subjects will have the same ability to discern between water types, despite age difference.
therefore each sample group should show equal representation. After testing sixty participants it was found that there is a distinguishable difference in preference. While the favorite water varied,
water. My research shows that the human palate can distinguish between different types of water. It is concluded, that not all water is created equal.
2006 BE030
ATTENTION IN THE BRAIN: A STUDY OF COGNITIVE CONTROL USING FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Maggie Delano
Ossining High School, Ossining NY, USA
This study investigated cognitive control of the Stroop and Simon tasks using functional MRI. Conflicting task dimensions on a given trial trigger cognitive control mechanisms that lead to increas
that conflict is resolved more efficiently. It is undetermined whether cognitive control triggered by one type of conflict leads to superior resolution of another type of conflict. Stimuli included the w
green ink located to the left or right of a fixation point. Stimuli were presented to subjects in an fMRI scanner. Reaction time, accuracy, and fMRI images were recorded. Interaction effects betwee
reach significance (f(1,12)=.1, p=0.947; f(1,12)=.4, p=0.543), indicating that cognitive control did not generalize across different types of conflict. In the Stroop contrast of cognitive control, signifi
inferiorparietal lobule, frontal regions, the postcentral gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. In the Simon contrast, the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, parietal regions and fusiform gyrus were activ
areas responsible for resolving Stroop and Simon conflict. These results may aid in improving the assessment of specific impairments in attentional control. 
2008 BE030
COGNITIVE AND IMPLICIT MEASURES OF ACCULTURATION IN ADOLESCENT HISPANIC AMERICANS
Mary Caitlin Williams
Acculturation is psychological adaptation to a new culture and can contribute to distress, anxiety and even depression. These psychological effects can be examined on a cognitive (conscious) a
study is the first to measure acculturation implicitly in conjunction with cognitive attitudes as an improved approach to measuring acculturation among adolescent Hispanic Americans, the younge
United States. Cognitive and implicit disagreement may indicate internal conflict, which can lead to mental health problems and factors that influence cognitive and implicit acculturation are identi
control group of forty Caucasian Americans completed an Implicit Association Test (IAT) which measured implicit responses. Three new countryspecific IAT sets were created on Inquest in Milli
Involvement Questionnaire (BIQ), measured cognitive attitudes. Of the Hispanic participants, 55% had internal conflict. The frequency of speaking Spanish with friends (cognitive p=.026, implicit
p=.005, implicit p=.001) and English as a first language (cognitive p=.035, implicit p=.002) correlated positively with the degree of acculturation. Learning a language increases implicit association
to native culture and friendship as a context for language plays an important role in implicit acculturation.
Scholarship Award of $5,000 and 10week summer research experience. Total value is $10,000 Department of Homeland Security, University Programs Office
2006 BE030
ATTENTION IN THE BRAIN: A STUDY OF COGNITIVE CONTROL USING FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Maggie Delano
Ossining High School, Ossining NY, USA
This study investigated cognitive control of the Stroop and Simon tasks using functional MRI. Conflicting task dimensions on a given trial trigger cognitive control mechanisms that lead to increas
that conflict is resolved more efficiently. It is undetermined whether cognitive control triggered by one type of conflict leads to superior resolution of another type of conflict. Stimuli included the w
green ink located to the left or right of a fixation point. Stimuli were presented to subjects in an fMRI scanner. Reaction time, accuracy, and fMRI images were recorded. Interaction effects betwee
reach significance (f(1,12)=.1, p=0.947; f(1,12)=.4, p=0.543), indicating that cognitive control did not generalize across different types of conflict. In the Stroop contrast of cognitive control, signifi
inferiorparietal lobule, frontal regions, the postcentral gyrus, and the fusiform gyrus. In the Simon contrast, the precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, parietal regions and fusiform gyrus were activ
areas responsible for resolving Stroop and Simon conflict. These results may aid in improving the assessment of specific impairments in attentional control. 
2008 BE030
2004 BE030
THE PEER PRESSURE EFFECT
Cristina Maria Costantini
University School of Milwaukee, Milwaukee WI, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to measure the degree to which peer pressure affects eighth grade students. In order to assess the effects of peer pressure on eighth graders, the true
the test subjects, and was presented in the form of a math test. The individual test subjects were verbally presented with fifteen basic math problems to solve mentally. Each test subject was the
identical test with a group of three other test subjects. In reality, these three other subjects were "plants", instructed to intentionally give the wrong answers. The "plants" always gave their answe
was asked for the answer. The purpose of this test was to evaluate the percentage of times that the test subjects would give the wrong answers to conform with the wrong answers given by the g
be a very strong force in these subjects. The range of data was great, spanning from those test subjects who never gave in to peer pressure, to those who gave in to peer pressure ninety percent
used in practical life situations to assess one's suseptibility to peer pressure. If a person could be so influenced by peer pressure in a subject as concrete as math, imagine how they could be aff
that they confront in their every day life. 
2014 BE030
PERCEPTION OF FACIAL EXPRESSION OF EMOTION
Danila Alferov
A.B. Lucas Secondary School, London, Ontario, Canada
More than 25% of people worldwide suffer from mental illness (WHO, 2013). Emotion is a subjective conscious experience essential to social interaction in humans, who express emotions primar
expressions provide insight into an individual’s internal emotional state. Changes in person’s emotional state alter his/her ability to perceive facial emotions for example people with mood disorder
altered facial emotion perception. Here, binocular rivalry was used as an objective method of (1) ranking the perceived salience of different facial emotions and (2) measuring changes in the perce
were presented with a facial emotion expression (anger, disgust, fear, happy, sad or surprised) to one eye, and a neutral expression to the other eye, and observers indicated which image was do
reliably ranked the relative salience of six universal facial emotions (ANOVA F(5,257) = 66.13 , p<0.01). This method is sensitive to changes in the perceiver’s internal emotional state when rivalr
method can lead to better differential diagnosis of similar psychological disorders: for example, one might use the distinct patterns of facial emotion perception to distinguish if a child suffers from
Furthermore, the ability to use binocular rivalry to monitor the internal emotional state in individuals (for example in case of labile patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder, schizophre
patients’ environment to improve everyday function, and consequently improve quality of life.
2008 BE030
2008 BE031
EFFECTS OF GENDER CONFORMITY ON THE VOCAL PATTERNS OF PREPUBESCENT CHILDREN
Angela Marie Frisk
Mankato West Senior High School, Mankato, MN
What are the effects of gender conformity on the vocal patterns of prepubescent children? Basically, I want to know if there is a distinguishable difference between the voices of young females an
change. My subjects are children between the ages of four and ten. I will be going to a public place and asking families with children in this age group if they would like to volunteer.
record the child speaking for about fifteen seconds. Each child will be numbered and information on their gender and age will be recorded. Adult volunteers will listen to the tapes and, on a form, w
gender to be and how confident they are in their guess. Their responses will be compared to the actual information on the gender of the children. The accuracy of the responses against the age of
 Subjects were able to guess gender with an average of eightytwo percent accuracy. Though there was an overall positive relationship between both confidence and age and accuracy and ag
from this pattern. As I plan to continue with this experiment, it will be necessary for me to interview a greater number of subjects. This should make a more definite pattern emerge.
2003 BE031
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS LIST PATTERNS ON SHORTTERM SERIAL MEMORY
Michael Andrew Juang
D. W. Daniel High School, Central SC, U. S. A.
This study investigates the effects of various list patterns on shortterm serial memory tests taken immediately after memorizing the list. Originally, the study was going to test if both time after m
the pattern of the list had an effect on the data. Later, the study was narrowed to only focus on the pattern of the given list. Typically, when the words are given in a serial recall test, they are liste
This study tests if changing the position of the words but keeping the serial position number (one for the first word, five for the fifth word, etc.) and the words themselves the same has an impact
subjects were divided equally into three groups. Each group was given a list and its corresponding test sheet with blanks for them to write the words they could recall. The subjects were then time
order (they were notified of this study’s procedure). After a minute was up, they turned back over the list, and then wrote down the answers on the test sheet for the next minute. When the frequen
for each pattern of the list, three distinct graphs were produced. Each seems to follow its own pattern as it progresses up the xaxis. 
2004 BE031
LIVING MEMORY
Elias Queiroz de Oliveira Junior
EMEF José maria Lisboa, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
This research concerns recovering Jardim da Saúde’s neighborhood and Escola Municipal José Maria Lisboa’s history from the memory of the people who live there. Studying the reality
starting point for an investigation about the world that surrounds us and will serve as a fundamental point to develop history concepts, essential to the comprehension of our reality. The student is
building his own knowledge, and noticing that they are actors in history; they are active citizens in the social process. Therefore, retelling Jardim da Saúde’s neighborhood’s history, start
(the first residents, immigration, emigration). From this point, the research got more meaningful, by analyzing other aspects following the subsequent steps: 1st– Gathering data from Offi
of houses, buildings and other establishments built, etc.); 2nd–Reading and examining possible sources about the neighborhood’s history (newspapers, magazines, websites); 3r
documents, such as photographs, maps, blueprints, etc; 4th– Checking and Examining actual cultural legacy: Church, houses and also the school; 5th– Reading Historical Texts
the neighborhood’s history; 7th– Developing a Power Point presentation with all the data collected. 
2005 BE031
WE GOT THE BEAT
Hubert Montoya
Andrews High School, Andrews Texas, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to find out if different types of music affected a mouse's ability to navigate and momorize a maze. Four groups of white mice were exposed to music: one grou
rock music, another to rap music and the final group was a control group. The first week of testing the mice went throught the maze daily for three consecutive days, with out being expos
about five minutes per mouse. The second week of testing the mice went through the maze after being exposed to music for five hours prior to and during testing. The mice took on avera
took 23 minutes. My original hypothesis was that the classical music mice would finish first, the control group second, the rap group third and the rock group fourth. My conclus
music can navigate the maze in a much shorter time than the mice that were not exposed to music. The mice that were expsed to rap music finished the maze faster than all the other mice.
2010 BE031
WORKING MEMORY SPAN AND ITS CORRELATION TO GENDER, GPA, SLEEP AND OTHER FACTORS
Kathryn Rose McClintic
Cedarcrest High School, Duvall, WA
This study explores the correlation between working memory span and differences in gender, sleep, hemispheric dominance, and ability to multitask. It also investigates whether working memory
was hypothesized that working memory span would not vary with gender, but that more sleep and increased ability to multitask would improve working memory span. It was hypothesized that wo
academic proficiency and GPA. Nineteen males and twenty one females between ages of 14 and 17 completed two working memory tasks, the Backward Digit Span Task and the Matrices Memo
demographics survey and a hemispheric dominance survey. The backward digit span and matrices memory span were recorded. The hypothesis regarding gender was supported as gender did no
tasks. It was also found that individuals who receive 7 to 8 hours of sleep/night perform 15% better on working memory tasks than those who did not. The hypotheses regarding multitasking and
supported as there were no correlations identified. In regards to academic proficiency, no correlations were found between working memory span and proficiency in science and GPA. Additionally
be significant predictor of proficiency in math and reading. Future research could include a focused examination of the effects of sleep deprivation on working memory task performance in a more
2011 BE031
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PARTICIPATING IN MUSIC LESSONS AND A STUDENT'S ACHIEVEMENT IN MATH
Marianne Virginia Konikoff
The purpose of studying the relationship between playing a musical instrument and students achieving high grades in math is to investigate the suggestion that participating in music positively af
suggests middle school students participating in music instruction outside the school environment would earn better grades in math courses than their peers who did not participate in music. Midd
regarding participation in music lessons. The school provided each student’s final math grade. Of the 115 middle school students, 18 played an instrument, and their average math grade was 3.94
point GPA system. The remaining students averaged 3.39 (sd=0.67). An independentsample ttest revealed students who played musical instruments earned higher math grades, t(115)=2.6764,
significant gender difference. These statistics led to rejecting the null hypothesis, suggesting that there is a positive relationship between playing a musical instrument and students earning high g
signify that playing musical instruments positively affects brain development, most likely because when a student plays a musical instrument, almost the entire cerebral cortex is used, resulting i
(Weinberger, 1998).
2006 BE031
VISUAL ILLUSIONS AS TOOLS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH
Esther Pustil'nik
Israeli Arts and Sciences Academy Jerusalem, Israel.
Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that affects approximately 1% of the world’s population. Its most striking clinical aspect is psychosis, characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Even t
neurobiological theory of this complex disease. Traditional studies have focused on certain subcortical areas and on the prefrontal cortex. However, motivated by recent theories, I chose a differe
aspects of visual perception in schizophrenia. In particular, I focused on perception of stimuli that are usually associated with perceptual illusions. Using a battery of computerized tests, I charact
visual illusions in schizophrenics compared to control subjects. The tendency to experience hallucinations and sensory distortions suggested that visual illusions would have a more pronounced e
actual results showed an overall tendency among the patients not to perceive the illusions! Qualitatively, the data indicated deficits in spatial integration, figureground segregation and topdown c
experiment stimulated a new hypothesis, namely, that the underlying neuronal substrate is dysfunctional connectivity in certain visual areas. To verify this hypothesis, I performed additional spec
corroborated the previous results. Moreover, one of these experiments suggested that the dysfunction is specific to longrange lateral interactions in the visual cortex. This is consistent with rece
in schizophrenia. In addition to providing insights regarding brain functions that are compromised in schizophrenia, this study can be useful for diagnosis as well as for novel therapeutic strategies
First Award of $1,000 and a certificate American Intellectual Property Law Association
2014 BE031
USING GOOGLE TRENDS TO ENHANCE PREDICTIVE MODELS OF MORTGAGE DELINQUENCY TO MITIGATE RISK IN THE LOAN LENDING PROCESS
Soham Daga
Stuyvesant High School, Manhattan, NY, United States of America
Many global and national recessions have been caused by or exacerbated by bank failures. The most recent economic crisis, the recession of 2008, was triggered by a banking panic. Accurately
behavior will provide further certainty to banks in the lending process and help prevent bank failure. I hypothesized, tested and validated that Google Trends can be used as predictive in
to mortgage delinquency. I created autoregressive linear regression models and autoregressive linear regression models with logarithmic transformation of data to test the power of Google Trends
month time lag. I compared models that solely contained past mortgage delinquency and macroeconomic variables with models that combined Google Trends Data. In all cases
significantly lowered the residual error of predicted mortgage delinquency values. Not only did Google Trends Data enhance the ability to predict delinquency with a higher degree of accuracy, but
delinquency risks 618 months ahead of the crisis – something traditional economic indicators are not able to provide that far in advance. Banks and other financial firms can use these models to
delinquency levels and suitably refine their broad loan policy decisions. This would enable them to reduce the broader risk in their loan lending process and optimize the health of their loan portfoli
2012 BE031
THE EFFECTS OF MINDFUL DECISION MAKING ON POST DECISION REGRET
Emily Katherine Hu
Mindfulness is the ability to perceive, accept, and adapt to the changing world. It’s influence on the decision making process has become increasingly important as our world continues to evolve.
determine the relationship between mindful decisionmaking and post decision regret. It was hypothesized that trait mindfulness is an indicator of decreased post decision regret and that state mi
intervention, will lessen post decision regret. A total of 60 subjects were tested. Subjects were given either low mindful or high mindful intervention as a priming technique prior to testing
simulation of an economic game in which they had to make a series of choices. After testing, subjects were asked a series of post game questions that were designed to measure different levels
regret. The data shows that mindfulness as both a trait and a state has a mitigating effect on post decision regret. Data proves that mindful individuals feel happier, see the world as brig
their choices (p<0.05). Moreover, the data confirms that high mindful individuals tend to be more emotionally consistent and predictable than their low mindful counterparts. Further rese
the role of various physiological and visual stimuli on mindful decision making and subsequent post decision affect.
2007 BE031
BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH THE WHITE GENE AS A PHENOTYPIC MARKER IN W1118 AND CS DROSOPHILA
Mary Martha Ferrari Douglas
Manhasset High School, Manhasset, NY, USA
The white gene (w) is commonly used as a phenotypic marker in drosophila for studies ranging from behavioral analysis to gene regulation. W is a precursor of eye pigmentation and produces an
depleting tryptophan levels. However, recent courtship studies suggest that it could be playing a larger role on drosophila behavior. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of
memory in two strains of drosophila, to evaluate the appropriateness of W as a phenotypic marker. Male control red (w+) and male white eyed (w) drosophila from two strains, w1118 and CS, wer
Drosophila were tested for memory in the heatbox learning paradigm. After collecting data from approximately 220 flies per group (CS w, CS w+, w1118 w, w1118 w+), results demonstrate that s
significantly differed between the eye colors, suggesting that the white gene is not a suitable genetic marker. Furthermore, previously published studies that utilized the marker may have presente
2009 BE031
EXPLORING SCHIZOPHRENIC LOGIC WITH COMIC STRIPS
Shira Ahissar
Aharon Katzir High School, Rehovot, ISRAEL
Schizophrenia is thought to impair logical processes, but the nature of these impairments and whether there is any consistency across different individuals remain unresolved. To explore logical p
the speech bubbles empty, and asked 19 schizophrenic patients and 11 normative subjects to fill the bubbles. I then asked each patient to grade each of the 19x4 filled comic strips according to
each filled comic strip according to 10 characteristic features. A cluster analysis of the combined data revealed 3 distinguished patient groups, showing different logical patterns. This grouping an
characteristics of the filled comic strips indicated that schizophrenic logic may have its own rules. For example, the number of repetitions of "loneliness" words and the maximum number of pictu
significantly correlated. Indeed most breaks in the plots occurred at a dramatic event in the comic strip. Subsequent personal interviews revealed significant relationships between dramatic exper
characteristics of their filled comics. My findings indicate grouping of logical patterns among schizophrenics and suggest that schizophrenic logic deviates from the norm at events where that pat
These frequent breaks in plot may result from impaired connections between emotions, encoded in the limbic system, and memory for episodes, encoded in the hippocampus. This is consistent
over limbichippocampus connections, which results in impaired emotional control of memory encoding.
2012 BE031
Emily Katherine Hu
2014 BE031
USING GOOGLE TRENDS TO ENHANCE PREDICTIVE MODELS OF MORTGAGE DELINQUENCY TO MITIGATE RISK IN THE LOAN LENDING PROCESS
Soham Daga
Stuyvesant High School, Manhattan, NY, United States of America
Many global and national recessions have been caused by or exacerbated by bank failures. The most recent economic crisis, the recession of 2008, was triggered by a banking panic. Accurately
behavior will provide further certainty to banks in the lending process and help prevent bank failure. I hypothesized, tested and validated that Google Trends can be used as predictive in
to mortgage delinquency. I created autoregressive linear regression models and autoregressive linear regression models with logarithmic transformation of data to test the power of Google Trends
month time lag. I compared models that solely contained past mortgage delinquency and macroeconomic variables with models that combined Google Trends Data. In all cases
significantly lowered the residual error of predicted mortgage delinquency values. Not only did Google Trends Data enhance the ability to predict delinquency with a higher degree of accuracy, but
delinquency risks 618 months ahead of the crisis – something traditional economic indicators are not able to provide that far in advance. Banks and other financial firms can use these models to
delinquency levels and suitably refine their broad loan policy decisions. This would enable them to reduce the broader risk in their loan lending process and optimize the health of their loan portfoli
2013 BE031
MOTIVATIONAL INTERVIEWING AS A FORM OF STRESS RELIEF IN ADOLESCENTS
Allison Michelle Kath
Motivational Interviewing is a form of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (a psychotherapeutic approach that focuses on dysfunctional emotions and their manifestations in actions) that was first devis
Although it is very effective, its effects haven’t been studied a.) to treat stress or b.) in adolescents. In other words, a potentially very useful therapy technique was unavailable to a large demogra
‐18 consented and/or received parental consent to participate in research that consisted of two participation groups. All participants completed an
students of both genders between the ages of 14
‐style conversation (experimental group) or a Stress Education
(ASQ) engaged in either a Motivational Interviewing ‐style conversation, (control group) and completed a second ASQ 7
‐10 days la
demonstrated a decrease in stress of approximately 17% while the control group demonstrated an increase in stress of < 1%, these results are considered significant. However, due to the small s
considered preliminary, and they lend support to the efficacy of Motivational Interviewing in an identical study with a larger sample size.
2006 BE031
VISUAL ILLUSIONS AS TOOLS IN SCHIZOPHRENIA RESEARCH
Esther Pustil'nik
Israeli Arts and Sciences Academy Jerusalem, Israel.
Schizophrenia is a devastating illness that affects approximately 1% of the world’s population. Its most striking clinical aspect is psychosis, characterized by hallucinations and delusions. Even t
neurobiological theory of this complex disease. Traditional studies have focused on certain subcortical areas and on the prefrontal cortex. However, motivated by recent theories, I chose a differe
aspects of visual perception in schizophrenia. In particular, I focused on perception of stimuli that are usually associated with perceptual illusions. Using a battery of computerized tests, I charact
visual illusions in schizophrenics compared to control subjects. The tendency to experience hallucinations and sensory distortions suggested that visual illusions would have a more pronounced e
actual results showed an overall tendency among the patients not to perceive the illusions! Qualitatively, the data indicated deficits in spatial integration, figureground segregation and topdown c
experiment stimulated a new hypothesis, namely, that the underlying neuronal substrate is dysfunctional connectivity in certain visual areas. To verify this hypothesis, I performed additional spec
corroborated the previous results. Moreover, one of these experiments suggested that the dysfunction is specific to longrange lateral interactions in the visual cortex. This is consistent with rece
in schizophrenia. In addition to providing insights regarding brain functions that are compromised in schizophrenia, this study can be useful for diagnosis as well as for novel therapeutic strategies
2012 BE031
Emily Katherine Hu
Award of $2,000, a trip to NYC for the weekend including airfare, two nights hotel accommodations and two tickets to the SPIDERMAN Turn Off the Dark! SPIDERMAN Turn Off the Dark
2011 BE032
A COMPARISON OF FORGETTING CURVES IN HUMANS AND RATS
Chad Deniz Erturk
Spartanburg Day School, Spartanburg, SC
Behavioral similarities between humans and animals have been a point of research for the experimental psychologist for the last several decades. I investigated the similarities between the forget
8 female Wistar rats in a Skinner Box to respond to a stimulus (light) and measured their forgetting over a 60 second period. Then I used the data to create a curve to show the relationship betwe
known Forgetting Curve created by Hermann Ebbinghaus to regenerate a human Forgetting Curve to be compared with the rat Forgetting Curve. My results showed that even though significant sc
rats, the basic principles of forgetting is very similar in these two species.
2010 BE032
YOU CATCH MORE FLIES WITH HONEY!
James Michael Kobylanski
Rome Catholic High School, Rome, NY
Overall, the purpose of "You Catch More Flies With Honey!" was to prioritize potential cyber security threats at Rome Catholic School, according to critical infrastructure information. This was don
require more security protocols; security protocols in the form of intrusion detection systems, or "Honey Pots." The main procedure of the experiment included collecting, interpreting, and graphin
Rome Catholic School in grades seven through twelve. The students selected one of five desirably titled folders that represented actual "High Risk Potential" areas. They include: 1.) Stu
Passwords 3.) Student Disciplinary Records 4.) Lunch Account Codes 5.) School Finances According to procedure, the subjects then followed directions on a M
The directions instructed them to list their gender, age, and grade, as well as to provide a brief explanation that would allow insight to their specific folder selection. The data was sorted and organ
but not limited to: Gender, Age, Grade, Folder Preference, or any combination of the previous. The experiment concluded after graphing and interpreting the data. Succeeding in the original purpos
cyber infrastructure that required more security, it was found that "Student Grades" and "School Finances" would benefit in the greatest from added security measures.
2014 BE032
PULSIC: AN INTELLIGENT MUSIC PLAYER FOR JOGGERS
Johanna Adojaan
Hugo Treffneri Gymnasium, Tartu, Tartumaa, Estonia
The aim of this study was to demonstrate that it is possible to influence the sporting behaviour intentionally by music and therefore to prove the concept of Pulsic an intelligent music player. It h
that listening to the music whilst jogging can affect various characteristics of running speed, heart rate, pace and cadence. We examined this phenomenon experimentally. Stu
running sessions in an indoor sports hall on a fixed distance; the only difference between the sessions was the type of music participants listened to during jogging: music was with either high or
heart rate, pace, running speed and time were collected and analysed with spreadsheet software regarding to music type, training experience and gender. Indeed the heart rate differed during runn
linked to the rhythm of music. We also noticed that running speed was less affected by music among participants with higher training experience compared to least experienced runners. 
development of an intelligent music player, which would help inexperienced jogger to regulate running speed and avoid overexertion, is a realistic goal, provided that the device is simultaneously a
jogger, select music with different tempo and analyse the effect onthefly.
2005 BE032
REASON AND SENTIMENT – THE SELFREPRESENTATION OF DEHUMANIZATION IN LITERATURE
Taly Sister
Escola Brasileira Israelita Chaim Nachman Bialik, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
The main goal of this research is to understand how the horror of the holocaust the systematic dehumanization of a whole population of human beings – can be represented in an effective way.
definitions of “horror” includes indescribability and my question was how can witnesses describe the horror of dehumanization without trivializing it. I started by identifying literary works
holocaust. Then I selected the novel "If this is a man" by the ItalianJewish scientist and Auschwitz survivor Primo Levi for a detailed study. Next, I identified in this work instances of dehumaniz
 I’ve found that even within extremely dehumanizing contexts, acts of reaffirmation of humanity occurred against the external attempts to deny it. The narrator and other camp prisoners repea
a context of moral debasement and devaluation. My conclusion is that the horror of the holocaust can be represented without making it frivolous. This can be done by representing the c
process in camps and the victims’ attempts to assert their own humanity. Thus, literary reports go beyond the objective narrative of dehumanization, creating a bridge between readers’ and the w
representations have an important role in preserving the subjective memory of mans efforts to assert their own humanity in adversity. The very act of writing may also have the side effect of reas
also to humanize readers. 
2003 BE032
THE SHORT TERM EFFECTS OF CONTINUAL AND PARTIAL REINFORCEMENT ON GIRLS
Casey King Hogle
Elko High School, Elko, NV, USA
Does positive reinforcement have short term effects? Does the time that 5th and 6th grade girls run 70 feet decrease at a faster rate when partial or continual reinforcement is administered? I ass
affirmed, that those who were reinforced continually would be affected the most, and the partially reinforced group would be affected more than the control group. Six basketball teams (d
were tested. Right before every practice, the girls ran individually. The subjects were reinforced by receiving a Hershey?s Kiss if their time was faster than their time in the practice directly preced
continually reinforced (every practice), subjects in another group were partially reinforced (every other practice), and the subjects in the control were not reinforced. The data was analyz
both independent and dependent samples. The times of those in the control worsened, probably because of the lack of incentive. For both the continually reinforced and partially reinforced groups
decreased times support the effectiveness of both types of reinforcement. The increased times may have occurred because of a loss of interest, an insufficient reinforcer, or physical limitations.
discovered between the control and both reinforced groups. This difference gave evidence for the benefits of reinforcement over no reinforcement. The comparison of the effectiveness of partial v
inconclusive. 
2009 BE032
GIRL`S CRUELTY
Evgeniya Mikhailovna Konovalova
HumanitiesPedagogical Liceym, Ukhta, Komi Republic, RUSSIA
The question of girl’s cruelty is one, which worries adults and teenagers. Girl’s aggression and cruelty increase in geometric progression. Experts think that it’s impossible to talk about spreading
However the per cent of girl’s criminality increases every year and forms 810 % of total quantity of criminality. Purposes of this work are: revealing factors, which help appearing and dev
reasons, which assist girl’s cruelty, finding differences between girl’s and boy’s cruelty. Methods, which used in the work: learning scientific and publicistic articles, materials of Departme
problem, interviews with girls, holding psychological tests. Teenager’s, in particular girl’s cruelty appears in the next transitional period in the life of society. People, who lose confidence o
children, they neglect upbringing process. At the present time a girl tries to selfaffirm, so she looks like «a monster in skirt». In cartoons and films girls are able to fight, are master of art
the same rights as men, sometimes they want to manage them, so revaluation of values is happening. Now boys don’t try to get for girl’s attention, but girls fight for boy. Those girls create a fam
they can’t be a womanmother. Those girls aspire to individual leadership, don’t compromise.
2006 BE032
THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION VIOLENCE ON ADOLESCENTS
Supal J. Desai, Supal Desai
Celebration High School, Celebration, FL, USA
The goal of this project is to determine the effects of television violence on adolescents. Research has shown that there is a clear link to violent television and prolonged influence on individual’s
behavior of two populations of high school students, measuring both costisol levels and behavioral responses. Students at the school were divided into two groups. The control group sa
The experimental group was shown 30 minutes of war created scenes that exhibited various degrees of violence. Saliva samples were taken prior to dertemine the subjects’ reactions to violence
surveyed to determine the amount and type of media the subjects are exposed to. Using cortisol antibody, immunocytochemical studies were done on the saliva samples. Immunoblot analysis w
amounts of cortisol before and after the study, using a secondary anticortisol antibody with a horseradishperocidase tag to visualize the cortisol on the blot. The result showed that the
higher elevated cortisol level after watching the cartoon when compared to the control groups. Male and female responses were analyzed and showed that the females had a higher level of respon
However, males showed a higher initial level due to their increased viewing of television watched by the subjects. This supports the initial hypothesis of desensitization to television violence.
demonstrating that the males, who watched most television, had the highest initial levels of cortisol, contributing to that desensitization. 
2013 BE032
A MODEL OF MEDIAL ENTORHINAL CORTEX GRID CELL REMAPPING
Ryan Diego Silva
University High Scool, Tucson, AZ
How does the brain navigate space? Two spatial neurons in the hippocampal network have a key role in navigation. Place cells create a ‘cognitive map’ of space through their place fields, or area
cells create a metric of space using a triangular lattice of place fields. The role of grid cells in place field formation, although unknown, could be a key element in understanding the phenomenon c
mechanism by which changes in an environment are perceived. During this event grid fields shift, which is thought to drive the more unpredictable movement of place fields. Remapping allows co
location, context and purpose. This project focuses on demonstrating that two grid cells with different spatial periods are suitable to represent a point in space unambiguously before and
simulation of grid cells in MATLAB (Matrix Laboratory) is modified to produce two networks with different periods. The result is that the two grid fields overlap over a finite number of points in spac
overlapping activity than any of the others, suggesting that with more grid cells a single point will emerge, allowing for place field formation. The conclusion is that through this method of remappin
sporadic as data recorded from animals, and this simulation could be used to predict how the brain reacts when identifying its location.
2008 BE032
THE DEVOLUTION OF COOPERATION: AN EXAMINATION OF EXCESSIVE NOISE IN THE ITERATED PRISONER'S DILEMMA
Thomas McLean Burr
South Fork High School, Stuart, FL
The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, a simulation of competition among a group of rational opponents, has been the focus of game theoretical and economic study since its development by Robert A
dynamics to simulate evolution and “noise” to simulate real world interactions has drawn the attention of both biologists and economists alike. In an age of increasing globalization and access to t
may not accurately represent the disturbances caused by splinter groups of political movements. In this study, the effects of abnormal levels of noise, approaching twenty percent, are taken into
increasingly evident situation. The question posed, therefore, is to find at what point cooperation begins to break down as a rational course of action for the player in the evolutionary form of the It
Iterated Prisoner’s dilemma was run through UNIX on the ICE server at Harvard University. The results achieved reflect the expected hypothesis. At noise levels approaching ten percent in the no
in the evolutionary game, non cooperative strategies such as Grim Trigger and Always Defect become dominant in the locality. Although the results achieved through this experiment are unique t
trials as well as the number of competitors show confidently a trend that can be applied to not only other simulations, but real world simulations as well.
2012 BE032
BOOSTING THE ADHD BRAIN: EFFECTS OF GUM CHEWING AND CAFFEINE ON COGNITION AND MEMORY IN ADOLESCENTS WITH ADHD
Zarin Ibnat Rahman
AttentionDeficit–Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the leading childhood psychiatric disorders affecting mostly schoolaged children. It is characterized by impairments of attention, concen
memory deficits. Additionally, ADHD behavior is in direct conflict with the demands of the classroom which are challenging for ADHD students to navigate and may limit their ability to succeed in
demonstrated that gum chewing has beneficial effects on cognition including attention and memory. Furthermore, evidence shows that caffeine can help arouse attention level and boost memory
that chewing gum along with caffeine would improve performance on memory and attention tasks in persons with ADHD. In a crossover study, adolescents with ADHD were examined. All particip
gum, caffeine plus gum and without gum. A series of neuropsychological tests that assess attention (SynWin and Stroop), concentration (reading comprehension), and working memory (Paced A
recall) were administered. Results were analyzed using oneway ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc test. The findings suggest that compared to a nogum control, chewing gum and caffeine plus
aspects of attention and memory, but didn’t significantly affect concentration. The information from the study will help people find possibilities of using gum or a combination of gum and caffeine i
functioning is required, such as tests at school, to reduce the risks of neurobehavioral related disorders like ADHD and improve academic performance.
2004 BE032
MORE TO READING THAN MEETS THE EYE
Carrie Ann Kreimier
Rifle High School, Rifle, Colorado, USA
 Reading is an important part of learning. It is much more than just looking at words on a page. Reading works your bilateral coordination, visual tracking skills, and auditory pronunciation
students. The problem presented is: Which combination of auditory, bilateral coordination, or visual tracking activities will improve a student's reading score? There were three activities p
second grade classes. In the study there were a total of 168 students. The hypothesis stated that the class performing all three activities will have the greatest improvement, and then the classes
next highest improvement, and then the classes performing only one activity will have the least highest improvement. The results didn't match the hypothesis. Of the three activities, and
only visual tracking activity had the greatest improvement, with a class average of 7.43 Rigby level benchmark scores. Rigby is a program that measures a student's reading level. One reason th
was the consistency in performing the activities. The teacher who performed all three activities was absent from school on various occasions. If the teacher was gone, the substitue may not have
them wrong. An important finding was: All but one class showed greater improvement than the control, supporting the idea that these activities could be used as a daily warmup to stim
2007 BE032
INTERPERSONAL BEHAVIOR AND SPACING ON PUBLIC BENCHES: AN OBSERVATIONAL PROJECT CONDUCTED IN DC METRORAIL STATIONS
Anne Kelly Minoff
Yorktown High School, Arlington, VA, USA
A significant factor influencing human behavior in public spaces is a desire to defend one’s personal space from encroachment by strangers, and oneself from unwanted attention. One method fo
decreasing the chances of interaction is to increase physical distance from strangers. It was hypothesized that people would consider strangers of the opposite gender to be more threatening than
this difference would be reflected by greater seating distances between those of opposite genders in public places. Fiftytwo people were observed choosing seats beside strangers on pu
relative distance to his or her benchmate was recorded. Distances were approximated using a 10toone scale. Any behaviors exhibited by subjects, including reading, talking on a cell phone, etc
ANOVA test run on the distance data supported the null hypothesis, revealing no statistical difference in seating distances between those of the same or opposite gender. However, an analysis o
seating interaction suggested that subjects sitting at closer distances were more likely to display “avoidance behaviors,” including reading, listening to music, using cell phones, and angling their
were those sitting farther apart, regardless of gender. An ANOVA test run on this data revealed statistically significant differences in seating distances between people exhibiting avoidance behav
behaviors, suggesting a correlation between seating distance and the use of avoidance behaviors. 
First award of $1,000 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2008 BE032
THE DEVOLUTION OF COOPERATION: AN EXAMINATION OF EXCESSIVE NOISE IN THE ITERATED PRISONER'S DILEMMA
Thomas McLean Burr
South Fork High School, Stuart, FL
The Iterated Prisoner's Dilemma, a simulation of competition among a group of rational opponents, has been the focus of game theoretical and economic study since its development by Robert A
dynamics to simulate evolution and “noise” to simulate real world interactions has drawn the attention of both biologists and economists alike. In an age of increasing globalization and access to t
may not accurately represent the disturbances caused by splinter groups of political movements. In this study, the effects of abnormal levels of noise, approaching twenty percent, are taken into
increasingly evident situation. The question posed, therefore, is to find at what point cooperation begins to break down as a rational course of action for the player in the evolutionary form of the It
Iterated Prisoner’s dilemma was run through UNIX on the ICE server at Harvard University. The results achieved reflect the expected hypothesis. At noise levels approaching ten percent in the no
in the evolutionary game, non cooperative strategies such as Grim Trigger and Always Defect become dominant in the locality. Although the results achieved through this experiment are unique t
trials as well as the number of competitors show confidently a trend that can be applied to not only other simulations, but real world simulations as well.
2007 BE033
THE CUTTING EDGE OF INTERNET JOURNALING
Belinda Emily Daniel
Niles North High School, Skokie, Illinois, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to study the effectiveness of the internet journaling site, LiveJournal™, in observing correlations of mental health, age, and suicidal tendency with substance u
frequency respectively, among users who post to selfinjury communities. In this experiment, 8 different selfharm communities on LiveJournal™ were randomly selected, and among th
users were profiled for their age, their mental health (whether they had diagnosed medical conditions), suicidal tendencies (whether they have attempted suicide or talked of ending their life), subs
frequencies of their posts. Then, the data was organized into three separate sets: the first to observe correlations between the severity of the condition and the severity of the substance use; the
tendency; and the third, between suicidal tendency and posting frequency. The results were fairly inconclusive. The data indicated no observable increase in substance use as mental he
users appeared to be higher than the age of nonsuicidal users and that the frequency of posts was higher among those who were not suicidal. These results were not supported with statistical ev
significantly higher. 
2009 BE033
CULT ELEMENTS OF SHAMANISM IN THE EPOS "GESER"
Khandama Tudupovna Damdinova
UzhnoArgaleyskaya Secondary School, Uzhny Argaley, Zabaikalsky kray, RUSSIA
The work is devoted to cult elements research of shamanism in the epos “Geser” as a reflection of ecological consciousness of Buryat people. In the process of research we studied scientific wo
analysed religious and cultural elements of the epos “Geser”. The results of the research work let us make conclusions and recommendations about estimation of the epos importance in the ecolo
Studies of Buryat heroic epos are of great importance and interest for the future generation and demands further studying as invaluable treasure of Buryat people.
2008 BE033
DO YOU HAVE SYNESTHESIA? PHASE II
Alexandra Christine Hummel
Synesthesia is a neurological condition, which multiple senses are stimulated to combine into a single perceptual experience. The purpose of this project was to see if and who Synesthesia trans
people. Also, the project was intended to spread the knowledge of Synesthesia. It was hypothesized that, females more so than males, would project more of a Synesthetic outcome and
Synestheticlike tendencies than not. The equipment used during the testing process included: a computer, the MATLAB Texsyn Toolbox Program, a questionnaire, and a pencil. There w
tested: GraphemeColor, ColorNumber, Lexical Gustatory, Mirror Touch, Personification, and SoundMusic Synesthesia. The subjects were first explained what Synesthesia was, and we
questionnaire of Synesthesiabased questions. Once completed, the data was reviewed to distinguish whether subjects projected tendencies, and if so, further testing was required. All data, was
complete. Then, data was converted into graphs and a Chisquare analysis of the study was made. In conclusion, Synesthesia does occur in a vast amount of people. While, partially sup
project a larger outcome than males in most of the categories, although, not completely. Though, further testing would be necessary for the Synesthetic certainty. As a whole, the project was suc
exist regularly in people.
2004 BE033
CONTINUED LUNACY 20032004 THE AFFECTS OF THE FULL MOON ON HUMAN (CRIMINAL) BEHAVIOR
Christine Jamie Bedont
Carbon High School, Price, Utah USA
The purpose of my science fair project is to continue the research started last year which proves a change in human behavior with the full moon. To complete this project, I expanded my research
Salt Lake County and cities located in each county. I collected data on criminal activity on my control date and the date of the full moon each month during the year 2003 from several public safe
agencies involved were Price City Police Department, Helper City Police Department, Price City Fire Department, Carbon County Sheriff’s Office, Salt Lake City Police Department, South Salt La
County Fire Department and Salt Lake County Sheriff’s Office. I counted each call/report from each agency for each date and calculated the percent of change from the control date to the full mo
department showed a rise in criminal activity on the date of the full moon. This data again proved my hypothesis correct both in rural and urban areas. Each agency also participated in a
of whether or not the full moon theory of behavioral change was believed. From these surveys, I ascertained that most believed in the phenomenon but no agency planned on any extra personnel
percent of change found with the data would support this decision. 
2005 BE033
UHEALTHY EATING HABITS INTENSIFIES MENSTRUAL CYCLE DISCOMFORT IN NORTHEASTERN PUERTO RICAN WOMEN: A PORTRAIT OF LATIN AMERICAN WOMEN
Tashay GonzalezOrtiz
Colegio Sonifel, Fajardo, Puerto Rico
Throughout many years people have studied the effects that outside forces have on the human body. The purpose of this project is to study the effects of unhealthy foods on the female body dur
geographical placement could affect a woman's eating routines, and to prove that certain patterns emerge in women's eating habits depending on age. To obtain the necessary informatio
was prepared and handed out to different women of varying ages. This questionnaires asked participants who were tested about their food preferences, any positive or negative side effects they f
placement of their homes, and which foods they tended to stay away from during the time prior or during menstruation. After performing the necessary statistical analysis, it was shown
unhealthy eating habits which worsen the side effects felt during the time prior or during menstruation; while older women made healthier eating choices because, with experience, they knew whic
bodies.
2013 BE033
I HAVE FUN WITH THE PHYSICS: DIDACTIC METHOD OF TEACHING AND LEARNING
Katia Aldhara Plaza Palacios
Escuela Preparatoria Regional de Jocotepec, Jocotepec, MEXICO
The study of physics in our current society is transcendental, its formation through the various levels of education aims to bring students to the knowledge, principles, theories and laws that scien
behavior of various phenomena. Based on the competency study we propose a teaching method in supportive of the binomial studentteacher that emphasizes the meaningful learning d
intended to include not only knowledge to be applied in everyday life, but also generate a scientific / humanist sense and articulate knowledge of various areas. Likewise with the approac
address general topics of classical physics, animations, interactive games, design and construction of prototypes of implementation in class, workshops, evaluations and specific manuals, is inte
attention through the three essential areas of knowledge (kinesthetic, auditory and visual) in search of the student cognitive improvement in that area. The compilation and statistical ana
assessment and final grant a parameter of efficiency in the application of this method. The implementations of the principles of this method are flexible to the different areas of knowledg
textbooks and academic curricula that enable its application in schools from the basic level to advanced level.
2010 BE033
THE YOULLA EFFECT: ORIGINAL RESEARCH ON HUMAN FACIAL RECOGNITION BY THE SUBCONSCIOUS MIND
Grant Perry Samms
Olathe North High School, Olathe, KS
This study was concerned with whether or not subjects would anonymously agree that out of three options, one face looked the most like three givens. Subjects were given thirty seconds to stud
photographs. They were then shown three more faces and asked to select which one they felt most “looked like” the three givens. This test was preformed with a set of male faces and with a fem
participation by 62 subjects (Set A), the choice photos were shifted one to the right and 18 more subjects (Set B) were tested. Analysis of Set A showed that subjects agreed on the male face 59
female face 61.29% of the time. These statistics were found to have less then a .05% chance of being coincidental after analysis by a Chi Squared Test of Goodness of Fit. When separated by g
on the male face 55.88% of the time, but agreed on the female face 64.71% of the time. Women agreed on the male face 64.29% of the time, but agreed 57.14% of the time on the female face. A
same male face from Set A 50% of the time and on the same female face from Set A 61.11% of the time. These changes were not significant enough to indicate position of the picture as a facto
2011 BE033
DAMAGING EFFECTS TO COGNITIVE ABILITY DUE TO LONGTERM TREATMENT WITH A HIGH FAT/HIGH CHOLESTEROL DIET
Ana Nicole Lanier
Academic Magnet High School, North Charleston, SC
This study was done as a part of a larger study done to determine whether high cholesterol/high lipid diet leads to altered memory and cholinergic function during aging. Given the fact that nowada
fat and cholesterol has no effect on brain and memory, I was interested in finding out if feeding rats with a diet high in fat and cholesterol would impair their memory. The null hypothesis was deve
you were to feed young and old rats a high fat high cholesterol diet as compared to their normal diet, you would see no significant difference in their working memory correct errors, their working m
memory errors. The hippocampus region of the brain works with inhibition, memory, and space. High fat affects the neurons in this region, and can disrupt ones memory. In this study I observed
young/control diet, six young/high fat high cholesterol diet, six aged/control diet, and six aged/HFHC diet were put in a water radial arm maze, and were left alone to find the four platforms located
day over 12 days for each rat to record the errors they made. Afterwards I analyzed the data found to determine their learning capacity and memory. At the end of the study it was shown that the
quickly, and the animals with a high fat diet do even worse. The null hypothesis is rejected because the analysis of the data shows that there is a significant difference among the four different ca
this data, which could lead to the experimental design for a future study testing if the effects of the diet could be reversed by treating them with a diet enriched with high amounts of antioxidants.
2014 BE033
EFFECT OF INTERRUPTIVE FACEBOOK USE ON WORKING MEMORY IN THE 21ST CENTURY LEARNING ENVIRONMENT
Laela Rabab Zaidi
Joplin High School, Joplin, MO, United States of America
The association between media distractions and learning is a popular topic in modern behavioral psychology. Understanding these complex relationships is critical as educators navigate how to p
environment. The present study investigates the relationships between selfesteem, intensity of Facebook use, and working memory. This study was specifically designed to emulate specific dis
studying. The participants were high school students ranging in age from 16 to 18. Participants completed the Rosenberg Selfesteem Scale to determine their explicit selfesteem and then studie
Participants immediately recalled these words, and were randomly assigned to one of three activities: viewing their personal Facebook profile, viewing their friends’ profiles, or surfing the Internet.
words from the first exercise. The percent difference from the first and second recall was recorded. Participants completed a Facebook intensity usage survey after experimentation that measure
connectedness to Facebook. A oneway ANOVA between testing groups elucidated a significant difference between testing groups (p = 0.0312). Post comparison using the Tukey HSD test indic
Facebook Friend group (M = 0.0801, SD = 0.1157) was significantly different from the Facebook Profile group (M = 0.2355, SD = 0.1287). Facebook intensity was predictive of participant’s perfo
profile group (R2 = 0.2993). The Rosenberg Selfesteem scale was predictive of participants performance amongst the Internet control group (R2 = 0.2104).
2003 BE033
NETWORK THEORY APPLIED TO INSTANT MESSAGING
Sari Ancel, Nicolet High School
Glendale, WI, U.S.
The Nicolet High School freshmen who communicate by computer through Instant Messenger form a network. Networks have various statistical properties that are interesting and can be used to
through them. In a smallworld network, any two participants have surprisingly few 'degrees of separation' between them. The network statistic that detects degree of separation is called average
clustering coefficient of a network measures its cliquishness and plays a secondary role in determining whether the network is smallworld (according to the theory of Watts and Strogatz).
average number of connections at each node. This study gathered and analyzed data to determine whether the Nicolet freshman online communication network has smallworld and other propert
whom they communicate with at least once a week revealed that 288 of the surveyed students form a connected network. The data from this survey was analyzed using Excel statistical tools an
average minimum path length between two nodes in the network is 2.49, showing that the network is extremely smallworld. Therefore, information and viruses would disseminate very quickly. Th
showing that the network is not cliquish. This confirms the observation that Nicolet students communicate outside their groups of immediate friends. It also shows that the strict WattsStrogatz c
random network than a smallworld network. 
2006 BE033
THE IMPACT OF INDIVIDUAL RELIGIOUS COMMITMENT ON ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT, HOPE AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN ADOLESCENTS
Sarah Batya Joselow
Ossining High School, Ossining, NY, United States
Religious commitment has been shown to have positive impacts on adolescent academic achievement, hope, and quality of life. However, previous research has not focused on either ethnically
addition, it has not examined the impact of separate aspects of religious commitment on the lives of adolescents. The purpose of this study was to extend available literature by focusing on a mo
between separate aspects of religious commitment. Questionnaires were distributed to 539 adolescents, aged 14 21, from a diverse high school in suburban New York. Questionnaires contained
questions compiled from the previous works of Sethi and Seligman (1993) and Smith and Faris (2002), which evaluated subjects' demographic groupings, selfidentified hope and quality of life, an
determined by various aspects of religious participation. Belief in God was negatively correlated with GPA (F=.159, p=.036, Mean difference=4.497). Hope and quality of life were positively correla
p=.000) and sense of connection to God (r=.207, p=.000), though these findings were inconsistent when the sample was disaggregated by race and religious affiliation. These findings suggest tha
academic achievement, hope, and quality of life is highly dependant on both racial and religious affiliation.
2013 BE034
EFFECT OF THE MUSIC THERAPY ON INHIBITORY CONTROL OF CHILDREN VICTIMS OF MALTREATMENT
Jose Carlos Consuelo Perez
Preparatoria del Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, MEXICO
The purpose of the present investigation was to increase the motor inhibitory control (MIC) on children victims of maltreatment through passive music therapy. The research was integrated by two
therapy has been applied with Mozart´s music in piano and violin. During the first experiment, we used a pretestposttest design where 14 music therapy sessions were applied to 5 elementary sc
September, 2012). The assessment of MIC was made through two games: in the first, the boys had to move with an indication, and they had to stop with a signal; in the second, they had to mov
stop when the music ended. In the second experiment, we applied a O1 X O2 – O3/O4 – O5 X O6 design, with two groups of preschool children from two shelters. We applied 28 music therapy s
children behavior was observed (indications given without expected response) using the described games. Both experiments presented an increment in the MIC, but the increment of the MIC in th
due the corrections of the second design applied. We hope that our data help to develop effective treatments for strengthening inhibitory functions in children who were victims of maltreatment.
2014 BE034
LUCID DREAMING
Claude Boueri
Antonine Sisters School/ Ghazir, Ghazir, Lebanon
The objective of this experiment is to investigate the effect of Lucid Dreaming on improving motor skills during waking life. In order to prove this theory three groups of 8 were recruited as a contro
dreaming group. The dreaming group is asked to shoot 10 basketballs during the day, at night they are asked again to practice this motor skill during their lucid dream. The next day they
earlier. The second group (nondreaming group) is asked to perform the same task, but it’s only fair to let them practice this skill in the waking life, so this group is given around 30 minutes to pra
this is the average length of the last REM stage before waking up is 30 minutes) and are asked the next morning to perform the task again. The third group, also known as the “control group” simi
shoot 10 basketballs the first day but this group is not allowed to practice. The next day they are asked to shoot another 10 basketballs. After Performing the motor skill in the waking life
waking life or dream world the second day all three groups are asked to perform the motor skill (shooting 10 baskets) and the results are observed. The average of baskets of each group is then c
2011 BE034
MOTIVATION AND PERFORMANCE: EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF MOTIVATION ON LOW STAKE TEST SCORES
Jacob Johnson
Salem Hills High, Salem, UT
Tests are routinely designed to estimate what people have learned or their potential to learn. However, although many tests are excellent in differentiating performance, they run the risk of being s
tests do not consider test taker motivation. This research looks at the effect of motivation on the lowstakes test scores of 232 high school students between ages 15 and 18. R
the control group or motivated conditions. The motivator in this case was a $25 iTunes gift certificate. Students in the control group were told “this is a test for research, please do your best, than
group was told “if you score over 80% on this test you will be entered into a drawing for a $25 iTunes gift certificate.” There was a statistically significant relationship between external m
sample ttest showed that respondents will do better on a task if they are offered a simple reason to do so (P <0.05). An F test showed that test takers who evaluated themselves as intrinsically
< 0.01) than those who did not. This research highlights the critical link between what motivates a person and how they perform. Simple motivators can be an effective performance enha
implications in parenting, educating, and even hiring. The next step is to understand intrinsic motivation and if it is possible to develop it.
2012 BE034
EXAMINING THE SOCIAL COGNIZANCE OF RETT SYNDROME PATIENTS USING EYEGAZE TECHNOLOGY
Kathleen Margaret Mavrommatis
Rett Syndrome is the most physically impairing neurodevelopment disorder on the Autism Spectrum. Severe physical limitations cause them to suffer with communicative difficulties. Research h
behavioral index of cognitive processing. This was an indication that eye gaze technology might be an effective way to analyze the social awareness of patients. It was hypothesized that patients
behaviors as NonRett controls when they are presented with photographs of emotional stimuli (human faces). Six images of emotional faces were presented to participants through the Tobii T120
to compare Rett and NonRett participants on four fixation metrics for the eyes, nose, mouth, and whole face region of each face. This yielded 192 Rett to NonRett comparisons, of which there w
results provide evidence that patients observe emotional stimuli in ways similar to NonRett controls. This may indicate that patients comprehend what they see in a similar way that NonRett ind
experiments including age matched controls, a larger sample size, and video clips may be appropriate follow up studies to strengthen the connection between vision and cognition.
2005 BE034
THE IMPORTANCE OF EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE IN THE LIFE OF A HUMAN BEING
Michael Gabriel Rodríguez Martínez
José Gautier Benítez High School, Caguas, PR
This investigation deals with the importance of the Emotional Intelligence or the management of the emotions in our lives. The Emotional Intelligence is a concept that has been studied recently b
important. The experts in this theme say that 75 percent of the success in life is related to this intelligence and not to a high intellectual quotient. The initial idea was to determine, how w
among youngsters from seventh to twelfth grade. The hypothesis established that there is a low level in the development of Emotional Intelligence among youngsters and this is directly related to
in today’s society. To do the experiment, an Emotional Intelligence test was prepared and administered to 150 males and to 150 females from seventh to twelfth grade. A four levels scal
divided into Excellent, Normal, Deficient, and Very Bad. The results demonstrated that the females have an Emotional Intelligence more developed than the males. Based on the test evaluation s
normal or excellent level of Emotional Intelligence. The most important finding showed that only 10 percent of these young people had an Emotional Intelligence developed. The analysis
since the test evaluations demonstrated that the students do not have a well developed Emotional Intelligence. 
2003 BE034
ARE WE DESTINED TO FORGET?
Cheryl Roxanne Howell
Roy Junior High, Roy, Utah, USA
The subject studied was shortterm memory. It was studied in order to determine what happens with gender and age. The idea came from personal experience. Knowledge was wanted on whether
age and gender. In order to get the answer items were gathered for a shortterm memory test. The hypothesis was that the peak of shortterm memory for both genders would be betwee
that most subjects would recognize. The items were placed on a tray and shown for one minute to subjects of different age groups and genders. Then a cover was placed over the items. The sub
everything that they recalled. After testing as many subjects as possible, the information was entered into a spreadsheet. From that spreadsheet a percentage table was made in order t
recalled. These two data tables helped to make graphs that enhanced the understanding of the information gathered. The percentage graph was especially helpful. It facilitated making a graph wit
age group that recalled the most for each gender. The trend lines supported the hypothesis. The males recalled more between the ages of 21 and 30. The females recalled more betwee
2007 BE034
ADOLESCENT TANNING AS DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR
Scott Lee Greenberg
Syosset High School, Syosset NY, USA
In order to better understand adolescent tanning, the possibility that tanning practices among adolescents were similar to Substance Dependence was examined. In order to address this question
behaviors in an adolescent population were evaluated according to the American Psychiatric Association’s criteria for Substance Dependence. It was found that 8.2% of all respondents qualified
dependence) and 21.1% of all respondents qualified for Natural UVL SSD within the last 12 months. Females exhibiting criterions one, three, and seven of the modified APA criteria and whose pa
were seen as the population that was most inclined to have SSD. In addition, the knowledge of the hazardous effects of tanning prevented significantly less subjects who have SSD from tanning,
SSD. The similarity between SSD and Substance Dependence indicate that substance awareness programs can be used as models for discouraging adolescent tanning.
2006 BE034
PLAYING MONOPOLY: DOES THE SHELFLIFE OF A PRODUCT AFFECT THE EXTENT OF COLLUSION AMONG ITS SELLERS?
William Alexander Johnson
Murphy High School, Mobile, AL, USA
This project looks at how the length of a product’s shelflife affects the extent of collusion among its sellers. Collusion refers to the phenomenon of sellers cooperatively keeping prices higher and
competitive level; this benefits sellers but is detrimental to society and is generally illegal. What this experiment addresses could be an important matter in antitrust cases. My hypothes
longer shelflives are more likely to attempt collusion. Attempting to collude is risky, and sellers of products with longer shelflives feel less pressure to sell what they have as soon as possible, m
 My hypothesis was tested using human subjects in experimental markets, with imaginary goods but real economic incentives. The markets proceeded through several trials. In half the
keep in stock any goods that they were unable to sell before (this represents a long shelflife); in the other half of the markets, the sellers had to sell their goods during the trial in which they boug
 The Competitiveness Index of the short shelflife condition was 29.98%. The long shelflife condition was negative 14.87% competitive, a difference of 44.85%. According to a TTest, I
my hypothesis is correct. Perhaps the formulas used in antitrust law should take into account the shelflife of the product in question.
2004 BE034
THE EFFECT OF VISUAL IMAGES AND POWER PHRASES ON CONTRIBUTIONS TO A HUNGER PREVENTION CHARITY
Michael Jason Sloyer
Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, NY, United States
The last few years have been financially difficult for American charities. This experiment explored the relative efficacy of different charitable appeals in persuading individuals to make donations t
hypothesized that advertisements containing either a happy or sad photograph of a child would be more effective than advertisements without any visual image and that advertisements containing
will help” or “You can make a difference,” would be more effective than advertisements without any power phrase. Nine advertisements, using all possible combinations of the two independent var
donations for a hunger prevention charity were created. Four hundred and fifty adults were randomly presented with one of the nine appeals and asked for a donation. Chi square analyses reveale
significantly more effective in increasing the rate of donation than were appeals without pictures, but an ANOVA indicated that there was no statistical difference in average contribution size. Add
a penny will help” was significantly more effective than both “You can make a difference” and the no phrase condition in increasing the rate of donation; the ANOVA demonstrated that neither phra
size. Possible explanations for and implications of these findings are discussed.
2009 BE034
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF NATIVE LANGUAGE ON THE LEARNING STYLE OF NATIVE CHINESE AND NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS
Ling Chou
Chinese was initially created based on the visual representation or pictographs of various objects and concepts while modern English was created by putting together phonic Western alphabets th
Languages can shape one’s thought process. If native Chinese speakers are more visual than native English speakers, then the Pvalue of Dimension VisualVerbal should be significantly lower.
bilingual students and 102 native Chinese speakers volunteered to complete the Index of Learning Styles based on the FelderSilverman model, and an ANOVA test was then done to the raw dat
through four dimensions: ActiveReflective, SensingIntuitive, VisualVerbal and SequentialGlobal. The results showed that the Pvalues of each dimension were as follows: 0.000828, 0.147403,
significant differences in learning styles between Chinese, English and bilingual students were shown in VISVRB and SEQGLO. Chinese speakers were more visual and global. These findings m
students; perhaps students with other visual native languages, such as Japanese, would show the similar results.
2008 BE034
THE EFFECT OF MUSICAL TRAINING ON THE CEREBRAL LATERALIZATION OF MUSICAL SEQUENCES
Alysha Harper Owen
Dallastown Area High School, Dallastown, PA
There are two cerebral hemispheres that specialize in different functions. In most righthanded people, the left hemisphere specializes in linguistic, analytic, and sequential tasks, whereas the righ
synthetic, and holistic tasks. Musical processing is generally lateralized to the right hemisphere in dextral humans. There is evidence to suggest that musical training may change music
task. The hypothesis of this experiment is that musical training will change the discrimination of musical chords from a right brain task to a left brain task. Forty righthanded subjects (tw
twenty nonmusicians, ten female, ten male) were tested using two auditory dichotic stimulation tests: a word recognition test and a chord recognition test. In the verbal test, two different, similars
headphones simultaneously to each ear. The words were then played separately to both ears and the subject would identify which word was heard. The music test was presented similarly. A Cak
synchronize and present the stimuli. As expected, there was a right ear/left brain advantage in the verbal test (68.75% accuracy versus 29% accuracy),which was statistically significan
musicians demonstrated a left hemispheric dominance in chord recognition (56% left hemispheric accuracy versus 44% right hemispheric accuracy), whereas nonmusicians demonstrated a right
hemispheric accuracy versus 45% left hemispheric accuracy). These trends are most pronounced in female musicians (59% accuracy in the left hemisphere versus 41% accuracy in the right hem
accuracy in the right hemisphere and 41% accuracy in the left hemisphere). These trends support the hypothesis, but with the current population size, they do not reach statistical significance.<b
involves enlarging the two test populations to an n=30 or more. With this additional data, ttesting will hopefully reach statistical significance and an ANOVA can be applied to examine the possib
2009 BE034
A COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF NATIVE LANGUAGE ON THE LEARNING STYLE OF NATIVE CHINESE AND NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS
Ling Chou
Chinese was initially created based on the visual representation or pictographs of various objects and concepts while modern English was created by putting together phonic Western alphabets th
Languages can shape one’s thought process. If native Chinese speakers are more visual than native English speakers, then the Pvalue of Dimension VisualVerbal should be significantly lower.
bilingual students and 102 native Chinese speakers volunteered to complete the Index of Learning Styles based on the FelderSilverman model, and an ANOVA test was then done to the raw dat
through four dimensions: ActiveReflective, SensingIntuitive, VisualVerbal and SequentialGlobal. The results showed that the Pvalues of each dimension were as follows: 0.000828, 0.147403,
significant differences in learning styles between Chinese, English and bilingual students were shown in VISVRB and SEQGLO. Chinese speakers were more visual and global. These findings m
students; perhaps students with other visual native languages, such as Japanese, would show the similar results.
2004 BE034
2010 BE034
PHARMACEUTICAL SAFETY: RISK PERCEPTION AND DRUG ADHERENCE
Michael Joseph Vredenburgh
Carlsbad High School, Carlsbad, CA
In 1996, Congress passed a law stating that medications must be accompanied by “meaningful” written information. Patients’ perception of a drug’s risk can determine whether or not they read th
read. There is strong evidence supporting the importance of expectations on warning efficacy. Specifically, warning effectiveness tends to increase as a function of perceived hazardousness and
dangerous commonly prescribed medications is Warfarin, which has a low, or narrow, therapeutic index. This means that even a small excess of two to two and a half times normal can be fatal in
this study was to evaluate how the format of information sheets influences risk perception and drug adherence. I created an experimental information sheet for Warfarin for this study by reformatt
of my prior science fair research and compared it to 2 existing sheets (one commonly used by pharmacy chains and one by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration [FDA]) using a comprehension
2 Likerttype scales to evaluate risk perception, and likelihood of injury. I compared the 2 existing sheets to my experimental sheet using a repeated measures ANCOVA (using age as a covariate
increased, performance on a test increased when the information sheet was difficult to use. Results indicate that participants underestimated risk for all formats, which could potentially result in s
significantly more drugs, and the more drugs taken the greater risk of injury, it is critical that these sheets are redesigned to accurately convey risk to seniors and all population groups.
2004 BE034
Scholarship in the amount of $8,000 Office of Naval Research on behalf of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
2005 BE035
THE EFFECT OF CLASSICAL MUSIC IN READING COMPREHENSION WITH TENTH GRADERS
Esther Morales
Ramon Quinones Medina High School, Yabucoa, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this investigation is to determine how effective it is to listen to classical music to improve reading comprehension. The hypothesis established that students would obtain a better
tests while listening to classical music. A sample of 34 students was selected and were subdivided in two groups of 17 students each. They were identified as Group A and Group B. Two reading
under the same conditions except for the use of classical music. For the first test, Group A (experimental group) listened to classical music while reading and answering the test related to the sto
listen to music. For the second test, Group A (control group) did not listen to classical music while reading the story and answering the test, but Group B (experimental group) listened to classical
test. The tests were corrected and the percentage, the medium, and the deviation standard and graphs were made to compare and analyze the results. The data reflected that both groups that lis
performance in the reading comprehension tests. The conclusion was that classical music helped to improve reading comprehension. It is planned to repeat the investigation using the same meth
 
2012 BE035
IS DOMINANCE STATUS A POTENTIAL CONFOUND IN DAT TRANSGENIC MICE?
Afolayan Kehinde Oladeji
Lincoln Park High School, Chicago, IL
Purpose: Studies of transgenic mice presume that observed phenotypes are the result of the transgenic manipulation, but generally have failed to take into account the possibility that many of the
collectively the result of an intervening endophenotype such as dominance.The present studies were undertaken to determine whether dominance may be affected by genetic manipulations of DA
studied were the DAT KO, a congenic C57BL/6J DAT KO strain derived from the original DAT KO strain, and the CIDAT strain. Wildtype mice (+/+) were compared to heterozygous (+/) and hom
cases both females and males were compared. Dominance was assessed using a naturalistic test in which two mice (always a +/+ mouse versus a +/ or / mouse of the same sex) were simult
opaque plastic tube to induce competition for the preferred position (Lindzey et al., 1961 ). In this situation the dominant mouse pushed the subordinate mouse out of the tube. This measure of do
measures of dominance observed either in the home cage or in circumstances contrived to induce aggression. Conclusion: Differences in DAT genotypes in transgenic mice appear to b
dominance, which may present a confounding factor for the interpretation of some of the behavioral sequelae of these transgenic manipulations. DAT KO, DAT BX KO and CIDAT mice were all m
effects were only statistically significant in male DAT / mice (vs. DAT +/+ mice) – due to the low number of subjects that have been able to be tested thus far.
2011 BE035
PHONICS VS. WHOLE WORDS: THE EFFECTS OF REARRANGING THE LETTERS IN A WORD
Mary Alyssa Flemming
Sanger High School, Sanger, CA
The brain relies on the occipital cortex and the frontal lobe to allow a person to read and comprehend language. This study investigated how the brain reacts when reading rearranged letters in a w
Language was preferred. It was hypothesized that the Minors from the study would read using Phonics and the Adults using Whole Word. The approach used was to take a piece of text and rearr
rearranged text was given to a group of minors and adults to read aloud. Results were recorded based on whether the word was sounded out or said in a whole portion. Fluency and accuracy were
Minors used Phonics to decipher the rearranged words, yet overall Whole Words was the dominant choice. The use of Phonics caused a greater number of mistakes when reading the rearranged
this research would prove useful to people and corporations involved with the education and marketing of products and materials towards certain age groups.
2013 BE035
VIDEOGAMES, CREATE OR DESTROY CHILDHOOD?
Arelly Ariadna Espejel Mendez
Escuela Preparatoria Oficial Anexa a la Normal Numero 3 de Nezahualcoyotl, Nezahualcoyotl, MEXICO
Social problems in children between the age of six to ten years old, like isolation, aggresivity violence, are generated by the use of videogames? The target is to make children rangin from six to
daily activity, and by this way using their time in activities to develop physical and mental skills these are developed trough application of reading workshops didactic games, as physical activity.
attitudes were diminished, provoked by videogames. Videogames are a brreaktrough that happend averywhere but we focused in Cuauhtemoc primary school in Mexico state Nezahualcoyotl cuty
work was done with children from this school, by making workshops thus developing their abilities. The purpose of this proyect was to make able children to perform new didactic activities and th
videogames in this way they developed physical abilities as metacognitive abilities. The less use of videogames in children from six to ten years old at Cuauhtemoc primary school in Nezahualco
major signs of cognitive skills presented by the children.
2008 BE035
IT'S A GUY THING: HOW FATHERS AFFECT DAUGHTERS' DATING HABITS
Emily Rose Summerbell
Recent research suggests that biological fathers affect their daughters’ sexual maturity, including menstruation. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether fathers have any effect
hypothesized that the presence of biological fathers in households would have a significant effect on the daughters’ dating habits. “Dating habits” refers to any noticeable pattern or bound
fathers’ effects on age when daughter began dating, number of relationships, length of relationships, and relationship boundaries were measured by surveying 175 high school girls. Using
was found to be significant at the 0.05 significance level. Compared to girls not living with fathers, girls living with fathers begin dating at a statistically later age (p=0.0174), wait statistically longe
and are significantly more likely to disapprove of sex while in high school (p=0.0004). Likewise, girls not living with fathers statistically have longer relationships (p=0.0049), date statistically more
more likely not to be abstinent (p=0.0005). The results show that fathers have a significant effect on daughters’ dating habits. This data sheds light on the importance of fatherdaughter
relationships, and the impact of social or physical connections on female adolescent development. Once again, nature proves that the family is a powerful social and biological force.
2010 BE035
THE PREDICTABILITY AND ABSTRACTNESS OF LANGUAGE: A STUDY IN UNDERSTANDING AND USAGE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE THROUGH PROBABILISTIC MODELING AND
Revanth Kosaraju
The Harker School, San Jose, CA
Theories of language acquisition differ significantly in their treatment of the extent of abstractness versus predictability in language. This experiment seeks to clarify the issue by studying an impo
determining frequency of occurrence of a word or phrase in the English language. Four probabilistic models for frequency were studied. Three widely used models (Markov, general construction, a
abstract learning. A new chunk model which determines frequency based on the occurrence of entire sequences of words was developed by the researcher and was used to represent predictiona
theoretical predictions of each model with reallife language processes, 31 children between the ages of 3 and 4 were tested for proficiency of repetition and comprehension using 28 pairs of high
repetition/comprehension accuracies and delay times were recorded. This data was analyzed for statistical significance and was subsequently compared with each of the four probabilistic models
that repetition accuracy for the chunk model was the sole significant measure (tstat=2.18, p<0.05). Essentially, proficiency of repetition was greater for highfrequency expressions than for their l
comprehension was not affected by frequency. Through a formula of correspondence established by the researcher, the chunk model was deemed 73.5% correspondent with the data from the ch
that language is not entirely abstract but contains predictionanderror processes. The chunk model can be used to identify lowerfrequency phrases that children have trouble learning.
2014 BE035
LINKING EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF FOXP2 IN ADULT SONGBIRDS USING OPERANT PREFERENCE TESTING
Petra Luna Grutzik
Redondo Union High School, Redondo Beach, CA, United States of America
Mutations in the human gene, FOXP2, cause severe speech and language disorders in humans. This study examines the functional relationship between the transcription factor FoxP2, its impac
finches (Taeniopygia guttata) whose song learning parallels human speech learning, and conspecific communication in adulthood. FoxP2 mRNA decrease when juvenile and adult birds sing alone
adult male zebra finches sing a highly stereotyped song in courtship (directed song). Females can discriminate between undirected and directed songs during courtship. We use an adeno
FoxP2 in Area X of adult male zebra finches to assess whether FoxP2 overexpression improves the quality of songs. We use an operant feedback preference test that requires the female bird to
playback of a particular song by interrupting an infrared beam. Repeated triggering of the same stimulus relative to the other indicates a preference for that song type. Females preferred
following surgical FoxP2 overexpression to their mate’s undirected song produced prior to surgical FoxP2 overexpression suggesting FoxP2 directly enhances communication between songbirds
more like the directed song. However, females preferred their mate’s directed song before rather than after FoxP2 overexpression suggesting overexpression of FoxP2 may be detrimental to cons
tests help us understand the role of FoxP2 in communication between songbirds and thus the significance of this gene in typical and atypical human speech and its relationship to human languag
2003 BE035
SPEED AND CELL PHONES ARE MALE OR FEMALE BRAINS BETTER SUITED FOR THE TASK?
Elais M. Ponton
Franklin High School, El Paso Texas, USA
Using a simulation task, this project investigated whether handsfree cell phone use interferes with driving ability and if interference effects exist in brain activity. This study also examined whethe
and driving styles between males and females. The null hypothesis was that there would no significant interference effects on driving or brain activity, nor between males and females. Sixteen 15
activity was recorded from 40 EEG scalp electrodes from each subject during four conditions; (1) driving alone, (2) completing a simulated driving course without attending to words presented thro
and counting target words without driving, and (4) attending and counting words while driving. Overall, there was a significant increase in upper speed limit (> 80 MPH) violations while driving and
this was only statistically significant for males. While driving, subjects were significantly less consistent counting target words. In addition, brain activity associated with memory processes neces
significantly reduced while driving. A relationship was also found between levels of beta, 1330 Hz, brain activity (associated with higher cognitive processes) and word counting, but only for fema
hypothesis was rejected. These findings suggest that even handsfree cell phone use negatively affects driving, more for males than for females. Conversely, driving impacts both brain activity a
remember information presented through headphones.
2014 BE035
LINKING EXPRESSION AND FUNCTION OF FOXP2 IN ADULT SONGBIRDS USING OPERANT PREFERENCE TESTING
Petra Luna Grutzik
Redondo Union High School, Redondo Beach, CA, United States of America
Mutations in the human gene, FOXP2, cause severe speech and language disorders in humans. This study examines the functional relationship between the transcription factor FoxP2, its impac
finches (Taeniopygia guttata) whose song learning parallels human speech learning, and conspecific communication in adulthood. FoxP2 mRNA decrease when juvenile and adult birds sing alone
adult male zebra finches sing a highly stereotyped song in courtship (directed song). Females can discriminate between undirected and directed songs during courtship. We use an adeno
FoxP2 in Area X of adult male zebra finches to assess whether FoxP2 overexpression improves the quality of songs. We use an operant feedback preference test that requires the female bird to
playback of a particular song by interrupting an infrared beam. Repeated triggering of the same stimulus relative to the other indicates a preference for that song type. Females preferred
following surgical FoxP2 overexpression to their mate’s undirected song produced prior to surgical FoxP2 overexpression suggesting FoxP2 directly enhances communication between songbirds
more like the directed song. However, females preferred their mate’s directed song before rather than after FoxP2 overexpression suggesting overexpression of FoxP2 may be detrimental to cons
tests help us understand the role of FoxP2 in communication between songbirds and thus the significance of this gene in typical and atypical human speech and its relationship to human languag
2007 BE035
THE IMPACT OF VISIONRELATED BEHAVIORAL FACTORS ON MYOPIA DEVELOPMENT ACROSS LEVELS OF PARENTAL MYOPIA
Tina Liu
Ossining High School, Ossining, NY, USA
Although parental myopia has been positively associated with myopia, it is unclear what factors prevent some children with two myopic parents from becoming myopic and what factors cause oth
become myopic. Public awareness and attitude concerning myopia and behavioral intervention methods are also largely unexplored. This study investigated the differences in visual activities bet
within the three levels of parental myopia (zero, one, and two myopic parents) and evaluated their awareness of myopia’s etiology and good eye care habits. Twohundredsixtyeight high school s
questionnaire. Results showed that the proportion of myopes increased as the level of parental myopia increased (chisquare=16.7; p=0.002). Myopes with no myopic parents performed 32.2 mor
(p=0.051) and 10.7 fewer weekly hours of outdoor/sports activity (p<0.001) than corresponding nonmyopes. Conversely, nonmyopes with two myopic parents performed 43.3 fewer weekly diopter
of outdoor/sports activity (p<0.05) than corresponding myopes. Most subjects attributed myopia to both heredity and environment (72.7%) and were positive toward good eye care habits (68.8%).
parents, performing a high amount of nearwork, and performing a low amount of outdoor/sports activity are three accumulative risk factors for myopia. Therefore, children with all three risk factors
that may be most sensitive to methods of myopia intervention. These results may ultimately contribute to combating the rising prevalence of myopia.
2004 BE035
MODELING PRESIDENTIAL CHARACTER: INSTITUTIONAL AND NONINSTITUTIONAL FACTORS
Jarett Scott Goldman
The office of the presidency allows its occupants to express more of their character than almost any other public office. That’s why it’s no stretch to say that there is no topic in the study of the p
debate than the analysis of presidential character and how it may affect performance in the White House. This study focused on the expression of previous President’s character, as classified by
to their legislative relations with Congress. Barber specifically distinguished between four types of presidential character: activepositive; activenegative; passivepositive; and passivenegative.
adaptive, compulsive, compliant, and withdrawn. A PresidentialCongressional relations model was first devised by analyzing variables that contribute to different types of relations. Then, using th
measures of the variables were assigned to different character traits. The discriminant analysis test specially developed three functions that were used to obtain overall discriminant scores, which
centroids. Finally, the mahalanobis distance, the distance between the discriminant score and the group centroid for each function, was assessed in order to determine which group a future Presid
discriminant model was proven to be statistically valid by additional analysis that was completed. This model marks an enormous advance because for the first time it adds a quantitative aspect
hopefully serve a bridge between these two oftenconflicting areas of study.
2008 BE035
IT'S A GUY THING: HOW FATHERS AFFECT DAUGHTERS' DATING HABITS
Emily Rose Summerbell
Recent research suggests that biological fathers affect their daughters’ sexual maturity, including menstruation. The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether fathers have any effect
hypothesized that the presence of biological fathers in households would have a significant effect on the daughters’ dating habits. “Dating habits” refers to any noticeable pattern or bound
fathers’ effects on age when daughter began dating, number of relationships, length of relationships, and relationship boundaries were measured by surveying 175 high school girls. Using
was found to be significant at the 0.05 significance level. Compared to girls not living with fathers, girls living with fathers begin dating at a statistically later age (p=0.0174), wait statistically longe
and are significantly more likely to disapprove of sex while in high school (p=0.0004). Likewise, girls not living with fathers statistically have longer relationships (p=0.0049), date statistically more
more likely not to be abstinent (p=0.0005). The results show that fathers have a significant effect on daughters’ dating habits. This data sheds light on the importance of fatherdaughter
relationships, and the impact of social or physical connections on female adolescent development. Once again, nature proves that the family is a powerful social and biological force.
2003 BE035
SPEED AND CELL PHONES ARE MALE OR FEMALE BRAINS BETTER SUITED FOR THE TASK?
Elais M. Ponton
Franklin High School, El Paso Texas, USA
Using a simulation task, this project investigated whether handsfree cell phone use interferes with driving ability and if interference effects exist in brain activity. This study also examined whethe
and driving styles between males and females. The null hypothesis was that there would no significant interference effects on driving or brain activity, nor between males and females. Sixteen 15
activity was recorded from 40 EEG scalp electrodes from each subject during four conditions; (1) driving alone, (2) completing a simulated driving course without attending to words presented thro
and counting target words without driving, and (4) attending and counting words while driving. Overall, there was a significant increase in upper speed limit (> 80 MPH) violations while driving and
this was only statistically significant for males. While driving, subjects were significantly less consistent counting target words. In addition, brain activity associated with memory processes neces
significantly reduced while driving. A relationship was also found between levels of beta, 1330 Hz, brain activity (associated with higher cognitive processes) and word counting, but only for fema
hypothesis was rejected. These findings suggest that even handsfree cell phone use negatively affects driving, more for males than for females. Conversely, driving impacts both brain activity a
remember information presented through headphones.
2009 BE035
FACE RECOLLECTION: DEVELOPING A NOVEL TRAINING PROGRAM TO INCREASE RECOLLECTION RATES IN EYEWITNESS IDENTIFICATION
Lori Jeanine Schlatter
Eyewitness misidentification of criminals is a very prevalent problem that needs to be solved. In researching this issue, many studies have found several trends in face recognition relating to eye
gender and ownrace biases. The purpose of this study was to create a novel computer program to train participants to recollect faces more accurately and consistently. 168 participants
randomly generated faces superimposed over the actors’ faces. The participants were then asked to reconstruct two of the faces from four multiple choice feature questions. The experimental gro
recognition using the phrase “topdown, shapewidth.” After the training portion, four more video clips were viewed followed by more reconstruction questions. Nine days later, the experimental gro
more video clips to determine any longterm effects of training. After examining the results of this study, it was concluded that this simple, novel training method is effective not only in s
which is a potential breakthrough in eyewitness training. Though race and gender correlations were not significant, the overall scores significantly increased (P< .001) after training. The mean follo
from the posttraining mean, demonstrating the longterm effectiveness of this training method. Considering the results of this study, it is plausible that use of this novel and systematic approach
recollection could be applied to reduce harmful errors in eyewitness identification.
2014 BE036
EVALUATING PROBLEM SOLVING APPROACHES USING CHILD SAFETY LOCKS
Amberley Meredith Powell
Technology High School, Rohnert Park, CA, United States of America
The way the project is now focuses on which puzzle solving approaches different ages use primarily. The project started out with the intention to measure the effectiveness of each approach, but
assumed. The clear success of different age groups on different types of locks led to the question of whether or not the assumed methods held up to the original hypothesis. The original hypothe
experience and small children use different puzzle solving methods, then young adults will solve puzzles faster because they will use an equilibrium of the two methods. 12 different child
which were unusual enough for adults to not have seen before. A questionnaire was used to evaluate which skill sets each person individually had to predict which methods they would use on the
siblings, children, date of birth, and other important factors. Prior research has been done to calculate which locks were popular when these participants were of child safety age. The data show th
young adults, and more familiar locks were solved fastest by experienced adults. 2nd and 3rd graders used brute force solutions to perform well on some tests. The results show solution
These results disproved the hypothesis that young adults would be the superior age group, but only barely – they performed almost as well as the adults even though they had less experience.<b
child safety locks are indeed a good way of measuring the development of problem solving skills. Evaluating these methods could provide insights in many careers, professions, and education.
2010 BE036
SMART TV
Hamza Farouk Mallah
Iman High School, Saida, South, LEBANON
All parents ask their children not to sit near the TV because they are afraid of the TV to harm their kids Eyes. But most of the time parents can’t be always around the children to force en not to s
that why I don’t create a device which detects the position of the child if he is near the TV. So when the child approach the TV the movie which being played will be paused and an image will appe
TV and sit Back, When he does so the movie will continue playing. The purpose of the project is to help parents monitor their children and give them a safe way to let their children watch
coming near the TV.
2005 BE036
THE INFLUENCE OF PREFERENTIAL MUSIC ON THE RETENTION OF INFORMATION
Sarah Renee Kropf
Seneca High School, Seneca, MO, USA
Music has been shown to increase endorphins, relaxation, and memory while decreasing stress, depression and blood pressure. Numerous studies have been done to determine if there is a differ
Mozart, silence, and occasionally popular/ contemporary music. The purpose of this research was to determine if listening to music you prefer helps you retain information. One hundred thirty five
reading a passage and taking a fillintheblank test. Prior to experimentation, participants took a survey to rank six different types of music on a scale of 16 (favorite to least favorite). Participant
students each, based on what they heard while reading and testing respectively. Here were the groups: FavoriteFavorite, FavoriteLeast, LeastFavorite, LeastLeast, and SilentSilent.
significant difference was found between the group that read while listening to their favorite music when compared to the least favorite or silent groups. This suggests that listening to music that i
information.
2003 BE036
PIPA PROGRAM OF INCENTIVE TO APPLIED RESEARCH
Aishameriane Venes Schmidt
Fundação Escola Técnica Liberato. Novo Hamburgo. Rio Grande do Sul Brazil
For thirteen years the Electronics Course of Liberato Foundation (Brazilian Technical High School) has in its scholarship plan a work, called PIPA (Program of Incentive to Applied Research),
to develop research works over the year. My project has the purpose of investigates the PIPA, its relevance to involved students and teachers but without intention to solve a targetprob
interpretation of data, configuring a qualitative research, following scientific production methodology. The field research was conducted at Liberato Foundation from 08/29 to 10/08/2002 a
fourth grade students and six teacher, all of them from the Liberato's Electronics Course. With the interviews is possible analyze the opinion of the ones who have been through by the process of
compare the truth of bibliography's data. Concluding, research works are seen by educators as essential elements in educative environment, once they escape from the simple tranmissio
students search for information, producing their knowledge exchanging ideas with teachers. This increases the worth of what students has learnt, makes them acquire new skills, grow and have c
provide. Proposals like PIPA are greatly important to involves people because they allow that research can be made in high school with success. 
2008 BE036
SYMMETRYRELATED VISUAL STEREOTYPING IN ADOLESCENT FEMALES
Shannon Marie MacKenzie
Facial symmetry has been linked to corporal symmetry in theories stating that attraction is linked to symmetry. This research furthers symmetry research by hypothesizing that stereotyping base
judgment of characteristics of “persons” viewed. It was anticipated that more positive characteristics would be associated with symmetry and negative with asymmetry. To test the hypothesis, se
Face 4.0 software. An asymmetrical counterpart for each was created by moving the right eye slightly up or down from its original position. Original and manipulated images were placed sidebys
were forced to choose between images with respect to characteristics of criminality, intellectuality, success in business, or celebrity status. Trends in response to slightly asymmetric images in P
of asymmetry was increased. Chisquare tests were run to determine whether responses were statistically different from a 5050 distribution. Support/Reject ratios were determined by dividing the
with the hypothesis by the number of opposite responses. These ratios were analyzed according to characteristic, gender of image, and degree of asymmetry. Four degrees is clearly a point of as
negative judgment was prompted in many subjects. Subjects, who were all female, judged female images more critically on the basis of symmetry than male images. Symmetry and asymmetry w
criminality, but were very important for choosing successful business people and celebrities.
2004 BE036
COUNTING FEATURES: QUANTIFYING DISCRETE PARTS IN VISUAL OBJECT IDENTIFICATION
Henny Admoni
J. L. Miller Great Neck North High School, Great Neck, NY, USA
People visually detect simple gratings, made of alternating bars of black and white, by detecting the bars independently. More generally, it seems that the visual identification of ordinary objects i
several features: discrete components of the image that are detected independently of each other (Robson and Graham, 1981; Pelli, Farell, and Moore, 2003). However, the number of features we
unknown. Assuming that identification requires the detection of a certain number of features, and that features are detected independently over time, the probability of identification will grow as a
solely by the number of features required. Thus, measuring the proportion of correct identifications as a function of duration should reveal the number of features used by the observer. The accura
specific cases where the number of features used was already known, and successfully applied to key examples of the general case.
Scholarship award of $20,000 Department of Homeland Security
2009 BE036
WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON RACIAL PROFILING WHEN PRESENTING SUBLIMINAL IMAGES TO THE SUBCONSCIOUS.
Ariel Nicole Wiley
Basha High School, Chandler, AZ
Racial profiling is a major concern in American society, especially in areas such as law enforcement. However there is little information available on how to reduce racial profiling. Previous work h
eyebrows are most strongly linked to racial profiling. A simple random sample was used to select the candidate subjects for this study to test the hypothesis that, “Subliminal imaging can be use
profiling.” High School students of both genders and varied ethnicities were used to explore the impact of subliminal messaging on the conscious and subconscious mind. Faces that generated st
randomly with the same faces that had a change to their lips, hair or eyebrows. Subjects were initially shown a presentation where one facial characteristic was changed for a range of ethnic imag
minute presentation in which changes to those characteristics were flashed periodically for .01 seconds. They again responded to the initial survey to determine if subliminal imaging impacted the
pairs T – Test was .000000000001850404 indicating that the subliminal messaging made a significant difference in the subjects’ tendencies to stereotype. This study indicates that subliminal me
identifying and mitigating peoples’ tendencies to racially stereotype. Future research is needed to more fully assess the impact of subliminal messaging on racial profiling.
2004 BE036
Henny Admoni
2007 BE036
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN HYPERSENSITIVITY BEHAVIOR IN A RAT MODEL OF AUTISM
Sarah Kirsch
Ward Melville High School, Setauket, NY, USA
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, with language, cognitive and social impairment, often accompanied by hypersensitivity. Hypersensitivity interferes with the ability to learn, reach on
quality of life. Injecting rats with 5methoxytryptamine (5MT), a serotonin agonist, has been used to produce a hyperserotonemic model of autism. This animal model can facilitate discovery of th
Human autistic females are more cognitively impaired than males. There is a dearth of research on autistic symptoms in females. This study utilizes the hyperserotonemic rat model of autism to
hypersensitivity to tactile, auditory and olfactory stimuli. Rats were tested in an open field, from postnatal day 137 through 147. Atypical behaviors in rats can be compared to atypical behavioral i
tactile test, hyperserotonemic female rats exhibited a stronger reaction than hyperserotonemic male rats. The former kept their tails off the floor a longer time. In the auditory test, hyperserotonem
than hyperserotonemic male rats. The former demonstrated more escape behavior in the presence of the auditory stimuli. In the olfactory test, hyperserotonemic female rats held their head direct
hyperserotonemic male rats, indicating an increased self stimulatory behavior in the former. Hyperserotonemic female rats were found to be more hypersensitive than males to all three stimuli tes
2013 BE036
HUD AS A VARIANTSPECIFIC REGULATOR OF NEURONAL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE ADULT HIPPOCAMPUS: IMPLICATIONS IN ALZHEIMER’S DEMENTIA
Miguel Ignacio Paredes
American Heritage School, Plantation, FL
Alzheimer’s dementia is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 10 to 20% of all people over the age of 65 and causes the rapid deterioration of longterm memory. Yet, d
people worldwide, the molecular and cellular mechanisms controlling this global decline in memory are still poorly understood. Thus, the purpose of my project is to test the effects of a protein, ca
term memory seen in Alzheimer’s Dementia and to test its role as a potential therapeutic target for this behavioral abnormality. In this study, through lossoffunction models, it was demonstrated
and retrieval of longterm memory, using the Morris water maze. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that, through cell cycle and neurite outgrowth analyses, HuD is a key mediator in the balance b
forcing progenitors out of the cell cycle and into postmitotic neuronal differentiation through variantspecific regulation. Disruption in this process, as seen through golgistaining analysis in losso
in memory and to a severe decrease in neuronal complexity, mimicking the pathological characteristics found in dementia patients. Thus, the data reveal a potential therapeutic target that could b
behavioral anomaly that accompanies Alzheimer’s Dementia: loss of longterm memory. These results also expound on the basic dogma of all behavioral sciences in which genetic and molecular
the behavior of dynamic, developing organisms.
2011 BE036
REGULATION OF LIFE SPAN EXTENSION AND VARIED MUSCLE BEHAVIOR FROM THE INTAKE OF 2PROPYLPENTANOIC ACID THROUGH THE DIETARY CONTROL OF CAENORHA
Eugene Kim
In recent years, gammaaminobutyric acid transmission and Dopamine (DA) release have been labeled as the key factors in disorders exhibiting mood instability or seizures. Valproic acid (VPA)
anticonvulsant worldwide although there is a vast range of directed side effects. Caenorhabditis elegans allowed for the direct analysis of testing the causes of these side effects. 
measured under the influence of VPA. It was hypothesized that a significant difference in movement between the control (C) and experimental (E) groups and between the two E groups would res
VPA they consumed. In the second experiment, it was hypothesized that the test groups would have significantly different life spans. It was found that there was no significant differenc
between the C and E groups there was a significant difference in most of the variables regarding locomotion. Regarding life span, the C group had a significantly shorter life span than the E group
tail and excessive normal behavior were depicted. Through this research, it was concluded that a mutation had occurred that suggests hypersensitivity to inhibitors causing paralysis in C. elegans
essential agent in an organism, as life span was extended. In the future, it would be most productive to study a combination of the tail mutation and how extended life span is shown through locom
2006 BE036
SOCIAL DISORDER CURES ON THE HORIZON? A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN ON SOCIAL MEMORY
Katie Lane Patterson
Tuscumbia High School, Tuscumbia, Missouri, United States of America
 Social memory allows animals to recognize their parents, siblings, and appropriate sexual partners. Oxytocin and vasopressin are neuropeptides that have been suggested to impact so
have been found to be low in boys with autism, suggesting a relationship between neuropeptides and social disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of oxytocin and vaso
female mice. To conduct the study, thirty mice were separated into three treatment groups: control (five males and five females), experimental 1oxytocin (five males and five females),
males and five females). To determine the effects of the neuropeptides on social memory, a novel mouse of the same gender was introduced and allowed to interact with the test subject.
were recorded. The novel mouse was then removed. After thirty minutes elapsed, the same novel mouse was reintroduced. The behavior and interaction times were recorded. Based on
be drawn. Both neuropeptides enhanced social memory in mice. Vasopressin was the most effective treatment. There was very little difference in social memory when comparing male and femal
2009 BE036
WHAT IS THE IMPACT ON RACIAL PROFILING WHEN PRESENTING SUBLIMINAL IMAGES TO THE SUBCONSCIOUS.
Ariel Nicole Wiley
Racial profiling is a major concern in American society, especially in areas such as law enforcement. However there is little information available on how to reduce racial profiling. Previous work h
eyebrows are most strongly linked to racial profiling. A simple random sample was used to select the candidate subjects for this study to test the hypothesis that, “Subliminal imaging can be use
profiling.” High School students of both genders and varied ethnicities were used to explore the impact of subliminal messaging on the conscious and subconscious mind. Faces that generated st
randomly with the same faces that had a change to their lips, hair or eyebrows. Subjects were initially shown a presentation where one facial characteristic was changed for a range of ethnic imag
minute presentation in which changes to those characteristics were flashed periodically for .01 seconds. They again responded to the initial survey to determine if subliminal imaging impacted the
pairs T – Test was .000000000001850404 indicating that the subliminal messaging made a significant difference in the subjects’ tendencies to stereotype. This study indicates that subliminal me
identifying and mitigating peoples’ tendencies to racially stereotype. Future research is needed to more fully assess the impact of subliminal messaging on racial profiling.
2012 BE036
ROLE OF THE BASAL FOREBRAIN IN MEDIATING SELECTIVE ATTENTION
Apoorva Mylavarapu
Torrey Pines High School, Encinitas, CA
The basal forebrain is the primary area for production of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which has applications in learning and attentional processes. Since cholinergic neurons have important
goal of this project was to determine the role of neurons in the basal forebrain in a learningdependent behavioral task. This project analyzes the influence of spatial probability distributions with di
behavior of rats as well as the neuronal firing rates of neurons in the substantia innominata and ventral pallidum of the basal forebrain. Rats were placed in a circular arena with 36 manually opera
rewarded based on successful identification of flashed lights. Neuronal firing data was acquired from two electrodes inserted in the basal forebrain. I analyzed all data in MATLAB by writing code
data. I determined the significance of firing rate modulations at various stages of the task by results of randomized ttests between successful and failed trials. Preliminary results suggest that ro
distributions of stimuli, and that many neurons in the basal forebrain have differential eventbased firing patterns consistent with a role in intelligent adaptation of attention across task stages. This
specific firing patterns evolve over time and largely depend on spatial distribution of stimuli. Applications of studying this subset of basal forebrain neurons include understanding Alzheimer’s and
creating effective, targeted treatments for memory and learningrelated disorders.
2004 BE036
Henny Admoni
press conferences, learn more about Sweden and experience the extravagance of the Nobel festivities. Seaborg SIYSS Award
First Award of $3,000 U.S. Air Force
2008 BE037
DOES TETRIS MAKE YOU SMARTER?
Julian Lyles BassKrueger
Clinton Senior High School, Clinton, NY
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if playing computer games primes subjects for taking intelligence tests. The video game Tetris was used to see if it enhanced performance on a
hypothesized that people playing Tetris before taking the test would score higher than those who had not played. The results support earlier research on what is called “mental set”—the process b
thinking to a particular challenge. The experiment also provides intriguing data for researchers studying the Flynn effect. Could computer games be one reason why IQ scores have increased mar
2003 BE037
RESEARCH ON SOME BEER COMMERCIALS AIRED ON TELEVISION ANALIZING THE ETHICAL ISSUE
Luis Fernando Prudente Silva, ETE Professor Basilides de Godoy
Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
The study of advertising allows us to understand many aspects of the image of the system itself and of its ideologies, being this research one mechanism to help us in the knowledge and comme
several media. This study had as goals: 1 – Analyze some beer commercials aired on television, focusing on the ethical issue; 2 – Approach those commercials based on an analysis of
Regulation in Advertising) resolution. We have conducted part of the analysis from January 2002 to January 2003. The notes on what should be focused on in the commercials were regis
assessment criteria: Company; Brand; Product; Setting; Characters; Description of the Commercial; Language (Discourse); How the commercial ends. In the commercials there are conv
settings of social gathering like bars and beaches, being the woman’s role always more prominent. The discourse is presented in an ambiguous way most of the times, possibly disrespecting peo
times prejudice is presented as something usual in daybyday media, fostering discrimination and social problems. In conclusion, we have noticed that most of the analyzed commercia
Ethics in Advertisement, and therefore should not be aired. We also propose a more detailed study on such kinds of commercials. 
2006 BE037
HOW DO PEOPLE FORM ADDICTIONS AND ARE THEY HEREDITARY
Kristina Argo
Central High School Brooksville Fl US.
Addictions can take on many diffrent forms and consume anyone who gives anything of substance a chance. In the researchers opinion, addictions are not based on heredity, but based on the ch
environment you live in. The purpose of this project was to disprove the theory that addictions are hereditary. This hypothesis will be tested by creating and conducting a survey that will reach the
involved were asked to complete a twentyfive question survey that will extend no longer then about eight minutes. The surveys were collected and evulated. Only reaching Hernando county resd
created has made people think about the addictions that they were never certain about or aware of. The results of the survey were utulized to evulate the formation of addictions in the human brai
ethnicity. From the grouped individuals, more people were willing to take the survey were caucasian males between the ages of 1820. For this experiment there were numerous types of charts m
of the data numerous amounts of people who came off like they had an addiction, denied to even having an addiction at the end. In final analyisis the researchers hypothesis was inconclusive. Fu
will further advance this project.
2010 BE037
THE ANTIROB BAG
Walid Ahmad Chamma
Rawdat Al Fayhaa High School, Tripoly, North, LEBANON
Nowadays, bags' theft is a real danger in airports or in train stations. According to many security sources, people lose their worthy belongings like IDs, money, photos… So I came with the idea o
 At first, I started by doing some research, especially online, to make sure that no one had done this project before. Then, using a wireless relay, a tape, a speaker, a switch NC and
with a primary model without using the bag to find out if the material works. Then I installed the material in my schoolbag and tried it the next day with my friends' help: Using the
out that one of them had picked it from the ground and that my experimental design was working properly
2011 BE037
SOUND OF MATHNESS: ENCORE
Megan Marjorie Minatra
Waverly South Shore High School, Waverly, SD
The purpose of my project was to see if music will have any effect on hearing impaired participants while they complete math tests. I compared the test scores and the time it took for the particip
hypothesis is the participants will not do as well on the tests when there is music playing. I believe this because they do not listen to music on regular basis, and it will be distracting to have it pla
believe that the classical music will have the next highest grades on tests and will log a shorter time period for the testing. I looked for music genres with similar beats per minute.
with a microphone connected to a Vernier Labpro program to better compare song quality. I compared similarities of the songs and then chose three that possessed similar qualities for each genr
Minnesota State Academy for the Deaf. I received their consent forms; I traveled to Minnesota to start experimenting. The participants filled out a survey prior to and after the tests.
classroom at the academy and the tests were timed and recorded. My hypothesis was not supported. The participants’ scores and times averaged better when there was classical music playing.
lastly country which were ranked second, third, and fourth respectively.
2012 BE037
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO SUCCESS OF NATIVE AMERICAN TEEN MOTHERS
Juana Maria Espinoza
South Senior High School, Minneapolis, MN
Factors Contributing to Success of Native American Teen Mothers Juana Espinoza South Senior High School, Minneapolis MN 12th grade Behavioral and So
of this project was to determine if there are specific factors that contribute to the success of Native American teen mothers. The rate of teen pregnancy among Native American teenage women i
rate, it is important to know what factors contribute to their future success. It was hypothesized that the teenage mothers who had the most resources would have the highest success rates. Minn
who were at least 25 years of age and were teenage mothers were recruited for this study. Thirtysix participants filled out an anonymous survey about their experiences. Participants were divided
(having a college degree, good paying job, and at least a 7 on the happiness scale), moderately successful (having two of these conditions), and not yet successful (having 0 or 1 of these conditi
average of 4.6 resources, the moderately successful 3.0, and the not yet successful 3.67. A one way ANOVA was chosen to further analyze the results. ANOVA results showed that the differenc
significant. A Friedman analysis was done to determine if there was a difference that was statistically significant for any of the resources that were obtained. Statistically significant resources inc
researcher was able to make recommendations to the community, she recommends making counseling, programs for teen moms, transportation, tutoring, and better day care a priority.
2014 BE037
HELLO MY NAME IS...HAPPY!
Kelsey Kaye Guttormson
Tioga High School, Tioga, ND, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to find out if your name and the selffulfilling prophecy molds your personality. In my hypothesis, I stated that there would be a clear pattern that reflected that
project, I had to find a background for the subjects and their names. I did this by giving them a short survey asking basic question about their name and selfdescriptions. I compiled the 200 resu
compared them to find similarities. Next, I had to devise a way to test teachers in an unbiased way. I tested these 30 individuals by giving them each a packet of papers. This packet included ten
statistical information from nature. The ten papers each had one of the ten most popular names written in the corner. the only difference between the packets was that no two were the same.
that my hypothesis was overall correct. However, I found that there was a consistent connection between the names and personalities. Ninetyfour percent of people who hated their name, negati
percent of people who didn't know the meaning of their name described themselves as messy or lazy. The second test showed that people who negatively described themselves scored on averag
positively described themselves. It can be concluded that names do mold a personality.
2013 BE037
THE EFFECT OF SLEEP ON COGNITION AND MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANTS
Fatmira Curovic
Staten Island Technical High School, Staten Island, NY
Several studies have demonstrated that sleep plays an essential role in infants’ growth, specifically in cognitive and motor development. However, the effect of sleep on cognition and motor deve
studied. The purpose of this experiment is to examine the relationship between sleep and naptime on consolidation and abstraction. Consolidation is the recall of a memory, while abstraction is th
exposure to a stimulus. This study was separated into two conditions: the learning curve and the nap condition of the sleeplearning. The learning curve condition included eight participants, who
condition of sleeplearning had ten participants that were required to be new walkers. These participants were given the task of crawling through a tunnel to reach a goal at the end of the tunnel. W
shifts, and prompts were measured, a Pearson’s correlation showed a negative trend in the relation of these variables to the walk experience of the infants in days. In addition, there was also stat
prompts and shifts. As predicted, the infants with the least walking experience found it more difficult to crawl through the tunnel. In addition, there were less postural shifts, restarts, and prompts
than in the pretest of the nap condition, supporting the hypothesis that sleep enhances memory consolidation in infants. Continued data collections will include an increase in sample size, and th
sleeplearning portion of the study.
2005 BE037
PROTOTYPE FOR AUTONOMY: PATHWAY FOR THE BLIND
Ameen Abdulrasool
Lane Technical High School, Chicago, IL. U.S.A.
Efforts to build and develop technology to assist the visually impaired in travel have, until recently, been limited to instruments that help individuals avoid obstacles. This experiment opted to crea
system which would allow visually impaired individuals to travel familiar and unfamiliar environments without the assistance of guides. A satellite navigational tool was adapted for the b
(GPS) along with a compact flash adapter and a personal digital assistant (PDA). A voiceoperated circuit was designed and created to serve as the backbone to a dualsided sensory alert system
with verbal and vibratory command prompts. A set of 36 selected individuals were subjected through an obstacle course to test the efficiency of the navigational tool; their errors and completion t
and analyzed. The conclusion that the GPS navigational tool adapted for the blind was truly effective can be drawn and seen in the test results by the decrease in errors made and the d
the navigational tool. The navigational tool helped reduce an average of 6.33 errors and save 25.82 minutes on the course. 
Third Award of $250 and a certificate American Psychological Association
Third Award of $350 IEEE Computer Society
A Scholarship of $50,000. Intel Foundation Young Scientist Award
2004 BE037
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF EDUCATION ON HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY IN RURAL AFRICA
Megan Lakshmi Srinivas
Fort Dodge Senior High, Fort Dodge, Iowa, United States
The magnificent African continent is faced with many dilemmas, and lack of household food security is one of them. In the current study thirty Kenyan farmers were selected and interviewed to u
improving the farmers household food security. The study results indicated a direct link between the formal education and the farmer’s success. The adoption and practice of advanced agriculture
weed/pest problem(s) and increasing yields of maize and other crops are found to be directly linked to the educational levels of the individual farmers. Although 100% of the interviewed farmers id
but only highly educated farmers were willing to admit and discuss HIV/AIDS, the leading cause of death, creating numerous hungry orphans. The study results also indicated the farmer’s succes
main working individuals of the family, are educated and informed about the advanced agricultural technologies and health issues. Based on the current study results the following eight recommen
household food and health security success: 1) education, both formal and practical must be provided to all; 2) agricultural aid must be extended to all; 3) women must be empowered; 4) myths a
farmers’ financial acumens must be increased; 6) nutritional education needs to be given; 7) an awareness of regional health issues must be created; and 8) African governments need to play mo
2007 BE037
LEARNING OF THE ORGANIZATIONAL LEVELS OF THE MATTER THROUGH AN INTERACTIVE MUSEUM WITH CBTIS 119 STUDENTS.
Karen Isabel Yada
CBTis 119, Victoria City, Tamaulipas, Mexico
Biology teaching has been developed at the CBTis 119 through traditional classes. This teaching model omits didactic or alternative science teaching factors. Influences in the correct understand
with the organization levels of the matter topic which is the main idea of this research. The main aim of this project is do evaluate a methodological strategy for Biology teaching; which w
interactive museum for the teaching innovation of the topic already mentioned. In addition, it will create a learning environment were students will develop their social and cognitive areas. <br
recyclable materials. It has a tree form, because it is the image of Biology. It also has a spiral order in which the 19 levels of the organization of life are represented. This form allows to construct
information. The experimental hypothesis is based on the achievement of a significant learning through the use of the interactive museum AVIKI (auditive, visual and kinesthetic). This is
didactic sequence with the aim of facilitating knowledge construction, achieving significant learning. The data analysis was carried out with the hypothesis TTest for related samples. Th
(0.9283<1.6783) and in the postest (2.3173>1.6733) with a liability of 95% and 5% of margin of error. These results allow accepting the experimental hypothesis and null hypothesis.
2005 BE037
PROTOTYPE FOR AUTONOMY: PATHWAY FOR THE BLIND
Ameen Abdulrasool
Lane Technical High School, Chicago, IL. U.S.A.
Efforts to build and develop technology to assist the visually impaired in travel have, until recently, been limited to instruments that help individuals avoid obstacles. This experiment opted to crea
system which would allow visually impaired individuals to travel familiar and unfamiliar environments without the assistance of guides. A satellite navigational tool was adapted for the b
(GPS) along with a compact flash adapter and a personal digital assistant (PDA). A voiceoperated circuit was designed and created to serve as the backbone to a dualsided sensory alert system
with verbal and vibratory command prompts. A set of 36 selected individuals were subjected through an obstacle course to test the efficiency of the navigational tool; their errors and completion t
and analyzed. The conclusion that the GPS navigational tool adapted for the blind was truly effective can be drawn and seen in the test results by the decrease in errors made and the d
the navigational tool. The navigational tool helped reduce an average of 6.33 errors and save 25.82 minutes on the course. 
press conferences, learn more about Sweden and experience the extravagance of the Nobel festivities. Seaborg SIYSS Award
Award of $3,000 in savings bonds, a certificate of achievement and a gold medalion U.S. Army
Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $8,000 Office of Naval Research on behalf of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
2013 BE038
DETERMINING THE ORIGIN OF CLUSTERING AND SWITCHING ABILITIES DURING VERBAL FLUENCY TASKS: A LESION STUDY
Hope Eliana Merens
The study “Determining the Origin of Clustering and Switching Abilities During Verbal Fluency Tasks: A Lesion Study” tried to determine which brain regions are critical to verbal fluency and its as
together and switching between clusters. The study holds importance because understanding where clustering and switching occur in the brain can serve as a way to preliminarily diagnose where
eightytwo subjects with a focal lesion in the left frontal, right frontal, left temporal, or right temporal lobe was used. Semantic and phonemic scoring criteria for strategies were made for categoriza
subjects’ verbal fluency tests, which were collected from the brain tumor database at a local hospital. Results found that for the overall words generated, left side damage to the brain resulted in l
categorization tasks, p<0.001, and letter tasks, p=0.001; in letter tasks, frontal lobe damage resulted in lower scores than temporal damage, p=0.002. All tasks showed that left side damage wou
produced (alpha level=0.05), and some significance was found or scores trended to suggest that left side damage would adversely affect the size of clusters and the number of switches produced
guidelines for verbal fluency tasks, and the results imply an associative frontaltemporal network for verbal fluency in the left hemisphere where the frontal lobe is important for executive functioni
information.
2011 BE038
MENTAL HEALTH EFFECTS OF THE BP OIL SPILL AND HURRICANE KATRINA ON MISSISSIPPI GULF COAST YOUTH
Pooja Goel
Objective: To determine the psychological effects of the BP Oil Spill and Hurricane Katrina on Mississippi Gulf Coast high school students. Method: After creating an online survey and receiving
public high schools to conduct the survey on their students, a web link to the electronic survey was sent to students in order to access the survey. After receiving all the responses, the data was
mined by a math professor and I. In order to interpret the data and test the hypotheses, I used the x2 method (Chi – squared) and probability. Results: Stress level essentially did not differ betwee
Spill and Hurricane Katrina. Additionally, for the most part, there was no difference in stress levels between seniors and juniors during the two events. Furthermore, seniors did not experience mor
Oil Spill and Hurricane Katrina. Lastly, for the most part, juniors did not experience more or less stress than sophomores during the two events. For the most part, there was no difference in stres
European –Americans for both the BP Oil Spill and Hurricane Katrina. Additionally, for the most part, there was no difference in stress levels between African–Americans and Hispanic –American
difference in stress levels between European–Americans and Hispanic–Americans for both the BP Oil Spill and Hurricane Katrina. Conclusion: This study can help develop prevention efforts for t
future disasters may bring and therefore lower the risks of long term mental damage.
2010 BE038
MUDIBANI
Leslie Gonzalez Huerta
Escuela Vocacional/Universidad de Guadalajara/Sistema de Educacion Media Superior, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Jalisco, MEXICO
Mudibani in a scientific research project aims to carry out activities that promote and educate children between 6 and 12 years (primary level) through a Web site to promote a better social life thr
 The benefits are based on the development of social and communication diplomatic and dialogical skills and the management of new technologies through develop a Software. Leavi
dialogue and diplomacy every day, anywhere, helps build a better world for all."
2005 BE038
ABSOLUTE PITCH HUMAN ACCURACY IN THE IDENTIFICATION OF AUDITORY TONES
Reva Lee Stidd
Macomb High School, Macomb Illinois, USA
 This experiment investigates the relationship of early musical training and absolute pitch. Absolute Pitch, or perfect pitch, is the ability to know the identity of any note from the musical
note or device. For years musicians and scientists have questioned if this ability is hereditary, stimulated by environment, or obtainable with discipline. It has been predicted that those with music
absolute pitch compared to nonmusicians trying to acquire it. Seventeen high school students that fit criteria for three specific groups of people—early musicians, late musicians, and no
once a week over a six week time period. A tone generator played approximately seven tones within 15 minutes, and the subjects were requested to properly label each tone. Because the musici
nonmusicians, at least 30 seconds of music was played in between each tone presented. This was done to distract the subjects and guarantee the experiment would test absolute pitch, not relati
expected to prepare for each testing session by taking lessons from a helpful absolute pitch website. Despite the fact that most of the nonmusicians did not visit the website, one subjec
his accuracy. The average intervals of responses for each group, however, support the hypothesis and show that early musicians are 86.5 % more accurate in providing the correct note name.<b
2008 BE038
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FOOT USAGE ON PEDAL REACTION TIMES AND ACCURACY
Cathy Hsi Chen
Oxford High School, Oxford, MS
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the best way to control car pedals. Contradicting opinions regarding the optimal foot usage prompted this experiment. Two foot pedals w
software program written using Kids Programming Language was designed to test the reaction time and accuracy of three foot combinations: right foot only, left foot only, and both feet. Subjects
middle of the computer screen. The program recorded all reaction times and accuracy. The order of testing was randomized. A total of 52 high subjects were tested. Results showed tha
right foot only and left foot only reaction times. However, using both feet turned out to be significantly faster with an average of 0.6671 seconds. There was no significant difference in the accurac
who drive manual cars, have significantly faster left foot reactions times because of their constant use of their left feet, as do left handed subjects. Subjects with driving experience make signific
using both feet. It can be concluded from this experiment that controlling car pedals with both feet is significantly faster and does not make more mistakes than using only one foot. It c
a big effect on accuracy.
2007 BE038
A GAME OF THEORY
Willie Tenell Reaves, Jr.
Muskogee High School, Muskogee, Oklahoma, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine if the “uniqueness factor” of game theory influences the selections that students make on exams. Published research indicated that interior options a
therefore Survey 2 was used to verify the validity of my hypothesis. An interior option indicates options two or three on the survey, because they are on the “inner” section of the page, while the fi
at the top and bottom of the page. The surveys were administered to a random sample of fifty Muskogee High School students. After locating a willing participant, the project and its ass
him/her, and his/her understanding of both were ascertained. The participant completed the surveys and Consent Form, which were numerically organized according to each participant, and the d
 After conducting data analysis, it was determined that the majority (56%) of students chose the most unique option on Survey 1, and that 30% of students chose the most unique option on S
distinctiveness, and Survey 2 to ascertain the accuracy of results. The conclusion of this experiment was that there was not enough evidence to support my null hypothesis, and thus th
affect students’ exam choices. 
2014 BE038
HEALTHY YOUTH: EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SLEEP PATTERNS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELLBEING IN ADOLESCENTS
Grace Hwang
Hershey High School, Hershey, PA, United States of America
Purpose: Adolescent overweight/obesity and mental health are top public health priorities. This study examined physical activity and sleep patterns and their associations with physical and menta
 Procedure: A threesection survey designed to record student’s experiences for a 7day period was administered in one high school. Data included student’s age, gender, grade, height/weigh
program, duration and intensity), sleep patterns (time in bed, sleep onset latency, quality, fatigue), and mental wellbeing (stress, anxiety, depression). Data: A total of 569 students com
days of data. Multivariate logistic regression models show that males (OR=1.66; p=0.033), nonathletes (OR=3.21; p<.0001), and students taking 20+ minutes to fall asleep (OR=2.009; p=0.009)
(BMI > 85 percentile). Regarding mental health, sleep duration less than 7 hours (OR=1.814; P=0.0084), poor sleep quality (OR=3.184; p<.0001), and fatigue (OR=2.854; p<.0001) are as
with sleep duration less than 7 hours (OR=1.618; p=0.046), poor sleep quality (OR=2.402; p=0.0015), and fatigue (OR=2.57; p<.0001). Finally, nonathletes (OR=1.987; p=0.026), poor sleep quali
(OR=3.128; p<.0001) are associated with depression. Female gender is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression (all pvalues < .0001). Conclusions: This study concluded that ph
modifiable risk factors, have measurable effects on teens’ physical and mental wellbeing. These results can inform future research and design of interventions to improve adolescent health.

2003 BE038
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO MULTIPLEWINNER ELECTIONS: AUGMENTING VOTER IMPACT THROUGH A CLEVER STRATEGY
Brian Jeffrey Pepper
Middletown High School, Middletown, MD, USA
The School Board in Frederick County, Maryland is elected in a multiplewinner election. Voters are allowed, but not required, to cast as many votes as there are open seats. In a recent election,
cast a single vote for that candidate only, discarding their other votes. This is referred to as "undervoting." It would seem that this should help by limiting the votes cast for rival candidates, but its
project attempts to quantify that impact through the use of mathematical models and computer simulations. A simplified election model divided voters into three groups: undervoters (who use und
candidate), random voters (who vote essentially randomly), and traditional voters (who favor two incumbents and may or may not oppose the undervoter candidate). Repeated election simulations
of different sets of assumptions. Overall, this project demonstrates that undervoting is an effective strategy that will increase voter impact by approximately 75%. Traditional voters, votin
candidate, will have a significant negative impact on their candidacy. When the number of traditional voters exceeds 2.5 times that of undervoters, the undervotersupported candidate is effective
assumptions, the effect of voter turnout is significant. An overall 2% change in support can easily be the difference between success and defeat. This strategy could be used by a clever
supporters.
Fulltuition scholarships Drexel University
2009 BE038
POSSIBLE VARIANCE IN SCORES ON THE MISSOURI ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (MAP) COMMUNICATION ARTS TEST BASED ON ENGLISH DIALECT SPOKEN
Daniel Alexander Duncan
St. Charles West High School, St. Charles, MO
The Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) standardized tests seek to quantify the ability of students across a wide geographical area. Students’ communication skills are tested on a Standard E
questions often force decisions between the standard and other accepted informal usages. The problem is that there is no single English language—for example; several dialects of English are sp
Midland, Southern, St. Louis area, and African American Vernacular). These dialects vary mostly in pronunciation, but have some grammatical differences as well. They are also found in differen
may be different if the responses to questions from students across the state were based on their dialects. Along this reasoning, MAP Test scores from students across the state were grouped b
by Labov et al. Scores (disaggregated by race) were downloaded from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education website. Census data was added to the MAP data in orde
(SES), age, and populations not speaking English, groupings that had been previously found to affect test scores and/or dialect. Linear regression found that scores in each region decreased with
statistically significant variation by region when taken into account simultaneously with SES (pvalues ranged from p=.014 to p=.033). With SES and race accounted for, it is proposed that this va
Third Place Award of $500 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Sciences. IIT Institute of Psychology
2012 BE038
PREDICTING REAL WORLD CHARACTERISTICS FROM VIRTUAL BEHAVIOR
In this study, I examined whether and how demographic profiling and personality are expressed in Virtual Worlds (VWs). The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy rates with which
traits can be predicted based on virtual behaviors. Survey data from 1,040 World of Warcraft players, from the US and Hong Kong/Taiwan, containing demographic and personality variab
metrics over a fourmonth period. The VW behavioral metrics were gathered by two monitoring systems that tracked the players. From this data, 435 behavior variables were described, extracted
world demographics such as age, gender, marital status, job status, education level, and nationality for the 1,040 players through machine learning methods. The results showed that one can pred
Mean Absolute Error. Prediction accuracy rates of demographic variables are as follows: gender is 73%, marital status is 68%, nationality is 70%, job status is 60%, and education level is 75%.<
traits of players from the Big5 Personality Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, and Openness to experience based on the significant positive and negativ
behaviors and the personality factors. Many behavioral cues in VWs were found to be related to personality. In conclusion, virtual behavioral metrics can be used to provide statistically
personality and demographic profile. This study is relevant in the design of personalized interfaces, system customizations, recommender systems, and online predictive analytics/ad supported s
2003 BE038
A STRATEGIC APPROACH TO MULTIPLEWINNER ELECTIONS: AUGMENTING VOTER IMPACT THROUGH A CLEVER STRATEGY
The School Board in Frederick County, Maryland is elected in a multiplewinner election. Voters are allowed, but not required, to cast as many votes as there are open seats. In a recent election,
cast a single vote for that candidate only, discarding their other votes. This is referred to as "undervoting." It would seem that this should help by limiting the votes cast for rival candidates, but its
project attempts to quantify that impact through the use of mathematical models and computer simulations. A simplified election model divided voters into three groups: undervoters (who use und
candidate), random voters (who vote essentially randomly), and traditional voters (who favor two incumbents and may or may not oppose the undervoter candidate). Repeated election simulations
of different sets of assumptions. Overall, this project demonstrates that undervoting is an effective strategy that will increase voter impact by approximately 75%. Traditional voters, votin
candidate, will have a significant negative impact on their candidacy. When the number of traditional voters exceeds 2.5 times that of undervoters, the undervotersupported candidate is effective
assumptions, the effect of voter turnout is significant. An overall 2% change in support can easily be the difference between success and defeat. This strategy could be used by a clever
supporters.
2004 BE038
GPS NAVIGATION MEANS OF TRAVEL FOR THE BLIND
Ameen Abdulrasool
Lane Technical High School, Chicago, IL., U.S.A.
In modern society independent travel is a prerequisite for both success in education and employment. Navigation for the visually impaired not only involves finding a safe route for travel but landm
experiment examined the effectiveness of a satellite navigation system when used to help the blind navigate. A satellite navigational tool was adapted for the blind using a Global Positio
flash adapter and a personal digital assistant (PDA). An obstacle course was created and a comparison was made between the use of memorized directions and the use of directions given by the
made and the course completion time of 18 individuals subjected through the course was measured and analyzed. It was concluded that the GPS navigational tool adapted for the blind h
in comparison to their conventional techniques. The mean errors committed with the navigational tool were 1.67 with a mean completion time of 23.42 minutes; as compared to the 3.44 mean erro
time of 33.07 minutes without the navigational tool, thus saving 1.77 errors and 9.65 minutes on the course. 
2014 BE038
HEALTHY YOUTH: EFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SLEEP PATTERNS ON PHYSICAL AND MENTAL WELLBEING IN ADOLESCENTS
Grace Hwang
Hershey High School, Hershey, PA, United States of America
Purpose: Adolescent overweight/obesity and mental health are top public health priorities. This study examined physical activity and sleep patterns and their associations with physical and menta
 Procedure: A threesection survey designed to record student’s experiences for a 7day period was administered in one high school. Data included student’s age, gender, grade, height/weigh
program, duration and intensity), sleep patterns (time in bed, sleep onset latency, quality, fatigue), and mental wellbeing (stress, anxiety, depression). Data: A total of 569 students com
days of data. Multivariate logistic regression models show that males (OR=1.66; p=0.033), nonathletes (OR=3.21; p<.0001), and students taking 20+ minutes to fall asleep (OR=2.009; p=0.009)
(BMI > 85 percentile). Regarding mental health, sleep duration less than 7 hours (OR=1.814; P=0.0084), poor sleep quality (OR=3.184; p<.0001), and fatigue (OR=2.854; p<.0001) are as
with sleep duration less than 7 hours (OR=1.618; p=0.046), poor sleep quality (OR=2.402; p=0.0015), and fatigue (OR=2.57; p<.0001). Finally, nonathletes (OR=1.987; p=0.026), poor sleep quali
(OR=3.128; p<.0001) are associated with depression. Female gender is associated with stress, anxiety, and depression (all pvalues < .0001). Conclusions: This study concluded that ph
modifiable risk factors, have measurable effects on teens’ physical and mental wellbeing. These results can inform future research and design of interventions to improve adolescent health.
Second Award of $1,500 Psi Chi, The International Honor Society in Psychology
2009 BE038
POSSIBLE VARIANCE IN SCORES ON THE MISSOURI ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (MAP) COMMUNICATION ARTS TEST BASED ON ENGLISH DIALECT SPOKEN
Daniel Alexander Duncan
St. Charles West High School, St. Charles, MO
The Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) standardized tests seek to quantify the ability of students across a wide geographical area. Students’ communication skills are tested on a Standard E
questions often force decisions between the standard and other accepted informal usages. The problem is that there is no single English language—for example; several dialects of English are sp
Midland, Southern, St. Louis area, and African American Vernacular). These dialects vary mostly in pronunciation, but have some grammatical differences as well. They are also found in differen
may be different if the responses to questions from students across the state were based on their dialects. Along this reasoning, MAP Test scores from students across the state were grouped b
by Labov et al. Scores (disaggregated by race) were downloaded from the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education website. Census data was added to the MAP data in orde
(SES), age, and populations not speaking English, groupings that had been previously found to affect test scores and/or dialect. Linear regression found that scores in each region decreased with
statistically significant variation by region when taken into account simultaneously with SES (pvalues ranged from p=.014 to p=.033). With SES and race accounted for, it is proposed that this va
Second Award of $350 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2012 BE038
PREDICTING REAL WORLD CHARACTERISTICS FROM VIRTUAL BEHAVIOR
In this study, I examined whether and how demographic profiling and personality are expressed in Virtual Worlds (VWs). The purpose of the study was to determine the accuracy rates with which
traits can be predicted based on virtual behaviors. Survey data from 1,040 World of Warcraft players, from the US and Hong Kong/Taiwan, containing demographic and personality variab
metrics over a fourmonth period. The VW behavioral metrics were gathered by two monitoring systems that tracked the players. From this data, 435 behavior variables were described, extracted
world demographics such as age, gender, marital status, job status, education level, and nationality for the 1,040 players through machine learning methods. The results showed that one can pred
Mean Absolute Error. Prediction accuracy rates of demographic variables are as follows: gender is 73%, marital status is 68%, nationality is 70%, job status is 60%, and education level is 75%.<
traits of players from the Big5 Personality Model: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional stability, and Openness to experience based on the significant positive and negativ
behaviors and the personality factors. Many behavioral cues in VWs were found to be related to personality. In conclusion, virtual behavioral metrics can be used to provide statistically
personality and demographic profile. This study is relevant in the design of personalized interfaces, system customizations, recommender systems, and online predictive analytics/ad supported s
2014 BE039
DETERMINING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF VARIOUS SUBSKILLS TRAINING AND PRACTICE ON VISUAL PERCEPTION
Noorhan Zainab Amani
Mount Everest Academy, San Diego, CA, United States of America
Visual perception is an essential skill, especially for schoolaged children, as it is needed to understand and decipher things, learn reading skills, copy text accurately, develop visual memory of t
coordination, and is used with other senses to recognize different sounds.The aim of this study was to determine if training and practice could enhance students’ visual perception and whether thi
meet this objective participant students (n=40) were randomly divided into the experimental group and the control group. The Motor Free Visual Perception Test 3 (MVPT3) was administered to a
perceptual status. Students from the experimental group were trained in visual perceptual subskills such as visual discrimination, visual memory, figure ground, visual closure, and visual form co
play the SET card game. After four weeks, 2nd MVPT3 test was administered to assess the visual perceptual scores of both groups. Without any further training or practice, 3rd MVPT3 test wa
Results demonstrated a significant improvement (p=0.00001, 95% CI 7.6614.04) in the visual perceptual test scores of students in the experimental group. Additionally, most of the students wer
another four weeks without any further training. Comparison of reading scores of both groups also showed that the experimental group made significant improvement (p=0.02, 95% CI 4.619.07) in
control group. Study findings indicate that subskill training can improve visual perceptual skills in children, which can, in turn, help them in academicrelated tasks.
2013 BE039
CAN PARSING GOOGLE AND TWITTER RELIABLY REFLECT POLITICAL TRENDS?
Zachary Matthew Solloway
Park Vista Community High School, Lake Worth, FL
This scientific experiment was conducted in order to determine whether the employment of parsing mechanisms could yield a reliable indication of a candidate’s poll numbers. During the experime
Twitter and Google traffic that involved the four candidates were calculated by relying on data from November 6, 2011 to February 12, 2012 regarding Mitt Romney, Rick Santorum, Newt Gingrich
four candidates demonstrated a relative correlation between online search traffic and their approval rating. For example, republican preference of Newt Gingrich from 12/1/11 to 12/14/11 was 31.3%
preference for Newt Gingrich was 23.5%. On Google, a downward trend was also evident, declining from 1.28% (during 12/1/11 to 12/14/11) to 0.82% (during 12/15/11 to 12/29/11). Due to this dat
experienced by Newt Gingrich during this period of time occurred at a similar rate to his downward trend in the polls. On Twitter, a downward trend was also evident, declining from 0.04% (during 1
12/15/11 to 12/29/11). The second phase of the experiment employed a linear model that reliably predicted a candidate’s approval rating based on total Twitter traffic. For example, on 12/22/11, to
Romney” was 0.05%, and the linear model (revealing a regression formula of R2=0.28653), predicted his approval rating to be 26.9%, when his actual approval rating according to Gallup was 27%
2010 BE039
EFFECTS OF AN EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM ABOUT MELALEUCA QUINQUENERVIA IN THE ATTITUDE OF COMMUNITIES' STUDENTS LIVING ADJACENT TO TORTUGUERO LAGOON
Elias K Pabon
Lino Padron Rivera, Vega Baja, PUERTO RICO
Tortuguero Lagoon is an important ecosystem for migratory birds and there are 23 native species living there. During recent years the invasive species Melaleuca quinquenervia is a threat to the
Natural Resources Department works to eliminate the species from the lagoon, but in nearby communities the species is growing without control. Communities around the ecosystem do not have
why an Educational Program is necessary to change people’s attitude towards this invasive species. The hypothesis is that the change of attitude among communities’ students is proportional to
 This investigation developed an Educational Program to change the student’s attitude towards the species. Attitude included 3 components: cognitive, affective and behavior. The study
communities of Tortuguero Lagoon. A pretest was used to evaluate the attitude before treatment. To determine the effect of the Educational Program the sample was divided into 3 groups: contro
experimental 1, which received a conference about the problem, and experimental 2, which received a conference about the problem and an excursion to the lagoon. A posttest was given after tre
 Change in attitude was significant among experimental groups. They shifted to a positive attitude, rising from 29% to 76% in experimental 1 and from 38% to 85% in experimental 2. It is
the attitude towards the plant in a positive way.
2011 BE039
WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF EMOTIONAL STIMULUS ON STUDENT MEMORY AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE?
Tessa Ray Carver
The purpose of this study was to determine if students would better retain information learned when instruction was presented by an instructor demonstrating dynamic emotion. Second, was to be
reported mood might influence learning. Participants were assigned a video lesson presented by a teacher who demonstrated dynamic emotion while teaching. The control classes viewe
same teacher, but the teacher demonstrated no emotion. The same test was administered four times over a period of 12 weeks to determine content retention. Further, all students were asked to
of the initial test. Finally, students were shown a slide presentation with learning content that had pictures and music designed to influence mood. The control group viewed only the slideshow wit
stimulus. Scores for the control group decreased 0.50 of a point over a twelve week period, while research group’s average scores increased 0.23 over the same period. Students reporti
scored 0.20 higher than those reporting a positive mood, and 0.70 higher than those reporting a negative mood. The slideshow inquiry revealed students watching the noemotion slideshow score
 The trend in both studies supports the hypothesis that teacher's mood influences learning but if the mood does not match the content it may be distracting. Further, while less conclusive, it a
may impact test scores.
2006 BE039
"ON THE COUNT OF THREE YOU WILL FEEL VERY SLEEPY" MYTHS AND REALITIES ABOUT HYPNOSIS
Michael Gabriel Rodriguez
Jose Gautier Benitez High School, Caguas, PUERTO RICO
 This investigation presented a study about the myths and the realities that exist about hypnosis. During many years hypnosis had been considered as one of the best techniques to trea
anxiety, among other problems. Nevertheless, at this moment it has a low credibility because of some incorrect information presented through mass media. Therefore, it was decided to do an inv
a common citizen has about hypnosis. To do the study, a questionnaire was designed in which the participants would answer several questions related to hypnosis. A sample of 400 participants
answer the questionnaire. The study was done in schools, communities and public places in order to have a highly diversed group of participants. After analyzing all the data, it was poss
was correct. Only 25% (1:4) of the participants really knew what was hypnosis. In spite of it, the majority of the participants (p=0.717) had the desire to be informed about this technique. That det
it was also verified that the probability that the people with knowledge about hypnosis would let themselves be hypnotized is greater than the people without a clear knowledge about it (p=0.535 an
that good campaigns with correct information about hypnosis could help to get people interested in the use of hypnosis for their own benefit. 
2009 BE039
INVESTIGATIONS OF FAUNAL DIETS AT POKAGON VILLAGE SITE TO DETERMINE FARMING PRACTICES OF THE POKAGON BAND CIRCA AD 1830
Frieda Fein
John Adams High School, South Bend, IN
This study compares isotope ratios of a variety of domesticated and wild animal bones to determine the animals’ diets and the extent to which they were domesticated by the Pokagon Band of P
1830). During the Removal Period, A.D. 1795 until 1840, the American government forced most Midwestern Native Americans off their traditional lands and onto reservations in western United Sta
few groups to avoid removal, perhaps because of their willingness to adopt EuropeanAmerican farming lifestyles; raising crops and domestic animals. Though excavations of the Pokagon Village
domesticated animals (cows, pigs, turkeys, and chickens), there is a spectrum of domestication. The Pokagons’ animals may have been left to forage for themselves as though wild, and then hu
experiment compares the stable carbon isotope ratios of both wild and domesticated animal bones found at the Pokagon site to determine the amount of maize in the animals’ diets. More maize s
animals surplus crops. To determine isotopic ratios, samples of bone collagen from each animal bone were isolated using sequential HCl and NaOH treatments. Collagen was analyzed using an i
results show that traditionally domesticated animals had diets high in corn, suggesting a high extent of domestication and that the Pokagon Band followed farming practices typical of EuropeanA
insight into strategies used by Potawatomi to resist removal from their traditional lands.
2004 BE039
MUSIC: CONNECTING TWO WORLDS TOGETHER
Alicia Marie Baumgartner
Strasburg Public High, Strasburg, North Dakota, United States
The objective of this project was to teach kindergartners how to count from 110 in Spanish and 5 other simple Spanish words through the use of music. Also, to see if the children will respond to
sense (other then visual) while learning. Each Spanish number (110) and each new word was then given a note on the keyboard to match. Half of the class was exposed to the music while the ot
were introduced to the Spanish in the same day and immediately quizzed on how many they could recall. For the music students, the matching note was played when exposed to the visual and w
numbers and words were then reviewed with the students once and they were asked to recall as many as possible. The students were then asked to recall the numbers and words without any rev
music group. Then without any review or music, the Spanish words and numbers were recited in Spanish and the students were asked to act as translators and respond correctly in English. Final
given a written/oral test. The Spanish numbers were called off in a random order and students were asked to write down the correct number. Each student also received 5 cards with the pictures d
one at a time and the students were suppose to put the card containing that picture face down on their desk and the next card on top and continue with the pattern. In all tests that were conducte
students were able to recall more numbers and words. In the final number test without any music, those previously exposed to it still averaged higher scores then the students without the music.
when tested on the Spanish words using the 5 flash cards. 
2003 BE039
HOW MANY FAMILIES ARE ORIENTATED AND PREPARED TO FACE A FIRE?
Francisco Javier Nazario
Jose S. Alegria, Dorado, Puerto Rico
The problem studied in this research was to determine how many families have the knowledge and the preparation to react to a fire in their house. The hypothesis was that if the families have no
fire in their house, they won't be able to act appropriately in case of a fire emergency. The questionnaire consisted of two parts. Part I, had questions about the preparation and knowledge that peo
emergency. Part II, has to do with the ability that people should have to manage a fire in the house. The questionnaire was administered to one hundred families from Barrio Higuillar of Dorado. Th
outstanding discoveries were the lack of orientation and preparation among these families to face a fire in their homes. These families would be vulnerable if a fire occurred because of their difficu
also found that they are not prepared to confront a fire because of their lack of orientation and their lack of ability to use fire equipment.
2007 BE039
PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY PATERNAL ABSENCE ON CHILDREN BETWEEN 711 YEARS OLD WITH SOLUTION BY MEANS OF EXERCISES THAT STIMULATE DIALOGU
Scott Miguel Munguia
Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan Jalisco, Mexico
The project has as objectives to determine the psychosocial effects caused by paternal absence (PA) on children between 711 years old, and to determine if the exercises that stimulate dialogu
measurement instrument was designed for this project with the purpose to give an approximation to the development of 12 social skills on children. This instrument has 86 items and was applied
sampling method. First stage: n=140 children between 711 years old were divided in 2 equal parts; half with PA and half with paternal presence (PP). Social skills of both groups were observed a
they were compared. Second stage: exercises that stimulate dialogue were created and applied to n=10 children between 711 years old with PA. The development of the social skills of these ch
times during 20 days. Results: children between 711 years old with PA have less development in all evaluated skills than children with both parents. Coyness and apathy were the social conflicts
respectively). Children of 7 years old with PA have a bigger conversation skill (73%) than children with PP (66%); however, this skill diminishes significantly on the following years. The exercises
social skills of children with PA. According to the results exists a problem with social behavior on children with PA. Exercises that stimulate dialogue could solve it. 
2008 BE039
THE EFFECTS OF INQUIRYBASED TEACHING ON THE PERCENTAGE OF STUDENTS WITHIN SUBGROUPS SCORING AT "NEARING PROFICIENT" (GRADE LEVEL) OR ABOVE ON T
PROGRAM (MAP) TEST AT THE 7TH GRADE LEVEL IN THE SECTION OF SCIENCE
Jordan Elizabeth Stevens
West Platte R2 High School, Weston
The Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education (DESE) have labeled 32% of Missouri’s schools in the category of “Needing Improvement.” Missouri schools are not the only on
are being held accountable for improving student progress by the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB). This study concerned the effects of inquirybased teaching on the percentage of students withi
level on Missouri Assessment Program (MAP) test in the section of science at the 7th grade level. The MAP test is Missouri’s version of a standardized assessment. Schools were selected usin
and Secondary Education (DESE) website to ascertain the student to teacher ratio range to one of fifteen to twenty. Surveys were created and mailed to 140 schools across the state, fitting the r
surveys were grouped into the test groups of inquirybased teaching with science fair projects, inquirybased teaching with no science fair projects, and the control group of no inquirybased teach
data was separated into the subgroups of male, female, and students in the free and reduced lunch program. An analysis of the performance of these subgroups on MAP test indicated the schoo
had a statistically higher percentage of students scoring at or above grade level compared to the subgroups of the school districts without inquirybased instruction.
2007 BE039
PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECTS CAUSED BY PATERNAL ABSENCE ON CHILDREN BETWEEN 711 YEARS OLD WITH SOLUTION BY MEANS OF EXERCISES THAT STIMULATE DIALOGU
Scott Miguel Munguia
Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan Jalisco, Mexico
The project has as objectives to determine the psychosocial effects caused by paternal absence (PA) on children between 711 years old, and to determine if the exercises that stimulate dialogu
measurement instrument was designed for this project with the purpose to give an approximation to the development of 12 social skills on children. This instrument has 86 items and was applied
sampling method. First stage: n=140 children between 711 years old were divided in 2 equal parts; half with PA and half with paternal presence (PP). Social skills of both groups were observed a
they were compared. Second stage: exercises that stimulate dialogue were created and applied to n=10 children between 711 years old with PA. The development of the social skills of these ch
times during 20 days. Results: children between 711 years old with PA have less development in all evaluated skills than children with both parents. Coyness and apathy were the social conflicts
respectively). Children of 7 years old with PA have a bigger conversation skill (73%) than children with PP (66%); however, this skill diminishes significantly on the following years. The exercises
social skills of children with PA. According to the results exists a problem with social behavior on children with PA. Exercises that stimulate dialogue could solve it. 
Full Tuition Scholarship Award University of New Mexico
2005 BE039
"MY BROTHER'S KEEPER": WELLBEING AND RELATIONSHIP EFFECTS OF HAVING A SIBLING WITH AUTISM
Christina Marie Amoroso
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, New York, United States
Although interest in cognitive disabilities such as autism has increased in recent years, this field is still relatively unexplored. Little is known about the functioning of the sibling and the effect a ch
his or her sibling. The present study examined whether the presence of a sibling with autism causes difficulties (measured by Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). The relationsh
examined using Furman's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire and compared to a matched control cohort. In all, 24 experimental sibling pairs and 21 control sibling pairs were studied. Additional va
order, and severity of autism (measured by Rimland and Edelson's Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist). Surveys were completed by one parent. Results indicated that siblings of ch
emotional difficulties than a control group. Warmth and closeness between experimental sibling pairs was dramatically compromised. Dominance and rivalry scores were also higher than those of
gender differences were also found; brothers of children with autism were much more likely to be maladjusted in terms of conduct problems, peer problems, and experienced less warmth and clos
children with autism. Sibling pairs in which the age gap was small (<3 years) had higher prosocial scores and fewer peer problems. Correlational analyses indicated that severity of autism may pla
sibling and the relationship between the sibling pair. 
2012 BE039
DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE IN WORKING AND REFERENCE MEMORY ON AN ALZHEIMER'S MODEL
Leanna Lorraine Rivera
Clint High School, Clint, TX
By doing a behavioral study on rats using learning and memory tests the results will help us understand if caffeine can play a role in adenosine receptor interaction with learning and memory func
located in the hippocampus, and cerebral cortex. Caffeine is an antagonist for the adenosine receptor and has a closely related chemical structure to adenosine. The blockage of receptors will be
which was used as a model for Alzheimer’s. Habituation and Baseline Body Weights: Rats were habituated to become comfortable with the experimenter and were handled for 5 days. Food availa
weights decreased to no less than 90%. Rats began testing, which spanned 2 days (learning phase on Day 1, savings phase on Day 2). Fruit Loops cereal was presented in the home cage to fam
administered Caffeine 60 minutes following Scopolamine treatment. Testing began 10 minutes after Caffeine treatment. The rat was placed in the center of the maze with access to all arms and i
completely until it retrieved all food rewards. Upon retrieval of all reinforcers the rat was removed from the maze for a 15 minute Intertrial Interval (ITI). After the ITI was complete the rat was place
arms baited. The caffeine affected working memory negatively on the scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s model. There is enough data to conclude that reference memory was not affected in a pos
very important to know because only one type of memory is being affected, but not the other.
2005 BE039
"MY BROTHER'S KEEPER": WELLBEING AND RELATIONSHIP EFFECTS OF HAVING A SIBLING WITH AUTISM
Christina Marie Amoroso
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, New York, United States
Although interest in cognitive disabilities such as autism has increased in recent years, this field is still relatively unexplored. Little is known about the functioning of the sibling and the effect a ch
his or her sibling. The present study examined whether the presence of a sibling with autism causes difficulties (measured by Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire). The relationsh
examined using Furman's Sibling Relationship Questionnaire and compared to a matched control cohort. In all, 24 experimental sibling pairs and 21 control sibling pairs were studied. Additional va
order, and severity of autism (measured by Rimland and Edelson's Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist). Surveys were completed by one parent. Results indicated that siblings of ch
emotional difficulties than a control group. Warmth and closeness between experimental sibling pairs was dramatically compromised. Dominance and rivalry scores were also higher than those of
gender differences were also found; brothers of children with autism were much more likely to be maladjusted in terms of conduct problems, peer problems, and experienced less warmth and clos
children with autism. Sibling pairs in which the age gap was small (<3 years) had higher prosocial scores and fewer peer problems. Correlational analyses indicated that severity of autism may pla
sibling and the relationship between the sibling pair. 
2003 BE040
FACIAL SYMMETRY AND PHEROMONE PREFERENCE IN HUMAN SEX SELECTION
Mallory Jayne McGowin
School of the Osage High School, Kaiser, MO, USA
All animals, including humans, produce pheromones, or chemical substances that are produced to stimulate a behavioral response in other individuals of the same species. Studies have shown t
is, the more attractive the individual appears (Grammer and Thornhill, 1994). However, to this date a study linking pheromones and symmetry has not been performed. The purpose of this project
of a correlation between pheromone preference and facial symmetry. Eight males were randomly selected from a distant high school and were asked to wear three tshirts, each for two consecuti
collection period, shirts were collected and frozen in separate containers at a temperature of approximately –75 degrees Celsius until the day of the olfactory session. A list of fiftyeight females r
seniors from School of the Osage was compiled to use as olfactory subjects. Each female olfactory subject was asked to rate male donor tshirts on pleasantness, sexiness, and familiarity.
subsequently rated on attractiveness. Results of this study indicate a significant (P< 0.05) correlation between the responses of female subjects to the three questions posed and each d
suggests a correlation between pheromone detection and attractiveness. Results also demonstrate a significant (P< 0.05) correlation when symmetry is compared to photos, pleasantness, and s
between slope and photos or slope and olfactory questions. 
2004 BE040
CAN KILLDEER PREDICT RAIN?
Krista Marie Vogel
Kulm High School, Kulm, North Dakota, U.S.A.
The purpose of this project was to determine if killdeer could predict rain, how accurate they were, and how their predictions compared to those of three different weather forecasts. 
correct 80% of the time. Each day, from May 31st until August 15th, data was recorded. The data included days the killdeer sang, days it rained, and the predictions of three weather for
results, it was determined that the killdeer had an overall accuracy of 84%. This was calculated allowing the killdeer a twoday period for it to rain after they sang. This is because of the weather l
sing, it will rain within 2448 hours. Weather.com (The Weather Channel) had an accuracy of 86%, which was 2% better than the killdeer's predictions. KFYR was at 78% accuracy, and Dish Insta
AccuWeather.com) was 74% accurate. The killdeer predicted 32 of the 34 rains that occurred during those two and a half months, but they also called 10 times when it never rained. The hypothes
concluded that it is fairly accurate to say, "If you hear the killdeer sing, it will rain within the next day."
2011 BE040
THE EFFECT OF THEATRE ARTS PARTICIPATION ON ACADEMIC SUCCESS
Arianne Christine Melton
Gresham Union High School, Gresham, OR
The idea of this experiment was to study the trends and correlations between students who participate in a theatre arts class at school and their academic grades, hypothesizing that drama stude
schools everywhere are attempting to find areas to cut most are resorting to arts because they are viewed as nonessential to academic learning. The purpose of this study comes in to try and sh
academics. Collecting data was done by comparing grades of these drama students to grades of a control group of nondrama students, to see if the reinforcement can be proven statistically. In
grade data of high school students in both groups was designed, and GPAs of those surveyed classes were also collected. The data was analyzed in a series of bar graphs comparing year level,
the survey data and GPA data. Ttests comparing the averages were also performed to support that there were no statistical differences at specific moments in time between those groups. But, w
graphs of the average survey data and GPA data, over time drama students were shown to have more improvement in their core classes the longer they participated from 9th to 12th grade. Their
significantly. Therefore, the idea that drama students have better grades than their counterpart isn’t true, but the class helps them improve.
2010 BE040
THE ONE DOLLAR AUCTION
Alec Burton Howard
Deer Valley High School, Antioch, CA
A onedollar auction is a “game” in which a group of about 5 people bid on one dollar. However, there is a catch: both the highest and second highest bidder have to pay. It was hypothesized that
because they are impulsive. This is a reasonable hypothesis since it is generally accepted that most teenagers are known to be less deliberate with their actions than adults. All volunteers were m
stake. Once the experiment was finished and the results recorded, a ttest was performed based on the results. The ttest showed that the probability of difference between the two demographics
This means that there is a high chance that if the test was conducted again, the same results would appear. Likely not based on coincidence, one noticeable difference between the two genders i
were the first and second highest bidders, respectively, among the adult population. However, much more testing is needed to determine whether this is just random chance or something much g
for teenagers and adults, respectively, was $2.12 and $1.41 while the average second highest bid for teenagers and adults, respectively, was $1.84 and $1.25. Therefore, since the difference was
teenagers and adults are, for the most part, similar in their impulsiveness.
2012 BE040
QUANTIFYING HUMAN COMPENSATION FOR VISUAL PROCESSING LAG
Stephen Thomas Kranich
West Anchorage High School, Anchorage, AK
The purpose of this experiment was to quantify the flashlag effect and discover if it was consistent across the demographic groups of age and sex. The flashlag effect describes the ability of the
its true location to compensate for visual processing lag. It was hypothesized that people would consistently project, and that this would be consistent between sexes, but not between age groups
more than older ones. A convenience sample of 100 participants was presented with a SuperLab 4.0 computer program that measured the flashlag effect on a linear and rectangular path. Data an
when participants were tested with the linear motion path. However, testing participants with a rectangular motion path produced several significant effects and interactions. Participants projected
occurred in a foveal retinal position but lagged when the flash occurred in the periphery; this tendency was greater for women than for men. Participant reports of projection vs. lag were also subje
in order to examine accuracy. When transformed data were analyzed, men were more accurate than women, and all participants were more accurate on average with foveal than with peripheral st
participant age interacted with stimulus speed; at the slow speed, participants of all ages were equally accurate. However, at a fast speed, younger participants (1820 years of age) were more ac
 
2005 BE040
SOUNDS INTO SYLLABLES A TEACHING SYSTEM FOR CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Kayla Marie Cornale
Assumption Catholic Secondary School, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
This project is intended to assist children diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder learn to read and write. To do this, I have created this teaching system, which presents language in a spok
creating an animated computer program. The child learns to identify the alphabet and 26 nouns by simultaneously hearing them as musical tones based on a preestablished scale. The n
pictures, sound effects and textured letters. This process is designed to activate multiple areas of the brain and in so doing improve the child’s ability to learn language. In addition, the computer
learned nouns with related verbs. The animations are presented in a story format designed to begin the transfer from single word comprehension to sentence comprehension and formation. <b
cousin who is diagnosed with PDDNOS. At the commencement of our weekly study sessions she was unable to read or spell any letter/word including her own name. Today she spells (both verb
related verbs and her own name. She has grasped the relationship between the nouns and verbs in the animations and expresses interest in the story aspect of the program. In addition, her ability
at hand has greatly improved.
2006 BE040
ATYPICAL VISUAL BEHAVIORS AS EARLY INDICATORS OF AUTISM IN CHILDREN
Maya Nina Wolpert
Hathaway Brown, Shaker Heights, Ohio, USA
This study is designed as a preliminary assessment of the role of atypical visual behaviors that occur in young children (between ages one and two) and eventual diagnosis of autism or a related
previous study by this researcher assessed the frequencies of 100 atypical behaviors symptomatic of autism in a population of children and found atypical visual behaviors to be the most commo
(ages 1832 months). For this study, then, a tenitem, anonymous questionnaire was created containing five questions related to atypical visual behaviors and five questions concerning other dev
regarding behaviors included in already validated measures used in evaluating children with possible autism. It is important to note that the subject sample for this project was completely differen
information collected was new. The subject sample comprised two groups of parents: 1) those with children currently between 2 and 18 years of age who have been diagnosed with autism
“typically” developing children within the same age range being seen for medical care in an outpatient clinic. The results indicate that atypical visual behaviors may enhance the predictiv
combined with other nonvisual behavior questions. Future research is needed to further refine the role of atypical visual behaviors in evaluators’ complete and accurate diagnosis of children with
2005 BE040
Kayla Marie Cornale
Award of $250 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
2014 BE040
SELFINDUCED SLEEP LOSS: A NOVEL RISK FACTOR FOR NIGHTTIME FOOD DESIRE IN ADOLESCENTS AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH BRAIN DOPAMINE SIGNALING AND OBESI
Zarin Ibnat Rahman
Brookings High School, Brookings, SD, United States of America
Obesity is emerging as the most significant health concern of the 21st century. Although the genetic factors and the popularity of energydense food cause the increased obesity rate, it also appe
increase vulnerability to calorierich food. Studies find sleep as a significant determinant of body composition besides conventional factors. To date, metabolic processes in the body have been s
obesity. However, a few have examined the behavioral mechanism by which sleep is associated with obesity. Therefore, this study investigated whether selfinduced sleep deprivation affects nig
dependent on the reward functions of brain, in adolescents. Adolescents (n=118) were divided in two groups: Normal Sleep (NS, N=51) and Sleep Deprived (SD, N=67) on the basis of Sleep Surv
questionnaire for screen time habit, the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) for assessing sleep related problems, Food Desire and Nighttime Snacking Scale (developed by the researche
Scale for energy expenditure were used. Finally, Body Mass Index (height and weight) was measured using electronic scales. Twoway ANOVA, followed by ttest and with Bonferrroni corrections
compare the two groups. Pearson correlation and Path Analysis were used to test the relations among the variables. A pvalue <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings indicate
the body composition of adolescents due to their poor food choice and reasons for nighttime snacking leading to the risk of obesity supporting the stated hypotheses.

2005 BE040
Kayla Marie Cornale
Award of $5,000 Intel Foundation Achievement Awards
2006 BE040
Maya Nina Wolpert
2009 BE040
FACIAL EXPRESSION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GESTURE IN WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS
Jennifer Lynn Draiss
MonroeWoodbury High School, Central Valley, NY
Gorilla facial expression has been little studied, though gesture in the great apes has become an important topic in the study of primate cognition and the search for origins of language. Gesture a
tied as important elements of nonvocal communication, yet there has been no study of their relationship. One group of ten western lowland gorillas living at the Bronx Zoo was observed from Jun
were to classify the facial expressions of the group, to examine the relationship between gestures and facial expressions, and to compare the facial expressions of two species of great apes: chim
Facial expressions were performed a total of 370 times, gestures were performed 1,531 times, and both were performed simultaneously 229 times during the period of study. Thirtynine unique ge
expressions were observed. Gestures and facial expressions, when performed simultaneously, resulted in an immediate visible body movement from the receiver more frequently than either gest
Because this scenario has the greatest impact on the receiver, the relationship between voluntary and involuntary forms of communication in other species must be studied.
2005 BE040
Kayla Marie Cornale
2014 BE040
SELFINDUCED SLEEP LOSS: A NOVEL RISK FACTOR FOR NIGHTTIME FOOD DESIRE IN ADOLESCENTS AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH BRAIN DOPAMINE SIGNALING AND OBESI
Zarin Ibnat Rahman
Brookings High School, Brookings, SD, United States of America
Obesity is emerging as the most significant health concern of the 21st century. Although the genetic factors and the popularity of energydense food cause the increased obesity rate, it also appe
increase vulnerability to calorierich food. Studies find sleep as a significant determinant of body composition besides conventional factors. To date, metabolic processes in the body have been s
obesity. However, a few have examined the behavioral mechanism by which sleep is associated with obesity. Therefore, this study investigated whether selfinduced sleep deprivation affects nig
dependent on the reward functions of brain, in adolescents. Adolescents (n=118) were divided in two groups: Normal Sleep (NS, N=51) and Sleep Deprived (SD, N=67) on the basis of Sleep Surv
questionnaire for screen time habit, the Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) for assessing sleep related problems, Food Desire and Nighttime Snacking Scale (developed by the researche
Scale for energy expenditure were used. Finally, Body Mass Index (height and weight) was measured using electronic scales. Twoway ANOVA, followed by ttest and with Bonferrroni corrections
compare the two groups. Pearson correlation and Path Analysis were used to test the relations among the variables. A pvalue <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The findings indicate
the body composition of adolescents due to their poor food choice and reasons for nighttime snacking leading to the risk of obesity supporting the stated hypotheses.
2013 BE040
NEURAL CORRELATES OF VISUAL AWARENESS DURING PERCEPTUAL ORGANIZATION
Danila Alferov
A.B. Lucas Secondary School, London, CANADA
The neural basis of consciousness is a central topic in cognitive neuroscience. One particularly important type of conscious awareness is visual perception. The purpose of this project w
visual awareness by using a novel psychophysical model and neuroimaging (fMRI).The psychophysical model was developed to capture a phenomenon known as persistence, a form of duration
every trial, observers were presented with a camouflaging background and after a delay with a contour made from line segments. Observers perceived the contour as segregated from the backgro
the background. The psychophysical model used multiple controlled variables for the contour: density, radius, jitter (angular deviation from colinearity). The results demonstrated that the
milliseconds longer than the misaligned contour on average. Based on the linear regression model, when jitter increases by 1° the duration of awareness decreases by 18 milliseconds. <
key visual areas in the brain confirmed a neurological difference between coaligned and misaligned contours. Interestingly, an attention area, parietal lobe, is highly sensitive to the effects of vary
possible positive feedback loop where parietal lobe modulates incoming signal from visual areas and controls their analysis of the contour. The psychophysical model and neuroimaging
early visual areas, to compute edge continuity statistics in natural images and build an artificial visual system.
2008 BE040
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NAIL BITING AND OBSESSIVECOMPULSIVE DISORDER
Alexander Laszlo Peterkin
Oakton High School, Vienna, VA
Nail biting can be anything from a bad habit to a serious medical condition. Although the cause of nail biting is multifactorial, severe nail biting, or onychophagia, is a disorder that may be associa
(OCD). In order to explore this relationship, a crosssectional study was designed to determine if the severity of nail biting is linked to the likelihood of having symptoms of OCD. An ano
distributed to university students. Data was collected on degree of nail biting, symptoms of OCD, age, gender, GPA, family history, and other bodyfocused repetitive behaviors (BFRB). The seve
modified YaleBrown OCD Scale was used. Of the 189 total respondents, 89 were severe nail biters. Sixtythree percent of all severe nail biters had symptoms of OCD. The odds ratio of
severe nail biter was 13.73:1, statistically significant (P<0.0001). However, a linear relationship between the degree of nail biting and increasing symptoms of OCD was not found. Also, 79% of na
61% had a positive family history. A definite link between severe nail biting and symptoms of OCD was established. However, milder degrees of nail biting were not conclusively associat
Establishing a relationship between severe nail biting and OCD is important for investigating a common cause and may lead to better treatments in the future.
2006 BE040
Maya Nina Wolpert
2005 BE040
Kayla Marie Cornale
Honorable Mention Award National Academy of Neuropsychology
2009 BE040
FACIAL EXPRESSION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO GESTURE IN WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS
Jennifer Lynn Draiss
MonroeWoodbury High School, Central Valley, NY
Gorilla facial expression has been little studied, though gesture in the great apes has become an important topic in the study of primate cognition and the search for origins of language. Gesture a
tied as important elements of nonvocal communication, yet there has been no study of their relationship. One group of ten western lowland gorillas living at the Bronx Zoo was observed from Jun
were to classify the facial expressions of the group, to examine the relationship between gestures and facial expressions, and to compare the facial expressions of two species of great apes: chim
Facial expressions were performed a total of 370 times, gestures were performed 1,531 times, and both were performed simultaneously 229 times during the period of study. Thirtynine unique ge
expressions were observed. Gestures and facial expressions, when performed simultaneously, resulted in an immediate visible body movement from the receiver more frequently than either gest
Because this scenario has the greatest impact on the receiver, the relationship between voluntary and involuntary forms of communication in other species must be studied.
2007 BE040
PERSONALITY AND SUCCESS IN EDUCATION
Telena Billie
Wingate High School, Fort Wingate, New Mexico, USA
The purpose of this research is to determine if being right or leftbrained and/or personalities affect learning styles. While in the process of doing my experiment, I found out that being right or left
as much as personality does. This conclusion was determined as a result of student surveys. One hundred students, twentyfive from each grade (nine through twelve), took three psychology sur
learning style and the last tested whether or not the student was left or rightbrained. Results were gathered and compared statistically by grade level and showed personality type was by far the m
The focus of this research suggests that if teachers were able to identify certain personality types, students could learn more successfully. 
2012 BE041
THE STROOP EFFECT: TO WHAT EXTENT WILL THE STROOP EFFECT BE NEGATED THROUGH WORD DISTORTION AMONG DIFFERENT GENDER, AGE, AND BRAIN DOMINANCE D
Ka Yan Lee
The Stroop Effect refers to the interference between saying the color versus seeing the color of the word and its meaning. The purpose of this project was to determine if the Stroop Effe
distortion. This study was examined in the following four categories: as a whole, gender, age, and brain dominance. A total of 60 students were randomly chosen to participate ranging fro
participants filled out an agreement, which disqualified those who are colorblind. Participants were asked to take a left/right brain dominance survey to identify their brain dominance prior to the st
indicated a significant difference in word distortion levels compared with the identified effect. Each level progressively decreased pvalues as words became more distorted. All pvalues were well
there was a significant difference between each level and the Stroop Effect. Male vs. Female, statistics showed that there was a significance difference (p<0.05) in levels 26 except lev
with the largest difference observed in level 2. Age difference, pvalues indicated there was no significance difference throughout all levels of distortion amongst elementary through high
school students responded faster than the other two groups in that level. Brain dominance, analysis showed pvalues (p<0.05) in all levels. The null hypothesis could not be rejected. Co
significant difference between brain dominance.
2010 BE041
HOLLAND CODE QUIZ AND PERSONAL CHOICES
Bayan H. Abdallat
Dove Science Academy, Oklahoma City, OK
Many kids get asked, “What do you want to be when you grow up?” However, as the child does grow and becomes a teenager, their thoughts about jobs might change. Then, as the teenager grow
want to become something different. The Holland Code quiz was given to students to check the relation between their personal career choices and the results of the quiz. Students took t
analyzed. After analyzing the results, the hypothesis was proven to be correct. The 12th graders, the highest grade surveyed, had the most students with compatible results. The grade
9th grade. The 12th grade had the highest degree of compatibility most likely because the seniors are getting prepared for college and choosing their majors. The 9th grade likely had the least com
just entered high school and their ideas about jobs may still be forming because they now have to become more realistic about their choices. Once the analysis of the graphs was complete, the S
throughout all the grades. In conclusion, the higher the grade, the more compatible the results became. 
2014 BE041
THE EFFECT OF SOCIAL NETWORKING ON THE MENTAL STATE OF SENIOR CITIZENS
Haley Asofsky
American Heritage School Boca/Delray, Delray Beach, FL, United States of America
Geriatric, or late life depression is becoming an increasingly frequent problem amongst the senior citizens of our society. Many types of therapy have been tried in order to decrease the problem,
been tested is the usage of social networking websites (Facebook, Myspace, Twitter, etc.). This investigation sought to discover if there is an existing correlation between a given senior citizen's
of depression. A 68question containing various scales of depression (such as the Geriatric Rating Scale for Depression) and a social networking scale was distributed to senior citizens. Some of
assisted living center, and some resided in various communities that are not exclusive to the elderly. The seniors completed these surveys, and the results were analyzed. The results yielded tha
higher a person scored on the scale for depression, the lower they scored on the social networking scale. Secondly, a curriculum was designed in order to teach the elderly how to use social netw
survey upon the beginning and completion of the curriculum to determine the difference in their mental states. These results yielded that the senior citizens showed a significant decrease in depre
social networking scale, showing that social networking can be used as a treatment for geriatric depression.
2004 BE041
LINES OF LIFE
Stephanie Marie Weinreis
Beach High School, Beach, ND, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to find out whether or not there are similarities in the fingerprints of different generations of a family and if the percentage compared with the general population
took fingerprints of nine different people from three different families. I used only their right hand. I classified them into main categories and compared the different generations of prints. 
there was a total of one double loop, one tented arch seven radial loops, three loops, one ulnar loop, one whorl, and one plain whorl. Overall they had mostly loops. Between subjects 1f6
loops, two plain whorls, four loops, and five radial loops. The second and third generations of this family had a form of loop on all their fingers. Between subjects 1f81, 2f44, and 3f16, the
ulnar loops, one loop, one whorl, one tented arch, one accidental whorl, and three plain whorls. This family was interesting because they had such a variety of prints. The first and third generation
than 2f44 was to either of them. I have concluded from my observations that there are definite similarities between the prints of different generations of a family. Overall 76% of the famil
whorls, and 4% have arches. 
2007 BE041
FACE TO FACE A CROSS ETHNIC OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
Brandy RaeAnn Buchanan
Central Noble High School, Albion, Indiana, USA
All around the world, humans are constantly showing their emotions by the expressions on their faces; but can people of various ethnicities read the faces of those in ethnic groups other than the
the emotions behind facial expressions of other races? This project focused on primary grade, Caucasian children arbitrating these expressions of children their own age from four various ethnicit
set expressions of happy, sad, scared, surprised, angry, and bored (independent variables) with predetermined photographs (dependent variables) of each of these expressions for all four ethnicit
which ethnic group was most accurately verified. I hypothesized that the Caucasian children would establish the Caucasian group the most precisely, followed by the Asian group. The n
Latino group, and the children would answer the African American group the most erroneously. Data showed the children's responses varying not only by races, but by grade (maturation rate) and
results concluded that the children were able to deduce the Asian group with the least flaws, with the Caucasian group falling in second. The Latino group was the next most accurately answered,
most mistaken overall. This experiment also showed which facial expressions were most easily justified, and which ones presented harder concepts for primary children.
2013 BE041
NEURAL PLASTICITY: NOVEL LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
Adelina Corina Cozma
Bayview Secondary School, Richmond Hill, CANADA
The research aims to develop a neuroimaging protocol composed of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to determine the spatialtemporal dynam
the cognitive and motor control aspects of language reception and production when learning foreign vocabulary words using innovative multiday software program training. 14 native English spea
female), naïve to Romanian, learned 50 disyllabic Romanian words. Before and after training, subjects completed MRI/MEG sessions involving object naming and picture matching tasks to audito
Data were analyzed using statistical and beamforming methods on measures of accuracy, fluency, and reaction/voiceonset times obtained throughout the training and MEG tasks. The results re
by building on the existing language network, and after neural integration they evoke different brain activations compared to native words. Unexpectedly, results show that during novel language p
receptive and expressive language systems are not mutually exclusive. Wernicke’s area, part of the receptive language network, was involved in producing language, whereas Broca’s area was in
This is the first demonstration of brain changes after learning novel words over a brief but intensive software training period. The findings have implications for clinical conditions where language lo
led to the development of a hardwaresoftware system that can improve receptive and expressive language abilities in typically developing individuals and those with learning disabilities.
2011 BE041
AUDIOVISUAL HIV/AIDS EDUCATION IN A TANZANIAN ADOLESCENT POPULATION
Lori Kim
West High School, Salt Lake City, UT
This study explores the effectiveness of different HIV/AIDS educational programs among Tanzania youth in two different high schools. The effectiveness of various methods of AIDS education p
discussion, and peer education will be examined. This study also explores the impacts of HIV/AIDS education programs on adolescents’ changes in attitude toward willingness to get tested for H
aged 18 to 23, participated in this program to determine their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes toward being tested for HIV/AIDS, and the effectiveness of different methods of HIV/AIDS educatio
students who are taught about HIV/AIDS using an audiovisual aid will retain more information and be more willing to volunteer to get tested than the students who are only taught through lecture
preeducation surveys indicate that Tanzanian youth demonstrated an adequate amount of knowledge on the subject of HIV/AIDS prior to participating in the study. However, the results still indic
to teach the students about HIV/AIDS proved to be beneficial. Postactivity surveys showed dramatic improvement in understanding. The number of students who were willing to volunteer to get
about HIV/AIDS using the audiovisual showed a statistically significant increase. As a result, audio/visual methods of teaching about HIV/AIDS do indeed persuade students to get tested. Howe
evaluate the longterm effects of the audiovisual method for HIV/AIDS education.
2008 BE041
CORRELATING ANATOMICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASYMMETRY
Shauna Theresa Linn
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, MD
The human brain shows leftright (LR) differences in neuroanatomy and is functionally lateralized, with each hemisphere specialized for specific behavioral or cognitive tasks. Functional brain asy
human, but rather thought to be a feature common to all vertebrates. How LR asymmetry arises in the developing nervous system remains unclear. The zebrafish forebrain is an excelle
asymmetry. In >98% of larvae, the pineal complex contains a parapineal organ on the left side of the brain. The adjacent brain nucleus, the left habenula, is larger, has denser neuropil and shows
compared to the right habenula. While the function of this asymmetry is unknown, the parapineal serves as a useful marker of the direction of brain laterality. Genetic manipulations in ze
the brain and visceral organs (e.g., liver and pancreas) to be reversed. I set out to test whether such “reversedbrain” larvae show behavioral differences in visual and locomotor assays.
difference in eye preference when viewing a group of agematched conspecifics. Interestingly, reversedbrain larvae take significantly longer to begin navigating, suggesting that they have reduce
to adapt to novel environments). LR directional brain asymmetry, but not visceral asymmetry, dictates differences in locomotor behavior. One possibility is that the asymmetric region of the zebr
the brain that mediate motivation and fear.
2006 BE041
THE IMPACT OF ATTACK ADS ON PUBLIC PERCEPTIONS DURING THE 2000 PRESEDENTIAL CAMPAIGN
Michael Brett Katz
John F. Kennedy High School, Bellmore, New York, United States of America
Previous research has offered mixed indications of whether or not negative ads are effective in helping a candidate win an election. Some studies have shown that negative advertising is better re
shaping a voter’s impression of a candidate. Other studies suggest that negative ads may have a boomerang effect that hurts the candidate. No previous study has examined the realtime attitud
individuals were exposed to in the midst of an election. I compared data on the frequency and dates of negative ads from the 2000 Presidential Election with pre and postpolling data, correspond
results indicate a novel finding that with an increased frequency of negative ads, the general favorability of attitudes toward the candidate employing the negative ads increase, while general favor
decreases. Future research will need a more extensive polling database and will need to measure the different effects of negative campaign ads on different demographics. An indepth study into
also be conducted.
2013 BE041
NEURAL PLASTICITY: NOVEL LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH DIGITAL TECHNOLOGY
Bayview Secondary School, Richmond Hill, CANADA
The research aims to develop a neuroimaging protocol composed of magnetoencephalography (MEG) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to determine the spatialtemporal dynam
the cognitive and motor control aspects of language reception and production when learning foreign vocabulary words using innovative multiday software program training. 14 native English spea
female), naïve to Romanian, learned 50 disyllabic Romanian words. Before and after training, subjects completed MRI/MEG sessions involving object naming and picture matching tasks to audito
Data were analyzed using statistical and beamforming methods on measures of accuracy, fluency, and reaction/voiceonset times obtained throughout the training and MEG tasks. The results re
by building on the existing language network, and after neural integration they evoke different brain activations compared to native words. Unexpectedly, results show that during novel language p
receptive and expressive language systems are not mutually exclusive. Wernicke’s area, part of the receptive language network, was involved in producing language, whereas Broca’s area was in
This is the first demonstration of brain changes after learning novel words over a brief but intensive software training period. The findings have implications for clinical conditions where language lo
led to the development of a hardwaresoftware system that can improve receptive and expressive language abilities in typically developing individuals and those with learning disabilities.
2009 BE041
THE EFFECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON MEMORY
Rebekah Lynn Inez Ivie
Trotwood Madison High School, Trotwood, OH
The experiment was conducted to test the effects of Acetylcholine on memory. The experiment should prove that the high amounts of Choline found in chicken liver will improve the memory of go
six fancy fantail goldfish. The fish were placed in a thirty gallon aquarium and were separated into control and experimental groups. The control group was fed a constant diet of goldfish flakes, wh
small amount of chicken liver, in addition to the goldfish flakes. The fish were tested everyday for two weeks in a simple water maze and timed to see if the diet would affect their times. At the en
compared to one another. The fish that received the chicken liver had shorter times indicating a better short term memory, supporting the original hypothesis. This research can be continued and
Disease.
2005 BE041
THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL LOANS ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES: AN INTEGRATED STATISTICAL APPROACH
Daniel Nikbakht
Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills and NY, USA
This paper empirically examines the effects of foreign loans on the economic performance of Latin American countries from 1990 to 2003. The countries in this study are Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela. The countries are classified into groups of highborrowing and lowborrowing through Ttests. Logistic regression is condu
of the two groups could be differentiated. Furthermore, regression analysis is conducted to determine if there is a correlation between the level of borrowing and economic performance. C
fail to support a relationship between borrowings (capital) and economic performance. Strikingly, even a negative relationship is found in a few cases. The results show that capital is neither the “e
for economic growth in Latin America. The findings of this study alert policy makers of both borrowing and lending countries in managing external financing. 
2008 BE041
CORRELATING ANATOMICAL AND BEHAVIORAL ASYMMETRY
Shauna Theresa Linn
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, MD
The human brain shows leftright (LR) differences in neuroanatomy and is functionally lateralized, with each hemisphere specialized for specific behavioral or cognitive tasks. Functional brain asy
human, but rather thought to be a feature common to all vertebrates. How LR asymmetry arises in the developing nervous system remains unclear. The zebrafish forebrain is an excelle
asymmetry. In >98% of larvae, the pineal complex contains a parapineal organ on the left side of the brain. The adjacent brain nucleus, the left habenula, is larger, has denser neuropil and shows
compared to the right habenula. While the function of this asymmetry is unknown, the parapineal serves as a useful marker of the direction of brain laterality. Genetic manipulations in ze
the brain and visceral organs (e.g., liver and pancreas) to be reversed. I set out to test whether such “reversedbrain” larvae show behavioral differences in visual and locomotor assays.
difference in eye preference when viewing a group of agematched conspecifics. Interestingly, reversedbrain larvae take significantly longer to begin navigating, suggesting that they have reduce
to adapt to novel environments). LR directional brain asymmetry, but not visceral asymmetry, dictates differences in locomotor behavior. One possibility is that the asymmetric region of the zebr
the brain that mediate motivation and fear.
First Award $1,000 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2011 BE041
AUDIOVISUAL HIV/AIDS EDUCATION IN A TANZANIAN ADOLESCENT POPULATION
Lori Kim
West High School, Salt Lake City, UT
This study explores the effectiveness of different HIV/AIDS educational programs among Tanzania youth in two different high schools. The effectiveness of various methods of AIDS education p
discussion, and peer education will be examined. This study also explores the impacts of HIV/AIDS education programs on adolescents’ changes in attitude toward willingness to get tested for H
aged 18 to 23, participated in this program to determine their knowledge of HIV/AIDS, attitudes toward being tested for HIV/AIDS, and the effectiveness of different methods of HIV/AIDS educatio
students who are taught about HIV/AIDS using an audiovisual aid will retain more information and be more willing to volunteer to get tested than the students who are only taught through lecture
preeducation surveys indicate that Tanzanian youth demonstrated an adequate amount of knowledge on the subject of HIV/AIDS prior to participating in the study. However, the results still indic
to teach the students about HIV/AIDS proved to be beneficial. Postactivity surveys showed dramatic improvement in understanding. The number of students who were willing to volunteer to get
about HIV/AIDS using the audiovisual showed a statistically significant increase. As a result, audio/visual methods of teaching about HIV/AIDS do indeed persuade students to get tested. Howe
evaluate the longterm effects of the audiovisual method for HIV/AIDS education.
2009 BE041
THE EFFECTS OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON MEMORY
Rebekah Lynn Inez Ivie
Trotwood Madison High School, Trotwood, OH
The experiment was conducted to test the effects of Acetylcholine on memory. The experiment should prove that the high amounts of Choline found in chicken liver will improve the memory of go
six fancy fantail goldfish. The fish were placed in a thirty gallon aquarium and were separated into control and experimental groups. The control group was fed a constant diet of goldfish flakes, wh
small amount of chicken liver, in addition to the goldfish flakes. The fish were tested everyday for two weeks in a simple water maze and timed to see if the diet would affect their times. At the en
compared to one another. The fish that received the chicken liver had shorter times indicating a better short term memory, supporting the original hypothesis. This research can be continued and
Disease.
Third Award of $150 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2005 BE041
THE EFFECTS OF EXTERNAL LOANS ON ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE OF LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES: AN INTEGRATED STATISTICAL APPROACH
Daniel Nikbakht
Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills and NY, USA
This paper empirically examines the effects of foreign loans on the economic performance of Latin American countries from 1990 to 2003. The countries in this study are Argentina, Brazil, Chile,
Guatemala, Mexico, Peru, Dominican Republic, and Venezuela. The countries are classified into groups of highborrowing and lowborrowing through Ttests. Logistic regression is condu
of the two groups could be differentiated. Furthermore, regression analysis is conducted to determine if there is a correlation between the level of borrowing and economic performance. C
fail to support a relationship between borrowings (capital) and economic performance. Strikingly, even a negative relationship is found in a few cases. The results show that capital is neither the “e
for economic growth in Latin America. The findings of this study alert policy makers of both borrowing and lending countries in managing external financing. 
Second Award of $1,500 U.S. Air Force
2003 BE041
RECALL OF VISUALLY PRESENTED MATERIAL
Shannon Quinn Turney
Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills KY, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether different forms of recalling memories, and whether leading questions, have any effect on false memory creation. A realtime video of a c
Immediately after viewing the event, some subjects were asked to verbalize it in written form and others in oral form. A third group did no formal recall. Testing with leading, moderately leading, o
session. Overall, those who did no verbal recall scored highest on individual items, with percentages ranging from 70% to 96%. Those who orally recounted the event had the lowest accuracy, wi
the time. There was one exception to the "no recall" group performing best. On that item, those engaged in the written recall scored highest. In the analysis involving leading questions, trends we
have precisely defined answers, but rather required estimates, the leading questions were more effective in creating false memories. Other questions, that asked for yesorno answers and expres
the answer to the item was "no" when in fact, it was "yes." Curiously though, some leading questions produced an effect opposite to the intended effect, but further research would be necessary t
 After one week and again after two weeks, subjects were again tested with differently worded leading questions. In testing after one and two weeks, differences in memory were observed; ho
trend. All results seem to indicate that verbally recounting events and responding to leading questions enhance the likelihood of producing false memories. 
First Award of $5,000 U.S. Coast Guard
2009 BE042
DO YOU HAVE SYNESTHESIA? PHASE III APPLIED LEARNING THROUGH MINDMAPPING
Alexandra Christine Hummel
The purpose of this project is to utilize the previously gathered information of Synesthesia and to apply this phenomenon into everyday learning, through the process of mindmapping. The hypothe
Synesthetic Mindmapping, results will illustrate the effectiveness of applied Synesthesia in learning, and subjects who are visual learners will be more likely to benefit. The procedure con
groups. The subjects in the experimental group used the Synesthetic Mindmapping after going through a series of tests after studying with their Mindmaps. The control group was restricted to usi
During the testing period, the subjects were retested for more accurate results, while also looking for improvements. The results showed that the subjects’ places in the two experimental
category areas such as: reading comprehension, problem solving, and memorization of the testing material. The control group however, remained somewhat similar, while varying little throughout
the researcher’s hypothesis and application of Synesthetic Mindmapping in learning environments can be supported through this research. Although, the project would require further testing of all
effectiveness of this new way of learning. The results found in the project could demonstrate useful in future applications of learning methods in every classroom. Overall, the results found in the
researcher and prove to be an exciting and possible new way of learning.
2008 BE042
A GLIMMER OF HOPE FOR FADED MINDS: A LINK BETWEEN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE, THE SENSES AND MEMORY RETRIEVAL
Elyse Marie Doherty
Taunton High School, Taunton, MA
Alzheimer’s disease and memory loss can be tragic on many levels. Memories are essential in defining our experiences, our relationships and who we are. Memories of our youth, our education a
experiences that make an individual who he or she is. The loss of these can lead to changes in personality or even loss of sense of self. Memory loss can disrupt one’s ability to perform everyda
determine whether the senses of Alzheimer’s patients could cause recollection of past experiences. It hypothesized that the patients’ memory retrieval and contentment status will be in
Alzheimer’s Scales (Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Mini Nutritional Assessment and the Montgomery Asberg D Rating Scale) were used to measure contentment and memory recall. The patients we
of twelve weeks and objects from patients’ pasts were presented to them using a shadow box in an effort to recover memory. Changes in patients’ memory or contentment status as determined b
 The three tests given to each patient showed numerical data which in turn proved that memory and contentment were enhanced as a result of the experiment. Each patient improved in
have supported the hypothesis. According to the three tests given to each subject, it was proven that sensory stimulation was a factor in recovering memory and creating contentment for patients
2004 BE042
JACK OR JILL WHO RECALLS THE FALL?
Lindsey Ann Rafferty
Beach High School, Beach, ND, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to determine if gender identity plays a part in a child's short term memory. I wanted to see if boys remember more masculine things as compared to feminine t
if the number of gender neutral items they remembered were comparable. To determine this I tested second, fourth, sixth and eighth grade males and females. I showed them fifteen flas
objects they remembered after they had looked at all the flashcards. There were five feminine, five masculine, and five neutral items. I calculated the results by finding the percentage of items th
gender identity does play a role in the memory of children in the fact that they generally remembered more of the items associated with their gender than the items not specifically associated with
decreases with age, and the subjects began to recall more items not associated with their gender. The age where I saw the greatest difference in items recalled was in the fourth grade males and
better overall shortterm memory than males. 
2005 BE042
DOMINANCE HIERARCHIES AMONG CRAYFISH
Joseph James Mammone
American Fork High School, American Fork, Utah, USA
Dominance Hierarchies occur naturally in many different species. They occur among dogs, chickens, and humans too. The purpose of the experiment was to see if an established dominance hier
top position or any position in the hierarchy. Crayfish were chosen because they are naturally aggressive animals and are easy to use in experimentation. To establish the hierarchies the
fought against each other. Once the hierarchies were formed stimulants were added in an attempt to disrupt the hierarchy. The stimulants chosen were food, light, caffeine, and adrenaline.
restructure the dominance hierarchy was removing the most dominant crayfish. They were separated for different lengths of time to see if their memory of previous fights affected the dominance
once a dominance hierarchy is formed the top position does not change. Though with the addition of stimulants the less dominant crayfish do become more aggressive and defeat previously high
crayfish never lost no matter what the conditions. 
2003 BE042
LUNACY THE AFFECTS OF THE FULL MOON ON HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Christine Jamie Bedont
Mont Harmon Junior High School, Price, Utah, United States
 The purpose of my science fair project is to prove that human behavior is affected by the full moon's gravitational pull. To complete this project, I first interviewed public safety personne
the full moon affected behavior. I then asked each department contacted for information or data on crime/incidents for the year 2002. I gathered data from the Price City Police Department, Carbo
Department and the Price Communications Center. Information was also gathered from back issues of The Sun Advocate, our local newspaper. I counted the incidents from each department, inc
County Jail, for the dates of the full moon in the year 2002. I used from sundown to sunrise the next day as my frame of reference. This information was then charted. I chose the same period of
month as my control date and charted this information. The number of incidents for the full moon and the control date were averaged and these numbers were compared. The results for all depart
incidents on the night of a full moon. All data and averages prove my hypothesis correct. The majority of individuals interviewed stated that they believed that the full moon affects behavior.
were correct.
2014 BE042
IDENTIFICATION OF MARKERS DIFFERENTIATING ANXIETY FROM ADHD IN A SCHOOLAGED POPULATION
Suganth Kannan
American Heritage School, Plantation, FL, United States of America
The purpose of this research was to identify a differential diagnosis method between Anxiety disorder and ADHD, leading cause of behavioral issues in schoolaged children. They have symptom
but there are different root causes. Multivariate Analyses of Variance (MANOVAs) and a discriminant analysis were conducted on the scores from the tests of children diagnosed with An
relatives. The previously collected dataset from the following Neuropsychological tests were used in this research: Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach), Conners’ Rating Scal
Continuous Performance Test (CPTII), Personality Inventory for Children (PIC2), Weschler Intelligences Scales for Children (WISCIV), and Wide Range Assessmen
 The results from the MANOVAs show that the Achenbach, Conners’, and CPTII tests are significant in differentiating between Anxiety disorder and ADHD. The results of Univariate Ana
Achenbach, Conners’, and CPTII tests show that neuropsychological markers based on school competence, social relationships, emotional overindulgence, sustained attention, and core charact
disorder and ADHD. The discriminant analysis of personalitybased neuropsychological markers through the discriminant function X=.732 (Conners’ Parent Anxiety Tscore) + .658 (Conn
score)+.530 (Conners’ Teacher Emotional Overindulgent Tscore) with centroids of .248 for ADHD and –1.097 for Anxiety, can be applied by neuropsychologists during diagnosis to help differentia
2010 BE042
A CLOSER LOOK AT RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN YOUTH'S RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES AND THEIR GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
Aida Tarek Abdou
Alexandria Language School, Alexandria, EGYPT
The purpose of this project is to investigate correlations between recreational activities (RA) and general knowledge level (GKL), the study considered types of (RA) and its specific effect on GKL
proportional relationship between GKL and variation of RA was hypothesized. In addition, RA which have the highest efficiency on GKL are not the most widely practiced among university studen
accomplished on two phases. Firstly, a pilot study using a survey designed by the researcher was conducted randomly in different universities on (200) university students in Alexandria city to m
gender, Grade, working status, University, Faculty, financial status, Parent’s educational qualifications, area of living) on GKL. Secondly, and with respect to the first phase results, the same surv
500 university student to determine their RA and test their GKL. Pearson correlation coefficient where applied and results assured the hypothesis. Further analysis, using One Way ANO
obtained while reading along with reciting Quran and doing researches. Watching television is the most widely practiced recreational activity among university students. As (88%) of the s
most practiced RA. Thus, we could conclude that working on TV programs of reading, doing researches and reciting Quran maintains the highest efficiency of RA on GKL.
2012 BE042
A SURVEYBASED STUDY TO DETERMINE THE PREFERENCES OF WEBUSERS VIA UNIQUE VISUAL EVALUATION ASPECTS
Omar Abdulrahman Alhadlaq
Al Manarat Schools, Riyadh, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
Research reveals that website design preferences depend on culture, education level, age and gender. Companies and webdevelopers are interested in designing websites that are focused on ta
generate a positive first impression that influences website credibility. The purpose of this project is to determine if culture has more effect on the web preferences of the users than gender and to
designs are governed visually by five distinct aspects; colorfulness, information density, images, saturation and structure. This webbased survey asks the user to review three website designs o
medium and high, a total of 24 times. The preference forms were completed by 211 individuals from the Middle East (Saudi Arabia), Europe (Spain), Asia (China) and North America (United State
webusers regarding their culture or gender. In terms of colorfulness, images, saturation and structure; the culture factor has greater influence on the preferences than the gender factor. Statistica
colorfulness, images and saturation with significant pvalues of 0.009, 0.001 and 0.028. It was rejected for structure with nonsignificant pvalue of 0.069. The hypothesis was rejected on informat
cultural by pvalue of 0.007. These conclusions, in conjunction with visual inclination assessments, can lead to viable applications by webdevelopers and companies to increase their presence a
around the world.
2013 BE042
IMPROVING LONGTERM COMPLIANCE TO LIFE SAVING MEDICATIONS
Avinash Kumar Pandey
Waterloo Collegiate Institute, Waterloo, CANADA
Studies show that noncompliance to medications is prevalent. In heart attack (MI) patients four classes of “life saving” medications are crucial to longterm health. Yet, compliance remains below
forgetfulness has been identified as a leading cause for medication noncompliance, a text message reminder system was developed to address forgetfulness. This study tests the hypothesis tha
system will improve compliance to medications over a one year period. After written informed consent, thirtyfour post heart attack patients were randomized into a control group which did not rec
intervention group which did receive text message reminders. Participants logged their compliance to medications. One control patient withdrew consent to continue in this study and their data wa
compliance fell over time from 92% at month 1 to 70% at month 12. In the intervention group compliance dropped from 98% month 1 to 90% at month 12. Text message reminders significantly im
was 20% greater compliance with text message reminders (p<0.0001). Overall, there was a relative risk reduction for missing doses of 68% (p<0.0001). Previous studies have suggested that the
compliance rates; these groups were prospectively assessed and did have lower compliance at baseline but also improved more with this system. In all subgroups analyzed, this system consiste
medications over a one year time span.
2011 BE042
IT'S ALL IN THE FAMILY: EXAMINING THE EFFECT OF LIVING ARRANGEMENTS AND SOCIAL SUPPORT ON HYPERTENSION
Sarah Averi Albala
John Jay High School, Cross River, NY
Vascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Hypertension is considered the most important risk factors for vascular disease. Despite a large range of medical treatments,
uncontrolled blood pressure. Disparities among different raceethnic groups exist within vascular disease. Social resources such as social networks may be important to understanding mechanism
Indeed, due to the current economic downslide of the past 10 years there has been a shift in living arrangements as graduates, unable to get jobs, must move back with their parents, and the elde
western living model. Little work has been done to examine living arrangements and vascular health. Using preliminary results from community interviews, living arrangements were ident
large multiethnic urban community of 3,298 people was selected in order answer the following questions: 1)What is the relationship between living arrangements and raceethnicity, 2) what impac
vascular health, and 3) do external networks mediate the impact of living arrangements on health outcomes. After recoding social network variables, Hispanics were found to be significantly more
households than whites and blacks (p < 0.001). Livings in multigenerational or nuclear units were found to be significantly protective against systolic blood pressure >140, further living in multigen
significantly better control of hypertension. These results suggest that hypertension can be successfully controlled through novel and sustainable family interventions.
2013 BE042
IMPROVING LONGTERM COMPLIANCE TO LIFE SAVING MEDICATIONS
Avinash Kumar Pandey
Waterloo Collegiate Institute, Waterloo, CANADA
Studies show that noncompliance to medications is prevalent. In heart attack (MI) patients four classes of “life saving” medications are crucial to longterm health. Yet, compliance remains below
forgetfulness has been identified as a leading cause for medication noncompliance, a text message reminder system was developed to address forgetfulness. This study tests the hypothesis tha
system will improve compliance to medications over a one year period. After written informed consent, thirtyfour post heart attack patients were randomized into a control group which did not rec
intervention group which did receive text message reminders. Participants logged their compliance to medications. One control patient withdrew consent to continue in this study and their data wa
compliance fell over time from 92% at month 1 to 70% at month 12. In the intervention group compliance dropped from 98% month 1 to 90% at month 12. Text message reminders significantly im
was 20% greater compliance with text message reminders (p<0.0001). Overall, there was a relative risk reduction for missing doses of 68% (p<0.0001). Previous studies have suggested that the
compliance rates; these groups were prospectively assessed and did have lower compliance at baseline but also improved more with this system. In all subgroups analyzed, this system consiste
medications over a one year time span.
2007 BE042
ASSOCIATION OF SIBLING RIVALRY ON PSYCHOLOGICAL OUTCOMES OF MOTIVATION AND EMOTION
Arthi Satyanarayan
Hamilton High School, Chandler, Arizona, USA
Sibling rivalry is a type of competition or animosity among brothers and sisters, bloodrelated or not. Healthy family environments could lead siblings to motivate each other, whereas family enviro
more negative effect on the relationship between siblings. The ability to regulate emotions entails modulating emotional experience to attain desired affective states and adaptive outcomes. Fami
psychological outcomes in children, such as aggression and hostility, anxiety, depression, and poor selfefficacy. Thus, sibling rivalry was tested against personal mastery, depression and anxiet
family conflict. Participants from higherconflict families reported more sibling rivalry (R=.420, p<.01). It was found that higher sibling rivalry was correlated with increased hostility (R=.229, p<.01)
lower sense of personal mastery (R=.115, p<.05), and achievement and grade point averages (R=.097, p<.05). There was no evidence that the relation between the psychological variables differ
conflict families, more sibling rivalry was associated with more psychological distress. Furthermore, it was found that families with married parents and families with divorced parents tend to have
only by a .02 correlation. Thus, parental arrangement may not be as significant to sibling rivalry. However, the degree of competition— motivating (in low conflict), or degrading (in high conflict)—
parental arrangement was not statistically significant to sibling rivalry. 
2006 BE042
THE COGNITIVE AND EMOTIONAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT AN INDIVIDUAL'S LIKELIHOOD TO USE ALTERNATIVE ENERGY
Allison Erica Dender
Plainview OldBethpage John F. Kennedy High School Plainview, NY USA
The public understands that renewable energy is better, safer, cleaner and good for the environment, but still generally opposes the use of renewable energy because of misconceptions that it doe
(Whitley, 2005). Therefore, this project focuses on designing a survey, called the AELK (Alternative Energy Likelihood and Knowledge) Scale, to determine whether an individual’s knowledge, thei
resistance to change impacts their likelihood to use alternative energy. The AELK Scale consisted of a Resistance to Change Scale (Oreg, 2005), a Likelihood Scale (Hart Research Associates,
from various sources. Three hundred AELK surveys were distributed nationwide to adults for a total sample size of n=248. Chi squared tests showed a significant relationship between a
energy and their likelihood to use alternative energy (p =0.003) as well as an individual’s resistance to change and their likelihood to use alternative energy (p=0.000). Ttests showed no significan
use based on their sex, age, level of education, and incomes. The most applicable finding is the relatively low level of knowledge of alternative energy; mean value of 18.3 out of 93. Hence in ord
alternative energy, it is essential to increase their knowledge of alternative energy. Hart Research Associates, Peter D. "GM Automotive Survey." (2005): 16. Oreg, Shaul.
Individual Differences Measure." Journal Of Applied Psychology 88 (2003): 116. 17 June 2005 Whitley, Kathleen. "Your Energy Research Inquiry." Email to the author. 19 Aug. 2005.
2011 BE043
MARSHMALLOW MORALITY: A CASE STUDY OF DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE AND DELAY OF GRATIFICATION IN CHILDREN AGES 5 TO 9 YEARS OLD
Clara Jordan Chalk
Hilton Head Preparatory School, Hilton Head Island, SC
The purpose of this experiment is to conduct a case study in order to study the development of a child’s conscience through a distributive justice and a delay of gratification test. Based off of Ko
predicted that Kindergarten students will fall into a 0B or 1A level. The sevenyearold students should display a higher level of about 1B. By the fourth grade, they should be able to recognize s
the distributive justice test, one scenario was presented which contained four characters. 15 pairs of solutions were presented and the student was asked to pick the “most fair” ending to the story
is poor vs. Carrie is the tallest so she gets the most money). Each solution represents a stage in moral development and a number is placed on the back of each solution to quantify the data. In t
were placed in a room with a marshmallow for 10 minutes. They had to choose to either deny the marshmallow and receive a second one after the 10 minutes or eat the one marshmallow. The m
2.8, and 3.4, respectively. The number of failures in the marshmallow task decreases as age increases. The second and fourth grade students are right on track with Kohlberg's theory. The hypot
using a large sample size will hopefully contribute to the Nature versus Nurture debate.
2013 BE043
TESTING AND IMPROVING ICTENHANCED SKILLS FOR MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA USING ROBOTICS, MODULAR CONSTRUCTION AND PSR
Osama Khalid Hassan
Asrary School, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
With the evolution of technology, it becomes essential to introduce new ways to enhance problemsolving skills at early school ages, since it is considered to be a key asset to any country with t
society. The purpose is to identify an educational scenario using PSR (ProblemSolving Robotics) to test and improve ICTenhanced skills. The procedure started with randomly choosing
school. Each school was then divided into a controlled and an experimental groups of 30 students .The students were tested with the conventional and the PSR test to find a correlation between
course was applied to the controlled group and the PSR course to the experimental one. Then, the students were tested with the conventional method to measure their development. A preference
specialists to determine the preferred method. A strong, positive correlation coefficient of 0.7216 was found between the two tests. A Ttest result of 2.250 was found between the postte
experimental group in favor of the experimental group, meaning that PSR course improves ICTenhanced skills more than the conventional course. 73.47%% of the specialists prefer the PSR me
 PSR can be used to improve ICTenhanced skills, such as: information, project management, presentation, leadership and teamwork skills. It can also be used to solve future problems using
2014 BE043
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE RISKS TOWARDS DRUNKOREXIA SUFFERING AT THREE SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN MEDELLÍN, COLOMBIA
Luisa Fernanda Castano
Institucion Educativa Javiera Londono, Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia
Drunkorexia is a psychological and metabolic disorder in which the individual stops consuming food and replaces it with alcoholic beverages in order to avoid extra caloric intake. In Medellín, Colo
adolescents, though at this point in time no populationwide studies have been conducted on this disorder at a local level. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the level o
possible risks in adolescents in grades 6th through 11th in 3 secondary schools in Medellín: one school with a student population from lower socioeconomic classes (classified as strata 0,1 and
from middle socioeconomic classes (classified as strata 3 and 4). Approximately 100 students were selected and surveyed in each institution. In two of the participating schools, no surv
“Drunkorexia”, while in the third school 17.4% were familiar with the term. In all three schools, all survey subjects were familiar with the terms“Anorexia” and“Bulimia”. The results suggest
two possible causes in this population: the lack of economic conditions that allow for good nutrition (primarily in the high school with students from lower socioeconomic classes) and the preoccu
appearance. Additionally, the tendency of these students and their families to consume alcohol encourages a higher incidence of drunkorexia. The results of this study will be presented i
step towards the prevention of this illness in Medellín´s adolescents.
2003 BE043
COLOR MY WORLD
Adrian Leanne Thomas
North Lamar ISD, Paris, Texas, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to find if the color you are surrounded by affects shortterm memory. The test subjects were surrounded on 5 separate occasions with 5 different solid color cu
and white. To test audio shortterm memory 20 words were called out during the duration of one minute, and after the minute time period was completed the subject called back as many of the wo
were handed a sheet with 10 pictures to memorize during one minute. When the time period was up, they were handed a blank sheet and a bag with 50 pictures in it. They were asked to find the p
in their correct position. To analyze data, the percent correct that each test subject scored in the audio testing portion were averaged for each day, and then the visual scores were averaged in th
averaged together to find a total average percent correct for each day. The average percent of the audio and visual results showed Day 1(red) had 58% correct, Day 2(yellow) had 64% correct, Da
(blue) had 58% correct, and Day 5 (white) had 57% correct. It can be concluded from the data that the color yellow stimulates shortterm audio and visual memory when compared to the colors of
2004 BE043
"WHAT CAN YOU TELL FROM SMELL?" PHEROMONES IN HUMANS
Matthew C. Searle
Olympus Jr. High School, Holladay, UT, USA
My purpose was to determine if human pheromones can be detected by smell. My hypotheses are: Mothers will not be able to identify their children’s clothing using the sense of smell. People wi
by the smell of that person’s clothing. Method I had 12 teenagers wear tshirts every night to bed for five nights. Mothers of the teenagers smelled the shirts and identified the g
They also identified which of the shirts belonged to their child. Fifty five students smelled each shirt and identified the gender of the person who wore the each shirt. Data 1.
shirt. (33%) 2. Adult women identified gender of 74 out of 108 shirts. (69%) 3. Students identified gender of 396 out of 660 shirts. (60%) All results were statistically sig
 Conclusion 1. My hypothesis that mothers will not accurately identify their children’s clothing using the sense of smell was incorrect. Three of the mothers succeeded in choosing the
that people will not accurately identify a person’s gender by the smell of that person’s shirt was incorrect. Teenagers were able to identify 60% of all shirts correctly and adults were able to identif
Study participants could to some degree identify family members and gender based on the smell of their clothing. 
2008 BE043
FACE IT: A LOOK AT WHAT INFLUENCES VOTERS IN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS
Ashley Grace Larson
Seneca High School, Seneca, MO
For the first time in the history of the United States a woman or African American male could become the president. Does physical appearance or gender affect voter outcome? The purpose of th
and gender had an effect on voting patterns in presidential elections. Three triggers were used: weight, gender, and facial expression. Each candidate was rated for attractiveness, likability, electa
dominance, and compassion. Eight different photos with various combinations of the three triggers were morphed using Photoshop. Comparisons were made between smiling and neutral faces, n
and females. The survey was designed to collect demographics from the participants. Data was collected at a local university from participants ranges in age from 18 to 53 years old. It was found
the more they seemed to be compassionate and competent. Health ranked significantly higher than weight and attractiveness when asked what characteristics were most important in a president
appearance significantly affects how a presidential candidate is perceived, and a single photo of a candidate can be manipulated to sway voters' opinions.
2009 BE043
GENES OR GENIUS: A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN GENETICALLY ACQUIRED PHYSICAL TRAITS AND EQUINE INTELLIGENCE
Catherine Grace McVey
Graham High School, Graham, NC
In 1992, Lind TellingtonJones published a book which described how to judge equine personalities by reading facial traits. This procedure, which was based on an ancient gypsy method, was pro
which included over 1,500 horses from nine different countries. With the completion of the human genome project, there has recently been a major push to discover if genes are responsible for co
been performed in hopes that the answer might lead to cures for genetic diseases such as Alzheimers, Parkinsons, and Autism. The purpose of this experiment was to prove a link betw
correlation between genetically acquired facial traits and cognition. Each horse was first evaluated and scored for cognitive ability based on the TellingtonJones Method. The horses were them m
the three types of learning: Trial and Error (time taken to open a container), Habituation (time to become accustomed to a sound), and Conditioning (repetitions required to learn a cue). The results
experimental rank to their intelligence profile. The data proved to be widely varied, with three horses serving as significant outliers. In conclusion, the data supported the hypothesis, whic
score than another, them he will perform better on cognitive tests. After removing the three horses under the age of ten (arguably immature by some standards), there were distinct trends found a
highest scoring horses performed the best, and the lowest scoring horses performed the worst, just as predicted.
2007 BE043
DRESS FOR SUCCESS
Aubrey Lynn Hasvold
Blevins Junior High School, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
The purpose of this project was to examine whether men and women will differ in their willingness to take a short survey from someone nicely dressed and groomed compared with someone dres
was also investigated whether men's reactions would differ significantly form women's. To test this hypothesis, a mock survey was given to 25 men and 25 women in a nice outfit one da
Sample Hypothesis Test for Proportions was conducted to examine the significance of each gender’s reaction for each outfit. When the survey administrator was dressed and groomed n
women agreed to take the survey; 48% of the men and only 16% of the women agreed to take the survey when the administrator was dressed in grungy attire. The Test for Proportions revealed a
two appearances for women and for both genders combined, but no mathematically significant difference for men. From a physiological standpoint, these results support the theory of be
differences between the male and female brain, specifically in the corpus callosum. In women, this part is generally wider and has more connecting fibers between the two hemispheres as well as
brain than in men's, allowing for greater cross talk. The results show the importance of presenting one's self appropriately in order to elicit a desired response. 
2010 BE043
SLOW IT DOWN TO SPEED IT UP: BREAKING THROUGH THE WINDOW OF AUTISM
Bayview Secondary School, Richmond Hill, Ontario, CANADA
Recent magnetoencephalographic studies suggest that auditory processing deficits are key in the communication and socialization problems observed in autism. The present research investigate
using the latest digital audiovideo technology, can improve the temporal processing deficit that occurs in autistic children. Thirteen highfunctioning autistic children and thirteen agematched con
emotional auditory processing tasks incorporated in three innovatively developed software program games. The accuracy and response times of the two groups were compared when consonantv
sped up. Timestretching of syllables improved processing of auditory information in all participants, especially in the autistic volunteers. The autistic children demonstrated a left ear preference a
tendency for nonemotional auditory processing, which is a reversed ear preference and hemispheric dominance in comparison with the controls. Both groups processed emotional approachrelate
stimuli. This finding indicates a left brain lateralization tendency for emotional auditory processing in both autistic and typically developing children. Establishing each subject’s optimal artificially t
processing led to the development of an innovative educational system, personalized for each individual’s specific needs, based on a worldclass realtime and filebased media encoding system
improve the lives of people with autism and other learning disabilities, but also those of typically developing individuals and foreign language learners.
2012 BE043
AN INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE TEXTUAL READING ABILITY OF THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Abdullah Abdulfatah Mashat
Ain Jalout Secondary School, Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA
Reading has become one the most fundamental ways of communication and knowledge transfer among people of different races and ages. However, reading depends mainly on the power of sigh
the visually impaired have used Braille which depends on the sense of touch. Although Braille has been highly successful, it has limitations: cost, size and Braille book availability. Thus, it is ess
advantage of the ongoing technological upheaval. The objective of this study is to find a new way for visually impaired to read regular books. The research ends up with the invention of a
tested on 18 visually impaired participants who were instructed on how to use the EyeFinger. Then, they scanned random letters and numbers and said them. They repeated this at least 10 times
recognizing letters and numbers. Then, they took a survey to assess the benefits of the EyeFinger, which showed how the device is user friendly and has improved the reading ability of the impa
accessible for the visually impaired and this has positively affected their quality of life. The conclusion is that this innovative device, EyeFinger, can lead to viable production system th
opportunity to read books and improve their quality of life. In the future, this can be enhanced to include image recognition through the same device.
2005 BE043
EDGE INTEGRATION IN HUMAN BRIGHTNESS PERCEPTION
Jonathan Yong An
Emerald Ridge High School, Puyallup, Washington, U.S.A
In 1948, Hans Wallach showed that brightness of disk surrounded by a ring depends on the ratio of the disk luminance divided by the ring luminance. Recently, more exact quantitative models ha
lightness. The one studied today is Rudd and Zemach’s model of edge integration: a hypothetical process by which the visual system combines information about the local contrast, or luminance
image to compute a scale of relative brightness for the regions lying between the borders. When two squares are surrounded by frames of different sizes, the edge integration model pred
depend on the intensity of the background field. In this project, we changed the background luminance to see if that manipulation affects the square’s lightness. This might seem surprising since
square, and older theories only take into account the effects of luminance contrast from neighboring regions. The observer's task was to adjust the intensity of the left (match) square to
as a function of the background luminance. The effect of the background luminance variations on the test square was determined by the slope of the logarithm of the matching square versus the
The data showed that the weight given to the outer frame edge is larger when the outer frame edge is dark on the inside (lighter background). In summary, our data indicates that changin
a square even though it is not adjacent to the square. The data lends further support to the idea of edge integration that lightness of a square depends on a sum of induction effects derived from e
2012 BE043
AN INNOVATIVE METHOD FOR THE COMPREHENSIVE TEXTUAL READING ABILITY OF THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Abdullah Abdulfatah Mashat
Ain Jalout Secondary School, Makkah, SAUDI ARABIA
Reading has become one the most fundamental ways of communication and knowledge transfer among people of different races and ages. However, reading depends mainly on the power of sigh
the visually impaired have used Braille which depends on the sense of touch. Although Braille has been highly successful, it has limitations: cost, size and Braille book availability. Thus, it is ess
advantage of the ongoing technological upheaval. The objective of this study is to find a new way for visually impaired to read regular books. The research ends up with the invention of a
tested on 18 visually impaired participants who were instructed on how to use the EyeFinger. Then, they scanned random letters and numbers and said them. They repeated this at least 10 times
recognizing letters and numbers. Then, they took a survey to assess the benefits of the EyeFinger, which showed how the device is user friendly and has improved the reading ability of the impa
accessible for the visually impaired and this has positively affected their quality of life. The conclusion is that this innovative device, EyeFinger, can lead to viable production system th
opportunity to read books and improve their quality of life. In the future, this can be enhanced to include image recognition through the same device.
Second Award of $1,000 Franklin & Marshall College
2010 BE043
2006 BE043
IS MATH JUST FOR BOYS? GENDER DIFFERENCES IN DROPOUT RATES AND ATTITUDES OF ADVANCED HIGH SCHOOL MATHEMATICS STUDENTS
Christina ChungMay Tu
Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, NY, 11577, United States
Many studies have found evidence of a gender gap in mathematics. In the first study, archival data of six graduation classes at a midsized suburban high school were analyzed. Once in high sc
from (p < .05) and less likely to enroll in (p < .005) the most advanced mathematics courses than boys. A followup study investigated possible explanations for this gender gap. One such explan
intelligence and effort. Incremental theorists believe intelligence can be increased, whereas entity theorists believe intelligence is fixed. During the 20042005 school year, students who were, or h
math track were surveyed about their implicit theories of intelligence, achievement goals, and selfperceptions of effort in order to compare the girls and boys who dropped out with those who rem
the most advanced mathematics courses, male incremental theorists earned higher grades than male entity theorists, whereas female entity theorists earned higher grades than female increment
remained in the class held more positive selfperceptions of effort than those who withdrew (p < .05). Most notable, however, was the lack of any gender differences in implicit theory of intelligenc
are more likely to persevere in high level mathematics courses in high school, the reason behind this gender gap is not related to perceptions of mathematical intelligence and effort.
2005 BE043
EDGE INTEGRATION IN HUMAN BRIGHTNESS PERCEPTION
Jonathan Yong An
Emerald Ridge High School, Puyallup, Washington, U.S.A
In 1948, Hans Wallach showed that brightness of disk surrounded by a ring depends on the ratio of the disk luminance divided by the ring luminance. Recently, more exact quantitative models ha
lightness. The one studied today is Rudd and Zemach’s model of edge integration: a hypothetical process by which the visual system combines information about the local contrast, or luminance
image to compute a scale of relative brightness for the regions lying between the borders. When two squares are surrounded by frames of different sizes, the edge integration model pred
depend on the intensity of the background field. In this project, we changed the background luminance to see if that manipulation affects the square’s lightness. This might seem surprising since
square, and older theories only take into account the effects of luminance contrast from neighboring regions. The observer's task was to adjust the intensity of the left (match) square to
as a function of the background luminance. The effect of the background luminance variations on the test square was determined by the slope of the logarithm of the matching square versus the
The data showed that the weight given to the outer frame edge is larger when the outer frame edge is dark on the inside (lighter background). In summary, our data indicates that changin
a square even though it is not adjacent to the square. The data lends further support to the idea of edge integration that lightness of a square depends on a sum of induction effects derived from e
2010 BE043
2007 BE044
EFFICACY OF THE MODIFIED CONDITIONED DEFEAT MODEL IN ODOR RECOGNITION
Rajasree Roy
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, Georgia, USA
PostTraumatic Stress Disorder causes severe psychological consequences subsequent to highly stressful events. Since competition for necessary resources and agonistic interactions determin
species experience social stress. One method for examining the physiological and behavioral effects of social stressors is known as conditioned defeat. In this, an experimental animal is defeate
After initial defeat, the animal shows submission even to a smaller, nonaggressive intruder. A previous model presented variability in the behaviors of nonaggressive intruders. Thus, the goal of
behavior in the experimental animal when exposed to a cagedstimulus animal twentyfour hours postdefeat. Hamsters rely heavily on their olfactory systems and display good fear responses.
experimental subjects and enable odor recognition to be used to determine how hamsters respond when exposed to the same or different stimulus animal postdefeat. Defeated animals actively a
were submissive. However, undefeated animals were highly social. The effects of conditioned defeat elicited anxiety in subjects in an elevated plus maze twentyfour hours following testing. Naïv
closed and center arms, followed by the defeated group and undefeated group, respectively. Therefore, by studying the effects of stress in hamsters, a better understanding of stress in humans a
steps can be taken to lessen the detrimental consequences. 
2009 BE044
“THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE ON HUMAN INTELLIGENCE”
Alyssa Erin Devine
Clinton Senior High School, Clinton, NY
My project “The Effect of Exercise on Human Intelligence” hypothesis was that aerobic exercise will increase human intelligence because exercise induces the creation of neurons, an increase in
neurotransmitters which strengthen the prefrontal cortex, sections of the brain that controls memory and learning. The purpose of my experiment was to discover if aerobic exercise increased hum
randomly selected 40 participants, 20 would be in the sedentary group and 20 would be in the aerobic group. All participants had one minute to memorize 20 objects and record as many as they c
for 10 minutes while the aerobic group ran for 10 minutes. Once the 10 minute period ended, the participants had one minute to memorize a new set of 20 objects and record as many as possible
my results were statistically significant by finding the significance of the difference between two means for correlated samples. The sedentary group did significantly worse on the second memory
aerobic group did significantly better on the second memory test, t (19) =5.58, p< .001. One possible explanation for the results is due to aerobic activity increasing brain volume in areas concern
processes. In addition, exercise relieves stress and creates a calming effect that increases focus.
2008 BE044
THE EFFECT OF NASAL BREATHING AND FOREHEAD COOLING ON THE INCIDENCE OF CONTAGIOUS YAWNING
Sarah N. Bui
Battlefield High School, Haymarket, VA
The purpose of my experiment was to investigate the function of yawning in relation to brain temperature. Since the only difference between contagious and spontaneous yawns is its triggers, I us
used contagious yawns as a proxy for my experiment. The video was played for two minutes and thirty seconds while subjects manipulated their forehead temperatures with a warm, cool, and roo
breathing methods; nasally, orally, with a noseplug, and normally. After testing 100 subjects in each scenario; one manipulating breathing methods and the other forehead temperature, I found th
body (specifically the brain) increases, then the number of times a person yawns will also increase; was supported by my data. Since breathing through the nose and holding a cool pack to the fo
temperature, the subjects did not have to yawn and was not affected by the contagious yawning in the video. The participants in the nasal breathing group had brain temperatures which were alrea
yawn. As the temperature of the brain decreased, so did the number of contagious yawns. Ninetytwo percent of the subjects holding a warm pack to their foreheads yawned. This supports my as
thermoregulatory function in order to maintain mental efficiency and the vigilance of an individual or of an entire group.
2003 BE044
THE EATING DISORDERS PROJECT: PHASE ONE
Jocelyn Erin Roux
Sacred Heart Preparatory, Atherton, California, USA
The purpose of my project is to explore the impact of variables such as race, gender, or school environment on the rate of occurrence of eating disorders among adolescents in the United States.
2700 guidance counselors to distribute surveys in their respective high schools. I received a 7.5% response rate—about 10,000 surveys. I had help from family and friends in both coding the ans
statistical analysis program and for data entry. To ensure consistency, each person was given instructions and a "code book" containing my procedures, and examples. Phase One, which include
information and training my family and friends to code and enter data, was completed in February, 2003, with a total of 2300 surveys. Phase Two, to be completed in November, 2003, will include
Several trends emerged from Phase One data. A generally accepted statistic is that 10% of those affected by eating disorders are male. In my study, I found 13% of those with eating disorders t
eating disorders within that population. In addition, an alarming 2% of males and 10% of females surveyed had or had had an eating disorder. My findings included that early onset of puberty doub
an eating disorder, that people with a family history of eating disorders do have a higher rate of occurrence, and that the Body Mass Index (a ratio of height to weight) of those with eating disorder
those without eating disorders (indicating that those with eating disorders are often not underweight—a common misconception). The data from my project gives new evidence to support several c
that prevent those suffering from an eating disorder from seeking help, and provides a uniquely large and varied database of information on eating disorders. 
2013 BE044
QUANTIFYING THE IMPACT OF NIGHTTIME LIGHT EXPOSURE AND SLEEP DURATION ON MELATONIN LEVELS IN ADOLESCENTS
Caleb Hersh
Chronic deprivation of the circadian hormone melatonin, which can be suppressed by nighttime light exposure or sleep deprivation, has been implicated as a cancer risk factor in adult populations
light exposure and behavioral factors such as sleep duration, on melatonin levels is not well understood. This study examined 100 healthy adolescents (mean age: 15.7, 55 female, 45 male), who
questionnaire for my previous research, assessing their nighttime behaviors and had provided a first morning urine sample to assess their urinary 6sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s) levels. I collected
reported chronotype and weekday and weekend bedtimes of participants, and statistically compared the followup questionnaire data to existing measurements of the participants’ weekday aMT6
Weekday bedtime and chronotype did not significantly predict aMT6s levels, but later bedtime on weekends was associated with significantly lower melatonin levels (11pmmidnight, aMT6s 48.8
aMT6s 38.0 ng/mgcreatinine, P = 0.04). While ambient light and weekday sleep habits were not associated with melatonin (P > 0.05), delayed sleep timing on weekends, suppressed melatonin in
the first to examine relationships between behavioral factors and melatonin in adolescents, and, in conjunction with existing data demonstrating a positive association between melatonin and wee
perspective into how nighttime behaviors may influence the adolescent circadian system.
2012 BE044
THE EFFECT OF NORMAL FREQUENCY HEARTBEATS ON IMPROVING VISUAL COMMUNICATION FOR YOUNG INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM
Lujain Abdulghaffar Aljawi
Ibda'a School, Jeddah, Western, SAUDI ARABIA
Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) often have difficulties in communicating, especially with eye contact. This makes understanding and talking to them more challenging. Recent in
suggested that heartbeat frequency sensing can increase the sense of intimacy. The research aims to explore this method for improving the level of eye contact in individuals with ASD. During th
mid frequencies, was administered to a sample of 60 individuals with ASD, ages between 5 16 years. The effect of these normal frequency heartbeats on visual performance was investigated by
which measure levels of eye contact before listening to the heartbeats (group1) and while listening to it (group2) using headphones. The hypothesis was supported as it was found that listening to
autistic children in communication. Results by reference to group A indicated that the duration of visual contact increased after listening to the heartbeat in a positive manner by more than 300%,
75%, the focus level of visual contact increased by 59%, followed by a steady look when pointing at an object increase of 81%. Applications of this research include the designs of interactive vid
or tangible interaction ,and toys such as a teddy bear with sensors to achieve intimacy when being cuddled. This will help children with ASD communicate better and improve their quality of life.
2010 BE044
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE MODULATES DROSOPHILA AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Andrew Wooyoung Kim
Social experience is a natural occurrence in organisms and significantly impacts the creation of feelings, behavior, and overall, actions pursued. This joint interaction is shown to have drastic effe
functions: aggression and learning. In humans, learning triggers brain growth caused by distinct habitualizations of synaptic connections. However in fruit flies, learning from olfactory receptors st
contrast, social limitation decreases mushroom body size, leading to an increase in aggression. Previous studies have shown that socially inexperienced flies express more aggressive behavior a
compared to socially experienced flies. The purpose of my project is to determine the effect of social experience on synaptic protein expression in Drosophila. Individuals have various experience
subsequent behaviors. I hypothesize that social experience influences aggressive behavior and gene expression in the brain. The amount of social experience was limited through isolat
Adult flies were observed for aggression, and dissected for brain observation under a confocal microscope. Protein expression and brain size were measured. Brains were also used for Western b
that social experience significantly affects Drosophila aggressive behavior and synaptic protein expression of Bruchpilot in the brain. More experienced flies have bigger mushroom bodies, and a
display aggression. Therefore, the synaptic brain protein, Bruchpilot, can be used as a potential indicator of gene expression in the brain associated with aggressive behavior.
2014 BE044
COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN SCHIZOPHRENIA & BIPOLAR DISORDER & THEIR FIRSTDEGREE RELATIVES
Miribel Xuan Vy Tran
Marina High School, Huntington Beach, CA, United States of America
Due to the several notable similarities in symptoms between bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ), it can be difficult to effectively distinguish and diagnose between these two illnesses, w
Neurocognitive performance may be able to serve as a potential trait marker for SZ and BD and can suggest the degree of genetic liability with their firstdegree relatives. The objective of the curr
cognitive performance among control, SZ and BD patient groups, and their firstdegree relatives and determine the degree of the genetic liability of BD and SZ with their firstdegree relatives using
Using posthoc statistical comparisons in cognitive tasks, significant differences were observed among the groups, suggesting the ability of cognitive performance to serve as a trait marker with p
significant differences between cognitive domains in subtypes of SZ were also found. As expected, controls displayed the least cognitive deficits compared to SZ, BD, and their firstdegree relati
disorder (SAD) showed the highest level of cognitive impairment in all neurocognitive domains. Using this quantitative and specific approach, psychiatrists can better diagnose SZ & BD patients a
medication and treatment.
2004 BE044
THE EFFECT OF RELATIONAL AND OVERT AGGRESSION ON SOCIAL ACCEPTANCE AND SELFESTEEM IN HIGH SCHOOL
Emily R. O'Neill
Poughkeepsie High School, Poughkeepsie, New York USA
A study was conducted to determine the degree to which relational and overt aggression in middle school predict students’ perception of acceptance in high school. One hundred and thirteen high
female) responded to a 36item questionnaire investigating their experience with aggression and perception of social and self approval. Among the major findings, 74% of nonwhite males, a signi
Caucasian counterparts, reported engaging in physical aggression at least once a week. The study further indicated that 91% of nonwhite females engaged in physical aggression at least once a
females surveyed reported engaging in aggression on a weekly basis. In comparison to the 12.5% of nonwhite females who reported engaging in relational aggression, 87.5% of Caucasian femal
activity on a weekly basis. Twentyeight percent of Caucasian males reported engaging in physical aggression, while 50% of this population reported engaging in relational aggression. Eightyeigh
students were found to have high levels of social acceptance, in contrast to 17% of relationally aggressive students. Eighty percent of physically aggressive students reported high levels of selfe
relationally aggressive respondents. Given the current trend, peer mediation appears to be an intervention schools should consider. 
2005 BE044
A STATE BY STATE ANALYSIS OF THE BENEFITS DERIVED FROM STATE LOTTERY PROGRAMS
Vanessa Elizabeth Esch
Skyview High School, Vancouver, Washington, USA
As of 2002, thirtyeight states had state lottery programs. Never has a modern state lottery been abolished, indeed they are only growing in depth and popularity. It would seem that state lottery p
Hence, while all the research and argument against the existence of such programs on moral or social levels is interesting, a much better direction to pursue for those concerned with the prolifera
existing programs in order to show the variables that the most efficient systems share. A preliminary analysis of just such efficiency is the whole of the following research. This researc
variables which increase the percent of gross profits returned to the government programs to which the lottery is dedicated (or net revenue), as the ultimate goal of a lottery is to support governme
efficiency level.) The variables that have been researched are percent of revenue used for prizes and administration, the way in which the lottery bureaucracy is run, state populations, participatio
dedicated. Although these variables all have some correlation with efficiency, the one variable that most drastically alters efficiency is the percent of the revenue returned as prizes. The results o
a state wish to increase the efficiency of its program, incorporating most combinations of the efficiency variables found in this model would significantly increase net revenue. 
2006 BE044
THE EFFECT OF FRAMING AND DESCRIBED TASK DIFFICULTY ON EXPECTATIONS AND PERFORMANCE
Michael Elliot Hofer
Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, NY, United States of America
Over the last decade, standardized testing has become increasingly prevalent. This experiment sought to determine how framing and described task difficulty affect students' performance and the
reading a statement concerning how participants in previous classes performed on a test about trees, students were asked to rate how they expected to perform. In addition to varying the frame o
experiment manipulated the described difficulty of the task (high or low). Performance was operationalized by a Tree Test on which participants had to list as many types of trees as they could. It
expectations when the statement was positively framed (p < .01) and described as easy (p < .05). In addition, there was a significant interaction between task difficulty and framing on performanc
performance when described task difficulty was high, whereas negative framing led to better performance when described task difficulty was low. Additionally, a weak, positive correlation was fou
performance. This information is helpful in understanding how framing and described task difficulty, among other external factors, influence performance on tests and possibly other types of tasks
2011 BE044
THE CONSTITUTIONALITY INDEX: A JUDICIARY AND MACROECONOMIC GUIDANCE FOR INTERNATIONAL ENTREPRENEURS WHEN INVESTING IN NATIONAL ECONOMIES
Ana Sofia Cardoso Monteiro
Colegio Marista Sao Luis, Recife, PE, BRASIL
Since 1990, after the creation of the HDI (Human Development Index), development does not exclusively concern economic growth. In the past years, greater complexity brought by globalization
establishing Western systems as references from a liberal economic and political perspective. In this model, Eastern cultures are stereotypically seen as intervening, which doesn’t able
transactions. The contradiction between globalization and nationality has never been this much discussed as it is today, according to a document published by the United Nations UN in
distribution, this phenomenon has contributed to an even greater imbalance between developed and developing countries, since interfering in national business structure also destroys its econom
Based on these facts, I present the Constitutionality Index – CI, a social evaluation index that corelates macroeconomic and judiciary aspects in order to offer a neutral and trustful guidance for i
CI is based on the methodological study of existing indexes, such as HDI, EDB, Index of Gini and ED. This study shows that evaluating how rules are followed in a society, one attracts
national economic opening, but also one translates its stability to the global community and gives it the opportunity to show that it is able to receive investments and improve its infrastructure and
2010 BE044
SOCIAL EXPERIENCE MODULATES DROSOPHILA AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
Andrew Wooyoung Kim
Social experience is a natural occurrence in organisms and significantly impacts the creation of feelings, behavior, and overall, actions pursued. This joint interaction is shown to have drastic effe
functions: aggression and learning. In humans, learning triggers brain growth caused by distinct habitualizations of synaptic connections. However in fruit flies, learning from olfactory receptors st
contrast, social limitation decreases mushroom body size, leading to an increase in aggression. Previous studies have shown that socially inexperienced flies express more aggressive behavior a
compared to socially experienced flies. The purpose of my project is to determine the effect of social experience on synaptic protein expression in Drosophila. Individuals have various experience
subsequent behaviors. I hypothesize that social experience influences aggressive behavior and gene expression in the brain. The amount of social experience was limited through isolat
Adult flies were observed for aggression, and dissected for brain observation under a confocal microscope. Protein expression and brain size were measured. Brains were also used for Western b
that social experience significantly affects Drosophila aggressive behavior and synaptic protein expression of Bruchpilot in the brain. More experienced flies have bigger mushroom bodies, and a
display aggression. Therefore, the synaptic brain protein, Bruchpilot, can be used as a potential indicator of gene expression in the brain associated with aggressive behavior.
2012 BE045
THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIC LABELING ON TASTE PERCEPTION
Sydney Grace Hutton
James Bowie High School, Austin, Texas, TX
This study examines taste perceptions of organically produced foods to determine whether organic labeling influences people to perceive something as better tasting than its nonorganic counterp
is better tasting than conventionally produced food (Bittman, 2009). Jenny WanChen Lee attributes this labeling preference to the Halo Effect, or “the perception of one trait influencing the percep
2010) Participants engaged in four trials of orange juice tasting and recorded their preferences as “organic”, “nonorganic “or “no preference”. 25 participants were tested. In Trial 1, the participants
labeled “1” and “2” to obtain initial taste preference. Trials 2 and 3 were placebo trials, with identical juice samples labeled as “organic” and “nonorganic” respectively. Trial 4 presented organic and
Trial 1, the participants preferred the taste of organic juice. The placebo trials indicated a preference for organic over nonorganic labeled juice, showing labeling influence. The organically labeled
preference option was rarely chosen, indicating that labeling affected the majority of the participants. The results show that labeling a food organic causes people to believe it is better tasting than
consumers, this experiment may assist in overcoming taste perception labeling bias. The food industry may utilize this study to encourage greater organic production and labeling to increase sale
2011 BE045
THE 21ST CENTURY TEETHER: A NEW TEETHER THAT PREVENTS CAVITY IN INFANTS
Ghufran Essam Masoud
Al Bayan High School, Jeddah
Statistics and data have indicated that tooth decay is one of the most common diseases in Saudi Arabia. Around 90% of the population including all ages suffers from that ailment. Many dentists
survey have stressed the ultimate importance of the healthy teeth for the children. They have emphasized the physiological and negative influences of the tooth decay and other malsymptoms o
my findings and the opinions of the experts, I have come up with my thesis. It states that, “Brushing the teeth at an early age, protects against the possible diseases that largely afflict them at la
of means including the internet, related books, essays, interviews and surveys to do my study. Upon the completion of the required data, I have realized the significance of developing a handy to
children at an early age. The proposed tool is free from any fluoride. The reason is the use of this material by young children is extremely harmful and results in many problems including white sp
causes stomachache as it is heavy on the stomach and kidney of the child. Accordingly, I have created my new item that will help overcoming all the related side effects and effectively
shape sucker and its external upper and lower sides are hollow. In this empty or hollowed area, there are plastic lines similar to those found in the normal toothbrushes used by the old. I have cho
gum especially at the times of forming the teeth. It is also effective in cleaning the gum and removing the bacteria and other accumulated undesirable items. Furthermore, the child may use the n
is portable, light as well as handy.
2013 BE045
AN EXAMINATION OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS FOR SELECTIVE ATTENTION IMPAIRMENT DETECTION IN MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY PATIENTS
Rachel Catherine Polcyn
Academic Magnet High School, North Charleston, SC
Neuropsychological evaluations are essential to the recovery process for traumatic brain injury patients. However, there is a lack of research pertaining to the improvement of such evaluations. T
question of how one can modify the Stroop Test, a common evaluation of selective attention, to improve its ability to detect selective attention impairments in traumatic brain injury patients. Appr
students enrolled in Introductory Psychology and between the ages of 16 and 24 were administered a modified version of the Stroop Test. Of the 60 participants, 10 had a brain injury history or ot
impairment which qualified them for the patient group. The test was administered individually to the participants in thirty minute sessions, and then the data was analyzed using the Analysis of Va
success in creating a more difficult and more accurate version of the Stroop Test. The patient and control groups did not significantly differ on the Stroop Test (t(118) = 0.90, p = 0.37) or the exis
p = 0.23). However, there was a significant difference between patient and control group performance on the researcher’s modification of the test (t(118) = 2.79, p = 0.006). Therefore, the researc
which distinguished patients from control group participants. Future research with a larger patient group would help verify these results.
2014 BE045
MUSICLOCK
Perttu Polonen
Vaskivuoren Lukio, Vantaa, Finland
Although music is characterized as the world’s most common shared language, it can be quite abstract and complex. It is my mission to revolutionize the way how people learn to play and comp
groundbreaking Musiclockinnovation the complexicity can be translated into an easier, simpler and more concrete form compared to the centuries old way of teaching music. The key f
clock has 12 notes. To point out, for example, a scale, one can use a stencil that hides notes not belonging to that particular scale. By rotating the stencil, the scale can be transposed to any of
all other music tasks, e.g. chords, intervals. The realization of this regular platform is a true Eureka moment. The main focus is to integrate the use of Musiclock into one’s instrument s
often led to ”killing” the whole hobby. With Pianoclock, device to be rolled on piano’s keys, or fingering charts, placed on Musiclock, the student can immediately see which keys he has to press
required to dramatically speed up the learning process. Because the logic of music theory is universal, the benefits of the innovation are not bound to a certain age or genre – whether y
trumpet, prefer classical or jazz, Musiclock brings practicality and playability to one’s music studies.
2004 BE045
NEUROLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF FIGUREGROUND PERCEPTION
Rachel Pierson
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
The Watercolor Illusion, the spreading of color from two contrasting lines onto a surface, has been shown to change the perception of the Gestalt factor of proximity, which states that closer elem
study aims to discover why this occurs, looking most closely at the hypothesis that the color spreading is primary, the cumulative effect of the color spreading leads to association, and the heavy
Patterns, made up of parallel lines spaced in a ratio of one to two/, were created using three shades of colors to fill in the small areas and the Watercolor Illusion to fill in the large areas.
closely matched the Watercolor Illusion. A baseline pattern was established through the omission of one color. Subjects observing these patterns were more likely to group the patterns between t
the smaller area grew closer to white. While it is possible to conclude that the impact of the Watercolor Illusion on the Gestalt factor of proximity is that the color spreading is primary, subjects did
relationship. Thus, further testing is underway using an alternate color scheme with varying ratios of the areas.
2005 BE045
THE A"MAZE"ING SLEEP DEPRIVED MICE A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION
Valerie Brak
Navasota High School, Navasota Texas, USA
Studies have shown that eightyfive percent of teens do not get enough sleep. Sleep deprivation studies show that animals and humans respond to a lack of sleep in much of the same ways.
can navigate through a maze after 2, 3, and 5 hours of sleep deprivation. First, identify the mice. Second, study the sleep patterns of all seven mice to find out when they should be dep
five hours of sleep using the slowly turning wheel then have the mice run through the maze. Record the amount of time needed to travel through the maze. Allow the mice to receive an adequate
of sleep and two hours of sleep. The other three mice should be allowed to sleep (these are the control). Have these mice run the maze one at a time. Record each mouse’s time. When
became much more sluggish and docile. While in the maze, they would run back and forth in the section they had already passed through several times before moving on to the new section.
middle of the maze. When deprived of five hours of sleep, they took an average of 249 seconds to run through the maze. The control mice finished the maze with an average time of 83.6 second
 My hypothesis was proven correct. I hypothesized that sleep deprived mice would take longer to run through the maze than the mice that received an adequate amount of sleep.
information gathered from the experiment.In conclusion, sleep is an essential factor in learning and processing information in mice and in humans. 
2008 BE045
DO YOU SEE WHAT I SEE? SCHOOL PERFORMANCE, PERCEPTIONS, AND SPENDING SUPPORT
Katherine M. Fredieu
When social problems arise, citizens develop different attitudes towards supporting a government solution if they perceive a problem. Because citizens' opinions affect policy, it is important to un
regarding the accuracy of their perception of school performance, (2) how that affects their views on policy, particularly willingness to spend on education, and (3) how trust in government mediate
completed to study these questions and ideas relating to political trust. Independent variables were controlled for to permit me to understand the reasons a person might have had a certain attitud
Although these questions are applicable to other states, Louisiana is an ideal state to study, since school performance differs greatly from parish to parish and there are varying levels of trust for
Questions from the 2002 Louisiana Survey judge the citizens' perceptions of schools in their parish and policy views, and the state's LEAP test scores measure each parish's school performance
hypothesis that most citizens perceive school performance correctly and are more willing to spend on education as school performance worsens. A striking difference appeared between responde
the government along with other significant factors stated in the analysis. The framework of the analysis can be applied in other states and on other spending issues to understand the citizens' at
problems.
2007 BE045
SUBLIMINAL MINDS
R. Mac DeRose
Hilton Head Preparatory School, Hilton Head, SC, USA
A subliminal message is defined as a signal or message embedded in another object, designed to pass below the normal limits of perception. The course of the experiment tested whether sublim
decision making process. Subliminal messages are usually thought of as an antiquated, illegal form of advertising for a certain product. For this reason, the subjects were tested with an often ma
messages were placed on a computer using the program Subliminal Mind. Subjects were directed to watch a scene from a movie, as if they were watching it for comprehension. Then, without the
the subliminal messages affected their judgment. Each message involved a different way of telling the viewer to choose a certain color of candy. The subject was not told anything about the cand
the movie. They chose from this tray of multicolored candy (containing two of each of the five colors). The subjects were told to choose one piece of candy, without revealing the reason. The me
slightly over half of the subjects, as 54% chose the color given in the subliminal message. Many of the subjects may have had a predetermined favorite flavor of the candy and naturally ignored t
however, did determine that subliminal messages do have an effect on many of the people exposed to them. A ChiSquare GoodnessofFit test was performed and it provided significant evidenc
results. The subliminal messages, overall, affected the subjects' decision making process.
2009 BE045
THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING STYLE ON PSAT AND GPA SCORES
Alyssa Cathryn Tapley Dougherty
Santa Catalina Upper School, Monterey, CA
My objective was to determine if students’ processing styles (sequential versus spatial) influence their abilities to achieve high GPAs or to earn high PSAT scores. Informed consent wa
voluntarily participated in a validated survey to determine each subject’s neurological processing style. A school administrator collected the surveys, wrote each subject’s GPA and PSAT scores
the name of the student. These scores were used to determine any correlation between academic achievement and a subject’s processing style. Primary results indicate that sequentia
achieve higher cumulative GPAs, on average, than do all tested subjects. Spatial processors score lower on PSATs and achieve lower cumulative GPAs, on average, than do all tested subjects.
at a disadvantage in the current educational system as measured by criteria deemed important by schools and colleges (GPAs and PSAT scores). Furthermore, data indicate that highly sequenti
so than predicted by a GPA/PSAT trendline for all subjects, indicating that highly sequential processors are not challenged enough in the current educational system. This year the Nat
education’ as one of their top goals for the next decade. Because processing style does seem to influence academic success, the ability to individualize education based on each student’s proce
all students to excel at school.
2006 BE045
SPONJ THE EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE SUITE FOR CP CHILDREN
Sinchan Banerjee
Clear Lake High School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
Cerebral Palsy is a neural disorder that is marked by physical and cognitive difficulties, and I had the opportunity to work with children suffering from Cerebral Palsy this past summer. Living throu
realized that they were sorely in need of a software program that could cater to their unique needs. Thus, I set out to develop an educational software program, called SPONJ, and a typing interfa
Interface, that is proficiently suited for the needs of Cerebral Palsy children. I have done this by making a special mousemotionrecognizing interface called the ArtificialNavigator. 
advanced programming techniques, SPONJ’s lessons teach arithmetic mathematics via stimulating examples, definitions, targeted questions and an entertaining game that reinforces the lessons
compile a scaled score, which verified my hypothesis. A total of 30 children, ages 612, tested the program for three weeks. After testing, the children’s average scaled scores of the three weeks
respectively. The children also observed that the IntelliScribe Intellectual Interface is very accessible and efficient. Their average typing speed has improved from 0.849 words/min to a remarkabl
hypothesis was proven true. The program is successful as it allows the user to gradually improve mathematics skills and typing speed. I am grateful to have been able to touch 30 lives with my s
the capability to allow numerous individuals to jump over the hurdles that Cerebral Palsy has set for them. 
2009 BE045
THE EFFECTS OF PROCESSING STYLE ON PSAT AND GPA SCORES
Alyssa Cathryn Tapley Dougherty
Santa Catalina Upper School, Monterey, CA
My objective was to determine if students’ processing styles (sequential versus spatial) influence their abilities to achieve high GPAs or to earn high PSAT scores. Informed consent wa
voluntarily participated in a validated survey to determine each subject’s neurological processing style. A school administrator collected the surveys, wrote each subject’s GPA and PSAT scores
the name of the student. These scores were used to determine any correlation between academic achievement and a subject’s processing style. Primary results indicate that sequentia
achieve higher cumulative GPAs, on average, than do all tested subjects. Spatial processors score lower on PSATs and achieve lower cumulative GPAs, on average, than do all tested subjects.
at a disadvantage in the current educational system as measured by criteria deemed important by schools and colleges (GPAs and PSAT scores). Furthermore, data indicate that highly sequenti
so than predicted by a GPA/PSAT trendline for all subjects, indicating that highly sequential processors are not challenged enough in the current educational system. This year the Nat
education’ as one of their top goals for the next decade. Because processing style does seem to influence academic success, the ability to individualize education based on each student’s proce
all students to excel at school.
2006 BE045
SPONJ THE EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE SUITE FOR CP CHILDREN
Sinchan Banerjee
Clear Lake High School, Houston, Texas, United States of America
Cerebral Palsy is a neural disorder that is marked by physical and cognitive difficulties, and I had the opportunity to work with children suffering from Cerebral Palsy this past summer. Living throu
realized that they were sorely in need of a software program that could cater to their unique needs. Thus, I set out to develop an educational software program, called SPONJ, and a typing interfa
Interface, that is proficiently suited for the needs of Cerebral Palsy children. I have done this by making a special mousemotionrecognizing interface called the ArtificialNavigator. 
advanced programming techniques, SPONJ’s lessons teach arithmetic mathematics via stimulating examples, definitions, targeted questions and an entertaining game that reinforces the lessons
compile a scaled score, which verified my hypothesis. A total of 30 children, ages 612, tested the program for three weeks. After testing, the children’s average scaled scores of the three weeks
respectively. The children also observed that the IntelliScribe Intellectual Interface is very accessible and efficient. Their average typing speed has improved from 0.849 words/min to a remarkabl
hypothesis was proven true. The program is successful as it allows the user to gradually improve mathematics skills and typing speed. I am grateful to have been able to touch 30 lives with my s
the capability to allow numerous individuals to jump over the hurdles that Cerebral Palsy has set for them. 
2003 BE045
DO PUPIL SIZE CHANGES CORRELATE WITH OTHER BIOPHYSICAL RESPONSES? (BIG EYES, BIG LIES?)
Christina Marie Mariolana Zoccoli
Academy of Notre Dame de Namur, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States
The threat of terrorism to America’s public transportation increases the need to adequately screen all passengers. Unfortunately, security resources are very limited, and current procedures are hi
ethnic profiling. Ideally, the threat that each passenger poses could be assessed by using traditional lie detectors that monitor bodily responses while asking questions such as, "Are you
neither unobtrusive nor practical. Since bodily responses measured during lie detector tests (heart rate, respiration rate, galvanic skin response, and blood pressure) correlate with one an
correlate with pupillary size, another more unobtrusively observable response. A "veracity score" could be given to each passenger based on this observed response during routine questioning.
passengers whose threat potential warrants additional screening. This experiment investigates the correlation between the traditional lie detector measurements of galvanic skin respons
unobtrusively measured investigational response, pupillary size. Measurements of these biophysical responses are taken during questioning with a series of emotionally neutral questions, and a s
questions designed to evoke an emotional response. Statistical analysis of the results indicates the degree to which the new measure of pupillary size correlates with the traditional lie detector bi
of this project suggest an easy and unobtrusive way for Homeland Security to asses each passenger’s likelihood of posing a threat, by evaluating their pupillary responses to relevant questioning
2010 BE045
VOTING SYSTEMS: AN OUTCOME ANALYSIS, PHASE TWO
Vikash Evans Hypio
Phase I, last years project, tested different voting systems to see if they produced different outcomes; Phase II of the project focuses on applying some of those same voting systems to a pract
amount for a school bond issue that would be agreeable to most voters. It was hypothesized that an analysis of the voting results would be useful in predicting passability. Five hundred
and mailed surveys. The survey was designed to assess the amount of money that the community would support for a bond issue. Five voting systems were used to tally the votes, including a m
theory. The $10 million issue won in three of four voting systems, and $14.4 million was the mean of the “many wrongs” system. In a followup survey 53% of the voters supported the $
upper limit. 78% of the voters passed the $10 million bond, indicating an amount highly likely to pass.
2003 BE045
DO PUPIL SIZE CHANGES CORRELATE WITH OTHER BIOPHYSICAL RESPONSES? (BIG EYES, BIG LIES?)
Christina Marie Mariolana Zoccoli
Academy of Notre Dame de Namur, Villanova, Pennsylvania, United States
The threat of terrorism to America’s public transportation increases the need to adequately screen all passengers. Unfortunately, security resources are very limited, and current procedures are hi
ethnic profiling. Ideally, the threat that each passenger poses could be assessed by using traditional lie detectors that monitor bodily responses while asking questions such as, "Are you
neither unobtrusive nor practical. Since bodily responses measured during lie detector tests (heart rate, respiration rate, galvanic skin response, and blood pressure) correlate with one an
correlate with pupillary size, another more unobtrusively observable response. A "veracity score" could be given to each passenger based on this observed response during routine questioning.
passengers whose threat potential warrants additional screening. This experiment investigates the correlation between the traditional lie detector measurements of galvanic skin respons
unobtrusively measured investigational response, pupillary size. Measurements of these biophysical responses are taken during questioning with a series of emotionally neutral questions, and a s
questions designed to evoke an emotional response. Statistical analysis of the results indicates the degree to which the new measure of pupillary size correlates with the traditional lie detector bi
of this project suggest an easy and unobtrusive way for Homeland Security to asses each passenger’s likelihood of posing a threat, by evaluating their pupillary responses to relevant questioning
Award of $3000 in savings bonds, a Certificate of Achievement and a gold medallion. U.S. Army
First Awards of $3,000 U.S. Air Force
2014 BE046
ANALYZING HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS' PERCEPTIONS OF EDUCATION SYSTEM THROUGH METAPHORS
Irmak Su Tutuncu
Cengiz Aytmatov Sosyal Bilimler Lisesi, Izmir, Izmir, Turkey
Education system in Turkey is going through frequent changes which affect not only the system alone but also the students. Although the students are at the center of the education system, dec
the system into account adequately. This research aimed to examine high school students' perceptions of education system through metaphor analysis. In the study, metaphor analysis focused
human life both in psychological and physiological terms. In order to determine students’ perceptions, the sentence completion technique was used in the forms. The participants were asked to c
"If I were asked to identify the education system with a color, it would be....Because....". The data collected from 419 students was first analyzed qualitatively with content analysis. The students
with the colors of black, grey and brown. Departing from the colors, eight metaphor categories generated by the students for the education system were depressing, hopeless, hurtful, not producti
metaphors were analyzed with quantitative analysis. There was a statistically significant difference among the students’ perceptions of education system, the education system impacted upon th
education system. The students at the religious high school, perceived the education system to be "robust". Students at other high schools perceived the education system as "disturbing". The r
for the education system to function in a robust way, the decision makers should consider the opinion of students about education system.
2013 BE046
COMPARATIVE STUDY ABOUT THE CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF ANXIETY IN TEENS BETWEEN 14 AND 18 YEARS OLD FROM 3 SCHOOLS OF MEDELLIN, COLOMBIA
Ana Maria Botero
Colegio San Jose de Las Vegas, Medellin, COLOMBIA
The adolescence is a transition from kids to adults that generates uncertainty and anxiety. In 2010, a research called Causes of anxiety in teens between 15 and18 years old of the Colegio San J
2012, it was extended to identify the causes and the physical and psychosocial effects of anxiety in the referred school and in 2 other institutions with different characteristics, in order to establis
comparison and finally generate alternatives for anxiety control. The methodology included the design of four types of questionnaires about causes and one related to anxiety effects (66
emerging categories and charted comparatively by age, gender, grade and socio economic stratum (as defined by the Colombian state). Four focal groups were developed in order to propose solu
results showed that the main anxiety causes are Fear of failure and Rules, duties and responsibilities to society, school and home. The most common effects are Specific alterations. Additionally
establishment of interpersonal relations. As a final result, the 54% of the students considered that The school does not address topics related to anxiety and that social problems (use of
related with the anxiety, because teenagers use them as an escape way from their problems. Besides, the diachronic study revealed that anxiety increase a 6% (2010 vs. 2012), in the cause with
2010 BE046
ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION LEVEL PATTERNS IN RESPONSE TO HORMONAL FLUCTUATION ACROSS THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Carolina Jaramillo
American Heritage School, Plantation, FL
This study intended to assess anxiety and depression patterns in correlation to folliclestimulating, luteinizing, estrogen and progesterone level fluctuations. Comprehensive in its ethnic diversity a
this study recorded the anxiety and depression patterns of 38 teenaged female students using retrospective surveying adapted from the BAI/BDI at four oneweek intervals. This study amassed d
depression and anxiety scores showed gradual decline, especially in the follicular phase where the average anxiety score decline was about 47% and depression score decline was about 45%. Th
observed in Week 1 retrospection which assessed the premenstrual stage, consistent with the drop in progesterone and estrogen and faint increase of FSH. The results partially supported the hy
anxiety and depression scores were indeed observed at the drop of estrogen and progesterone, but they did not coincide with the peak of FSH, but a faint increase in FSH. Week 3 and 4 retrospe
depression scores as estrogen and progesterone peaked and FSH and LH cruised low. The study concluded that the severest anxiety and depression symptoms do occur in the week prior to men
does not disappear after menstruation. Instead, severity gradually declines in Week 2, and drops consistently through Week 3 and Week 4, indicating that the absence of estrogen and progestero
anxiety/depression symptoms.
2006 BE046
THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE DISTRACTION ON DRIVING ABILITY
Henry Branscomb Joe
The Altamont School, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Data suggests that the average driver spends approximately 40 percent of his or her time behind the wheel talking on a cellular phone. Only three states have completely outlawed the use of cell
research is necessary to ascertain whether cell phone use while driving is dangerous enough to influence other states to do the same. This study attempts to determine the effects of co
hypothesis proposes that cognitive distraction greatly impairs driving skills in teens. Subjects between the ages of fifteen and twentyone were tested using a realistic driving game system equipp
Each subject’s driving ability was graded based on the number of times he or she committed certain infractions: hitting a side wall, failing to stop at a crosswalk, and crossing into an opposite lan
performed and graded without distractions. On the second attempt, the subject was asked a series of questions while completing the course. Primary analysis showed that the average d
7.2 more mistakes. Further breakdown revealed that the average percent increase in mistakes due to the cognitive distraction was 85.626 percent. These numbers suggest that driving while enga
especially cell phone use, is potentially hazardous and should be outlawed for young drivers in all states. 
2008 BE046
SOUND DIRECTIONALITY
Julia Suzanna Schenk
Walter Payton College Prep High School, Chicago, IL
It is a wellknown fact that people's ability to hear generally worsens as they age due to deteriorating anatomy. The purpose of this experiment, however, is to test people of varying ages to determ
directionality is a function of frequency or age. Some background reading led me to believe that hearing a sound is not the same as interpreting it. For this reason, I hypothesized that the ability to
frequency, not age. Using Adobe Audition 1.0, I created a CD with four separate tracks consisting of computergenerated tones. The tracks were at 75, 200, 800, and 1400 Hertz, repect
at zero decibels. The left earbud's decibels decreased by a nonlinear increment while the right earbud's decibels remained at zero; the right earbud's decibels decreased by that same increment w
to zero decibels. This same progression of decreasing volume between earbuds occurred until the subject could determine sound directionality. Test subjects completed a consent form and surve
quiet room. Results were drawn from a total of thirtyfive people, ages twelve to seventyfive. When plotted on graphs exhibiting age (x) and difference in volume (decibels, y), the data s
dependent on frequency than age. The results support the conclusion that the ability to determine sound directionality improves with frequency, although there were sources of error.
2005 BE046
SOCIAL SPACING IN JUVENILE AFRICAN WEAKLY ELECTRIC FISH, MORMYRUS RUME PROBOSCIROSTRIS (TELEOSTEI, MORMYRIDAE)
Samantha Breakstone
John F. Kennedy High School, Bellmore, New York, United States
“Champion species” serve as models to uncover the intricate interactions between an animal’s internal hormonal and neuronal status and the environment to which it must adapt in order to survive
sensory modalities to maintain their position in space. Conditions permitting, sight and electrosense acting in concert play a synergistic role in social spacing and schooling in these fish.
and illumination level on social aggregation. Fish actively sought the close vicinity to conspecifics to form temporary groups and maintained the same average nearest neighbor distance of about
Expression of this aggregation was much stronger in a group of 10 fish. The data showed a clear difference in the distributions of fish interacting under low light and light condition (normal and brig
much more likely to maintain closer group cohesion than fish under low light conditions. These differences are discussed as the fish’s adaptation to different predation pressures from sighted pred
predators during the night.
2004 BE046
3 DEPRESSED MICE (PHASE 2)
Sarah Marie Founds
La Cueva, ALB and NM, United States
Parental care patterns influence their children's behavioral and endocrine responses to stress by altering neural development. Neurobiological changes associated with adverse early experiences
development of depressive or other psychaitric disorders (Timpletal 1998). Also, stress promotes structural and functional alterations in brain regions similar to those seen in adults with depressio
depression affects 18.8 million Americans. Symptoms include persistent feelings of hopelessness or worthlessness, irritability, and anxious mood, and difficulty concentrating or making decisions
that their minds race with the same thoughts over and over, but to no purpose. If this symptom becomes severe, people become mentally incapable of finding their way out of a box. The animal m
symptom. Following inescapable and unpredictable shock, mice showed a variety of behavioral deficits, including fialure to excape, known as learned helplessness. In my experiment, both transg
to prenatal stress, and during adolescence, they will be put through the stressinduced model of learned helplessness. In my previous studies on neurogenesis, the transgenic mice exhibited decr
increased survival of new neurons. In light of their resistance to stressinduced models of depression, I anticipate that the transgenic mice will exhibit lower levels of learned helpless behaviors in
2003 BE046
EMOTIONAL RESPONSES TO DIFFERENT MOVIE GENRES
Nicholas Jon Papez, Park City High School
Park City, UT, United States
My experiment is to watch four different movie genre's, and to see how people's emotional reactions were affected. During each movie, I recorded their pulses every 20 minutes. During the movie
for 15 minutes for their outward reactions. I also recorded how many times they cried. The four different movie genre's are my independent variable and the people's emotional reactions are my de
experiment to find out how people react emotionally to different movie genres. Such as what genre will make people cry most or what genre gets people's pulse rates beating the fastest.
these movies creates any long lasting effects. Surprisingly, I concluded that Horror and Drama are my most similar genres in audience response. Even though the genres are quite differ
similarities. Both genres had males and females that created distractions on certain emotional scenes and in both genres people cried, which shows that Horror nand Drama were my most emotio
gathering all my data, I compared pulse rates and outward reactions of different individuals and sexes. I found out that the males are more emotional than the females even though they did not sh
that my hypothesis was correct which was that people's reactions do increase emotionally as movie genre's increase in emotional intensity.
2007 BE046
CATEGORY SPECIFIC SEMANTIC DEFICITS OF OBJECT RECOGNITION IN ADULTS WITH NEUROLOGICAL DAMAGE
Mounir Ahmad Koussa
Tucson High Magnet School, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
The question of impairments in object naming in patients with brain damage being category specific, living vs. nonliving, is unresolved Most studies exploring the concept have been individual ca
significant. This project sought to answer the question of whether category specific double dissociation occurs and if it does, to determine which regions of the brain are associated with specific c
damage and twelve controls were tested with images from the Snodgrass and Vanderwart picture set. The tests consisted of sixtyfour pictures; one test evaluated naming ability and the other ev
of correct answers for each test were determined, the living scores were subtracted from the nonliving scores generating an effect size. Results of the testing show that there was a double disso
double dissociation either did more poorly in naming living or nonliving objects. All information was statistically analyzed using TTests and ChiSquared yielding Pvalues of .0004 for the Naming
These data were correlated with the patients’ MRI scans. Impairment in the naming of living things was associated with damage in the anterior inferior temporal cortex; impairment in naming nonl
frontoparietal cortex. These regions are dedicated to interpreting visual/sensory information and object use/functional information respectively, therefore supporting the hypothesis that a double d
interpreting living objects visually and nonliving objects functionally.
2009 BE046
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF CLASSICAL AND ROCK MUSIC IN FACT RETENTION IN ADOLESCENTS 15 TO 17 YEARS OLD.
Selena Marie RodriguezRivera
The problem studied was: is there a difference between an environment of silence, listening to classical music or rock music in the retention of facts among adolescents 1517 years of age. The
silence will permit a greater retention of facts than either listening to classical or rock music, given that it will allow complete concentration. A series of experiments were conducted with voluntary
a sequence of ten (10) colors in a time span of two (2) minutes. First in an environment of silence, then listening to classical music, followed by rock music. The classical music containing one s
the rock music two songs with lyrics and one without. The experiment was repeated 3 times with the same individuals to take into consideration their mood and other factors. After tabulating the r
was accepted because in an environment of silence there was a greater retention of facts. It was also found that the use of lyrics affected the retention process in a negative way in both classica
not possible (as it is the case in daily life) the use of an agent such as music, preferably classical music without lyrics would be useful to accompany the memorization/ studious process as a ne
2007 BE046
Mounir Ahmad Koussa
2011 BE046
GOOPLAY! THE EFFECTIVENESS OF EDUCATIONAL VIDEO GAME IN IMPROVING WEBSEARCHING SKILLS FOR CHILDREN
Bayan Mohammed Mashat
Dar Altarbia, Jeddah, Central, SAUDI ARABIA
Search engines are effective tools to find information very quickly. However, beginners or unprofessional users follow bad searching habits while using them. Thus, this research project aims to d
its effectiveness in developing effective websearching behaviors while using the search engine for children (age1012). The researcher tests three hypotheses: (1)assumes that the educational v
searching skills for children, (2)assumes playing "GOOPLAY" will develop websearching skills better than the traditional teaching method, and(3) assumes that using the "GOOPLAY" with the tra
than using the game alone. Three groups have been sampled from a local school to test the hypotheses with pre and post tests: control group used traditional teaching method, experimental grou
experimental group (2) used the traditional teaching method with the "GOOPLAY" game. After the experimentation, TTests have been performed at significance level of 95% to compare the mea
that the educational video game not only improved websearching skills (T=7.862, P<0.05), but also was a better method of learning websearching skills than by teaching with the traditional met
game with the traditional teaching method did not reveal to be more effective than using the game only (T=0.616, P>0.05). The game creates fun way of learning websearching skills and it can b
Page” in search engines.
2012 BE046
CHARACTERIZING THE BEHAVIOR AND GENETICS OF HEADPLUGGING IN C. ELEGANS
Mimi Yen
Variation is the fundamental unit of evolution. Headplugging behavior, a phenotypic polymorphism observed in an Australian wild isolate strain of C. elegans, is a model of maladaptive behavioral
evolution. Isolation from hermaphrodites will cause males in dense populations to deposit plugs on one another’s excretory pores (a trait termed “headplugging”). The chemical and physical causa
assays screening for the effect of hermaphroditic secretions and presence of vulvaless hermaphrodites on headplugging frequency. Headplugging rates may be reduced by ~10% by introducing h
environment, suggesting a chemical trigger for the trait. Detrimental reproductive consequences of the trait were tested using assays surveying the effect of headplugs on mating success: mating
differ significantly from those of WT males (X2=0.1476, p = 0.701). QTL mapping narrowed down the locus containing the putative allele to a region approximately 0.6 Mb in length left of 4.399 Mb
investigations of this highly visible phenotype may shed light on the relationship between environmental and genetic factors that contribute to variation.
2007 BE046
Mounir Ahmad Koussa
2003 BE047
ALOJA VS. BEER: SIGNS AND SYMBOLS IN THE DIAGUITA COSMO VISION
Jose Maria Sosa
Club de Ciencias Cochuna Concepción Tucuman Argentina
The Diaguitas, aborigins inhabiting the mountain regions of Tucumán and the carob forrest areas in the plains of Catamarca, La Rioja and Santiago del Estero (Argentine), in the early periods, elab
ferments of the fruit of a sacred tree, the carobtree (tacu: in quechua). The object of the present investigation revolves around the lack of awareness of the traditional values of this peop
relationship regarding the Aloja. Life stories and interviews and survey, describe the ceremonies on the “collection of the fruit" and the "elaboration of the Aloja". The study of arc
help us find signs and symbols in the ceremonies intended to their gods; like “The Pachamama” (mother land) and Chiqui (rain and earthquakes gods), where the drinking of Aloja provided the me
 The ceremonies were carried out in natural temples, specially under carob trees, helping them be in harmony with nature. Globalization favored the substitution of the Aloja by beer, i
ceremony surviving still. Aloja survives only in the mind of the ancient people, therefore the study and spreading of the Diaguita cosmo vision, from a magycal and cultural point of view w
 
2004 BE047
MAGIC SYMBOLS USED BY THE INCAS AND THE DIAGUITAS TO PROMOTE METHEOROLOGICAL PHENOMENON AND FERTILITY
Jose Maria Sosa
Instituto Vocacional Concepcion Club de Ciencias Cochuna
The mountain area of Tucumán has been inhabited by the Indian community called the Diaguitas. They believed in life after death, adored the sun, the thunder and the earth that provided for their
towards this region resulted in a different lifestyle. Their mythic thinking created symbols they used in their magic ceremonies to make the unnatural grant them gifts such us: fertile soil,
 Bibliographic research and interviews to specialists help discover Astronomic Rain Symbols like the sun, solstice, the moon, the stars,the southern cross, Snake like Symbols like the Stair L
meander; Zoomorphs (not Snake like): mythic cat, birds, frogs and toads. dragonfly, spiders, bats, and lizards. Ceramic pieces represent the vital germ and the gravity cavity, Symbols o
 Carvings, stones and ceramics represent Multiple Symbols as expression of different spells for the same purpose, Redundant as an obsessive begging. Observation and analys
of fertility and rain. Surveying the local inhabitants we discover that 72% of them believe that their ancestors used to communicate with their gods through these symbols but ignore their
them in woven pieces and ceramics. The reproductions of their symbols in paintings, carvings and figures in art workshops and their exposition will allow their mythic way of thinking to e
2005 BE047
A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE EDUCATIONAL LATINAMERICAN CHANGE @CEPROMUL.CAF
Karina Maribel Rivas Rodriguez
Centro Educativo Experimental "Rafael Narvaez Cadenillas"
INTRODUCTION: The objective of this project “A NEW STRATEGY FOR THE EDUCATIONAL LATIN AMERICAN CHANGE @CEPROMUL.CAF” is the formation and creation of a Multimedia P
learning activities in order to develop the fundamental abilities of the students of the C.E.E: "Rafael Narvaez Cadenillas” (elementary and high school) of the National University of Trujillo. PROBL
activities in the Multimedia Production Center influences to develop the fundamental abilities of the students of the C.E.E: "Rafael Narvaez Cadenillas"? HYPOTHESIS: The application o
Production Center influences to develop the fundamental abilities of the students of the C.E.E.: Rafael Narvaez Cadenillas as: creative thought, critical thought, making decisions and solution of
be developed in the Multimedia Production Center are: Elaboration of Biology multimedia material.Elaboration of Multimedia material in the “Frame of the project: World knows my region”Elabora
Pedagogical Innovations Seminar.Formation of the Internet Club.Elaboration of CDs to the primary level.Implementation of the Virtual Library. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of this resea
software, after that the coordinators and volunteers of the Multimedia Production Center will make classes with them and teach them the use and manage of some computers programs,when the
activities of the Multimedia Production Center, they will develop their fundamental abilities. The methods of investigation will be theoretical and empirical.
2008 BE047
BALLIN'!
Rachael Pishtek
Lakota High School, Lakota, ND
For my project I tested to see if the hand and eye dominance of female basketball players has anything to do with their freethrow shooting percentage. I decided to test our junior high a
if I did this I could not place them all together in the same group so I put them in different age categories: 1214, 1516, and 1718. This seemed like an easier way to show my results and how m
also seemed like the fairest way to do this rather than placing a seventh grader in the same category than a senior. I also looked at the previous freethrow shooting percentages from the 2007 ba
calculations also. When I tested each subject, I first found out their eye dominance. I did this by having the subject extend their arms out in front of their face and make a triangle shape
and had them center the sticker between their hands. Once they had centered the sticker, I asked them to close their left eye. If the sticker was covered up by their hand it meant that they were
same with their right eye and if the sticker was covered by their hand that meant they were lefteye dominant. Next, I asked each subject for they hand that they shoot, write, eat, and throw etc. w
subject shoot 15 freethrows. Then I figured out the percentage of their shots. Later on I also found their shooting percentage from 2007. Then, I added the percentages together to make and over
 My hypothesis was that crossed hand/eye dominance would be beneficial for the athlete. I thought this because when a basketball is being shot and the dominant eye and hand are on t
covered. I found that my hypothesis was not correct. Fortunately half of the subjects were right eye dominant and the other half were left eye dominant. I found that the subjects that wer
eye had better freethrow percentages in the 1214, 1516, and 1718 age categories.
2007 BE047
HOW DOES TEACHING STYLE IMPACT THE LEARNING OF THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD IN SECOND GRADE STUDENTS
Kimberly Alene Blair
Lakeview Senior High School, Lakeview, Oregon, United Stated
I hypothesized that young children learned better through hands on interactions. I tested my hypothesis by studying and testing two classes of second graders. I began by giving both classes pre
method only by verbal communication. The second class I taught the same subject, but incorporated hands on interaction. I then gave both classes a post test to calculate how much they had le
came to the conclusion, that children who were taught with hands on interaction incorporated into their lessons learned more, and improved their scores greater from their pretests to their post tes
2009 BE047
THE FORMAL MUSICAL EDUCATION AND ITS RELATION WITH THE NEGATIVE BEHAVIOR OF THE ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG PEOPLE IN JALISCO, MEXICO.
Mariana Ramirez
Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, MEXICO
The main aim of this project was to prove if it exists a relation between the young people that have formal musical education and their behavior. From these results it was possible to design a stra
as an alternative to foster the positive behavior in adolescents of Jalisco, Mexico. Considering that formal musical education promotes the development of various abilities related with th
to channel the impulses that provoke a negative behavior. This research was composed by 2 phases. During Phase I, from April to October 2008, it was designed a measurement instrum
disorders of the adolescent behavior, applied to 208 young people; women and men, between 14 and 19 years old, with a medium socioeconomic level, divided in 2 samples: Sample “A” was com
formal music education for at least 2 years, and sample “B” was composed of subjects who had not. The reliability of the measurement instrument was 0.83 according to the Alpha’s Cro
were applied using the SPSS software to compare the means of each sample. Young people who had been exposed to formal musical education present less negative behavior that those who ne
 During the Phase II, from December to April 2009, a strategy based in formal musical education was designed and structured to promote the positive behavior of adolescents in Jalisco throu
2011 BE047
RADIATION ALERT: A SOCIAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF USING A MOBILE PHONE ON THE EAR
Ayedh Monef Alshammary
Al Timyat School, Rafha, Northern, SAUDI ARABIA
Mobile phone use in the past ten years has expanded dramatically, making many of the scientists and researchers asking questions about the impact of mobile use on human health. People are
phone and they are not aware of the danger of mobile phone on human health. This research seeks to verify the impact of mobile on human health and the understanding by people. In this resear
level of radiation for a large number of mobile phones and the experiment was conducted on a model of the human ear. Three doctors were interviewed regarding the assessment that mobile phon
in the flame of the auditory nerve. The main research included a questionnaire to 1000 people and concluded that using mobile for more than 30 minutes a day increases the probability of infectio
that two thirds of people do not realize the danger of mobile phone and 23% of people are using mobile for more than half an hour a day, which proved this research that Mobile affecting human he
people do not realize the danger of mobile phone.
2013 BE047
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON CELL PHONE ADDICTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH KOREA: FACTORS PREDICTING CELL PHONE ADDICTION
Rachel Hyojin Kim
Ames High School, Ames, IA
This project in its present form is the result of a comparative study among adolescents from the United States and South Korea about factors that predict cell phone addiction. With both countries
penetration rates in the world, through a comparative study, the initial idea was to see if cultural differences had an impact on factors that predict cell phone addiction. Surveys were give
adolescents to predict factors of cell phone addiction: selfesteem, social interaction anxiety, impulsiveness, nationality, gender, number of extracurricular activities, length of cell phone ownershi
not). Data was analyzed to observe the correlation between such independent variables and the dependent variables of level of cell phone addiction and amount of time used on the cell
through linear regression and independent sample ttests by the SPSS (version 19.0) program. Results show that the type of cell phone owned, gender, impulsiveness, and length of cell phone ow
that predict cell phone addiction in both countries, with selfesteem only being statistically significant in the United States. Although results show that American adolescents have higher levels of
adolescents, South Korean adolescents spend more time on their cell phones than American adolescents. Considering that low selfesteem is statistically significant in predicting cell phone addic
explains that although American adolescents spend less time on their cell phones than South Korean adolescents, they have higher levels of cell phone addiction.
2012 BE047
A BIG FAT DEAL, PHASE III: ATTRIBUTIONS OF BODY TALK, RISK ASSESSMENTS OF STEROID/DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USE, PERCEPTIONS OF MEDIA IMAGES, AND SELFESTE
L. Elisabeth Burton
Rio Rancho High School, Rio Rancho, NM
This year I expanded my study to include males and explored factors associated with attributions of body talk. I propose a new theoretical construct related to the drive for muscularity, Buff Talk.
Adolescents that attribute body talk to internal causes will have lower risk assessments of steroid use and/or dietary supplements, higher perceptions of media ideals as attainable and real, and l
published studies that explore these relationships. I developed and distributed a survey to 100 females and 89 males ranging between 15 to 18 years old. The data was analyzed using P
 The results of this study largely supported my hypothesis. For both males and females, internal attributions of body talk was associated with feeling pressure to take steroids, supplements o
attainable, real, and desirable; feeling pressure to look like media images; and had lower selfesteem. Females with internal attributions assessed occasional purging as low risk. When the need t
attribution, males assessed frequent steroid use as low risk. My study suggests that body talk is complex. Adolescents have different reasons for body talk. Adolescents globally are co
photoshopped media images that are unattainable. When adolescents are preoccupied with their physical selves, they often fail to understand that they are far more than how they look, and waste
full potential.
2010 BE047
DETERMINING THE EFFICACY OF BRAIN SYNCHRONIZATION TRAINING ON SUBJECTS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS
Danielle Nicole Scheer
Pine Crest School, Fort Lauderdale, FL
Brain Synchronization Training (BST) is a combination of spectrally altered music stimulation combined with physical and mental activities. The training is designed to increase stimulation to sen
the two cerebral hemispheres in a time locked manner, with the intention of enhancing distributed neural networks for improved information processing. In order to have better signal processing at
first be improved transmission of neural impulses through the brainstem. This research utilized the Auditory Brainstem Response (ABR) as a physiological marker pre and post BST to evaluate c
brainstem level with a sound stimulus. ABR absolute and interpeak latencies were examined for each ear using click stimulus rates of 19.1 and 59.1 clicks/second; Wave V latency and amplitude
binaural summation pre and post BST. All subjects in the developmentally delayed subject group showed a positive increase in wave V amplitude, which is interpreted as an increase in neural sy
Second Award of $1000 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Sciences Illinois Institute of Technology
2006 BE047
PICTURE THIS, THAT, AND THE OTHER: THE POST TRAUMATIC EFFECTS OF CONCUSSION ON THE PROCESSING VISUAL STIUMLI. A THREE YEAR STUDY.
Johnathan Arnold Schoenhals
Miami High School, Miami OK, USA
Head trauma is among the most common childhood injures. It accounts for approximately 600,000 emergency department visits. There are estimated 300,000 sports related concussions that occ
concussion by definition is a post traumatic impairment of neural status. The effects of a concussion are mostly experienced during the time in which the concussion has occurred, however, acco
the effects of a concussion can also become a problem later in life. There are many psychological tests used to determine if the brains cognitive process is working correctly. Among these test is
the naming of colors for a list of solid squares with the naming of colors for a list of words printed in incongruent colors The purpose of this experiment is to pilot a test containing a Stroop effect w
This test will be used to determine if a traumatic brain injury, such as a concussion, has a positive or negative effect on visual processing. This test will measure the accuracy of visual perceptio
could then be correlated to visual processing speed. This would be beneficial in monitoring the recovery process from traumatic brain injuries. The results of this experiment show, with statistical
difference in how concussion victims process visual information when compared to non concussion victims, with concussion victims showing a slower processing speed. 
2012 BE047
A BIG FAT DEAL, PHASE III: ATTRIBUTIONS OF BODY TALK, RISK ASSESSMENTS OF STEROID/DIETARY SUPPLEMENT USE, PERCEPTIONS OF MEDIA IMAGES, AND SELFESTE
L. Elisabeth Burton
This year I expanded my study to include males and explored factors associated with attributions of body talk. I propose a new theoretical construct related to the drive for muscularity, Buff Talk.
Adolescents that attribute body talk to internal causes will have lower risk assessments of steroid use and/or dietary supplements, higher perceptions of media ideals as attainable and real, and l
published studies that explore these relationships. I developed and distributed a survey to 100 females and 89 males ranging between 15 to 18 years old. The data was analyzed using P
 The results of this study largely supported my hypothesis. For both males and females, internal attributions of body talk was associated with feeling pressure to take steroids, supplements o
attainable, real, and desirable; feeling pressure to look like media images; and had lower selfesteem. Females with internal attributions assessed occasional purging as low risk. When the need t
attribution, males assessed frequent steroid use as low risk. My study suggests that body talk is complex. Adolescents have different reasons for body talk. Adolescents globally are co
photoshopped media images that are unattainable. When adolescents are preoccupied with their physical selves, they often fail to understand that they are far more than how they look, and waste
full potential.
Third Award of $1,000 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2013 BE048
ASSESSING THE MAGNOCELLULAR THEORIES OF THE FLASHLAG EFFECT AND DYSLEXIA
Stephen Thomas Kranich
West Anchorage High School, Anchorage, AK
The flash lag effect (FLE) occurs when one perceives a moving object ahead of a still object while in reality the two objects are aligned (Nijhawan, 2002). One explanation of the FLE is that the m
motion, transmits action potentials to the thalamus 710 ms faster than the parvocellular system, which processes color and detail (Maunsell & Gibson, 1992). A deficit in the magnocellular pathw
root cause of developmental dyslexia (e.g. Stein & Walsh, 1997; Vidyasagar & Pammer, 2009; Chouake, Levy, Javitt, & Lavidor, 2012), but the topic is still highly controversial. In the current exp
gender, age, and whether or not they had dyslexia before viewing 10 FLE illusions. Five of these were designed to stimulate the magnocellular pathway, and five were designed to minimize magn
between the moving object and the background, as well as adding visual noise to the background (Chappel & Cullen, 2010). Data collection is ongoing, but currently, the data support the magnoce
however, support the magnocellular theory of dyslexia, suggesting that this theory is flawed.
2009 BE048
A TEENAGE EPIDEMIC: A CORRELATION STUDY OF STRESS, SLEEP AND OBESITY IN ADOLESCENCE
Ashley Grace Larson
Seneca High School, Seneca, MO
Obesity is the number one epidemic in adolescents. However, new studies reveal that obesity isn’t the only rising epidemic, sleep deprivation and stress also on the rise in today’s teens. The pur
correlation between sleep and obesity, stress and obesity, and sleep and stress. Three surveys were used to collect data; the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, a stress scale for youth, and a dem
measurements were taken to determine BMI and waisttohip ratio (WHR). Results showed that there is a significant correlation between stress level and hours of sleep. I also found that different
mechanisms. There was some association between sleep and BMI levels. When asked a likert question, “when I am stressed I…” a relationship between stress and eating versus stress and slee
2007 BE048
CIVILIANS VS. THE MILITARY: PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS ON THE PERSONALITY USING NAME ANALYSES
Liesl Anne Swoyer
F. W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, Florida, USA
This project explored the personalities of two populations, military and civilian, with the hope of creating a military database that would identify personality traits to better categorize recruits. The t
differences in their personality traits and to determine the predictability of said traits in each group using name analyses. It was predicted that the civilian population would be consistent with the n
would show different traits than the civilians. A survey was used to collect information on the personality of every subject. Each survey was compared to a controlled name analysis, which descri
their name, to confirm the predictability of personality characteristics. The answers given by the civilian population were compared to those of the military population to determine which traits were
Separate statistical analyses were completed to determine the results of this twopart experiment. Binomial distribution and a bellshaped curve were used in the first analysis. The results of the t
evidence to prove that the Kabalarian’s philosophy of name analysis was true at the five percent (0.05) significance level. A large sample statistical test for the difference between two population
results of the second part of the experiment. The outcome of this test demonstrated that there were not significant differences at the five percent significance level to indicate that civilians and m
emotion, extroversion, and/or procrastination. 
2006 BE048
THE HUMAN MIND AND MATHEMATICS: EXPLAINED THROUGH THE GOLDEN RATIO
Breanna Bounds Johnson
Southridge High School, Beaverton, Oregon
The purpose of this project is to determine whether or not the human mind works mathematically, specifically when performing visual tasks, and if the ability to think mathematically is innate or le
school subjects from a variety of different art, math, and psychology classes took part in a series of tests: the first being to draw a “perfect” rectangle; and the second being to circle the three mo
array of 10 with different ratios. To gather data to support the idea of innate mathematical vision, rather than learned, second graders will also be tested and asked to draw a “perfect” rectangle. Th
students, and those selected was then measured and compared to the Golden Ratio, which has been found to be the most “aesthetically pleasing” of ratios. The data collected from these tests p
degree to which the human mind can see beauty through mathematics—specifically the beauty of the Golden Ration—and therefore the degree to which it is programmed by mathematics. The cu
idea that the human mind has an instinct to see and think mathematically—the ability is already with you at birth, it is not learned, however, further research is being conducted.
2005 BE048
THE EFFECT OF THE "LEARNING BREAKTHROUGH PROGRAM" ON COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
Kaitlin Graff
Henry Clay High School, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
The intent of this study was to determine the effect of the “Learning Breakthrough Program”, a structured cerebellar exercise and sensory integration program, on cognitive subjects randomized in
examine the effects on cognitive performance following a single “Learning Breakthrough” session. Second was the Case Study of a 14 year old boy with AD/HD investigating the effect of a 6 wee
the “Learning Breakthrough Program”. The Group Study results, analyzed with a 2tailed test using SPSS, showed no significant improvements when the experimental and control groups were com
cerebellar function (Finger to Thumb Test), cognitive flexibility (Stroop Test), reading fluency (Modified Analytical Reading Inventory), and handwriting (Woodcock Johnson II ACH) did not demons
Case Study showed significant gains in reading fluency (Woodcock Johnson), fine motor coordination (9Hole Peg Test), and behavior as determined by parent rating (Conners’ Parent Rating Sca
statistically only marginally significant. Limitations of the study include the practice effect for both the Group and Case Studies. This research raises important questions about the possible role o
sensory integration activities and their effect on cognition, academic performance, and behavior. Further largescale studies are recommended to help people with AD/HD and other learning/develo
performance.
2003 BE048
SHAMANISTIC ANIMALS OF THE TOBA INDIANS' COSMOVISION: AN ENDANGERED CULTURAL TREASURE?
Lucrecia Cecilia Teran
Colegio Pablo Apostol, Yerba Buena, Tucuman, Argentina
The cultural richness of the “the Great Chaco” Indians, woke the interest of great number of ethnographs. But up to recent years researchers used oral narrative without considering the complex a
and the damage to the environment. In this project I explore the Shamanistic Animals and their social and cultural importance, and the survival strategies of the Toba (Laaganasik Group), from Ch
 Using the participant observation and the non directive interviews, I reconstructed a great treasure of myths, in which certain animals have a shamanistic role, that make them essential to th
present as contributions to the rescue of the oral literature: a hierarchical system of theophanies and lords of the animals, in three dimensions of the Universe: heaven, earth and water; the relatio
animal figures in taxonomical and ecological backgrounds; the animal parliaments between different myth protagonists species; the taboo and hunt regulations; the identification of messenger bird
process of cultural dissolution, determined by the danger of animal extinction of the focal mythic species. This process is increased by the settling of the Toba Indians in surrounding of big cities.
different community programs to safeguard the culture ethnic richness such as the edition of ethnozoological guides, the rescue of endangered animals and learning service projects. I co
interactions give significance to the plurality of human existence. 
2011 BE048
MOSQUITOES BE GONE!
Ruchi Jayesh Shah
Sachem High School North, Lake Ronkonkoma, NY
Global deaths resulting from mosquito transmitted diseases are on the rise, yet commercial repellants are expensive, harmful to the human body, and often lead to mosquito resistance. Thus, in
mechanisms, an allnatural mosquito repellant was created with ingredients including lime and Azadirachta indica, an indigenous Asian plant. The goal was to create a dual effect repellant that wo
and mask the scent of human perspiration. Human sweat samples were collected on cotton balls through voluntary consent of participants and the samples were initially tested with the mosquito
and designed mosquito chamber. Then, the repellant was sprayed on the most attractive sample and the experiment was repeated. Data indicates that the repellant was so effective that the mos
of the tank in which the samples were placed. The experiment was repeated numerous times with samples from both genders, and the mosquitoes were extremely repelled from the once attractiv
on them as shown by a pvalue of .008. Further testing will be done on a larger sample population and ultimately the repellant will be tested for efficacy versus commercial chemical based repella
created is effective and cheaper, rendering it more accessible to developing nations. These finding arouse both commercial and humanitarian potential as the repellant would be able to prevent m
Second Award of $500 U.S. savings bond AVASCAshtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty Foundation
2004 BE048
THOUTHFUL GESTURES DO HAND MOTIONS AFFECT YOUR MEMORY?
David C. Organiscak
Burkburnett High School, Burkburnett,Tx, USA
The purpose of this project is to determine if memory is improved when verbal communication includes hand gestures. Memory plays a key role in today’s society. Life would be much easier if we
hypothesized that a person will recall more when hand motions are used while speaking. The effect of hand motions on memory was tested by showing subjects two separate video segm
no motions. After the video was viewed, subjects were asked to record as many words as possible. Then the second segment, which contained words with accompanying gestures, was shown.
many words as possible. As a result of this project, I discovered that memory improves when a speaker uses hand gestures. Over the course of the experiment, approximately 83% of t
segment. One thing that I noticed was that the time issue was not a problem. None of the subjects needed the full two minute time period I allotted them for memory recall. My initial hyp
able to recall more information when speech and gestures are combined. Out of the thirtysix subjects tested, thirty recalled more when hand motions were added. Out of that thirty, twentyfive of
with hand motions. An extention to this study could separate subjects according to age groups and gender to see if recall differs with these variables. 
$10,000 per year scholarship, renewable annually Florida Institute of Technology
2011 BE048
MOSQUITOES BE GONE!
Ruchi Jayesh Shah
Global deaths resulting from mosquito transmitted diseases are on the rise, yet commercial repellants are expensive, harmful to the human body, and often lead to mosquito resistance. Thus, in
mechanisms, an allnatural mosquito repellant was created with ingredients including lime and Azadirachta indica, an indigenous Asian plant. The goal was to create a dual effect repellant that wo
and mask the scent of human perspiration. Human sweat samples were collected on cotton balls through voluntary consent of participants and the samples were initially tested with the mosquito
and designed mosquito chamber. Then, the repellant was sprayed on the most attractive sample and the experiment was repeated. Data indicates that the repellant was so effective that the mos
of the tank in which the samples were placed. The experiment was repeated numerous times with samples from both genders, and the mosquitoes were extremely repelled from the once attractiv
on them as shown by a pvalue of .008. Further testing will be done on a larger sample population and ultimately the repellant will be tested for efficacy versus commercial chemical based repella
created is effective and cheaper, rendering it more accessible to developing nations. These finding arouse both commercial and humanitarian potential as the repellant would be able to prevent m
2012 BE048
ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS INFLUENCING POST STROKE RECOVERY
Jessica Sarah Lauren Garrett
Telopea Park School, ACT, AUSTRALIA
This project was undertaken after I observed the colour; pattern and texture of carpets affected the mobility of recovering left hemiplegic stroke patients. It was hypothesized that multicoloured ca
to interpret complex visual input for these patients, as brain damage due to strokes, generally destroys the neuron pathways which interpret vision. This project was undertaken to test th
understanding of this phenomena. A number of recovering left hemiplegic stoke patients and non stroke controls, were selected randomly, and their walking speed and number of steps taken
different types of carpet. The results clearly demonstrated that the carpet design did affect mobility for stroke patients while having no impact on non stroke controls, as was expected. F
reported that they felt confused, dizzy and disoriented on multicoloured carpets, indicating their brains were overwhelmed by the complex visual input that was being interpreted while walking, con
finding is important for therapists and others assisting the recovery of stroke patients. This study is also significant as strokes occur all around the word affecting millions of people. The conclusio
architects when planning floor coverings for hospitals and other public places.
2008 BE048
VIDEO GAMES: THE NEXT GENERATION'S ADDICTION
Ethan Garrett Guinn
Moore High School, Moore, OK
The purpose of the study is to determine if video game addiction is present within our society and to examine the effects it may have on participants. This was studied using a survey created to e
American Medical Association recognized survey to asses gambling addiction. A numerical rubric was created to assess level of addiction. Personal information was also surveyed to examine th
gaming, find evidence of various affects of gaming within the participants’ lives, and to look for personal characteristics that might correlate to higher levels of addiction. Results showed that 69%
female participants showed addiction ranging from borderline to severe. Evidence also indicates that the addiction level is higher at the junior high grade levels, implying that younger age groups a
rate. A few of the negative effects observed included 24% of participants lying to others to play, 24% reported playing resulting in fights with friends and family, 31% reported a reduced productivi
gaming over spending time with family or friends, and 47% reported poor eating habits during gaming. This study indicates an increasing level of addiction to games and negative effects as a resu
video game addiction is an increasing psychological disorder that should be recognized and addressed within our society.
Second Award $1,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health
2003 BE049
CORRELATIONS BETWEEN BRAIN HEMISPHERE DOMINANCE, PRIMARY LEARNING STYLE AND GENDER
Gordon Bradley Simmons
Aldershot School, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
The purpose of this project was to determine if there was a significant correlation between brain hemisphere dominance, preferred learning style and gender. The reason for studying these variable
there is a better way for people to learn. 84 students were tested using a questionnaire that included a brain hemisphere dominance inventory and Kolb’s learning style inventory, and sub
gender. 14 adults were also tested as a control group for the possibility of an age variable. The results were collected and analysed using tools from the “Statistical Package for Social Sciences V
the Pearson product moment correlation with twotailed significance. Both of these are commonly used instruments in the field of statistics. The Pearson correlation tool determines the size and d
crosstabulations assist in graphing any relationship. It was determined that there were no significant correlations between any of brain hemisphere dominance, preferred learning style or g
believe that people cannot easily be classified into particular learning and thinking groups; each student is different. In showing us that each student learns in unique ways, we can infer that the m
should be different. 
2005 BE049
CRYSTALLIZED INTELLIGENCE: BENEFICIAL FOR MEMORY PERFORMANCE IN THE ELDERLY
Menaka Kaur Dhand
Spanish River Community High School, Boca Raton, Florida, United States
Memory activity may deteriorate for those over the age of 55 naturally or due to disease. The purpose of the experiment was to determine factors that may contribute to an enriched ability of reco
essentially concrete information of facts, and education were hypothesized to have an immense effect on memory performance. This project was a data analysis of anonymous archival data colle
other researchers. Data from memory tasks such as story summarizations and vocabulary assessments were analyzed. Data was categorized into two groups: highlevel if the subject received m
level if less than 15 years. Initially, the highlevel group accomplished a score of 68.23, out of 150, on a story summarization whereas the lowlevel group received an average of 53.02. Furthermo
group overpowered the other with the score of 83.60 to 71.73. The data was also categorized into intellectuallyadvanced if the subject scored above 33, out of a maximum 40, on the vocabulary
scores of less than 33. The highlevel group received an average of 65.79 on the evaluation, as opposed to the 55.23 score of the lowlevel. In further tests this group scored a 79.54, greater than
group. Thus, evaluations of scores revealed a positive correlation between crystallized intelligence, education, and memory performance. It was concluded that memory enhancement and mainte
crystallized intelligence.
2004 BE049
FINGERPRINTS: THE CLUE TO I.Q. (PART 3)
Christopher Paul Stanton
Grace Christian School; Tulsa, OK; USA
The purpose was to demonstrate that fingerprint patterns of individuals with autism would vary according to their cognitive abilities. The hypothesis was that individuals with highfunctioning autism
pattern fingerprints than lowfunctioning individuals with autism. Informed consent was obtained from the parents of thirteen children with autism. Subjects were fingerprinted using a stam
Fingerprints were analyzed and identified as loops, whorls, or arches. Parents completed the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) on their child, and subjects were divided into two groups base
consisted of five subjects with highfunctioning autism or Asperger's syndrome and CARS score less than 30. Group 2 consisted of eight subjects with moderate to severe autism and CARS scor
the two groups were compared, using fingerprints expected for the general population as a reference. Group 1 had a 30% increase in loop fingerprints and a 29% decrease in whorl finger
In addition, Group 1 had a 33% increase in loop fingerprints compared to the fingerprints in Group 2. Group 2 subjects had fingerprint patterns similar to the general population. 
functioning autism have more loop pattern fingerprints than individuals with lowfunctioning autism. These findings suggest that predominance of loop pattern fingerprints is associated with better
indicate a better prognosis.
2007 BE049
A DERMATOGLYPHIC STUDY OF AUTISTIC TWIN PAIRS
Derick John StaceNaughton
Robert M. LaFollette High School, Madison, WI, United States of America
Dermatoglyphic variables are markers on the skin, formed during early intrauterine life, from the 7th to 21st weeks of gestation. Because of the embryological linkage of neurological and dermatog
dermatoglyph variables can help determine the abnormalities of intrauterine life that may have affected neurological development (Wolman et al., 1990). Though many dermatoglyphic studies hav
populations, the current literature is inconclusive in terms of the heritability of dermatoglyphic variables. Furthermore, no conclusions can be drawn regarding the validity of dermatoglyphic variable
disorders. This study analyzes the dermatoglyphs, and in particular the palmar ab ridge count, of both monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, in which at least one child had an autism spectrum d
ridge counts, as well as left versus right hand asymmetry counts, were calculated for each twin. Examination revealed no significant relationships between dermatoglyphic variables and the autist
analysis suggests an almost purely environmental basis for autism spectrum disorders.
2009 BE049
THE NUMBER CHART: THE FEASIBILITY OF DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE VISION SCREENING PROGRAM FOR PRE SCHOOL CHILDREN
Benedict Manuel Redublo Priela
Holy Infant Academy, Calapan City, Oriental Mindoro, PHILIPPINES
Amblyopia is the most common cause of vision loss in children.(1,3)It can only be prevented and treated effectively before age 7,(5,12) otherwise the child could become handicapped all his life.(
costeffective screening test for Amblyopia.(16,32)This study therefore aims to develop an efficient vision screening program for preschool children for its early detection. This can be achieved wi
screening device for the preschool age that is accurate, efficient and can be administered even by nonspecialized personnel. The new chart utilized number optotypes that followed the standard
measured monocularly in 90 children aged 4–6 years using both the Number and the Snellen charts from a distance of 20 feet. Results were compared for accuracy (Snellen vs. number), reprodu
vs. left to right), efficiency and ease of use (time consumed to finish each test). There was high correlation of the measurements using the Snellen and Number Chart methods. Accuracy was 89.
eye. Test time was 3040% shorter when the Number Chart was used. Reproducibility of results was very high at 98.8%. Because visual acuity measurements using the Number Chart was fast, a
even by nonspecialized individuals, it can be used as an effective visual screening test for preschool children especially those who could not yet recognize all the letters of the alphabet.
2008 BE049
IS THERE A GENE WHICH INFLUENCES BOTH IRIS MORPHOLOGY AND PERSONALITYRELATED BRAIN DEVELOPMENT?
Cameron Hansen
Carbon High School, Price, UT
This project investigated whether there is a correlation between ocular iris morphology and personality characteristics. Subjects completed the Keirsey Temperament SorterII personality
photographed. The photographs were categorized based on the presence or absence of iris Fuchs' crypts and the presence or absence of iris contraction furrows. Subjects with four or mo
classified as "introverted" and were more likely to be classified as "toughminded" compared to people with fewer crypts. Subjects with zero to three iris crypts were more likely to be classified as
classified as "friendly" compared to people with four or more crypts. Subjects with contraction furrows longer than 1/4 of the iris circle were more likely to be classified as "observant" compared to
with furrows less than 1/4 of the iris circle were more likely to be classified "introspective" compared to people with longer furrows. These associations were found to be statistically significant at
analysis. I conclude that statistically significant correlations exist between iris morphology and personality characteristics. It is possible that these correlations reflect genetic factors whic
eye and the brain. Further research in this area may help us understand human neurodevelopment and psychological development.
2011 BE049
DO DIFFERENT SIZE OF FONTS AFFECT READING RATE?
Daniela Galindo
Shattuck High School, Shattuck, OK
The purpose of this project is to test reading rate with four different font sizes. After doing research, I decided to perform a test to determine whether different size of fonts affected readi
controlled variable because it is the most frequently used font size. Font sizes 8, 18, 20 were also used. The students read 80 word paragraphs taken from the 9th grade Physical Science book. R
compared with a studentt test. The studentt test showed there was not a significant difference with any font sizes at a 95% confidence level. Font size 20 was read the best. The font size 8 was
font size 28 was the least preferred.
2012 BE049
HUMAN OR DOLL?: ANIMACY'S ROLE IN HUMAN RECOGNITION
Patricia Hanus
Hanus Home School, Fremont, NE
Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that impairs social interaction and communication abilities and affects approximately 1:88 Americans. (Baio, 2012) Research indicates that individuals wh
human features as inanimate (i.e. dolllike), when an unaffected individual would perceive them as animate. This study investigates animacy adaption effects using similar faces, dissimilar faces
out a consent and Autism Quotient survey, subjects rated the animacy of faces both before and after adaptation. Additionally, they were tested on biological motion perception, facecar memory,
study also investigates if subjects' perception of animacy in faces is related to how well they remember faces and objects, how well they distinguish faces and objects, and how well they can dist
human motion. Hopefully, this study can provide data leading to a better understanding of how humans perceive animacy and the neural underpinnings of disrupted social perception in autism. Th
is adaptable for similar and dissimilar faces but not for faces that cross the species barrier. A strong correlation was found between animacy ratings and biological motion perception ability, upon
also found between animacy and age. No correlation was found between animacy ratings and performance on face or object memory and perception tasks.
2006 BE049
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN RATIONALITY: A STUDY OF IF AND WHY GENDERS DIFFER IN HOW CLOSELY THEY ADHERE TO THE THEORY OF RATIONAL BEHAVIOR.
Marshall Bradley Everett
Shoals Christian School, Florence Alabama, USA
The Theory of Rational Behavior states that when playing a game, a person (presumed to be rational) will choose the strategy that is best for him and the best response to the strategies of others
because it allows economists to predict how people will respond to a given situation. The study of rational behavior lends itself to trying to understand how different groups of people behave strate
to understand if and why males and females differ in their rational behavior. This was accomplished through experiments with approximately 200 human subjects. The subjects were given two gam
economic game used to estimate the rationality of a participant) and The Risk Aversion Game (a game used to estimate the tendency of a participant to be risk averse). They were also given two
basic questions (age, sex, ACT score), and the other was designed to estimate the concern for fairness the participant possessed. For each participant, the data from the questionnaires and the
data from The Ultimatum Game. The goal was to understand how age, sex, intelligence (ACT), risk aversion, and concern for fairness affected a participant’s strategy (rationality). The conclusion
not affect a participant’s rationality, but intelligence, actual risk taken, and concern for fairness greatly affected a participant's rationality. 
2013 BE049
DIGITIZING MANIPULATIVES WITH RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION (RFID) FOR THE BLIND AND VISUALLY IMPAIRED USERS
Sara Manshad
Arrowhead Park Early College High School, Las Cruces, NM
Abstract This research presents a comparison between traditional classroom manipulatives (MathWindow) against the new radio frequency identification (RFID) digital manipulatives (mag
goals of this research are aimed at allowing the user to quickly, independently and correctly construct numbers, words, and mathematical expressions by putting together and manipulating a set o
reading of Braille. This new set of manipulatives are tracked via an RFID reader and software which attempts to reason with user input. The results of the NASA Task Load Index (TLX), a subject
blind users showed the new RFID digital manipulatives provided users with significantly less workload demand (65%) than traditional manipulatives. Task completion times were significantly faste
manipulatives. The new manipulatives also had a higher accuracy rate (13%).
2012 BE050
MENTAL ACTIVITY AND TIME PERCEPTION
Maxwell Dunbar DeKock
Summit High School, Bend, OR
It has been hypothesized that there are two modes of thinking: System 1, which is fast, automatic, and intuitive, and System 2, which is slow, methodical, and sequential. I tested the hypothesis
time to seem to go by faster than the use of System 2. Fortythree subjects were asked to complete a randomlygenerated computer puzzle twice, once without aid to activate System 2, and onc
1. After playing each game for a set interval, the subjects were asked to guess how long they had been playing. Additionally, their heart rate was measured. Half the subjects were given the Syst
given the System 2 game first. When subjects were using System 1, their average time estimation error was 54.7%, which was significantly higher than 31.6%, the average error using System 2
order that the games were presented in was found to have no significant impact on retrospective time estimation accuracy (Singlefactor ANOVA, p=0.2393). Also, heart rate was not affected by
factor ANOVA, p=0.969).
2008 BE050
ATTENTION: EDUCATION CAN HELP PREVENT THE UREMIC HEMOLITIC SYNDROME
Maira Leonela Arganaraz
Escuela de Comercio "Republica de Panama", Concepcion, Tucuman, ARGENTINA
Globalization pushes us to fast food prepared in big amounts without any kind of quality and health control. Bibliographical investigation and field survey show that UHS has become an e
infection caused by the Escherichia Coli type 0157:H7 in the digestive organs that produces a toxin called verocytotoxin that affects the kidneys. UHS keeps on spreading due to environ
Hygienic Dietary Regulations on the Handling, Manufacturing and conservation of food. Interviews to specialists show that this disease causes high fever, vomit, stomachache, and comp
hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, placket deficiency, coagulation malfunctioning, and unstable neurological signs, causing even the death to children under five. Blood biological tests data (p
anemia levels, high rate of lymphocytes, and creatinine. Urine analysis date reveal the presence of blood and protein. Research show that 60% of the population are unaware of the existe
is caught , 48% point as contagious sources at undercooked meat, raw milk, fruit and vegetables badly washed. 73% ignores the complications. Housewives do not check the expiring date, and t
Dealers and costumers claim that the government should keep control. The evidence gathered keeps us alert and make us hope for the best prevention to defeat UHS Worksho
Dietary Regulations will contribute to prevent the spreading of this disease.
2009 BE050
MUSICAL MICE.
Lori McClannahan
Alamogordo High School, Alamogordo, NM
I like to listen to heavy metal music. My thoughts on how mice perform after listening to different types of music is that those listening to what is considered heavy metal music would be more su
other 2 groups. To study this problem, I took 9 mice. I divided them into 3 groups of three mice each. My control group was subjected to the normal sounds in a day. The second group w
considered relaxing music. The 3rd group was played heavy metal music. Each group was placed in a different room. At a various number of days, I placed them in a maze, one at a time
through the maze. I used peanut butter to urge them through the maze. A veterinarian suggested that I use the peanut butter. The results of my experiment supported my hypothesis:
had the fastest times through the maze. What surprised me was that the mice in the room with the quiet music became very aggressive. They also took the longest time to complete the maze.
2006 BE050
USE YOUR BRAIN TO LOSE YOUR PAIN
Sarah Beth Gillund
Wildrose Alamo Public School, Wildrose, North Dakota, United States
Do people have the ability to control and reduce pain simply by using positive thought exercises and relaxation techniques? For this experiment, two mental exercises were designed to re
relaxation, imagery, and deep breathing, based on present research in related areas. A survey was also formulated containing a universal pain scale to measure how pain was impacted by the po
selected that reported suffering from some sort of pain one or more times a week. The subjects completed the exercises and survey whenever pain occurred. This study revealed that th
rate reducing pain using the exercises. Eleven percent of the time the pain stayed the same, however, the pain never increased as a result of the exercises. 100% of the human subjects reported
during the experimentation period. While Exercise A yielded a 6% percentage of unsuccessful trials, in Exercise B 20% of the trials were unsuccessful. Exercise A was approximately four times
 In conclusion, the exercises demonstrated a plausible alternative to current pharmaceutical methods for reducing pain. This research exhibits very clearly that one has the ability to train their
Further research may shed light on what kinds of pain can be managed best with this method. 
2004 BE050
EYEWITNESSES: CAN THEY BE TRUSTED?
Alyce Lauren Thibodeaux
St. Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
There is good imperial evidence to indicate that the confidence with which eyewitnesses give identification testimony is the single most important quality of testimony in terms of whether participa
correctly identified the perpetrator. The purpose of this experiment is to prove or disprove a certain hypothesis of eyewitness identification. The specific hypothesis being studied is that giving an
feedback will increase the eyewitness’s confidence recollection and lead them to falsely recall other qualities as well. To test this, subjects viewed a video of a man and then had to pick him out
selection, one of three conditions was assigned to them: Disconfirming Feedback, Confirming Feedback or No feedback. They then answered a Questionnaire asking questions about their certain
on. Results from one condition were then compared the results of the other two conditions. It was proved in this experiment that Confirming Post Identification Feedback does in fact yield in the e
confident. The most significant differences in answers were noticed when comparing Confirming Feedback to Disconfirming Feedback; however, significant differences were also noticed in compa
feedback and Confirming Feedback to No Feedback. In conclusion, this study accepts the experimental hypothesis: Confirming Post Identification Feedback results in witnesses recall being mor
actually were at the time.
2013 BE050
THE EFFECT OF EMOTICON STIMULI ON HUMAN FACIAL MUSCLE ACTIVATION AND SOCIAL EVALUATION USING ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC TECHNOLOGY: A NOVEL DETERMINAT
Abigail Claire Orlando
Eastchester High School, Eastchester, NY
When we see another person smiling or frowning, we automatically mime their facial expression. This effect is known as facial mimicry. In digital conversations we tend to use schematic represe
convey emotion. Do we mimic these simulated facial expressions during digital conversation? Phase 1 addressed these physiological responses by recording facial movements while participants
emoticon stimuli. Electromyography (EMG) was used to record minute changes in the electrical activity of select facial muscles. Phase 1 found that there was significant activation of: zygomatic
(p < 0.001); corrugator supercilii when viewing sad emoticons (p < 0.001). These findings led to Phase 2, which asked the question: does the usage of emoticons in digital communication affect o
making? Subjects interacted with four different simulated users via chat windows and then evaluated each on likeability, trustworthiness and compatibility. The users who included emoticons thro
significantly higher (p < 0.001) in all of the aforementioned social evaluation categories. This is the first study to detect physiological responses to the emoticon using EMG and subsequent socia
2011 BE050
GROWING UP 'IN SYNC': CONNECTING A BRIDGE TO AN AUTISTIC MIND'S WORLD
This study investigates the benefits of using a worldclass realtime and filebased digital video system to screen for auditoryvisual integration deficits by determining the temporal integration win
autistic and typically developing children, and to improve speech intelligibility and prosodic processing through audiovideo noise reduction in two dimensional (2D) and stereoscopic three dimensi
highfunctioning autistic children and eleven agematched controls completed auditoryvisual integration tasks incorporated in two innovatively developed software programs presented in 2D and S
synchrony/asynchrony detection of conversational speech associated with signal lead recognition and 2) speech intelligibility and prosodic processing of unimodal and bimodal emotional and non
frequencies. Accuracy and response times were compared, revealing that autistic children, characterized by wider temporal integration windows, did not integrate stimuli as effectively as controls
perception in S3D. Speech intelligibility and prosodic processing decreased for stimuli presented with noise, especially at lowfrequencies. For stimuli without noise at midfrequencies, all subjects
enhanced performances in S3D, for bimodal rather than unimodal inputs, and recognized approachrelated emotions more quickly and accurately than withdrawalrelated emotions. By personalizin
educational and personal environments, the latest digital video technology can improve the lives of typically developing individuals and those with autism and other learning disabilities.
2007 BE050
QUINOLINIC ACID INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY AND THE PROTECTION OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN PLANARIA USING TAURINE
Lacey Nicole Stansill
Seneca High, Seneca, MO, US
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is not curable or reversible. Recent research has shown that the build up of quinolinic acid may be a contributing facto
of this research was to determine if the supplement taurine can prevent neurotoxicity caused by quinolinic acid. To answer this question planaria were first trained to turn opposite of their preferen
both quinolinic acid and taurine to see if the learned response was retained. Results showed that only 10% of the quinolinic acid group retained their memory compared to 45% of the taurine and q
showed that there was a significant difference between the quinolinic acid and the taurine groups, meaning that the taurine acted to protect the planaria’s memory from the neurotoxic effects of th
could used for Alzheimer’s patients to help protect them against neurotoxicity.
2003 BE050
GENDER AND FACULTY PERCEPTION OF ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT
Erin Margaret White
Immaculata High School, Somerville, NJ, USA
The purpose of this research was to determine if the gender of an individual athlete affected the score given by a high school teacher to evaluate an individual's adjustment to adolescent life. Thre
details of an adolescent's lifestyle, were administered to two central New Jersey high schools. The case presented differed only by the gender of the individual. The means of the 30 male case re
responses were not significantly different, but a t test indicated an extremely significant difference between the male case and the 30 female case responses. It was found that high school teache
less adjusted to life based on sex role stereotyping.
2011 BE050
Second Award of $1000 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Sciences IIT College of Psychology
2013 BE050
First Award of $3,000 Behavioral and Social Sciences
2007 BE050
QUINOLINIC ACID INDUCED NEUROTOXICITY AND THE PROTECTION OF COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN PLANARIA USING TAURINE
Lacey Nicole Stansill
Seneca High, Seneca, MO, US
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly and is not curable or reversible. Recent research has shown that the build up of quinolinic acid may be a contributing facto
of this research was to determine if the supplement taurine can prevent neurotoxicity caused by quinolinic acid. To answer this question planaria were first trained to turn opposite of their preferen
both quinolinic acid and taurine to see if the learned response was retained. Results showed that only 10% of the quinolinic acid group retained their memory compared to 45% of the taurine and q
showed that there was a significant difference between the quinolinic acid and the taurine groups, meaning that the taurine acted to protect the planaria’s memory from the neurotoxic effects of th
could used for Alzheimer’s patients to help protect them against neurotoxicity.
2005 BE050
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 5METHOXYN,NDI(ISO)PROPYLTRYPTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN RATTUS NORVEGICUS
Melissa C. Selinger
Wellington High School, Wellington, Florida, U.S.
The intent of this project was to assess the effects that 5MethoxyN,NDi(iso)propyltryptamine hydrochloride (5MeODIPT; "Foxy"), a "designerdrug" rapidly gaining popularity, has on neuropsyc
recreational users. Practically nothing is known about the consequences it will have, as there is currently no published research on this substance. In response to a rapid increase in reported use
has recieved approval to classify 5MeODIPT as a Scedule I drug. Three groups of rats (control, lowdose and highdose) were run in multiple types of training and tests: constantstart
goalrotation testing, and then Greekcross response testing. Use of these spatial and nonspatial tests could reveal what damage the substance may have had on the serotonergic systems. 
control groups were able to learn to master the spatial navigation tests at comparable rates, the performance of the experimental groups were markedly inferior to that of the control animals on a r
lack of flexibility in adapting their responses to changing task demands. Despite the varying dosage of the two experimental groups, they performed very similarly to each other, while both having
as compared to the control group. This could indicate reductions in serotonin activity in the forebrain similar to the effects of studied drugs such as 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA;
act as a serotonin agonist. The resulting data gives some insight to the elusive activities of 5MeODIPT. The developing brains of the rats correlates to the developing brains of young ad
substance. This data should help deter people from using "research chemicals" as a form of recreation, as the longterm effects are still unknown, but the research thus far does seem to indicate
neuropsychological problems in individuals who consume it. 
2011 BE050
2003 BE050
GENDER AND FACULTY PERCEPTION OF ADOLESCENT ADJUSTMENT
Erin Margaret White
Immaculata High School, Somerville, NJ, USA
The purpose of this research was to determine if the gender of an individual athlete affected the score given by a high school teacher to evaluate an individual's adjustment to adolescent life. Thre
details of an adolescent's lifestyle, were administered to two central New Jersey high schools. The case presented differed only by the gender of the individual. The means of the 30 male case re
responses were not significantly different, but a t test indicated an extremely significant difference between the male case and the 30 female case responses. It was found that high school teache
less adjusted to life based on sex role stereotyping.
2005 BE050
AN EXAMINATION OF THE EFFECTS OF 5METHOXYN,NDI(ISO)PROPYLTRYPTAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN RATTUS NORVEGICUS
Melissa C. Selinger
Wellington High School, Wellington, Florida, U.S.
The intent of this project was to assess the effects that 5MethoxyN,NDi(iso)propyltryptamine hydrochloride (5MeODIPT; "Foxy"), a "designerdrug" rapidly gaining popularity, has on neuropsyc
recreational users. Practically nothing is known about the consequences it will have, as there is currently no published research on this substance. In response to a rapid increase in reported use
has recieved approval to classify 5MeODIPT as a Scedule I drug. Three groups of rats (control, lowdose and highdose) were run in multiple types of training and tests: constantstart
goalrotation testing, and then Greekcross response testing. Use of these spatial and nonspatial tests could reveal what damage the substance may have had on the serotonergic systems. 
control groups were able to learn to master the spatial navigation tests at comparable rates, the performance of the experimental groups were markedly inferior to that of the control animals on a r
lack of flexibility in adapting their responses to changing task demands. Despite the varying dosage of the two experimental groups, they performed very similarly to each other, while both having
as compared to the control group. This could indicate reductions in serotonin activity in the forebrain similar to the effects of studied drugs such as 3,4methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA;
act as a serotonin agonist. The resulting data gives some insight to the elusive activities of 5MeODIPT. The developing brains of the rats correlates to the developing brains of young ad
substance. This data should help deter people from using "research chemicals" as a form of recreation, as the longterm effects are still unknown, but the research thus far does seem to indicate
neuropsychological problems in individuals who consume it. 
Award of $1,000 National Academy of Neuropsychology
2013 BE050
2013 BE051
THE EFFECTS OF EQUINEASSISTED THERAPY ON THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF AUTISTIC ADULTS
Sarah Rebecca Ruthen
Briarcliff High School, Briarcliff Manor, NY
Background: Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD’s) are among the most prevalent neurodevelopmental disorders diagnosed in the United States each year. Equineassisted therapy is a treatment s
uses a horse as a modality for the patient to respond to the therapeutic effects of the horse. This study aimed to see if an intervention of equineassisted therapy would improve the social functio
Ten participants with ASD’s engaged in a thirtyminute intervention every Sunday for a period of eight weeks. This intervention included riding and engaging in animal husbandry. The Social Resp
administered pre and post intervention to the guardians of the participants. Results: Participants were observed to have better focus and moods when engaged in riding than when off the
used to analyze the data from the SRS. All participants scored in the severe range during pre and post, indicating severe social impairment. The pvalue was .00001 (p=0.0), indicating a significa
intervention. Conclusions: Equineassisted therapy may have a positive effect on the social functioning of autistic individuals. More comparative research must be conducted with a large
validity of this research.
2012 BE051
BRAIN PLASTICITY: THE EFFECT OF AGE (A THREE YEAR STUDY)
Olivia Albin Dure
Altamont School, Birmingham, AL
The objective of this experiment was to determine if a correlation exists between agerelated differences in plasticity and executive function. In this experiment subjects threw unmarked balls 20 t
throws after putting on Delta25 prism goggles(Test II). The subjects then remove the prism goggles and throw 20 more times (Test III). Throughout this process, the subject remains seated in a c
assess executive functions in these groups, the Stroop test and the Trails test were administered. The Stroop test examines directed attention, while the Trails test assesses taskswitching. The
words, and words written in colors. The subject has 45 seconds to read aloud as many as they can for each part. Scores are recorded by counting the number of colors, words, or colored words r
two parts, the first with encircled numbers distributed across a page, and the second with encircled numbers and letters. The subject connects the circles numerically for Test A and then alternate
in Test B. Analysis of the visualmotor task once again demonstrates a difference in readaptation of the two age groups in Test III. The Trails test results show a statistical difference between the
between the abilities of the age groups in the visualmotor task and the executive function of task switching. The interference score calculated from the Stroop test shows no statistical difference
not only that plasticity and some executive functions vary with age, but also that plasticity correlates to specific executive function development.
2004 BE051
ATTENTION SPAN AND ITS CORRELATION TO DRIVING IN ADOLESCENTS AND SENIOR CITIZENS (THROUGH COMPUTOR PROGRAMMING AND ANALYSIS)
Jordan Andrew Arvan
Wellington Community High School, Wellington, Florida, United States of America
The purpose of this project was both to design an attention span test, and to use this test to see whether senior citizens or adolescents of driving age have greater attention spans and how it rela
hypothesized that the seniors would have a greater attention span than that of the adolescents; however the researcher failed to consider that the reaction times of the two groups greatly differed,
with peripheral vision. The researcher developed a power point presentation modeled loosely off the Conner’s Continuous Performance Test. Twentyfive test subjects from both groups w
each of which contained the same fiftyseven letter arrangement. The latter included both audio and video clips as a means of distraction. The test data revealed little difference between the grou
test showed a great difference between the two, were as the adolescents had a degradation of 4% from the first test the senior citizens had a degradation of 16%. The test results proved the rese
plausible cause could be that the senior citizens did not have attention span problems but had problems with their reaction times or peripheral vision. 
2005 BE051
MAKING OUT THE MEDIA: CHOMSKY'S PROPAGANDA MODEL
William Durland Watson
Arkansas School for Mathematics, Science, and the Arts; Hot Springs, AR, USA
This project is the result of a series of media experimentation on the presence of bias in media sources. The primary goal of the project was to take a large media source and test for the consiste
adhered to Noam Chomsky’s “propaganda model.” By using a large source, like the New York Times, it was determined that an accurate and revealing sample could be obtained. By rese
extensive publications, it was determined that bias could be quantified. Using the country of Colombia as the subject, the archived articles search engine on the New York Times on the Web web
hypothesis was that the “friendly” entity, the Colombian regime, would be given more positive coverage than the insurgents or rebels. The time interval sampled was from January 1, 200
yielded very significant results. Positive news was given in favor of the Colombian government more than any of the other entities, and the hypothesis prevailed 66.734% of the time. Material was
parties, only 29.763% of the time. The contribution of this project is multipurposed. First, it gave clear insight into what sorts of bias Americans absorb on a daily basis. Second, it allowe
U.S. government influences other governments, and our own beliefs. Finally, it provides a platform for future research on the topic of media bias. 
2006 BE051
THE CAPACITY FOR EMPATHIZING AND SYSTEMIZING IN CHILDREN WITH WILLIAMS SYNDROME: IDENTIFYING A COGNITIVE PHENOTYPE
Milan Farrell Satcher
Valley Central High School, Montgomery, NY USA
The capacity for empathizing and systemizing was investigated in children with Williams Syndrome (WS) and typically developing (TD) controls, with all participants of a mental age between 611
hypothesis that the cognitive phenotype of WS correlates with the extreme female brain, which is characterized by superior ability to empathize and inferior ability to systemize when compared to
populations completed the Cambridge Child Personality Questionnaire in reference to their child. Results showed that subjects with WS scored significantly lower on the systemizing questions (a=
controls, while no significant difference for scores on the empathizing questions was indicated between the groups. Despite this lack of statistical significance, a trend within the WS group reveale
“individual” extreme female brain profile: a personally higher aptitude to empathize than systemize. This result, paired with the “typical” ability to empathize in children with WS, challenges previou
cannot understand secondorder belief tasks. Although they test for empathy, secondorder belief tasks are often presented to participants in a sequenced, or systematic format; however, as this
cannot understand such a format due to an incapacity for systemizing. This lack of processing encourages guessing on task questions, which implies lack of theory of mind, a key component of
2007 BE051
HOW SWEET IT IS: THE INFLUENCE OF TASTE PERCEPTION AND SENSITIVITY ON FOOD CHOICE BASED ON TASTE STATUS
Dalene Rene'e Cook
Seneca High School, Seneca Missouri, United States of America
Can the number of taste buds (papillae) you have be a factor in your food choices? Is taste sensitivity linked to the development of obesity? These questions were addressed in this research.
and rated them on a Labeled Magnitude Scale, along with 4 genetic taste strips. Subjects’ tongues were dyed and number of papillae were counted in a 7 mm area to determine their taste status.
them as overweight or obese. All this information was statistically analyzed to determine if there was a link between sweet, bitter and metallic detection, taste status, and obesity. There was no r
and BMI. Bitter and metallic tastes of the taste strips were detected significantly more intensely by tasters. For some sweeteners, the supertasters and tasters detected the sweet taste significan
that, regardless of taste status, it is the detection of bitter and metallic tastes that affected sweetener choice. Implications of this study reveal that taste status affects food choice and ultimately
2008 BE051
ESSENCES OF INTELLIGENCES
Alisa Melekhina
Northeast High School, Philadelphia, PA
The purpose of this project was to determine which of the four current theories of intelligence in the field of cognitive psychology and psychometry —general intelligence factor (measured by IQ te
Intelligence (emphasizes Analytic, Creative, and Practical intelligence), Multiple Intelligences (recognizes 8 intelligences: Linguistic, Mathematical, Musical, BodilyKinesthetic, Spatial, Naturalist
Emotional Intelligence—has the largest positive correlation with students’ PSAT test scores and GPA. A fifth, novel theory of intelligence called Strategic and Tactical Perception based on the ga
was hypothesized that the simulated IQ test will have the largest correlation with PSAT test scores and GPA. Emotional Intelligence will have the lowest and most insignificant correlations with e
procedure included administering the five simulated intelligence tests to a class of 11th graders over a fiveweek period. The results indicated that the most significant Pearson Product
established was 0.665682 between composite PSAT scores and Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test (STAT) scores. Emotional Intelligence did not correlate significantly at all with any test and eve
 Major conclusions found include that the PSAT is most related in format to the Sternberg Triarchic Abilities Test, there is an alarming problem of “inflated” GPAs, introducing chess in th
scores and performance, and Emotional Intelligence correlates negatively with other tests because neurologically, it differs the most from all of the other intelligence theories: Advanced aptitude s
while emotional responses and comprehensions originate in the antiquated Limbic System and Reptilian Complex (RComplex) of the human brain.
2011 BE051
EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS ON ADHD PATIENTS WITH DOPAMINE SUSCEPTIBILITY POLYMORPHIMS AND METHYLPHENIDATE DOSES REGULATION BASED ON MOLECULAR ANALY
Sebastian Patino Valenzuela
Tecnologico de Monterrey Campus Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, MEXICO
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is the current diagnostic for children presenting symptoms of innatention, hyperactivityimpulsivity and a combination of both (Barkley 2006), which
global population (Aguiar et al. 2010). This study present preliminary evidence of association between executive functions of ADHD patients, methylphenidate doses regulation and molecular data
DRD5. It was hypothesized that "there is a high correspondence percentage between ADHD and dopamine susceptibility polymorphisms", and "by making an adequately diagnosis and establishin
there is an improvement on executive functions of ADHD patients." The research included 32 ADHD Mexican patients between 4 to 17 years that were recruited from UMAE Hospital to determine
ADHD and dopamine susceptibility polymorphisms and the relation between patients who predicted or not an adequately response to methylphenidate. The relation between susceptiblitity polymo
determined for 23 patients. So far executive functions (working memory, planning and verbal fluency)were evaluated for 6 patients. The correspondence between ADHD and dopamine polymorphis
their symptoms included on DSMIV criteria. The association of inattention subtype with DRD5 was 100%, to hyperactiveimpulsive with DAT1 was 70% and to combined with DRD4 was 100%. P
an average score in working memory an planning. The major deficit was on verbal fluency. There is a strong genetic component related to ADHD, and patients with specific medication had a mino
executive functioning.
Fourth Award of $100 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
2003 BE051
SOCIAL COGNITION AND JURY BIAS TOWARD THE ELDERLY IN THE COURTROOM A FOURTH YEAR STUDY
Michael Duane Buhrmester
Plano Senior High School, Plano, Tx, USA
This research underscores the problem of juror “bias” and unfair juror treatment of elderly adults in the legal system. This study addressed three questions: 1) are jurors’ explicit (thoughtful, evalua
attitudes consistent with each other, or are some jurors’ implicit attitudes contradictory with their explicit beliefs? 2) which type of attitude, explicit vs. implicit, is more important in determining juro
importance of explicit vs. implicit attitudes in decision making vary according to the type of case/decision that jurors are judging? Onehundred mockjurors (ages 1675; M = 30 yrs.), re
family friends, completed Explicit and Implicit Attitude Measures then read and gave verdict decisions on three summarized mock court cases focused on witness competency, litigant morality, a
respectively. Analyses revealed that: 1) jurors hold two differentiated sets (positive and negative) of explicit attitudes and a more general, single implicit attitude (negative) about the elde
bias against the elderly when witness competency is questioned (verdict 45% for elderly witness vs. 80% for young); however, jurors are also biased in favor of the elderly when witness morality
litigant vs. 30% for young) 3) jurors’ implicit good attitudes predicted their verdicts about witness morality and their explicit competence attitudes predicted their verdicts about witness accuracy.
of differentiated attitude systems (implicit versus explicit) and the biased attitude processing that influences basic decisionmaking. 
2009 BE051
THE EFFECT OF LEARNING MATHEMATICAL PRINCIPLES IN VARIOUS WAYS ON TRANSFER AND APPLICATION TO OTHER PROBLEMS.
Prachi Rajesh Agrawal
William L. Dickinson high school, Jersey City, NJ
Many students understand the concept of what they learn in class, but it becomes a difficult situation when they have to apply that knowledge to other problems. The purpose of this experiment w
mathematical principles is better to transfer and apply the knowledge to other problems. While many schools have incorporated traditional methods (concrete), the students haven’t shown a signif
solving math problems in real life. Therefore learning the non–traditional way (combined / abstract) is expected to be the better learning strategy. The experiment was conducted on 20 hi
abstract, concrete, and abstract and concrete combined instruction lessons and asked to take a test of 20 questions that required them to use the recently acquired knowledge. The results were
average score for the Abstract Way of learning was 65% while the average score for the Concrete Way of learning was 55%. But the average score for learning Abstract and Concrete combined w
Abstract and Concrete learning combined produced the highest transfer of knowledge to the new learning situation than abstract and concrete learning alone. If abstract and concrete are consider
abstract learning better than concrete learning. High school math classes should incorporate more abstract examples in teaching math. Furthermore, a combination of both abstract and concrete
2013 BE052
DYNAMIC FACE PROCESSING IN AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Aspen Kennedy Hopkins
Utah County Academy of Sciences, Orem, UT
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are developmental disorders that cause social impairments, communication difficulties, and abnormal repetitive behaviors, which contribute to difficulties integr
have demonstrated atypical face processing in ASD using either static images (e.g., still pictures) or realtime dynamic video images. However static images present an unnatural condition that is
dynamic images may move too quickly for easy processing in ASDs. This study examined how face processing of adolescents with ASD (ASD group) compared to that of typical adolescents (TY
shown shifted gradually rather than in realtime. It also compared the perceived confidence in the emotion selections of each group. The task examined six emotions—anger, surprise, happy, sad
program called Facemorph, which displayed a series of faces shifting from neutral to emotive. The correct emotions were not noted for each trial. I hypothesized that those with ASD would recogn
better than negative emotions, and that the level of recognition would significantly differ from the TYP group. Final results suggested that the slower dynamic faces were easier to comprehend for
stimuli. Happiness was perfectly recognized by both groups. Surprise, a neutral emotion, was easier for the ASD group to recognize in contrast to the TYP group, while disgust was easier for the
ASD group. The results of the study supported the hypotheses made.
2011 BE052
KUALLI NAKAZTLI
Sofia Isadora Padilla Munoz
Tecnologico de Monterrey, Zapopan, Jalisco, MEXICO
Since musical initiation schools in the Metropolitan Zone of Guadalajara continue using traditional methodologies that are not focused in developing the musical hearing, learners cannot improve i
defined as the ability to identify, classify, and reproduce tuned sounds that allow the development of the musicality, which means, the ability to thrill the audience beyond the score. The musical h
are who seek improve it. A method applied twice a week that consists in twentyfour sessions of forty minutes each one has been designed in order to achieve the musical hearing. The stimulus
the Microtonal System ―proposed by the Mexican composer Julián Carrillo― and music from the TwelveTone EqualTempered System. According to the progress of sessions, the twenty minut
TwelveTone EqualTempered System and Microtonal System varies because increased the time for listening music from de Microtonal System. Children learned to differentiate the tonal microin
differentiate twelve sounds that are in the TwelveTone EqualTempered System. The form of assessment sessions was a rhythmic and melodic dictate that was designed according major and m
each dictate increased as sessions were attended, and learners were capable of attending melodic dictates easily. The sample conformed by 53 children between 8 and 12 years supported that th
them to develop their musical hearing in a 62.4%.
2008 BE052
THE PROBLEM OF "REGIME OF ARTIFICIAL TIME" AND ITS INFLUENCE ON HUMAN HEALTH
Mikhail Yurievich Lobanov
Evening School, Polyarniy, Murmansk region, RUSSIA
The aim of this project is to define the connection between human daily biorhythms and his chronotype with his general state, his ability to work and the functioning of the systems of human orga
«artificial time». The main tasks of project are How does the regime of work and influence health? What is the meaning of human biorhythms and chronotype for his health? Does the regime of «
biorhythms and his chronotype in modern conditions? Yow is it possible to bring daily human biorhythms and chronotype to the correspondence with his regime of work and rest? Methods and wa
analysis of literature; systematization and generalization; survey; practical experiment; observation. At the end of this research work we found that the regime of human work and rest existed in m
time) doesn’t correspond to human natural biorhythms and chronotype and this must be taken into consideration while planning the time for work (study) and for rest.
2007 BE052
ATTITUDES, EXERCISE AND STRESS: A LONGITUDINAL STUDY OF DENTAL STUDENTSYEAR 3
Sarah Tamar Silverstein
Patrick Henry High School, San Diego, CA, USA
Dental school is stressful, but few studies examine factors that can mitigate stress. This longitudinal study tests the hypotheses that positive attitudes and exercise will be associated with lower
amount and sources of stress will change over time. Dental Environment Stress (DES) scale, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and Stress Rating were completed by dental students during
satisfaction, optimism, happiness and exercise were also assessed. Stress had been assessed during each of the two previous years. Data was available for 234 students (142 men, 92 women)
and 3. Life satisfaction, optimism, happiness (ps<.0001) and exercise (ps<.05) were inversely associated with DES, PSS and Stress Ratings. Life satisfaction, optimism and happiness increased
students had more positive attitudes and lower stress. Men, single and younger students exercised more. Stress increased between Years 1 and 3 (ps<.0001 for DES and PSS; p=.048 for Stress
school mirroring changes over time in exercise. Stress from schoolwork was high at Year 1, increased at Year 2 (ps<.01) but decreased at Year 3 (ps<.01). Stress from school atmosphere was lo
(ps<.0001). Positive attitudes and exercise were associated with lower stress suggesting possible interventional strategies to benefit dental students. Stress increased and sources chan
reflects differences in exercise patterns. 
2006 BE052
LISTENING WITH THE EYES: DOES SIGHT FOCUS AUDITORY LEARNING?
Zachary Scott Mace
Parkersburg High School, Parkersburg, West Virginia, United States of America
The purpose of this project was to explore the connection between vision and auditory learning. As stated in the form of the hypothesis: in a lecture/classroom setting in the presence of auditory s
point, the speaker, would improve the retention of the auditory information. This was tested in a classroom setting by presenting two classes with auditory information and then administering a tes
the test was first administered it was readministered in order to test longterm retention. Both sets of data were then compiled in a contingency table. A chisquared distibution analysis was used
of the results in terms of the hypothesis. Because the analysis revoked the null hypothesis, the original hypothesis was supported. Thus, there appears to be a direct connection between sight an
2004 BE052
PLURINEMOCIENCIA
Guillermo Evangelista
C.M.G. "Ramon Castilla", Trujillo, PERU
The present work of investigation of denomindated influence of plurimenemciencia in the learning of the area the science technology and environment of the fourth degree of secondary education.
which will allow the student to learn playing making of this an active entity, and main character of their learning in form singular and social. The problem the prsent work of investigation is
of the plurimnemociencia in the learning of the area science secondary education. The hypothesis is in the learning of the area science technology and environment for the students that are expo
is increaed in more degree that in those that dont' make of the plurimnemociencia. The conclusions is to measure the degree learning of learning of the area science technology and envir
degree. Degree of secondary education of menores, mediate the use of the statistical ones of the text for two socking shows them, decide one could compare the positive influence that has the p
the Plurimenemociencia has an influence degree modernly fuerte in the learning of the area science technology and environment, per the students of the third degree of secondary education.
2003 BE052
THE EFFECTS OF STATEDEPENDENT LEARNING ON FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Gabriella Maria Cane
Saint Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States of America
This experiment tested the theory of statedependent learning, which predicts that students who study and test in the same environment will recall more learned information than those who study
purpose of this experiment was to identify a learning and testing environment that would produce better test scores for students. This study explores the effects of environmental cues, mood, and
of female high school students. Eighty high school students who were in the same environment and mood at encoding and retrieval recalled significantly more information than students in differen
students who were shown visual stimuli recalled significantly more material than students who were shown verbal stimuli. The three factors explored in this experiment(environment, mood, and st
interactions between the factors were insignificant. This happening created an additive effect, which aided in defining a "best" and "worst" case study/test environment. The "best" recall was dem
visual stimuli, were in a moodcongurent condition and were in the same environment while they studied and tested. The "worst" recall was demonstarted when students were exposed to verbal s
condition and were in "different" environments while they studeied and tested. Students who were in the "best" condition during this experiment would have recieved 2 letter grades higher than stu
experiment been an actiual exam or test. The implications of this study can help students and teachers by providing strategies to improve student recall and test scores.
2005 BE052
THE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON PROCAMBARUS CLARKII
Nissa Leigh Schmidt
Merino High School, Merino, CO, United States
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor’s were developed for adults and are regularly prescribed for use in adolescents. In 2004, eleven million prescriptions were issued to children under the age o
determine the effects of antidepressants—specifically Effexor, Strattera and Prozac—on aggression and learning abilities in adult and juvenile crayfish. A total of 40 adults and 36 juveni
was a dominance test. After the initial dominance test, the crayfish were separated and injected for five days. On the sixth day they were put back together to reestablish dominance. The second
through a Tmaze using electric current as a punishment for wrong decisions. It was observed that in the adult crayfish, 50% of the crayfish fought, with 10% of the groups switching dominance.
crayfish fought with 33% of the groups switching dominance roles. In the learning test, Prozac had the greatest effect on learning in both adults and juveniles, with none of the juvenile groups able
maze. This study shows that the SSRI’s, Prozac and Effexor, have the greatest negative effect on aggression and learning. If this project were to be conducted again, several improvem
slightly larger juvenile crayfish as well as excluding Strattera from the study since no definite effects were noticed. 
2012 BE052
QUANTIFYING IMPLICIT STEREOTYPES THROUGH THE COGNITION OF AMBIGUOUS SPEECH ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL MEANINGS
Nicholas Joseph Corpuz
Academy for Math Engineering and Science, Murray, UT
Unlike many creatures verbal language is our species most basic form of communication. The ability to verbally exchange information and have what you articulate be fully understood is a fundam
impacts almost every social interaction. Recent studies have shed light on the brains astonishing ability to predetermine a person’s sex, age, and race through incredibly minute variations in spee
Unfortunately, this reflexive ability all too often culminates in what is called linguistic profiling, or the subconscious profiling of an individual based off of these small elements in speech which are
Countless cases of minorities being denied loans, apartments, and job interviews because attributed to speculated prejudices formed simply by “ethnic” sounding voices. Thusly, it is imperative t
speech and its subsequent effect on the mind is understood, so that it may be combated. This study sought to determine how linguistic profiling influences the minds perceived ability to
ambiguous computer generated speech sample, devoid of racially differentiating factors, would be perceived differently simply because it was associated with contextually significant images. Tes
sample was very dependent upon the subjects race. Variables are believed to makeup a hierarchy of effects, wherein accuracy is most affected by factors such as race and home langu
parental education take effect.
2009 BE052
SOCIOECONOMICS AND PUBLIC EDUCATION: AN EXAMINATION OF FACTORS AND POLICIES THAT NARROW THE ACHIEVEMENT GAP
Jonathan Dean Loucks
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL
The institution of national education standards in 2001 through No Child Left Behind, has sparked great and ongoing controversy among many teachers and administrators. For opponents, the prim
achievement is unlikely, if at all possible, with students belonging to certain demographics. This investigation sought to challenge this idea, asserting that all students can become successful lea
Research, like that conducted by Rothstein (2004), has revealed that many schools can overcome their low performance disposition if certain factors within the school, and even more importantly
accommodated for. Studies have found that lowincome, high performing schools often have exceptional community support programs, applicable professional development opportunities for staff
leadership. This investigation has confirmed previous studies by finding that approximately 75% of the variation in the percentage of students meeting standards can be accounted for by quantita
budget distributions, etc.), leaving the other 25% to likely be accounted for by qualitative variables. These results can be used by administrators to evaluate applications to their current systems a
overall improvement in the public school system.
2005 BE052
THE PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ANTIDEPRESSANTS ON PROCAMBARUS CLARKII
Nissa Leigh Schmidt
Merino High School, Merino, CO, United States
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor’s were developed for adults and are regularly prescribed for use in adolescents. In 2004, eleven million prescriptions were issued to children under the age o
determine the effects of antidepressants—specifically Effexor, Strattera and Prozac—on aggression and learning abilities in adult and juvenile crayfish. A total of 40 adults and 36 juveni
was a dominance test. After the initial dominance test, the crayfish were separated and injected for five days. On the sixth day they were put back together to reestablish dominance. The second
through a Tmaze using electric current as a punishment for wrong decisions. It was observed that in the adult crayfish, 50% of the crayfish fought, with 10% of the groups switching dominance.
crayfish fought with 33% of the groups switching dominance roles. In the learning test, Prozac had the greatest effect on learning in both adults and juveniles, with none of the juvenile groups able
maze. This study shows that the SSRI’s, Prozac and Effexor, have the greatest negative effect on aggression and learning. If this project were to be conducted again, several improvem
slightly larger juvenile crayfish as well as excluding Strattera from the study since no definite effects were noticed. 
2012 BE052
QUANTIFYING IMPLICIT STEREOTYPES THROUGH THE COGNITION OF AMBIGUOUS SPEECH ASSOCIATED WITH VISUAL MEANINGS
Nicholas Joseph Corpuz
Academy for Math Engineering and Science, Murray, UT
Unlike many creatures verbal language is our species most basic form of communication. The ability to verbally exchange information and have what you articulate be fully understood is a fundam
impacts almost every social interaction. Recent studies have shed light on the brains astonishing ability to predetermine a person’s sex, age, and race through incredibly minute variations in spee
Unfortunately, this reflexive ability all too often culminates in what is called linguistic profiling, or the subconscious profiling of an individual based off of these small elements in speech which are
Countless cases of minorities being denied loans, apartments, and job interviews because attributed to speculated prejudices formed simply by “ethnic” sounding voices. Thusly, it is imperative t
speech and its subsequent effect on the mind is understood, so that it may be combated. This study sought to determine how linguistic profiling influences the minds perceived ability to
ambiguous computer generated speech sample, devoid of racially differentiating factors, would be perceived differently simply because it was associated with contextually significant images. Tes
sample was very dependent upon the subjects race. Variables are believed to makeup a hierarchy of effects, wherein accuracy is most affected by factors such as race and home langu
parental education take effect.
2003 BE053
MUSICAL NUMBERS: A NEW MATH
Alicia Marie Baumgartner
Strasburg Public, Strasburg, North Dakota, United States
The objective of this project was to teach second graders new "numbers" and mulitiplication facts through the use of music. To see if a different portion of the brain could also be stimulated by th
come up with 10 imaginary "numbers" to accompany ten musical notes.The students were then divided up into two groups. One group was taught the "numbers" just by looking at them. The othe
music. The students were taught the numbers and asked to recall them. For the group with music, the note was played while the student tried to recall the number. The "numbers" were then multi
made. The students were taught the mulitiplication facts and asked to recall them. For the group with music, the equation and answer were played while they were being taught. When asked to re
For this round the students were timed. Finally, all of the mulitiplication facts were written out. The students were asked to complete as many as possible and were given as much time as needed
round. All of the students were under the same conditions. Again they were timed and mistakes were recorded. It is concluded that the different portion of the brain again made that conn
gap between the memory and mathematical parts of the brain.
2005 BE053
THE EVOLUTION OF WRITTEN LANGUAGE
Anna Elizabeth Stalker
The Altamont School, Birmingham, Alabama, The United States of America
This project was designed and conducted to discover the processes that allow humans to translate the spoken sounds of language into the written symbols of an alphabet. It was theorized that v
mouth during articulation) and auditory sensory input (the sound of the utterance) played a primary role, as well as tactile input (functioning mixed with visual and auditory input as whether the utte
sharp objects look or feel like, or how it feels to pronounce the utterance). A tripart written test was designed to administer to subjects that asked them to associate spoken sounds and written sy
sound, and pronounce symbols created by the researcher. The results were then compared to discover common patterns. The experiment showed that subjects associated the sounds and symbo
accordance with the theorized articulation representation rules. The symbols created by subjects in response to the sound in the second section were all similar and followed the same rules as th
symbols in the third part were also similar and followed the same rules. In conclusion, the hypothesis was accepted in every facet; written symbols are created using combinations of auditory, vis
following predictable rules.
2007 BE053
THE COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF VACCINIUM CORYMBOSUM ON MUS MUSCULUS ANTIOXIDANTS: BERRY A"MAZE"ING?
Alison Rae Ficek
Trinity High School Dickinson, ND 58601 USA
The purpose of the conducted experiment was to determine whether antioxidants found in Vaccinium corymbosum have a beneficial effect on human memory. Vaccinium corymbosum is said to b
to determine if there was truth to this topic or if the blueberry industry was exaggerating to promote consumers to buy their berries. During a fiveweek trial period, forty Mus musculus w
musculus were divided into two groups of twenty: a control and an experimental group. Each Mus musculus was marked for identification purposes. The control group consisted of a strict grain di
grain/blueberry diet throughout the five week experiment. At the end of each week, each Mus musculus was weighed and put through a maze trial. Times and observational data were recorded.<b
blueberry/grain fed Mus musculus would have higher performances in cognitive tasks in comparison to the strict grain diet group. Due to male aggressiveness, I also hypothesized that the male g
quickly and efficiently than the female Mus musculus. Both hypotheses were rejected. The grain fed Mus musculus had quicker trial times than the blueberry/grain fed Mus musculus. The female
the male Mus musculus. I wanted to determine if there was a significant difference between the control and experimental group. By calculating a statistical Ttest, I found that there was marginal
2008 BE053
INFLUENCE OF INCORPORATION OF WOMEN CADETS ON THE CORPORATE IMAGE OF THE MILITARY SCHOOL, GRAN MARISCAL, RAMON CASTILLA, TRUJILLO
Kervin Perez Infantes
establishing the influence that has been generated from these new changes or new systems in the corporate image, determine what these factors change, from the possible reasons until aware o
and he publicly external (parents) on the incorporation of women cadets at the formal education system in the Military College "Grand Marshal Ramon Castilla," and that will be the reason for the
made more effective plans and efforts in the organization. the problem:What difference Enactment of women cadets at the Military College of Corporate Image "Grand Marshal Ramon C
 The incorporation of women cadets influences positively in the Corporate Image of the Military College Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla Trujillo. The investigation has been carried
investigation simple,for the preparation of the survey produced a quetionnaraire, universe study of 172 cadets and parents. The coclusions is: As for his image attributes noted for its aca
leadership. The incorporation of women in the military college has meant changes in the treatment of a cadet, interpersonal relationships and discipline, but they are regarded as positive
level of image (the largest concentrated in qualifiers Fine and good). The process of the investigation that was carried out in this paper allows us to confirm our hypothesis so we can sa
school has been completed successfully and positively on the image perceived by their public key and cadets parents.
2009 BE053
RECREATING THE ENGLISH ALPHABET AND STUDYING THE REPLICATION OF SYMBOLS
Paul Julius Martinez
My experiment was intended to see if I could recreate the English alphabet from the Phoenician alphabet. I wanted to find out why each letter was the shape that it was, i.e., why A=A, B=B, etc.
Phoenician alphabet. Each person would copy what the last person wrote, so any small mistakes would become permanent, simulating changes over long periods of time My first trials w
symbols actually turned into English letters. Trying to understand what caused my experiment to not be a success, I planned a secondary experiment that would test two possible conditions whic
original experiment. I wanted to test the influence of the complexity of the symbols, which I tested by using simple symbols such as circles or squares, and the influence of the level of familiarity
which I tested by using English letters. After completing my second experiment, its results explained the unsuccessful results of my original experiment. Both the simple shapes and the
The actual evolution of the alphabet took place with people who actually understood it, while my experiment used people who saw the symbols as completely foreign. In order to find a better answ
experiment I would have to adjust the conditions to counteract the poor influences that I tested for in my second experiment.
2011 BE053
MICROCREDITS, ECONOMY OF EFFERVESCENCE
Magdaly Esther Santillanez
Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Sinaloa, Plantel 21, Dr. Genaro Salazar Cuellar, Guamuchil, Salvador Alvarado, Sinaloa, MEXICO
Latin America and The Caribbean form the most unequal region on the World (United Nations Development Program). In Latin America one of every six people depend of a Social Assistance Prog
the poverty there are Government Social Programs and Microcredit; however, in five years the seventy five percent of MSMEs disappear and the poverty is increasing. The project is based in the
Yunus, the research of Larissa AdlerLomintz, concerning at Marginality in Mexico and the concept of poverty by Amartya Sen. Initial hypothesis: “The Microcredits are better than the Governmen
Objectives: Show the influence of the Poverty Vicious Circle in the family, find out the characteristics of a Social Network for an efficient microenterprise and develop a Microfinance Institution M
the failure of MSMEs. The methodology base is hybridation, through three sectors: individual, social and institutional. Activities: Apply surveys to marginalized people, interview to population, obs
benefits of Government Social Programs, create a newspaper archive, build a Social Network, spread the knowledge socially: Regional diffusion in public places, start up the third objective (pilot
poor people (based on Liebowitz scale). Material: stationery articles, books, computer programs, magazines and newspaper. Results: New research in the analysis of poverty in a diversified socia
database bank (available online) and start the pilot project.
2012 BE053
THE STUDY OF ACOUSTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF PERCUSSION INSTRUMENTS THAT ELICIT AVOIDANCE BEHAVIOR OF RATS
Su Wan No
Seodajeon High School, Daejeon, Daejeon, SOUTH KOREA
This research started as I looked for ways to drive away rats that carry infectious diseases and cause social and economic damage without using mouse poison or mousetraps. In the course of t
avoidance behavior, specific percussion instruments were found to be effective in stimulating rats. Therefore, it was thought necessary to analyze what would cause such behavioral pat
physiological changes. Also, the acoustic features of the instruments to which rats showed the strongest responses were examined to find out the most important aspect of the sounds that cause
results, the instruments were divided into two groups of fixedpitch and unfixedpitch percussions, and with software the features and proper tones were analyzed. Also, rats were exposed to artifi
features to the percussion sounds and the results were compared. ECG tests were given to check if the percussion sounds had caused rats physiological changes. Rats showed strong
unfixedpitch like a tambourine, a triangle and sleigh bells, but showed little or no reaction to those with fixedpitch like timpani, a marimba and a vibraphone. In crossover experiments showing pr
that rats avoidance behavior was elicited by the acoustic features of the instruments, not by the visual effects. Artificial sounds didn't seem to make rats react. In the ECG tests, the rat's heart ra
 In conclusion, a very effective and powerful tool can be made if a soundgenerating device with the same effect as unfixedpitch instruments can be developed. Also, a more accurate an
hormone is studied along with electrophysiological research using brainwaves. Furthermore, by tracing physiological changes in the rats under the stress of noise, an objective verification can be
feasibility of noise pollution causing stress to human and livestock.
2013 BE053
GREENECHO
Claude Naiim Boueri
Antonine Sisters School, Beirut, LEBANON
In the era we live in, life revolves around social Medias that reflect the echo of the communities around the globe. People use their computers; work their phones and tablets daily talking about an
purpose of socializing. So I thought why not use these portals and social Medias to help providing solutions for our environment daily problems and dilemmas. Hence the idea to create G
is to approach all the environmental issues through the shares and exchanges about specific subjects. Create discussions and initiatives that will help answer and resolve any type of environmen
through our active users and professionals. GREENECHO.ORG is divided in both a web portal and social media. The web portal will hold passive sections with links to articles, p
media part will be more interactive where users can share opinions, ask questions, look for help, share inventions, ideas, etc… In order to achieve the above, we had to buy the domain a
of the website, gather data, select the best friendly format to present it. Select colors, work on graphic, finalize the site and publish it. I also searched for the best social engine available in the ma
feel and look and the user’s needs for best interaction. Once the above is achieved, “GREEN ECHO” will become the best portal to turn too in order to find all the information needed abou
2013 BE054
LEARNING COMPREHENSION THROUGH AUDITORY AND VISUAL PRESENTATION
Jane Irene Merrick
South Burlington High School, South Burlington, VT
The project’s purpose was to find whether the presentation of a short story through hearing (audio recording) or sight (text slides) provided better learning comprehension. The experiment
variable being the presentation form and the dependent variable being survey results. The control group was given text slides to read with the audio recording, meaning the control group was expo
second group was given only the audio recording to listen to. The last group was given just the text slides. After watching or listening to the story participants of each group were asked to fill out a
concerning learning comprehension, and one question asking for the participant’s gender. The surveys were scored (one point for each correct answer). Surveys with the highest score showed wh
effective. Results show that the group with both presentation styles scored the highest. This test appealed to both auditory and visual learners. The T test showed that the difference betw
visual presentation (with auditory scoring higher) was not statistically significant. Furthermore, although females scored higher than males in both just visual and just auditory presentation, only th
statistically significant. Males, although scoring slightly higher on the combination presentation but not statistically significant enough, preferred the presentation of both audio and video.
2012 BE054
FACE OFF: A COMPARISON OF THE PERCEPTION OF NEUROTYPICAL AND AUTISTIC INDIVIDUAL WHEN DETERMINING FACIAL EMOTION
Mattlyn Reed Dragoo
The purpose of this project was to determine the strategies used by people with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) individuals to determine emotions in faces, and whether th
exaggerated levels of emotion. Due to the mouth’s obvious and varied movements, I hypothesized that if subjects are exposed to numerous depictions of standard emotions, and are asked to se
most realistic from a pair, then those with ASD will be more likely to choose the exaggerated facial expressions. If subjects are exposed to numerous pictures incorporating a mixture of two differ
will be more likely to reply on the lower part of the face, as opposed to the upper, for their selection. Subjects were given tests that would determine the approach they took when decidin
tests were then used to further analyze the tactics NT and ASD individuals use to perceive emotions. A large percentage (85%) of the people with Autism Spectrum Disorder tended to choose ex
typical individuals scored roughly equally across the board. There was no noticeably significant difference in the strategy (upper/lower face) used by neurotypical subjects for determining facial e
Autism Spectrum Disorder tended to rely more heavily on the lower half of the face.
2008 BE054
HANDICAPPED SMART HOUSE
Mohammad Ghazi Issa
Rafic Hariri High School, Saida, South, LEBANON
The system aims to control and manage the electric appliances by pc and voice commands. It turns on or off electric appliances either by pc or by voice commands; it also manages the time for
It also gives us a checking on what is turned on and what is turned off. The system helps blinded people, handicapped people, and it also easies the control of electrical devices.
2005 BE054
TUNE INTO TOUCH! DO WE RELY ON OUR OTHER SENSES TOO MUCH? TACTILE DISCRIMINATION OF STIMULI
Alison Rae Ficek
Trinity High School Dickinson, ND United States
The purpose of my project was to determine how well human individuals could develop their sense of touch, without relying on their other senses. This process included a method called tactile dis
the sense of touch to determine the differences between objects. My first hypothesis is that there will be a significant difference between male and female touch perception, based on the discrimi
significant difference between male and female touch perception, I will calculate a t statistic test. I feel that the group of females that I will test will have better tactile perception, compared to the
human subjects develop their sense of touch, the ability to discriminate tactile stimuli will progressively get easier. I designed a display board for experimentation. This featured a human
which contained stimuli. Forty eight human subjects were seated and blindfolded. They were tested on discrimination of stimuli. Test stimuli varied through size, texture, and shape. Comments an
sheets. After analyzing experimentation data, I came to two conclusions. The males I tested had an eight percent higher score, than the females. By calculating a t statistic test, I have
perception were NOT significantly different. Therefore, my hypothesis was rejected. Tested participants sense of touch seemed to be enhanced as tactile learning levels progressed. Therefore, m
 
2003 BE054
"NOVEL TEACHERS BEFORE THE SCHOOL TORMOIL"
Maria Valeria Leyes
Instituto Nuestra Senora de los Angeles, Concordia, Entre Rios, Argentina.
The objective of this research is to know what the role of initial training is in novel teacher’s flexibility of adaptation to the present situation of social turmoil The hypothesis of this work pr
prepared to adapt to the present social turmoil, since nowadays, techers perform their work in deplorable conditions: Low salaries, environments of meager school infrastructure, scarce material re
exhaustion and accumulation of demands made onto them, changes in the teacher’s role. The theoretical framework provides the categories of analysis on which the methodological per
quantitative techniques are based. The data gathering instruments of these techniques are opinion polls and school biographies requested to highschoo teachers of the city of Concordia. Howeve
SIGNIFICANT, in other words, that it be carried out through the selection and intensive study of a few rich cases to generate hypothesis and theories. The analysis performed makes it p
uncertainty teachers perceive brings about the lack of motivation, the lack of facilities needed to find a modus vivendi in schools, the lack of basic materials for teachers, the violence in schools,
stronger pressure, and their need of facing up with new challenges for which they have not been prepared. 
2009 BE054
BRAINDERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR VAL66MET POLYMORPHISM DIFFERENTIALLY AFFECTS REGIONAL CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
Katherine Grace Nabel
National Cathedral School, Washington, DC
Hypothesis and Background. Brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), the most abundant secreted protein in the central nervous system (CNS), influences neuronal growth, development, and ne
Methionine (Met) in the BDNF gene at codon 66 is associated with increased anxiety, depression, and other mental disorders. We hypothesized that Met carriers, compared to the more common
taskdependent neural activity in working memory and basal resting network using a noninvasive imaging technique. Methods. 71 healthy agematched Caucasians of known BDNF gen
following IV bolus of H215O while engaged in memory or control tasks. Using special computer programs, I analyzed these images and defined statistically significant changes in regional cerebra
Analysis of the working memory data showed increased rCBF for Met carriers in the right hippocampus (p < 0.001). During rest, they showed increased rCBF in bilateral hippocampal and parahipp
homozygotes (p = 0.01). Thus, specific differences were observed in rCBF at rest and after 14 memory tasks depending on the BDNF variant. Conclusions. BDNF genotype affects the d
especially to the hippocampus and parahippocampus. The Met variant associated with neurological disorders showed heightened responses in association with a mental task and at rest. Our data
role in the development of psychiatric disorders, and the Met BDNF may also represent a target for therapeutic intervention.
Second Award of $500 U.S. savings bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty (AVASC) Foundation
2007 BE054
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO GAME EXPERIENCE ON LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY PROFICIENCY
Mark A. Vitale
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
This study determined whether videogamers are more proficient at learning laparoscopic surgery than nongamers. The hypothesis was that video gamers would be more proficient at laparoscopi
of the dexterity, understanding 2D visuals in a 3D manner, handeye coordination, and ability to use a video screen effectively learned from videogames. Subjects were asked to fill out a
video game usage. An equation was created to determine the “gamer” level of a subject. Subjects were tested on the SZABOBERCISACKIER laparoscopic trainer. Three skill sets created spec
subject’s skill in laparoscopic surgery. Proficiency was measured using time taken to complete the skill sets. Twentyseven subjects were tested. The average nongamer took 5:28 minu
took 5:01 minutes, frequent gamers took 3:37 minutes, and average extreme gamers took 3:20 minutes. The data collected in this study support the hypothesis that videogamers are mo
There was a strong negative correlation between skill set completion speed and gamer score. The results were subjected to multiple tests of statistical significance all of which supported the hyp
2011 BE054
THE EFFECT OF EAR DOMINANCE ON OBJECT LOCALIZATION AFTER AUDIOVISUAL CONDITIONING
Nadege Giraudet
Institute for Collaborative Education, New York, NY
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate aspects of the relationship between ear dominance and visual perception. Research suggests that audio and visual stimuli are process
space perception. To what degree the brain depends on hearing for space perception has not been established and little investigated. This experiment attempts to draw connections between audit
the specific link between the lateralization of hearing and object localization (a subject’s ability to locate shapes on a computer screen) after conditioning. Building on recent research on e
handedness and family traits, this experiment tested how these variables and others changed a subject’s ability to visually localize shapes. Fifty volunteers (ages 10 to 59) were first exp
make them associate a triangle and a square with distinct audio tones. Two equal groups were then formed and exposed to a video with (for the control group) or without (for the variable group) an
evaluated on their ability to successfully situate the triangle. Though the data doesn’t establish conclusively the nature of the links between ear dominance and object localization, the stu
uncovering questions surrounding lateralization. Data analysis points to handedness and gender differences and to the possible presence of a group of superlocalizers in the population. Language
a person’s performance in the test.
2007 BE054
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO GAME EXPERIENCE ON LAPAROSCOPIC SURGERY PROFICIENCY
Mark A. Vitale
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
This study determined whether videogamers are more proficient at learning laparoscopic surgery than nongamers. The hypothesis was that video gamers would be more proficient at laparoscopi
of the dexterity, understanding 2D visuals in a 3D manner, handeye coordination, and ability to use a video screen effectively learned from videogames. Subjects were asked to fill out a
video game usage. An equation was created to determine the “gamer” level of a subject. Subjects were tested on the SZABOBERCISACKIER laparoscopic trainer. Three skill sets created spec
subject’s skill in laparoscopic surgery. Proficiency was measured using time taken to complete the skill sets. Twentyseven subjects were tested. The average nongamer took 5:28 minu
took 5:01 minutes, frequent gamers took 3:37 minutes, and average extreme gamers took 3:20 minutes. The data collected in this study support the hypothesis that videogamers are mo
There was a strong negative correlation between skill set completion speed and gamer score. The results were subjected to multiple tests of statistical significance all of which supported the hyp
Second award $350 Psi Chi, The National Honor Society in Psychology
2003 BE055
HIDDEN INSTINCT
Ben Jacob Novak
Alexander High School, Alexander, ND USA
There are many questions about the way evolution works. Does natural selection strive for the most suitable physical characteristics? Or does it strive for the most efficient behavioral characteris
characteristics passed on genetically generation after generation like physical characteristics? There is a theory to explain the answer to these questions. It is the theory of hidden instinct. It prop
genetically, and if the behaviors of the ancestral species are not needed in a particular descendent species, the behaviors stay hidden in the genetics and can, in later evolved species that have
once again. This suggests that evolution and natural selection are pushing for the best suitable psychological traits for species survival, not only the physical traits that accompany the psycholog
an experiment has been designed to observe the behavior of planarians, animals with very simple and primitive brains. This is important because planarians would make the base of the behaviors
planarians are tested in wild and domestic habitats to observe if there is a hidden set of behaviors not expressed by the worms in a the wild. These behaviors are examples of ³hidden instincts². T
behaviors of more advanced animals, offering proof for behaviors being genetically passed on from primitive species to more advanced species. This evidence would provide the substantial proof
of evolution. 
2008 BE055
THE FAMILY GETS BIGGER
Leticia Mabel Dominguez
Escuela Normal Superior "Republica Oriental del Uruguay", Colon, Entre Rios, ARGENTINA
This project start when problem came up due to the observation of a drastic population increase in this city in the last 10 years. The initial idea was to explore some growth indicators, and if it wa
composition and location. Due to the lack of official data, it was decided to take a sample of the downtown and suburb as universe, choosing two streets by neighborhood at random. Dat
person with permanent housing. The inhabitants had to be living in the city for 10 years or less. 548 homes were interviewed. 77 of them were home of new inhabitants, and had 287 peo
lived 1681 people, that had been living in the city for more than ten years. After data analysis was complied, it was found that 14,58% of the people were living in this town for 1
from Capityal City. The new inhabitants didn’t distribute homogeneously in the city, and important differences were noticed according the area.Taking into account as analysis axis the space loca
composition and location patterns. This project aim is to contribute to a better urban and architectonical planning of the town community.
2009 BE055
DOES INDIVIUDALITY IN TEACHING STYLES POSTITIVELY AFFECT STUDENT CONCEPT MASTERY?
Cole Christopher Allick
Staint John Public High School, Saint John, ND
A. Are any two people in the world exactly the same? If that were the case, then wouldn't the world be a lot easier to work with? We could set standards that everyone would afree with because w
however, that is not how life works. B. If no two people are the same, why do we use one standard teaching style for all students in a classroom? This practice has resulted in an educati
students passing as there should be. C. I took it upon myself to attempt to find a method of teaching that would be more beneficial to all students in a classroom. I produced a test that w
style. After determning an individual's style, I incorporated their strongest style as I taught them a new concept. I quizzed them on the concept and compared the results to students who were tau
Seven out of nine students scored higher than the average score of an individual from the control group on their quiz. 100% of each learning style group's average score was higher than the contr
 E. In conclusion, I determined that to be a successful teacher, one must ahve each tupe of style highlighted in their teaching practices. Also, a greater number of successful students can be
by individualizing our teaching methods.
2012 BE055
INVESTIGATING THE USE OF HOLISTIC COMPUTER GAMES AND HEMISPHERIC DOMINANCE IN MUSIC EDUCATION: A NOVEL APPROACH TO PITCH INSTRUCTION
Victoria Rose Robinson
Hemispheric dominance is generally not observed in the classroom. Most teaching methods do not effectively teach students with rightbrain tendencies. As a result, the leftbrain students exper
brain peers fall behind (Gould, 2009). Even in the elementary music classroom, rightbrain students may not be addressed to the extent necessary to encourage equal learning. 
students because they encourage right hemisphere usage (Lin FL et al, 2010). Because rightbrain students tend to think on a more holistic level, the computer game designed for this experiment
consultant with specifications so as to address this aspect. Students were given tests to approximate their hemispheric tendencies as well as their abilities to match pitch. Following these tests,
classroom to be taught using traditional methods, while the experimental group played the holistic computer game. After the students’ differing lessons, the vocal match test was again administer
improvement. The rightbrain students in the experimental group responded more positively to the holistic computer game. It was shown, overall, that the holistic computer game caused
most of the subdivisions within the experimental group. Leftbrain students and students with visual tendencies, however, did not respond as hypothesized. The students with auditory tendencies
improvement than the students with visual tendencies. Further research may reveal new alternative teaching methods that promote holistic learning. These methods may be implemented on a mu
2007 BE055
CONTEXT NOT CONTENT: AN FMRI STUDY ON CATEGORICAL RESPONSES IN THE HUMAN BRAIN
Sophia Ariella Porrino
Bergen County Academies, Hackensack, NJ, USA
The degree of functional specialization in the brain is not well understood. The fusiform face area (FFA) and parahippocampal place area (PPA) are two brain regions that have been implicated in
places, respectively. When making specificity arguments, however, it is crucial to realize that images of faces and places differ on more dimensions than solely content. For example, specialized
in eye movements, predictability, familiarity, or the salience or attentional load of the stimuli. I used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to determine if activity in the PPA can be modu
than solely by changes in content. By creating images of standard faces, unusual faces, standard buildings and unusual buildings, I was able to pair two sets of stimuli in various arrangements a
active during which conditions. Although I determined that activity in the PPA can be explained by neither changes in attentional load nor by oculomotor processes, I discovered that the presence
powerful contextual changes. In fact, large contextual changes result in shifts in functional specificity. Specifically, the FFA loses sensitivity to place stimuli and the PPA gains sensitivity to plac
changes. This type of plasticity suggests that individual brain regions can adapt their functionality to different situations and that holistic context is indeed more important than content. The power
may well be a general mechanism that operates throughout the entire brain in addition to the visual cortex. Furthermore, this discovery lends insight into improved neurosurgical fMRI procedures a
location during security or combat operations.
2011 BE055
A BIG FAT DEAL, PHASE II: FAT TALK, BODY SATISFACTION, AND PERCEPTIONS OF MEDIA IMAGES
L. Elisabeth Burton
Fat talk (Nichter, 2001) includes negatively talking about dieting, weight, and body image. Fat talk is a relatively new concept in literature. I was unable to find any published studies that explore t
media images, fat talk, and body satisfaction. My hypothesis was: girls who perceive media images as attainable and “real” are more likely to engage in fat talk and have lower body sati
distributed a survey to 47 girls ranging in age from 13 to 18. The data was analyzed using Pearson Correlations. The results supported my hypothesis with a strong positive correlation b
meaning that the more strongly girls agree with statements such as: “these pictures reflect the ideal image for females” the more frequently they engage in fat talk. I got a negative correlation bet
satisfaction, meaning that the more strongly girls agree with statements such as: “these pictures reflect the ideal image for females” the more dissatisfied they were with their bodies. 
body satisfaction may negatively influence body image. Because low body image has been associated with low selfconfidence and selfefficacy these findings may have important implications.
their physical selves, they often fail to understand that they are far more than how they look. If girls continue to use the media’s “perfect woman” as their standard, they will remain disempowered
2008 BE056
HOW WE THINK, WHO WE ARE: HOW WE LEARN?
Megan Danielle Johnson
Methods of learning are a prevalent topic in psychological research. The object of this study was to determine a method by which learning style can be predicted using the explanatory variables g
order, and cerebral dominance. The learning styles studied were visual, aural, reading/writing, and kinesthetic. The sample consisted of 432 students between the ages of 8 and 18 and all data we
questionnaires. Cerebral dominance was determined to be the only variable of statistical significance although gender did play a minor role in predicting learning style. Though the data were statis
produced in the multivariate analysis proved a poor fit for the data. However, there exists a positive correlation of visual and reading/writing learning with left brain dominance and a positive corre
right brain dominance. Extensions for this project include replacement of the surveys with performance based assessments to test for strengths rather than preference, refinement of the sample,
2007 BE056
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MUSIC ON BRAKE REACTION TIMES
Cathy Hsi Chen
The purpose of the experiment was to determine if different genres of music would have an effect on the speed of breaking reaction times. The absence of musicsafety in the Mississippi Driver’s
 A wooden foot break was wirelessly connected to a laptop by a mouse. A software program written using Kids Programming Language was designed to test three songs. “Frosty the Snowm
Mozart’s Concerto in D Major, and a readaloud book of The Wizard of Oz with no melody; no music was the control. Subject had to break for 2 specific objects out of 4. The program timed react
It randomized the intervals and order of the songs and objects. A total of 43 high school students were tested. Results showed that reaction times were fastest while subjects listened to
Concerto, The Wizard of Oz, and lastly no music. The average reaction time for “Frosty the Snowman” was .598848101 seconds. The average reaction time for no music was 0.689595707 secon
a 5.4% chance, followed by “Frosty the Snowman” with a 5.5% chance. The Wizard of Oz had the highest chance of mistakes, 24.7%. It can be concluded from this experiment that lis
when it comes to speed. Also, listening to a familiar song is the most beneficial to reaction times, keeping drivers aware, but not distracted. 
2003 BE056
SOLIDARY ACTION FOOD STRATEGY IN ADELIA MARIA, CORDOBA, ARGENTINA
Maria Laura Mola
I. P. E. M. N0 292, Adelia Maria, Cordoba, Argentina.
This applied investigation arose in view of the problem of lack of food in indigent families from Adelia Maria, Cordoba, Argentina. It approached a strategy based on a solidary sustainable action d
the problem. The solidary action consisted in a nutritional plan based on soy beans, a resource of the region. The designated people were 40 indigent families from an urban marginal neig
based on the making and distribution of food an the later training of the people. The objective of this was that people could learn to maket their own food with soy beans and adopt the habit of eat
phase of this descriptive study a non participant and non structured observation was used. A documentary compilation was also used. The employed data collecting instruments were
investigation allowed to prove that a plan of solidary action is posible to make. It had a high level of support by farmers who donated soy beans. The I.P.E.M. N0 292 school gave the place for th
other institutions supporter this action. These solidary actions together with nutritional alimentary education provided a strategy that reduces the lack of food in indigent families. So it is t
all the indigent families of the town and make the benefits of it application known.
2009 BE056
GIVE US A SIGN
Alessandra Fellin Rossi
The project tested the ways in which an individual can live life proactively to prevent brain disorders of memory loss including Alzheimer’s and dementia. This experiment tested the hypothesis th
stimulation and has the correct combination of specific lifestyle factors then his/her memory acuity would increase the best. This was prominently proven correct on many levels. This project test
citizens, living in the same seniorliving community, which had not been diagnosed with any form of memoryloss. The participants were asked to attend a memory class once a week for eight we
code and American Sign Language along with several other brainstimulating activities including crossword puzzles, reading comprehension and music. At the end of each class, the participants
Language test, a visual test, and a number test to insure that all aspects of the brain's memory were being tested. The scores of the participants were then compared with different factors of the p
survey given at the beginning of the project. The resulting scores revealed that individuals that were female, read more, exercised more, slept 79 hours/night, had more than two parents, more si
played an instrument, worked in their lifetime, did not serve in the armed forces, and had the least severe medical history increased their memory acuity the best. All fortytwo participants increas
proving that mental stimulation as a vital and necessary factory in maintaining one's memory. The fact that the results exhibited that certain aspects of a person's life had a definite affect on mem
in preventing brain disorders involving memory that often plague mankind as the passing of time challenges us all.
2011 BE056
W, WH, WHY CAN'T I HAVE THE JOB? LISTENERS' PERCEPTIONS OF PEOPLE WHO SUFFER SPEECH IMPEDIMENTS
Rosalyn Jules LanghinrichsenRohling
S. S. Murphy High School, Mobile, AL
The purpose of this project was to measure people’s perceptions of individuals with various types of speech impediments. It was hypothesized that the reader with a lisp, the reader who stuttered
be rated as less intelligent, less desirable to hire, and more neurotic than the reader without a speech impediment. This hypothesis was generated from previous research that had shown that ado
professors rated speechimpaired people more negatively than people with normal speech. Little previous research has considered people’s perceptions of individuals with an Rdistortion. 
perceptions of speechimpaired people using the Big Five Personality Factors, the Personal Attributes Questionnaire, and descriptor ratings constructed by Forbes et al. (2002). Each group of sub
recording of the Grandfather’s passage. There were four versions in all (i.e., lisp, stutter, Rdistortion, and normal). They then filled out the survey packet about the recording they heard. T
with any type of speech impediment are perceived as less intelligent and less desirable to hire, but they are not rated as significantly more neurotic than the people without a speech impediment.
were rated as significantly less agreeable and significantly more feminine than the person speaking without a speech impediment was rated. Contrary to prediction, there were no significant differe
different types of speech impediments included in the study.
2008 BE057
WHAT IS THE IMPACT OF PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON RACIAL PROFILING?
Ariel Nicole Wiley
Racial profiling is a major concern in American society, especially in areas such as law enforcement. Law enforcement programs emphasize eliminating racial profiling from their system. Howeve
facial features are key to racial profiling, which brings about the question what is the impact of physical characteristics on racial profiling? A variety of people were selected in order to confirm or d
positive correlation between physical traits and racial classification.” High school and college students of both genders and varied ethnicities were used to explore the impact of facial features on
different facial pictures with ethnically specific features such as hair, eyes, eyebrows, lips, and noses were used to determine which features are associated with racial profiling. All pictures had th
surveyed generally recognize features associated with their own ethnicity faster than features associated with the other ethnicities. The three most prominent defining features in profiling were hai
surprised to find, once the survey was over, that none of the faces had actual skin color, even though many subjects read different skin colors into the pictures. This information can help clarify w
profiling. It is apparent racial profiling is not based on skin color alone. Future research is needed to more fully assess the impact of individual ethnic features.
2009 BE057
VOTING SYSTEMS: AN OUTCOME ANALYSIS
Vikash Evans Hypio
Many aspects of voting systems have been examined. Plurality Method, the most commonly used voting system, has been shown to produce outcomes that are disputable and do not necessaril
Method is primarily used because it is both easily understood by the public and easy to tabulate. There are other systems whose outcomes may offer more satisfaction to voters. Four systems w
Method (the status quo), Borda Count, Instant Runoff, and Sequential Pairs. A simulated election was held using four soft drink preferences as candidates. Each voter’s choices were re
run through each of the selected voting systems. Results were tabulated and the voting subjects were provided with the results. Voters were then given a survey to rank their satisfaction with the
of satisfaction ratings was calculated, with Instant Runoff receiving the highest satisfaction. Results for the three alternative systems were also compared with Plurality Method using a Spearman
2012 BE057
GUANXI: THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RELATIONS AND SOCIAL NETWORKS IN CHINESE BUSINESS
Alex Bergsaaker
Tryggheim Vidaregaaende Skule, Naerbo, Rogaland, NORWAY
This thesis is a social anthropological study of the importance of Guanxi, i.e. relations and social networks, in Chinese business. The research will endeavor to describe and explain the mechanis
following questions: 1. What role does Guanxi play in the business world in China? 2. How are relations built? 3. Why is Guanxi predominant in the China’s business cul
achieve a holistic understanding of people, culture and society by means of detailed studies and comparisons of local life. Fieldwork consisting observations and interviews are the most importan
 Having a large and influential social network good Guanxi, in other words is decisive in Chinese business culture. Good Guanxi is a prerequisite for all business dealings in a completely di
be used to achieve benefits and to solve conflicts in other contexts. The most important way of building Guanxi is through business meals, which are very unusual in that they are organized on th
have a specific purpose and follow specific rules. Mianzi (face) functions as a means of controlling the allocation of resources, while at the same time helping to build relations. The great importan
combination of how society is organised and the Chinese mentality.
2003 BE057
THE MCGURK EFFECT: DOES AGE MATTER?
Elisabeth Lee Crabtree
Byng High School, Ada, Oklahoma, USA
Most people assume that they see and hear the world through two distinctly separate sensory channels; however, recent research indicates that some neurons in the brain respond to aural and vi
experience the McGurk Effect when viewing a video of a person mouthing a syllable dubbed with the audio of a different syllable. The objectives of this project were to compare the awa
perception and the occurrence and perceptions of the McGurk Effect among different age groups. Prior to testing, subjects were asked if they thought their eyes help them hear. Two hundred eigh
syllable pairs (aural BAvisual GA, aural MAvisual KA, and aural PAvisual FA). Twenty males and twenty females in each of seven age groups from early childhood through late adulthood indivi
researcher mouthing a syllable dubbed with a different aural syllable, and responded with what was perceived. Each also listened to the audio only and told what was heard. A total of 14
Factorial Analysis of Variance of Proportions. The following conclusions were drawn: 1.) There are differences between age groups in prior knowledge of aural and visual roles in speech perceptio
Effect varies depending on the pairing of syllables, and 3.) Variation exists among age groups in reported perception of a specific auralvisual stimulus.
Honorable Mention Awards Acoustical Society of America
2007 BE057
THE EFFECT OF FACIAL EXPRESSION ON ALTRUISTIC HELPING IN YOUNG CHILDREN
Sara Kate Spiro
Central Bucks High School West, Doylestown, PA, USA
Altruism has been defined as unselfish regard for or devotion to the welfare of others, and has been found in children as young as 18 months. This study specifically evaluated the effect of facial
children. It was hypothesized that a smiling facial expression would increase the likelihood of young children to exhibit altruistic behavior. A total of 22 subjects from the ages of 16 to 5
control and an experimental group. All children underwent two tests, designed to quantitate altruistic behavior, which involved picking up a dropped object and retrieving a missing object.
altruistic behavior on at least one of the two tests. Four of the ten subjects in the control group (40%) exhibited altruistic behavior in at least one test. Seven of the twelve experimental subjects (5
Subjects in the experimental group were 45% more likely to exhibit altruistic behavior in comparison to subjects in the control group. With this data, the approximate value of a smile in terms of a
likelihood of altruistic behavior 1.45 times. A positive correlation was also seen when the extent of altruistic behavior was plotted against subjects’ ages: all altruistic behavior was seen in children
confirmed, using the scientific method, what parents and child development experts have always assumed a smile increases the likelihood of altruistic behavior in children. 
Alternate Scholarship winners University of New Mexico
2011 BE057
EPIGENETIC FACTORS INFLUENCE DROSOPHILA BRAIN FUNCTION AND AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, PHASE V
Andrew Wooyoung Kim
Aggression is the disposition in which an individual becomes actively engaged in the pursuit of a goal. In nature, organisms exhibit aggression for multiple reasons: food and territory, protection, a
Genes that activate human aggression, (MAOA, termed the “warrior” gene) are being used to treat patients of psychiatric diseases characterized by aggression, such as bipolar disorder and schi
MDD. Currently, little is known about the neural, genetic, and environmental mechanisms that underlie aggression. Previous data shows that cyp6a20 is overexpressed in aggressive strains (+/+)
determine the epigenetic effects of social experience on synaptic protein expression and aggression in transgenic flies (cyp6a20 /). I hypothesize that social experience influences aggression as
 A Pelement was inserted to overexpress cyp6a20. Social experience was limited through isolation at the egg, larva, and adult stage. Adult flies were observed for aggression,
Western blot analysis. My data shows that social experience significantly affects aggression and protein expression. More experienced flies have larger mushroom bodies and h
do not overexpress aggression. Therefore, posttranscriptional products, such as Bruchpilot and neurotransmitters, can be used as potential indicators of gene expression for aggression in homolo
suppressive effects of social experience on aggression show promising pharmacological advancements in antidepressants, which affect behavior through neurotransmitters and MAOAinhibitor in
press conferences, learn more about Sweden and experience the extravagance of the Nobel festivities. Valid passport required for travel. Dudley R. Herschbach SIYSS Award
2012 BE058
SOCIAL INCLUSION OF POOR WOMEN, ANALYZING LIEBOWITZ SOCIAL ANXIETY SCALE FOR A TRAINING PROPOSAL IN MICROFINANCE
Magdaly Esther Santillanez Olivas
COBAES 21, Dr. Genaro Salazar Cuellar, Guamuchil, Salvador Alvarado, Sinaloa, MEXICO
In Mexico exists 52 million of poor people, despite the implementation of Social Programs and Microcredits. Economic growth, by reducing poverty and increasing opportunity for empowerment, c
equality and economic development (Esther Duflo, et al., 2011), however poor women desert from social assistance programs for multiple reasons: sexism, illiteracy, and other situations. Can the
anxiety to generate low social inclusion results? This study takes place in Sinaloa State, Mexico, in the county of Salvador Alvarado. The objective is to analyze through Scale of Liebow
received in the context can affect poor women behavior and create a training to reduce these effects. The study is based on a first survey of Modus Vivendi and three different samples i
government social assistance program. Sample 1: 18 surveys, participants presented difficulties to understand situations described in it, thus, in order to reduce risk, the survey is simplified in co
easier manner to answer. Sample 2: same amount of people to compare results between both surveys. Sample 3: 100 women per every urban and rural area, a total of 200 participants, correspon
I analyzed the questionbehavior effects presented, as well as the topics where people had higher anxiety rates, to create the proposal, which can be applied along with a microfinance program to
social inclusion.
2011 BE058
BACH VS. MOZART
Merzaydee McCall Moore
La Plata RII High School, La Plata, MO
The purpose of my experiment was to see if a foreign language, such as Spanish, could be memorized or recognized most effectively while listening to baroque music, classical music, or no mus
hypothesis was that the baroque music will be most effective in memorizing or recognizing a foreign language. The style of baroque is more complex than classical, engaging more of the brain wh
brain while studying, enabling the brain to remember more often and more effectively. Music triggers the part of the brain that is used for memory, so I believe both the baroque style and the class
music at all. First I sent out permission slips to grades 49. While waiting for returned slips I created 3 lists of 24 Spanish words, and created 3 different tests which were to be taken by a
After I received permission, I gave everyone numbers so the students’ names and answers would remain anonymous. I allowed the students to study the first set of words for 5 minutes without p
clicker and allowed them to complete the test in a second 5 minutes. I repeated this while playing classical music and again with baroque music. After scoring each test, I put the information into
2008 BE058
A GAME OF THEORY, LEVEL II
Willie Tenell Reaves, Jr.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine which consistency strategy of game theory, if any, most significantly affects the responses that high school students choose on multiplechoice
contained all permutations of two colors (blue and green) and odd numbers in order to simulate a full range of survey options. After conducting data analysis, it was determined that many students
that the numerical method (i.e. choosing the same number throughout the survey) was the most common method, having amassed 37% of the overall selections. The Mixed Methods and No Obv
combined 12 percent of survey responses. Various consistency methods displayed a considerably higher rate of use. The surveys were administered to a random sample of one hundred
locating a willing participant, the project and its associated Consent Form were explained to him/her, and his/her understanding of both were ascertained. The participant completed and returned th
necessary parental/guardian permission. The conclusion of this experiment was that there was sufficient evidence to support my null hypothesis that more than half of participants would
strategy.
2007 BE058
VIOLENCE AND ADOLESCENT
Juan Carlos OrtizVelazquez
Fermin Delgado Diaz Middle School, Naguabo, Puerto Rico
The purpose of this research is that people get real information related to violence and its effects in adolescents.The problem established was: is violence affecting the social, emotional and intel
hypothesis was that most of the surveyed adolescents were going to indicate violence affects them emotionally and intellectually. To do this research, an eleven question questionnaire
(50) students (thirteen to sixteen years old) from Fermín Delgado Díaz Second Unit Middle School in Naguabo. The answers to each questionnaire were organized into tables. The data was analy
the data it was found that 100% of the surveyed females considered violence a big problem in school. On the other hand, only 50% of the surveyed males considered violence as a problem that a
90% of the respondents believed that violent persons’ behavior can be associated with poor academic performance. This research has increased awareness of the violence that exits and has exi
results confirmed the hypothesis under study in this research. 
2009 BE058
SECRET FACTORS AFFECTING THE DOCTORPATIENT RELATIONSHIP IN EGYPTIAN GOVERNMENTAL HOSPITALS
Gina Mamdouh Gayed
Dar El Tarbiah American School, Cairo, EGYPT
A cornerstone of good medical care is the relationship between the patient and his or her physician since the stress from a difficult encounter between the two parties can negatively affect the pa
physician's, while efficient communication and interaction between the patient and the doctor can actually be therapeutic. However, there are patientphysician dyads in which the relationship mig
the patient and the physician. Frequently, expectations held by both parties affect reaction to and satisfaction with the encounter. So far, there have only been few empirical investigation
Egyptian governmental hospitals, limiting the process of continuous professional development. The purpose of this project was to examine this yet unexplored relationship in order to help improve
consisting of 24 fivelevel Likert items and 3 demographic questions was created to test the patients' views on their relationship to their doctors, and patients in different governmental hospitals in
 Another survey composed of 12 fivelevel Likert items and 2 demographic questions was created to test the doctors' views on different patient behaviors that might cause doctors' frustration,
hospitals. Analysis of the results yielded implications for potential improvements in the doctorpatient relationship and provided a deeper insight into the underlying causes of subjects' re
2003 BE058
AUTISM THERAPY: THE EFFECTS OF SELFSTIMULATORS ON THE ABILITIES OF AUTISTIC PREADOLESCENTS
Shivani Ghoshal
Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, CA, USA
This project, a result of teaching eleven autistic preadolescents of varying degrees of autism the piano for one year, demonstrates autism therapy experimentation to amplify the abilities of autisti
childrens’ stagnation from limitations of conventional therapy’s dogma of removal of selfstimulatory behavior, I devised a therapy program that manipulated rather than disposed the student’s beh
utilizing the template format of conventional autistic therapy, each student’s therapy integrated his or her own selfstimulators to learn a piece, First, overselectivities were strongly integrated to im
motivation. Overselectivities were then emphasized to increasingly lesser extents, until the student was able to play the piano piece independently. Results from my therapy showed une
the preadolescent children; psychological growth is not expected in autistic children over seven. The increased efficiency of my therapy program was displayed when viewing the past three years
each student. Prior to my therapy, each had been involved in a unit of piano playing; all had failed to learn the piano under conventional therapy. Under my therapy, all students showed growth, so
levels. The contributions of this project are immeasurable. The fusion of selfstimulators in autistic therapy may strongly augment autistic childrens’ abilities to perform increasingly comp
autistic preadolescents, all deemed “gone cases” after the age of seven, may indeed harbor room for growth and performance of new, highly complex tasks. 
2011 BE059
THE EFFECT OF AUDIBLE STIMULATION ON COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE AND BETA BRAIN ACTIVITY IN THE FRONTAL LOBE
Savanna Lynne Melkus
Mesa High School, Mesa, AZ
The influence of auditory stimulation on brain arousal, as measured by beta EEG activity from the frontal lobe, and cognitive ability, as measured by a memory retention task, was examined. Ana
as music, can influence cognitive ability, this study was assembled to test whether music beats or the stimulation by an auditory condition would exhibit optimal arousal for accelerated performan
variables: a full symphony orchestral piece of "Moldau" by Bedrich Smetana at 66 beats per minute, a pedal harp solo composition of "Moldau" performed by Xavier De Maistre at 66 beats per mi
minute, and silent background noise. Each group had ten participants, adding up to forty subjects total. It was hypothesized that solo music would have the most favorable amount of both stimula
conducive study condition. The results did not reveal statistical significance and, therefore, could not fully support the stated hypothesis.
2012 BE059
FLM (FEEL GOOD, LIVE GOOD MACHINE)
Ahmed Dhia Eddine Zitouni
Pilot High School of Gabes, Gabes, TUNISIA
Nowadays life became faster, the earth became more polluted and people became always on the run which caused many problems in our lives such as stress. So in order to avoid these issues p
However a giant problem rises to the surface because these methods are almost inapplicable considering normal people’s circumstances. Therefore This machine’s main idea is to reduce the stre
psychologically tested manners such as massage using vibrators in specific positions of the head , applying relaxing sound effects , refreshingly cooling the front with a temperature unit and wat
the user relax and also helping working people to have more efficient productivity using positive materials in the hypnotising videos to help increase the selfesteem .After trying these different me
was reached because these operations were successful on 80% of these people so this idea is the ultimate path to relief the society from the stress issue.
2008 BE059
ANALYSIS OF VOCAL LEARNING IN FOXP2
Omar Waqqas Hussain
McArthur High School, Hollywood, FL
Language is a uniquely human trait likely to have been necessary for the development of the human culture. Most vertebrates communicate acoustically, but a few among them such as humans,
orders of birds, use vocal learning as a means and method of communication. FOXP2 is the first gene linked to human speech and has been the target of specific study during recent primate evo
 During this experimentation the researcher used a bioinformatics database to acquire nucleotide sequences for 22 organisms which would be divided into subclasses of vocal and non vocal o
microsatellites were determined to target di, tri, and tetra nucleotide sequences. Microsatellites are a good indicator of determining evolutionary links or kinship. Out of 42 different microsatellites
microsatellites occurred in the vocal learners, while 37.4 occurred in non vocal learners, this shows us that they have in common many sequences like (GCA)3 and (CAG)3 but differ in the propor
as the other di microsatellites, (AA)9. Since ts = 0.755 is less than t05 = 2.021 do not reject the null. This can be explained because organisms are more alike than they are diffe
bases, A,T,G and C. However, the small changes in a gene (mutation) can results in big changes to the organisms and potentially to each species.
2003 BE059
TWINS WIN?
Ruth Anne Whitfield
Reserve High School, Reserve, NM 87830, USA
After being fascinated with my identical twin nephews and participating in controversial clone/twin debates I decided that I would conduct a Science Fair experiment with twins as my subject. I foc
came up with a project focused on the comparison of twins, siblings, and same age subjects in terms of playing charades. I organized data on number of guesses and time completion.
My results show that twins nailed the charade 87.2% of the time, siblings with a lower 76.4%, and same age subjects behind with the least 69.4%. In time completion (correctly guessing the cha
had a success rate of 80.1%, behind them were the siblings with 71.4%, and last were the same age subjects with 65.8%. My results support my hypothesis. The twins communicated nonverbal
subjects (siblings and same age subjects). If I were allowed to continue my project I would make an effort to increase my sample size.
2008 BE060
A NOVEL LOW COST DESIGN OF TIC TAC TOE BOARDGAME FOR VISUALLY CHALLENGED
Vishakh Hegde
M.E.S Kishora Kendra High School, Bangalore, Karnataka, INDIA
I have created a lowcost, speciallydesigned version of TicTacToe for the visually challenged. Apart from providing entertainment, the project also helps in observing changes in their behavior a
and O’s there are two types of pawns which they can touch, feel and identify. This game box consists of a simple circuit on the baseboard. It has some gaps in the circuit, which are bridged appr
The circuit works purely electromechanically, there is no complex logic circuits/ICs etc. that are used, and can hence be made at very low cost. This is the main innovation of this project. <b
challenged to play normal Tic Tac Toe and have been experimenting with various designs. In the latest (6th version) prototype, the circuit is made on a Printed Circuit Board, an improvement from
copper sheets as conductors. Unlike the other 5 prototypes, this circuit includes 4 buzzers (i.e. 2 buzzers to indicate win of 2 players, 1 to indicate drawn game and one when each player inserts
for the latter, to reduce the continuous buzzer sound into a beep. I have used stronger magnets for better contacts. I have made small notches around the central slot. It serves as a reference po
has been provided in Braille and English to enable them to play independently. I tested the game box with the visually challenged students and gave them a questionnaire and obtained th
prototypes at the school for their use, visited them a week later and again obtained their feedback. I noticed a lot of improvement in their confidence level and mental strength in matters of defens
teachers, it has improved their alertness, enthusiasm, memory, finger dexterity, eyehand and earhand coordination. This is a low cost and portable gamebox affordable to everyone. This gadge
batteries and is completely safe and rugged. It has thus succeeded in converting the paperpen format into board format and simultaneously has helped them to learn concepts of rows, columns a
2003 BE060
THE EFFECTS OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE SPACE REVERSAL ON VISUAL PERCEPTION IN CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT DYSLEXIA: PHASE III
Stephanie Alexandra Williams
Pacific Collegiate School, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
The Purpose of this study was to determine if children between the ages of nine and twelve with dyslexia are able to read and understand with more accuracy passages presented when the positi
background with white letters). It was hypothesized that the reading accuracy and comprehension of the dyslexic students would be improved with this reversal of positive and negative space. A
paragraphs (two presented normally and two reversed) and two reading comprehension questions per passage. A total of 37 dyslexic students and 34 nondyslexic students were tested. The stud
passage, the reading comprehension questions were given and answered orally. It was found that the dyslexic students made less errors when reading the passages presented on the b
comprehension of the dyslexic students was slightly improved by the reversal of positive and negative space.The reversal of the positive and negative space had no effect on the nondyslexic st
comprehension. A chisquare test was completed comparing the black and white background reading accuracy for the dyslexic students. This test yielded a Pvalue of 3.46E20 (a highly significa
Two Means test was also completed comparing background color which also yielded significant results. Finally a 99% Confidence Interval was established, from which it can be said with a 99% c
the dyslexic students will be 1.65 less when reading reversed passages. Thus, it can be concluded that it is beneficial for dyslexic students to read passages presented when the positive and neg
Second Award of $500 American SpeechLanguageHearing Association
2009 BE060
ROBOCARE ENABLING PEOPLE WITH COMPLETE PARALYSIS TO CONTROL THEIR WHEEL CHAIRS AND HOME APPLIANCES USING THEIR TONGUES MUSCLES
Mouth Nabeel Abuaysha
AlDuffi High School, Jubail Industrial, Eastern, SAUDI ARABIA
Individuals with total paralysis disabilities are deprived from their ability to control their movement, transportation and performing simple daily tasks. Such individuals usually live with a permanent
esteem and low confidence levels in such individuals. Total paralysis individuals are incapable of controlling most of their body muscles with the exception of some muscles such as ton
RoboCare. The RoboCare research project studies the possibility of enabling individuals with total paralysis disability to move freely without need for continuous assistance using electron
muscles. The device consists of a microcontroller (LEGO NXT Brick was used in the model), 4 switches (to serve as touch sensors) mounted on a flexible wire and an extension cord. E
which is programmed to control the movement of the wheel chair with a robotics arm that is mounted on top of the wheel chair joystick. The microcontroller is also programmed to switch on and o
stereos, lights, TV and heaters by double clicking on switches. RoboCare provides people having total paralysis with a better way to live and interact with their world. Such individuals wo
their home appliances without a need for permanent care takers. After several test of the RoboCare unit conducted by people having total paralysis under proper supervision of medical ex
in helping those individuals use the wheelchair independently, have a positive psychological impact and more social interaction.
2007 BE060
ETHNOMATHEMATICS IN THE GEOMETRIC PATTERNS IN WOVEN FABRICS OF THE INDIGENOUS KALINGAS OF THE PHILIPPINES
Hester Mana Docasao Umayam
Philippine Science High School,Bayombong Nueva Vizcaya,Philippines
This study dealt mainly on finding the frieze patterns applied on the derived patterns acquired from the Kalinga woven fabrics. Addition to this was determining the Kalinga native name and symbo
the derived patterns including if a derived pattern is for the low, middle or high class of Kalingas. The assistance of the Kalinga weavers was sought for this project. Microsoft Paint was u
black and white form from colored woven fabrics. This study showed that Kalinga weavers based their patterns from what they can see from their cultures, beliefs, practices, and surroun
specifically the idea of transformations and frieze patterns. The symbol, rather than the complexity and size of a certain pattern, was the main basis of social stratification. There were also patter
of Kalingas. Moreover, the derived patterns were related to each other not only from their symbol for the Kalingas but also from their appearance and the transformations applied to these patterns
that Kalinga weavers are partly conscious or unaware that they possess a very high sense of symmetry, regularity and order because frieze pattern F7 (translation, horizontal and vertical reflectio
and used by Kalinga weavers compared to the other frieze patterns. The weavers were designing more patterns for low class Kalingas compared to the other classes. 
2008 BE061
DIFFERENTIAL RECALL OF COLOR AND BLACK AND WHITE IMAGES
Anthony Richard Douglas
HomeLife Academy, Memphis, TN
The purpose of this study was to determine if color attributes help create stronger memory recall. Also, comparisons of gender, object type, and order of image presentation were compared to see
ability to recall images. Color images might increase attention, give more information about the object, and better link the image with memories already created in the brain. Therefore, it
studies color illustrations would recall more of them than if that person studied either black and white illustrations or a page with both color and black and white illustrations. Each subject
illustrations and then asked to verbally recall as many as possible. The procedure was used for three types of illustration pages. The pages had 1) color illustrations, 2) black and white illustration
black and white images. The sheets were presented in random order. Two sets of sheets were used, one with animal images and one with illustrations of household objects. The order of
difference, nor did the use of animal images compared to the use of illustrations of household objects. Females recalled more images from the black and white sheet and the color sheets.
images from the sheet of color images, and fewer from the sheet of black and white images. The fewest images were recalled from the sheet of mixed illustrations. These results suppor
would be recalled from the sheet of color illustrations than from the sheet of black and white images or the sheet of mixed images.
2009 BE061
STAY AWAKE FOR GOD SAKE
Aya Abdul Kader El Sabeh
Al Ofok High School, Saida, south, LEBANON
More and more accidents happen everyday and many at night. You might ask why, well it's because of the sleeping drivers. To help Prevent this accidents, I thought of inventing a devic
awake and prevent them from sleeping. I thought of a laser sensor that would detect when a driver falls asleep and directly would give out a noisy warning that will prevent him
 The aim of the project is to make the roads safer for the sleepy drivers and everyone else on the roads.
2007 BE061
IDENTIFYING PATTERNS OF PREFERENCE IN DIFFERENT AGE AGROUPS APPLYING CLUSTER ANALYSIS: IS IT POSSIBLE TO QUANTIFY BEAUTY?
Raissa Orlando Tavares Paes
Escola Americana de Campinas SP Brazil
Throughout history, the concept of beauty has changed drastically. The apparel modified, following the transformations of the feminine body ideals. What determines if a person is beautiful? What
These questions are still in open and are probably very complex to be totally resolved. To answer some of these questions, an experiment was done using sketches of feminine dresses. First, fif
interviews were performed within three age groups varying from fifteen through eighty years old, where each person ranked the dresses according to ones taste (interview matrix). Thirty variables
shape and the accessories of the dresses. The data was then standardized due to the numerical scale differences between the continuous and binary variables utilized (variable matrix). The two
hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis. The metric resemblance between the dresses and variables was the simple Euclidian distance and the clustering method was UPGMA. The matrixes d
using Mantel test using ultrametric distances. The result was that class 1 (1525 years) had no relation with class 3 (60 and above). The features that class 3 preferred were those that class 1 mo
having no relation with both of the other classes. The most coherent was class1 that presented the lowest average standard deviation. Definite patterns were identified correlating age and preferen
possible to quantify beauty.
2003 BE061
THE COGNITIVE AND BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SECONDHAND SMOKE ON FIRST GRADE STUDENTS
Bridget Sarah Confait
West Lauderdale High School, Collinsville, MS, United States
Current research shows that not only is secondhand smoke a carcinogen,but also it may be associated with learning and discipline problems in young children. The purpose of this project was to
effects of secondhand smoke on First Grade students through testing and completion of a survey. These hypotheses were made about the purpose. Exposure to secondhand smoke wil
students. Exposure to secondhand smoke will negatively affect the behavior of First Grade students. Exposure to secondhand smoke will negatively affect the health of First Grade students. 
students parents, the procedure consisted of testing each student in the areas of math and English. The math test consisted of problems in a written format. The English test contained both a wr
in each area were given at different times. The students discipline records were also surveyed and comparisons made. Results showed First Grade students who were exposed to higher
more learning and discipline problems. These students overall were more prone to health problems, particularly upper respiratory problems. It can be concluded that parents, educators, p
should take a closer look at the effect of secondhand smoke on children.
2009 BE062
THE STROOP EFFECT
Cassandra Lucille Turner
Higbee R8, Higbee, MO
This experiment will utilize various Stroop Tests to determine the effects of age and gender on the amount of interference experienced. I believe that the older the participant is, the easier it will b
and that female participants will hesitate less when faced with the Stroop Tests. I will ask male and female participants, ages ranging from 5 years to 90 years, to state out loud numbers
they can. I will time them, and every time they hesitate or say the wrong thing I will tally a miss. There may be some difficulty with getting the times exactly right, and how I would group
Stroop Tests, if expanded and enhanced a bit, can be used to detect possible illnesses or disorders such as Alzheimer's, Schizophrenia, Anorexia, and Bulimia.
2007 BE062
SMART SHOE PRACTICAL SOLUTION OF THE BLIND
Ahmed Khaled AlNuaimi
AlAnsar Private School, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
The purpose of the Smart Shoes project is to provide the blind and the visually impaired persons with a practical solution to a fundamental problem that they face in their daily life. This problem is
by navigating through obstacles without carrying a guiding or walking stick. Many of the blind find carrying a stick embarrassing as it makes them distinctive from the rest of the crowd. This, in m
confidence. After reviewing existing inventions and published research and literature, the Smart Shoes solution was found to be a practical solution to the blind’s mobility problem. <
ultrasound sensors connected to audible alarming system that alerts the blind to the existence of obstacles. The Smart Shoes is fitted with two sensors on its front side with different detection an
1.5 m away. The Smart Shoes was tested and tried by selected group of blind and visually impaired individuals who were then surveyed to evaluate effectiveness of the proposed solutio
the proposed Smart Shoes is effective and helped the blind and visually impaired persons move safely from one place to another while not feeling embarrassed or sticking out from the crowd. 
2008 BE062
COMPARING ATTITUDES TOWARD ADHD IN THE WORKPLACE
Janelle Christina Thixton
Eastern High School, Pekin, IN
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) affects as many as eight million adults; because of its prevalence, this disorder has a profound affect on the workplace dynamic. It was hypothesi
would perceive ADHD in the workplace the same as mental health professionals, and that this group would have a more realistic perception (as portrayed in the literature cited) than the general po
survey was created by the researcher. Surveys were distributed at the 2007 Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Disorder (CHADD) conference in Washington D.C. and outside the Clarksvill
separated into three groups: mental health professionals, non mental health professionals from the CHADD conference, and general population. Half of the statements on the survey were designe
were designed to receive a negative response. ANOVA and twotailed Student’s tTest were used to compare the responses to each statement. A total of 132 surveys were received. Fourteen su
missing answers to statements or background questions, leaving 118 that were used. Fiftyseven of these were from the general population, 15 were from non mental health professionals who att
were from mental health professionals. The difference between the general population and the more informed groups was significant at the .025 level overall. The data indicates that both the CHA
professionals perceive ADHD more realistically than the general population, so the hypothesis was supported. There were no statistically significant differences between the responses given by d
each group.
2007 BE062
SMART SHOE PRACTICAL SOLUTION OF THE BLIND
Ahmed Khaled AlNuaimi
AlAnsar Private School, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
The purpose of the Smart Shoes project is to provide the blind and the visually impaired persons with a practical solution to a fundamental problem that they face in their daily life. This problem is
by navigating through obstacles without carrying a guiding or walking stick. Many of the blind find carrying a stick embarrassing as it makes them distinctive from the rest of the crowd. This, in m
confidence. After reviewing existing inventions and published research and literature, the Smart Shoes solution was found to be a practical solution to the blind’s mobility problem. <
ultrasound sensors connected to audible alarming system that alerts the blind to the existence of obstacles. The Smart Shoes is fitted with two sensors on its front side with different detection an
1.5 m away. The Smart Shoes was tested and tried by selected group of blind and visually impaired individuals who were then surveyed to evaluate effectiveness of the proposed solutio
the proposed Smart Shoes is effective and helped the blind and visually impaired persons move safely from one place to another while not feeling embarrassed or sticking out from the crowd. 
Second Award of $500 Showboard, Inc.
2007 BE063
ON THE WAY TO OUR ANCESTORS HOME: INCA WELTANSCHAUUNG OF A CAPACOCHA, IN THE SANCTUARY OF THE SUMMIT OF THE LLULLAILLACO VOLCANO
Mauricio Isaias Montoya
Escuela de Comercio Republica de Panama Concepcion, Tucuman, Argentina
In the Llullaillaco volcano (Salta, Argentina) 6.739 m high, three Inca children were offered to the gods, more than five hundred years ago. The research objectives are to disclose features of their
Weltanschauung and to spread their scientific and cultural value . The 79% of interviewed people ignore the attributes of the naturally frozen mummified bodies . 21% acknowledges the
 Interviewed specialists inform that the Capacocha, (ceremonial ritual death of The Maiden , 15 years, offered to Inti; the boy ,7 years, and the girl ,6 years, perhaps offered to Viracocha and
Cuzco together with their parents, priests, inspectors and attendants, and lasted one year to arrive to the Volcano. Ethnohisstoric and archaeological sources indicate the offerings and
the altitude and cold, sleepy with chicha and coca, they were packed and buried alive or suffocated, to become " malqui " (seed). Observation and analysis of trousseaus and offerings a
figurines of spondylus ,gold and silver; bags with foods, wood and ceramic objects, showing their Weltanschauung : the certainty of continuing growing in heaven, of transferring nutritious essenc
and fertility, becoming their own people’s messengers to the gods, reaffirming the Inca’s deity as son of the Sun. Diffusion Workshops of the material testimonies, beliefs and customs w
2008 BE063
SOCIODOMINANCE AND SEXUAL SELFSCHEMA AS MODERATORS IN SEXIST REACTIONS TO FEMALE SUBTYPES
Alyssa Frielle Fowers
Maritime Science and Technology Senior High School, Key Biscayne, FL
Sexism both benevolent and hostile is detrimental to young people of both genders. Young women are forced into stereotypes, thereby limiting their social and academic potential. Young men are
women are distorted by sexism. Sibley and Wilson (2004) studied men's benevolent and/or hostile sexist reactions in response to a "chaste" woman and a "promiscuous" woman. The "chaste" w
responses and weak hostile sexist responses, while the "promiscuous" woman elicited weak benevolent sexist responses and strong hostile sexist responses. In this study, the reactions of both
were gauged using the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory and a similar expiremental method to Sibley and Wilson. In both vignettes, a female character, Kate, is described as either promiscuous or c
with an acquaintance, and then refusing an offer of casual sex. Sex of respondent, sociodominance, dispositional envy, and sexual selfschema were tested as moderators in this study. I predict
reactions that mirrored those in Sibley and Wilson. Additionally, I predicted that reactions would be moderated by sociodominance, dispositional envy, and sexual selfschema. The results of this
average with lower hostile sexism and higher benevolent sexism than men, and the chaste character in the vignette was greeted with lower hostile sexism and higher benevolent sexism than the
and sexual selfschema moderated the levels of hostile and benevolent sexism.
2008 BE064
A STUDY INTO THE CORRELATION BETWEEN MUSICAL LITERACY AND LINGUISTIC ACUITY
Sarah Elisabeth Clayton
This study offers an analysis of the idea of a direct correlation between music instruction and language development. The research presented involves study of the brain regions involved with bot
instruction and the relationship between the two processes. Analysis extends primarily into phonemic awareness but also heavily emphasizes spatiotemporal awareness and the transfer theory of
school and college students’ ACT scores in the areas of reading and English. After the study was conducted, the data supported the hypothesis that musicians would have a greater apt
hypothesis, that men would be more affected than women, was also upheld. All tests of significance were conducted using right tailed tsample tests at the 0.5% level of significance, showing tha
there was no significant change in the women’s scores. The conclusion of this research implicates many other scientific questions, such as those related to the neartransfer hypothesis
as well, especially those concerning arts funding in public schools.
2007 BE064
THE AFFECT OF COLOR ON STANDARDIZED TEST SCORES
Samuel Craig Furman
Spruce Creek High School, Port Orange, Florida, U.S.A
The goal of this experiment was to identify if the color of text has an effect on test scores in standardized tests. This was tested utilizing a mock S.A.T. test that was compiled using S.A.T. prac
documentation, along with various created questions. The test was administered to 177 high school juniors enrolled in the I.B. program over a two day period. Students were randomly given differ
and were allotted twenty minutes to answer ten questions based upon two short and one full length passage. The test scores were analyzed using ttests on Microsoft Excel to ascertain
colors tested (red, orange, green, blue, and violet) and black, the control, based upon its common use in text today. The mean score of red tests was 5.929 and the pvalue compared to
of black tests was 4.811. This indicated that red, by an immense statistical margin, had the largest positive difference to black. The mean scores for the remaining colors, orange, green, blue, an
4.571, respectively. Also, the standard deviation for red was only 1.804. With over 500,000 high students failing high school exit exams yearly, the impact of this experiment could have
education. Implementing red into state and national standardized testing could pass thousands of more students and give them a better chance at graduating. 
2008 BE065
WHAT'S STRESSIN' YOU OUT?
Amanda Michelle Rutland
TiptonRosemark Academy, Millington, TN
As teen stress is a very common issue, this project was performed to develop an overall stress level for high school students, discover which factors cause students the most stress, and to lear
of sleep on their stress level. To find the answers to the above questions, onehundred and twenty students were surveyed. Out of each high school grade level, fifteen males and fifteen females
compiled, compared, and posted. My hypothesis that females are more stressed than males was proven to be correct. The junior class was proven to have the highest overall stress level. Schoo
stress factor, while the war in Iraq and the presidential election were proven to cause students the least amount of stress. Concerning the effect of sleep on stress level, sixtysix percent of stude
more sleep on a regular basis, their stress level would be reduced. This number was consistent between genders and grade levels. In conclusion, teen stress is a common issue which must be a
more sleep on a regular basis and possibly practicing better timemanagement techniques concerning schoolwork, teens have the power to potentially lower their overall stress level.
2007 BE065
BELL RATS
Ashley Lynn Candler
Delavan High School, Delavan, Illinois, USA
The purpose of this research project was to determine whether conditioning has an effect on Tmaze completion in female Ratus novegicus. It was hypothesized that Rat A, a female R. novegicu
treat of peanut butter after hearing a bell ring would complete a multiple T maze faster than either Rat B, a female R. novegicus that heard a bell ringing during maze completion but did not have a
female R. novegicus that was neither conditioned nor heard a bell ringing during maze completion, and served as the control. Three female R. novegicus that were pets of the experiment
experiment. Rat A was conditioned daily for seven days by receiving a treat of peanut butter after hearing a bell ring. After the conditioning, all rats were allowed to run a multiple T maze, with Rat
continuously during the maze activity. Rat C was allowed to complete the maze without hearing the bell. All rats had a treat of peanut butter waiting at the end of the maze. Each rat was allowed
required for each rat to complete the maze was recorded. Rats continued to be pets of the experimenter after experimentation. The hypothesis was proven correct. Rat A, had an average
average run time of 51 seconds, and Rat C had an average run time of 48 seconds. Rat B consistently moved through the maze in a direction that was away from the bell, while rat A stopped at i
moved in a direction that was toward the sound of the bell. Rat C moved in no particular pattern through the maze. Conditioning had a positive effect on Tmaze completion in female R. novegicus
2007 BE066
MULTICREAMATHEMATICS GAMES
Hernan Arroyo Lopez
The present investigation project, title multicreamathematics games, has an objetives increases learning on the students of the high school, using games. The present ANDTO it is an activity an
student and student it sets, in which puts at stake a series of intellectual activities, dexterities motorboats and the professor's so much attitudes that it assumes the list of orientador of the learn
who learns. The problem is ¿ in which degree influences the use of the multicreamathematics games in the learning of the mathematics area, in the students of the fifth degree of secondary educ
military school? The hypothesis is the learning the mathematics area by the students who are exposed to the muticreamathematics games is increased in greater degree than in those that are no
games. The method is experimental, cuasiexperimental design, the of techniques to collect the information were the observation, survey and evaluation(pretest and postest), using the technique
processing: arimethic average, design standar, variation coefficient and T test for two tests samples. The conclusions is : We compared the learning of mathematical area, in the fifth grade stude
statistics of the test T for two average samples where the positive influence could be verified that had the multicreamathematics games in the learning., We elaborated and applied the MULTICRE
learning of the “trigonometrical functions”, in the fifth Grade students of Secondary school., We measured the learning level of the “trigonometrical functions” in the fifth grade students of Seconda
test T, comparing the positive influence that has the MULTICREAMATHEMATICS GAMES in the learning. 
2008 BE068
BEXPLORER ELECTRONIC FLEXABLE SOLUTION FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED
Ahmed Khalid A Alnuaimi
Alansar Private School, Dammam, Eastern, SAUDI ARABIA
This research project (BExplorer) aims to find an alternative solution for traditional methods used for assisting the visually impaired people to move from one place to another safely and confident
in many cases, restrict individuals' mobility. This limitation has a great negative impact, specifically on young visually challenged kids. BExplorer is an electronic flexible device that uses
sensors controlled by electronic circuit to alert the visually impaired people (using different tones through headphone set) of the presence of any potentially dangerous obstacle. The BEx
sensors. The first sensor aims to discover objects that are low (less than 30 cm high from the ground). The second sensor aims to discover low grounds and holes. The third sensor aims to disco
 After planning safe experiments and testing procedures, the BExplorer trials results showed that the device was preferred over traditional assisting methods and was accepted by wide ra
individuals. A major advantage of the BExplorer is its simple operating procedures and that it can be mounted on cloth and can be adjusted for different heights and ages. In co
increase confidence and allow individuals to be more engaged in sports and social activities. In addition, BExplorer allows visually impaired kids to be more mobile and be able to interact more in
increases their chance for learning and growing their personal experience. 
2008 BE069
ROBOMASK: ROBOTICS SOLUTION FOR PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS
Moath Nabeel AbuAysha
Deffi High School, Jubail industrial, SAUDI ARABIA
This research project studies the possibility of allowing individuals with complete paralysis disability to be able to control their movement using Artificial Intelligence (Robotics Technology) without
 Individuals with complete paralysis disabilities are deprived from their ability to control their movement and transportation as they are usually led by assistant due to their inability to move ha
selfesteem and low sense of confidence. Such problems could lead to long term psychological problems. RoboMask research studies the applicability of using a mask (built using Lego
muscles to operate touchsensors and translate them to commands to control wheelchairs used by people with full paralysis disabilities. A survey study was done on 5 individuals with pa
electronic wheelchair. RoboMask system was installed on the wheelchair and the system operated successfully. All individuals expressed satisfaction to the performance of the prototype device.
door for young researchers to explore available robotics kits to help people with special needs. It also emphasizes how proper and intelligent utilization of one muscle (i.e. tongue) can help people
2008 BE301
THE AMOUNT OF COMPUTER USAGE AFFECTS TEENAGE MALES' ACUITY MORE THAN FEMALES'
Josean Manuel Perez, Yevgeniy Kostenko, Faduma AhmedAli
A study of how vision is affected by both shortterm and longterm computer use. A specific age group was selected to be tested, and it involved 13 to 18 year olds, composed almost evenly betw
defined as 45 minutes of computer usage while longterm was defined as 2 hours. The subject's vision was tested prior to using the computer and after using the computer. The Snellen eye chart
The control data equates to acuity results prior to testing. This is compared to the acuity results after either shortterm or longterm computer use. A trend found was that females started the test
males. For short term, the negative impact of computer usage between males and females was only different by 4%, yet for longterm, there was 22% difference between males and females. The
females was positive, while for males, the slope of the regression line before is positive, while after it is negative. Females' vision does not appear to be as affected by computer usage as males'
to better understand the lifestyle of the test subjects in order to determine the results.
2009 BE301
FINGERS HEAR SOUNDS
Noor Amin Darras, Suha Tbakhi,
The main purpose of doing this project help the deaf people who cant hear and speak to communicate with their society without using deaf sign language. System one helps the other peo
sign language, so everyone can speak to the deaf easily. That is executed by translating the speech to pulses. Every letter has its own pulse and its own deaf sign language. This device contain
the word by a microphone and recognizes it then it will send it by wires to the microcontroller board which receives that signal digital letters. The microcontroller board checks that word by using a
the word to letters then the vibration sensors control every letter to give its own pulse on each finger. This device contains those sign language buttons on the gloves so the de
buttons. Then those button pulses are connected with the Microcontroller board which checks those digital letters and translates them, then sends them to speech chips which speak what he has
feature helps to make a device communication between the deaf and the person who is using the microphone to communicate with him. Then the device translates speech into pulses. Then the d
buttons then the person hears the answer.
2007 BE301
THE EFFECTS OF CHALLENGE ON VIDEO GAME QUALITY
Kyle Anthony Neblett, Cody Fields
Aloha High School, Beaverton, Oregon, U.S.A.
The Effects of Challenge on Video Game Quality The purpose of our project was to gain a better understanding of how willing people are to overcome a given challenge (in the form o
challenge makes a game more or less fun. Before our experiment we hypothesized that given an increasingly difficult game, players would become more determined to beat it. We also believed t
the game after repeatedly playing it. To accomplish this, we created a handheld video game that tested people on 3 different levels of difficulty. The project was divided into two main parts: prog
designed separately at first, and finally combined to create a playable game. Once a demonstration level was completed, it was given to 13 human subjects to test. The length of time needed by
on each difficulty level was recorded. The change in the amount of time spent on each progressing level of difficulty gave us the amount of time each player was willing to spend at each stage o
spent more time on the game as it became harder, most reached their limit on the hardest difficulty, and stopped playing. From this we concluded that while players were indeed willing to play lon
comfortable playing a game that could be beaten without too much trouble.
2003 BE301
BRAIN VS BRAWN: DOES PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AFFECT PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTION?
LaShanna Antoinette Young, Dionne LaBrada Solomon, Kyle Landon Young
WildWood High School, Wildwood, Florida, USA
When starting this project, the researchers involved were curious to determine whether a relationship exists between physical health and psychological function. From their inquiries, the researche
increases blood and oxygen flow to the brain and creates new brain cells as well as dendrites. In order to test their hypothesis, the researchers presented a questionnaire containing two m
on both the girls' and boys' basketball teams at their school. They also distributed the tests to ten nonathletic students who attended their school. Each of the three groups were given the tests a
weeks, leaving threeweek intervals in between each testing session. Distrubuting the tests at these particular times would ensure that the athletes' progress in relation to the advancement of phy
be recorded and compared to the scores of the nonathletes. After the testing, the three researchers collected and compared the questionnaires to be used as data in their project. Via the
that a link does exist between physical activity and cognitive function. The experiment also proved true the original hypthesis, showing higher test averages for the athletes in comparison with the
athletes' scores as the season progressed and physical activity increased. Therefore, through their experimentation and research, these researchers have come to the conclusion that physical ac
psychological function of humans. 
2004 BE301
BRAIN VS. BRAWN: THE AFFECT OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN MATURE ADULTS.
LaShanna Antoinette Young, Kyle Landon Young, Dionne LaBrada Solomon
Wildwood High School, Wildwood, FL, USA
These researchers began this project to determine the affect of physical activity on cognitive function in mature adults. From a previous year's experiment, the researchers learned that physical a
functioning in high school students. The researchers, however, wished to discover if exercise had the same effect on older individuals. In order to test the original hypothesis that exercis
older individuals, the researchers tested two community softball teams and one control group. One team consisted of ten males while the other consisted of ten females, and the control group wa
females who did not engage in regular physical activity. The teams were given memory questionnaires at three different times during the softball season. After the testing, the results were collect
the project. This year's testing results showed a 79% average for the females, a 74.3% average for the males, and a 69.7% average for the nonathletic subjects. The experiment proved
positive affect on psychological function in mature adults. The scores of the female athletes were higher than the male athletes, and both softball teams outscored the control group. Research on
positive correlation between physical activity and mental functioning in older individuals. The experimentation and research conducted in this project has helped the researchers to conclude that e
aspects of life, enhancing brain function from infancy to mature adulthood. 
2005 BE301
MALES VS. FEMALES PERCEPTION OF A BOY/GIRL RELATIONSHIP
Kayo Johnson, John Johnson, Earth Robinson
GreenvilleWeston High School, Greenville, Mississippi, USA
Society has placed a gulf between males and females by using a cliche' that states, "Women are from Venus and men are from Mars." Through this project we plan to bridge certain aspects of th
we first determined which parts of this gap we wanted to bridge. After several hours of critical thinking, we decided to find out whether males and females perceived of a relationship in the same w
perception of a relationship, but also how they would respond to certain instances in a relationship. In order to find out how males and females think, we devised a questionnaire. We then
females of the same age group, the survey. After the students finished the survey, we complied the data. First, we did this by separating the male and female surveys. Then we tallied the answe
Males and females, according to the data received, perceive of certain occurrences within a relationship in the same way. Moreover, males and females are not so different when it comes to perc
eradicates the cliche' that men are from Mars and women are from Venus. However, the way in which we choose to portray our emotional perceptions are far removed from one another.
2014 BE301
IS THERE A CORRELATION BETWEEN KNOWLEDGE OF PERSONALITY TYPES AND HOW WELL DIFFERENT PERSONALITY TYPES WORK TOGETHER OVER TIME?
Taylor Rose Leyrer, Lauren Loeb
This study was done in a seventh grade life science classroom to determine if there is a correlation between the knowledge of personality types and how well different personality types works tog
a correlation between knowledge of personality types and how well groups work over time? The hypothesis is: If the groups learn about, and incorporate, all the strengths from all four personality t
be successful over time. The DISC online personality test was taken by approximately onehundred seventh grade life science students. The students were given an anonymous number by their
according to their personality scores (Dominance, Influence, Steadiness and Compliance) (123 test, 2014). Each group was surveyed before and after two different student challenges. The groups
effectiveness, as well as group use of materials and teamwork. After the first challenge, students were taught about their own personality as well as their group members’ personalities. Finally, a
a portfolio of rich qualitative information on student learning and group growth over time. Our hypothesis was supported. There was no significant difference in group outcome when individual pers
matter what personality type the individual was, what mattered was that over time selfeffort positively correlated with both group effectiveness (r=.344) and group effort (r=.379), both p<.0001.
and group effectiveness.
2011 BE301
HOW DO YOU THINK?: A STUDY IN LINGUISTICS AND COGNITION USING SPATIALTIME METAPHORS AND CHINESE SPEAKERS
Katelyn Elizabeth Orr, Jessica Tew,
Kahuku High School, Kahuku, HI
We set out to study linguistic differences and their influence on cognition. According the SapirWhorf hypothesis, language creates culture and shapes thought. Therefore there should be linguistic
think which difference can be tested through specific grammatical devices. We hypothesized that if Chinese and English students are tested on spatialtime perception, as suggested by Lera Bor
differently according to the language they speak; Chinese speakers will correctly answer vertical questions, English speakers will correctly answer horizontal questions. To test this we g
Mandarin speakers 30 question true or false tests, which included 7 spatialtime metaphors. Of these, three were visual questions (ex.A square is shown to the left of a circle with the true statem
four hypothetical questions (Ex. April is before May). We analyzed test scores using the Two Variable Ttest. From this we discovered that there was a significant difference between Chinese and
but no noticeable difference in the two groups comprehension of hypothetical metaphors. When applied, this knowledge could have a major effect on communication from international re
basic setup of language does indeed change the way cultures think, as this study suggests, then crosslingual communication needs to be adapted accordingly. Realizing the inherent connection
to successful global unity.
2006 BE301
DETERMINATION OF GENDER AND AGE BY THUMBPRINTS YEAR TWO
Meryl Adelman Hulteng, Shannon Marie Cassidy
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville Oregon, United States
This experiment was designed to test the ability to determine age and gender from a thumbprint. The science of fingerprinting is commonly used to identify individuals by comparing an unknown p
previous studies have been found involving age or gender determination of unknown prints. The hypothesis stated that thumbprint characteristics could be used to predict probable age and gende
suggested that gender could be determined from a thumbprint using two characteristics: ridge count and type. During that initial investigation, questions arose as to whether or not age had an effe
focuses on replicating the ability to determine gender and investigating the predictability of age using four characteristics: print type, ridge count, size, and density. It was found that ma
type, ridge count, and size. A classification system was created that allows gender to be predicted with 77.6% overall accuracy. Print size, and, under some circumstances, density were found to
classification system for predicting age showed significant but modest improvements over chance. If age and gender could be predicted from fingerprint characteristics, it could prove be
forensic analysts. This would allow the suspect pool to be narrowed even when no print is available for positive identification. Predictions of age and gender could also be used to prioritize databa
efforts. 
2010 BE301
PREDICTABILITY: UNDERSTANDING HOW AND WHY WE DEVELOP FIRST IMPRESSIONS AND HOW PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATE TO HAVING PREDICTABLE RESPONS
Megan Elizabeth Gilliland, Isaiah Butler, Boston Portner
From eyes, to attire, to voice clarity, every characteristic of a person is used to create lasting first impressions. Though these assumptions are intrinsic to social interaction, they are onedimensi
project is aimed at establishing how simplistic and shallow first impressions are by quantitatively demonstrating how often perceptions can be predicted. The first impressions were draw
multiple choice questions, and comparisons of pictures. The 300 subjects gave their first impressions of 24 prechosen pictures and five audio phrases of unknown people. Data was analyzed by
connotations and exactly worded predicted answers, as well as finding patterns using demographic traits of the subjects. The results showed that, of first impressions, 54.91% were exa
predicted connotation. These results support the theory, that at least 50% of the participants’ first impressions could be predicted word for word and a significant amount of the first impressions’ c
that support our theory include: the use of schemas; which are the mental maps we create of our experiences, the fundamental attribution error theory; which states that humans assume that a pe
solely on one action or trait, and the implicit personality trait theory; which states that people assume a person has a certain disposition at all times after only seeing them once. 
community, and hopefully, this experiment will deter relying on first impressions by showing the predictability of responses.
2012 BE301
A SUPERIOR BRAINCOMPUTER INTERFACE PARADIGM FOR COMMUNICATION IN NORMAL AND APHASIC STROKE PATIENTS
Kevin Daniel Shih, Ryan Matthew Shih,
Stanton College Preparatory High School, Jacksonville, FL
The BrainComputer Interface (BCI) visual speller is a revolutionary technology that allows people to spell purely with their brainwaves. This Year II project compared subject performance using th
RowColumnParadigm (RCP). The hypothesis was that the CBP (newly developed method) would be more efficient (faster / more accurate) than the RCP (traditional method) for both normal subj
 Twenty normals and nine aphasic stroke patients attempted to spell 44 different target selections with each paradigm. Brainwaves were acquired using a 32electrode EEG cap and analyzed
BCI2000 software. A classifier program determined user intent and produced output commands in the form of letters on a computer monitor. Flash number, session time, accuracy, paradigm pref
paradigm difficulty were recorded. For normal subjects, 10 flashes were needed for CBP and 12 for RCP (p<0.05; paired Ttest). Spelling time for CBP sessions was longer than RCP (p<
using CBP and 82% using RCP (p<0.01). Seventeen of 20 subjects preferred the CBP (p<0.0001). Visualanaloguescales showed CBP was easier than RCP (p<0.0001). Normal subjects achiev
subjects in both CBP (p<0.0001; Ttest) and RCP (p=0.01). The CBP is a superior visual speller paradigm compared to RCP, based on spelling accuracy and subject preference.
that aphasic stroke patients can use BCI visual spellers; we further recommend that the CBP be used in subsequent BCI research.
2013 BE301
THE SQUARE BASED PARADIGM: A NEWLY INVENTED METHOD FOR FASTER SPELLING WITH BRAIN WAVES (YEAR III)
Ryan Matthew Shih, Kevin Shih
Stanton College Preparatory School, Jacksonville, FL
Braincomputer interface (BCI) is a technology that enables an individual to interact with his environment using brainwaves. BCI visual spellers work when the user focuses on a target character a
 The goal of BCI visual speller research is to create a paradigm which achieves maximum spelling accuracy in the least time. Last year, the researchers compared two paradig
checkerboard paradigm (CBP), and found that the CBP was more accurate. This year, the researchers compared the CBP to a new paradigm created by the researchers, the square based paradi
control and three ALS subjects attempted spelling “FAT~PHOENIX” and “WAS~GRUMBLY.” Classificationflashnumber, spelling time, charactersperminute, accuracy, paradigm preference, and
Control subjects using CBP achieved 96% accuracy and required an average of 332 seconds to spell the target sentence while subjects using SBP achieved 95% accuracy and required 303 seco
SBP (10) was higher than CBP (8) (p<0.05), the SBP’s higher flash count gave subjects more chances to successfully select their target in less time. Based on a 10point visual analogue scale,
compared to SBP (3.2 vs. 4.5; p<0.05). Analysis of preliminary ALS data demonstrates comparable results to control subjects. The hypothesis was supported as the SBP matched the C
faster in speed overall, making the SBP an improvement over the CBP.
2006 BE301
DETERMINATION OF GENDER AND AGE BY THUMBPRINTS YEAR TWO
Meryl Adelman Hulteng, Shannon Marie Cassidy
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville Oregon, United States
This experiment was designed to test the ability to determine age and gender from a thumbprint. The science of fingerprinting is commonly used to identify individuals by comparing an unknown p
previous studies have been found involving age or gender determination of unknown prints. The hypothesis stated that thumbprint characteristics could be used to predict probable age and gende
suggested that gender could be determined from a thumbprint using two characteristics: ridge count and type. During that initial investigation, questions arose as to whether or not age had an effe
focuses on replicating the ability to determine gender and investigating the predictability of age using four characteristics: print type, ridge count, size, and density. It was found that ma
type, ridge count, and size. A classification system was created that allows gender to be predicted with 77.6% overall accuracy. Print size, and, under some circumstances, density were found to
classification system for predicting age showed significant but modest improvements over chance. If age and gender could be predicted from fingerprint characteristics, it could prove be
forensic analysts. This would allow the suspect pool to be narrowed even when no print is available for positive identification. Predictions of age and gender could also be used to prioritize databa
efforts. 
2011 BE302
SCIENCE UNFAIR:? A REFORMATIVE ANALYSIS OF PARENTAL FACTORS AND RESEARCH MISCONDUCT
Michael Alexander Moorin, Tyler Smith,
duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, KY
Science UnFair?: A Reformative Analysis of Parental Factors and Research Misconduct This project focused on whether certain students have an unfair advantage in science fair comp
factors. The project also looked into whether there was serious research misconduct in the science fair research community. The hypothesis was formed that students who had one or m
higher would reach significantly higher levels in science fair competitions than students with no parents with graduate degrees. It was hypothesized that students who worked in a scientific resear
higher levels than students who did not work in a lab. Also hypothesized was that there would be evidence of serious misconduct in students' research work. An anonymous survey was g
competing students at a certain scientific magnet high school. Included in the survey were questions about research misconduct, parental education, and lab use. Many two proportion ztests we
had laboratory access did significantly better in regional, state, and ISEF competitions. It was found that students who had parents with high education reached significantly further levels of comp
98% confidence that at least 60% of the entire population of MST researchers has committed acts of scientific misconduct. All of the original hypotheses were supported by the research
.15 level (pvalues). Reformative actions must be taken at the school that was researched and at other schools/fairs throughout the country to minimize such unfair advantages and blatant misco
2010 BE302
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS AND TEST SCORES IN WISCONSIN
Jamie Lea Ginther, Tyler Tullius,
CochraneFountain City High School, Fountain City, WI
The ACT test, or American College Testing program, has been a standard collegeentrance and high school achievement exam since 1959. The ACT is taken more than the SAT exam in every s
of the U.S. The WKCE test is a mandatory test taken by 10th grade students in Wisconsin. This research seeks to find a correlation between ACT test scores and WKCE test scores and socioe
Wisconsin, by analyzing sets of data available to the public via the U.S. Census Bureau and Department of Public Instruction. Data on population, population density, median household income,
persons for each county in Wisconsin was taken from the United States Census Bureau. The data for ACT composite scores and WKCE proficiency scores for each school district in Wisconsin w
Department of Public Instruction. The data was recorded to an Excel spreadsheet, and then analyzed to find Spearman and Pearson correlation coefficients, as well as PValues. A regression an
were created for many combinations of test scores versus socioeconomic factors. The results of the experiment found a correlation between these sets of data, the strongest correlation being be
A majority of the analysis done in the experiment had supported the hypothesis, concluding that there is a relationship between the variables tested.
2012 BE302
BIOJARI: THE CHANGERS START FROM NEW IDEAS
Adymailson Nascimento Santos, Thysianne de Sousa Teixeira, Islla Goncalves Marreiros
Scholl Mineko Hayashida, Laranjal do jari, Amapa, BRASIL
The present work deals under various social problems faced by residents in the neighborhood of the Falklands in Laranjal do Jari, state of Amapá. The aim is to highlight the importance of a dece
sanitation, street lighting, health and quality education among others. Given these problems with the competent authorities seek and society mechanisms that contribute significantly to the social
This work involved literature searches and field divided into 5 (five) steps: First step we make a survey of residents of that locality interviewing them with objective questions, the second step we
Neves Avenue during the floods to prove the same gap, the third step we developed lectures with slides about the garbage and even in danger of flooding to sensitize the population, the fourth ste
municipality works through an engineer put together the initial plan of the project, after the fifth stage elaboration of the previous step we construct a model of the new district showing the possible
theme "BioJari: The changes start from new ideas." Aiming to locate relevant data under the various social problems faced by residents of that neighborhood. Certainly with the support of governm
the community many problems will be minimized. KEY WORDS: riverside population living conditions MIGRATION.
2014 BE302
GAMES OF THE FUTURE: BRAINWAVECONTROLLED DEVICES
Octavian Coca, Stefan Dascalu
Colegiul National "Petru Rares" Suceava, Suceava, , Romania
Electrical activity that the human brain produces is directly correlated with the task an individual is performing. This activity can be recorded with electrodes, giving us an electroencephalography.
an EEGlike device, one can use them to control different gadgets, machines, toys etc. in real time, depending on how hard the user concentrates. Our project consists in a circuit of toy cars who
attention at that given time. Through the use of similar devices we can train our ability to induce ourselves a state of attention, which is very useful in daily tasks that require a high state of conce
in managing with psychological afflictions such as the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This condition is a major sociopsychological problem that has a high presence in children a
Most of the adults develop ways to cope with ADHD, this being a result of the great “flexibility” our brain presents. If devices like our own were to be used by children suffering from this condition,
enhanced, thus helping the individuals affected. The attractive way in which this unconventional treatment (toys) is presented to children is a subject of interest in future studies.
2006 BE302
MUSIC TO MY EARS
Jordan Nicole Farris, Rachel Elizabeth Purtee
Nettleton High School, Jonesboro AR, United States of America
It has been reported that listening to music while taking a test or studying helps one to do better. This project is designed to see whether that idea is right or wrong. Thirtynine local first graders w
were given two minutes to accurately complete as many problems as they could while having different genres of music being played in the background or a quiet background (nomusic).
were classical, countrywestern, and rock `n' roll. The four individual tests were given on three separate occasions each separated by one week. Four out of five school days were used t
to be as accurate as possible, the same music was used on the same days. Also, the tests were given during the normal time the students had math class throughout the day. Six students who
each of the experimental conditions were not included in the statistical analysis of the data. Paired ttests were used to compare average test performances between the nomusic condition and t
the nomusic scores were compared to the three musical genre scores, there was no significant difference in the scores. However, when the musical genres were compared only to each other, ro
than countrywestern math test scores.
2005 BE302
SKIN DEEP
Miraya Berke, Hanna Bliden and Nikki Dance
Soquel High School, Soquel, CA, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of physical appearance on personal approachability. We hypothesized that physical appearance would affect people’s perceptions of
friends, preferred students and potential employees. We selected one boy and one girl and dressed them up in five different outfits, each one based on a stereotypical image. We took ten photogr
simple poll to determine which stereotypical image people preferred and identified three subgroups to query: high school students, teachers, and parents. We then asked high school students to r
person they would most like to have as a friend. We asked teachers which person they would prefer to have as a student. Finally, we asked parents which person they would hire for a job.
person’s approachability and that image did affect people’s choice of friends, preferred students, and potential employees. Students and teachers preferred one image overall others (Tshirt, jeans
preferred the professional image overall others as a potential employee. We concluded that physical appearance and image affected the choices people make regarding friends, preferred students
2004 BE302
WHITE HOT LIES
Dani Staylor, Jacquie Gertz
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if thermal imaging can be used as a means of lie detection. The hypothesis is that the amount of heat around the facial area shown on the thermal
telling a lie compared to the heat projected around the same area when a truth is told. If the difference in these two temperatures is noticeable, thermal imaging may be used to replace the moder
 Procedures used to test the hypothesis are as follows: there were ten randomly selected human test subjects. Each subject was asked to truthfully answer all 10 of the control question
a “Truth” or “Lie” card. The subject was then asked to answer 10 experimental questions according to instructions on the card in front of the thermal imager. Photographs were taken with a Flir PS
measures temperature in degrees Celsius. The results of the test were not as hypothesized. Instead of facial temperature increasing with the telling of a lie, most subjects’ facial tempe
temperature of subjects holding truth cards stayed relatively constant. In conclusion, thermal imaging may be used as a means of lie detection, though, not yet as accurately as modern
variables to skew thermal imaging results: air conditioning, fever, and other temperature changing factors may mask a lie or create false results. 
2003 BE302
SUBLIMINAL STIMULI – DO YOU GET THE MESSAGE?
Sadie Katherine Reinbold, JooHye "Christine" Park
Timber Lake High School, Timber Lake, SD, USA
Our experiment was designed to see if people could receive messages without consciously recognizing what the message is. These messages are called subliminal messages. We mad
word stimuli would affect the test subjects. The video flashed ten subliminal messages: five controls and five stimuli. The stimuli were actual words, but the controls did not show a word at all. Th
the correct word choices made by the test subjects were coincidental or not. Each message was flashed for 100 ms. After each message was given, we gave the subject a set of five words: one
one word that begins with the same letter as the stimulus, and two words unrelated to the stimulus. Then the subject circled one of the five words. In our hypothesis, we believed that the
participants, and they would choose one of the three words related to the corresponding stimulus included in the set of five words. We also hypothesized that the results will be completely random
 After analyzing the data, we concluded that subliminal stimuli in the form of visual words flashed during video presentations do not have an effect on the viewer. We compared the data for th
found no considerable difference in the number of related words chosen in the two categories.
2007 BE302
THE INFLUENCE OF SELFESTEEM IN THE LEARNING PROCESS II
Alexandre Borges Alves Spindola, Lidiane Leal Andriolla
Fundacao Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brasil
This project is the result of a research on the influence of selfesteem in the learning process. The primary objective was to verify if the selfesteem of a 4th grade student would affect his learnin
measured through the beliefs the student had about his own capability of learning. After that, it was analysed the linear correlation between the measured selfesteem and the learning revenue of
carried out with 4th grade students from two schools. For the quantitative research, each student received a questionnaire, with 20 items, to measure his “schoolar selfesteem”. This Questionnai
factorial analysis after being applied on 133 students, for measuring their “school selfesteem”. Besides, it was made a qualitaive analysis through interviews with six students from each
teachers. Thus, a triangulation was made between the quantitative and qualitative methods, which is, according to DENZIN (1989), “the most reliable way of making social researches”. W
the statistical analysis, the results obtained have shown a significant linear correlation (r>0,7; p<0,05) between selfesteem and learning revenue. Therefore, it was concluded that selfesteem has
revenue. Besides, it was verified that the idea the parents and teachers have about the child reflect directly on the idea he has about himself. Before such conclusions, the idea is to develop a pe
the students’ selfesteem. 
2009 BE302
FIRST IMPRESSIONS: WHAT TRIGGERS OUR PERCEPTIONS?
Isaiah Martin Butler, Katherine Eva Joyce,
Everyday, people make perceptions about the people they meet. Social perceiving is the process of interpreting sensory information that has you draw conclusions about the individuals around yo
efforts to find what affects our perceptions, which, unfortunately, are usually based upon stereotypes, as well as neurological connections made within the brain, and also to make people aware o
discover any other affects on perceptions and what perceptions would be made about specific images, this project had participants draw conclusion in written form in addition to answering multipl
chosen pictures. They filled out a short questionnaire concerning their own personal characteristics, including gender, age, birth order, home location, and ethnicity. These were used, along with s
and brain functions about perceptions, to analyze the results and to recognize patterns and possible causes. To interpret the results, we took each answer, recorded it, and then simplifi
response. Then we compared that to the stereotypical first impression that we hypothesized that individuals would make about the picture, which we had previously designated negative, positive,
63.7% of the time, subjects in this experiment had response that was stereotypical, and when asked to explain their answer the often used answers that relied on prejudices. These results concu
have a stereotypical conclusion about the pictures we exposed them to, because of the subjects’ exposure to society view and preexisting memories that cause them to associate and classify pe
perceptions are a combination of society’s installment of norms and memories from the hippocampus applied to social environments.
2008 BE302
HITLER VS. KING
Griffin Carter Miller, Conrad Bandoroff,
Sayre School, Lexington, KY
King vs. Hitler examines the impact of who makes a statement on our decision making. Are we inclined to agree with Martin Luther King Jr. and to disagree with Adolf Hitler simply because of wh
by race, faith, and education were asked if they Agreed or Disagreed with the same two statements, one attributed to King and the other to Hitler. 42 were inaccurately told the speaker of the stat
speaker. 66% of the surveyed people Agreed when King was attributed as the speaker, even if Hitler actually was the speaker. 46% Agreed when Hitler was attributed as the speaker, even if King
decision making process is significantly influenced by who makes a statement rather than by the statement’s contents. People are more inclined to Agree with King, a famous humanitarian and c
Disagree with Hitler, infamous for his atrocities during WW II, simply by virtue of his name.
2013 BE302
HAVING FUN LEARNING ABOUT CORAL
Jovita Nathania, Rosinta Handinata, Maria Yolenta Lestari
Tarsisius 1 High School, Jakarta, INDONESIA
Introducing coral reef to school age children is very important if expect them to have awareness of saving it. Children usually learn about it in the rigid environment of a classroom. We need to fin
that to compliment this classroom learning. The current study is aimed at testing the effectiveness of newly develop card game (KTR) to introduce coral reef. With this card game, children are int
playing the card game. Two experiments were conducted with children familiar (island children) and not familiar (city children) with marine habitat. In each location, the group was randomly assign
reading group, and readingplaying group. It was hypothesized that playing group will learn as much as or better than the reading group and the readingplaying group will perform best. The result c
playing group learn as much as the reading group, which suggests that children learn as much through a fun card game. Because of its portability (can be played almost anywhereanytime), KTR
classroom learning.
Award of $ 1000 for ocean science projects, with an emphasis on marine geosciences. Consortium for Ocean Leadership
2008 BE303
VISUALIZE AND MEMORIZE
Jesse Jon Davila, Mark Salas,
Del Rio High School, Del Rio, TX
Our project began essentially to test the effectiveness of visual aids on memory retention. This project is comprised from eight basic tests. We randomly composed twentyfive color items for eig
visual aids and organizational patterns to see how they helped or distracted the test subject. Upon administering the test, we gave the subject one minute to view the study sheet, and an addition
information they could remember on a blank answer sheet. Our hypothesis was proven correct when the memory retention results show an increase over the results from the control group, which
visual aids, which included color text, physical aids, and organizational patterns, raised the scores.
2009 BE303
MIND GAMES: INNOVATION
Nolan Brent Timmons, Felix Plancarte,
Andrews High School, Andrews, TX
The Outcome of last year’s project, Mind Games, inspired a new idea in the further use of video games to increase mental performance. Therefore, the purpose of this project was to be able to de
video game such as Gears of War 2 can help the test participants better retain both episodic and semantic memory. Episodic and Semantic are two types of declarative longterm memory locate
Semantic memory pertains to the facts and general knowledge, and episodic memory is related to personal experiences and events. Eight female participants all over the age of thirty an
participate. The test used was the Paired Associate Learning Test from the Camden Memory Tests. The test was altered to better test longterm memory. All participants were asked to play for a
times a week. Two participants acted as controls, and did not come into contact with the video games. The rest were split up into two groups: violence and nonviolence. Though there wa
scores from the final test did approach significance as well as visual response time, which had a confidence level near 90%. Therefore, these results may warrant further investigation of this expe
test subjects being visual learners, showing signs of significance on the second set of tests as compared to the baseline tests.
2003 BE303
IS PESTLESHAPED THUMB GENETICALLY CONTROLLED?
Songyue Zheng, Jie Geng , Ping Yang
Zhengzhou Normal School ,Zhengzhou,Henan Province,China
Pestleshaped thumb, which is characterized by a high ratio (about two) of the width to the length of thumbnail, is frequently observed in Chinese population. However, it is still unknown whether t
The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetics of pestleshaped thumb. The physical survey was performed on 12180 students in 15 elementary and middle schools around Zh
Data analysis demonstrated that pestleshaped thumb is genetically controlled with a relatively constant occurrence at approximately 2% in the population studied. The results also indicated that
Furthermore, some families have a high occurrence frequency of pestleshaped thumb. Forty pedigree families with high occurrence of pestleshaped thumb were further analyzed. Pedigree analy
thumb is unlikely controlled by one pair of allele genes. Instead, multiple genes may be involved in the genetic control of this inherited phenomenon. In conclusion, pestleshaped thumb is an inhe
multiple genes.The further genetic analysis about pestleshaped thumb, its distribution,the ratio among different nationalities and possible linked markers will be carried out and characterized in th
2004 BE303
PROBLEM SOLVING
Ren Austin Curry, Heather Capps
Fernley High School, Fernley, NV, USA
We investigated problem solving strategies and differences in completion time in subjects of both genders ranging from 5 to 75 years of age. Each subject was asked to assemble a simple (24 pi
strategies they used, completion time, gender and age. Strategies were identified as follows: starting with the picture starting with the border no apparent pattern (random
from the time the puzzle box was opened until the last piece was placed into the puzzle. We have found a statistically significant difference in completion times between genders and are
Other data are thus far inconclusive, but we hope that information from additional subjects will give us better results. 
2005 BE303
GENDER DETERMINATION BY THUMBPRINTS
Shannon Marie Cassidy, Meryl Hulteng
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville, Oregon, United States of America
This experiment was designed to test the possibility of determining gender from a fingerprint. The science of fingerprinting has become an easy way to identify people from crime scenes to finding
did not indicate that gender can be determined from fingerprinting. The hypothesis stated that at least one print characteristic would surface as an aid in distinguishing the gender of prints. Analysis determined that males tended to have a higher ridge count th
type of prints to ridge count and gender, common patterns were discovered. From this a classification system was created to determine the probability of a gender. We were able to designate pro
thumbprints. Those with a low ridge count and right loop were probable female prints and those thumbprints with a whorl and high ridge count were probable males. Due to the sample siz
be found if the experiment was repeated. If gender could be determined via fingerprint, it could prove important to criminal investigators, by speeding processing drastically. For instance
taken from a crime scene could be prioritized when knowing the suspects gender. Plans have been made to collect more prints for further analysis and research.
2006 BE303
CULTURAL INFLUENCE ON EYE MOVEMENT BEHAVIOR IN RESPONSE TO A SOCIAL TARGET IMAGE AS MEASURED BY A NOVEL EYETRACKING DEVICE
Cameron Walden Dennis, Suji Paek
West Salem High School, Salem, Oregon, United States of America
Culture acts like a pair of prescription glasses; a filter through which we see the world. And due to such significance, our hypothesis is that culture influences a subject's eye movement behavior
context. In order to track a subject's eyemovement behavior, we constructed an eyetracking device consisting of a video camera in the nightvision setting using infrared light, a LCD c
enclosed within a darkened wooden box. Computer software (Final Cut Pro and Adobe Photoshop) was used to generate the target image from a digital photo and to analyze the video taken of the
represented Japanese and Western cultures. In the experiment, subjects looked through a lensless goggle attached to the front of the box to center their eyes. The subjects viewed a pi
of a natural landscape. This image, projected from the LCD computer screen, was reflected onto the twoway mirror. The subjects viewed the image while the Sony DCRTRV18 Digital Handycam
recorded their eyemovements from the other side of the mirror. Video of each subject's eye movement was analyzed and compared based on the proportion of gaze fixation on a target
gaze fixation duration, and eye movement patterns to determine if culture was a significant influence. Differences in proportions in gaze fixation between the cultures were found; thus, reinforcing
2013 BE303
BASIC HEALTH, CLASSIC TRUTH! BEHAVIOR ADJUSTMENT SUGGESTED BY THE IDENTIFICATION OF CONSTITUTIONS: A NOVEL IDEA FOR HEALTHCARE
Hio Teng Wong, Cheng In Chao
Keang Peng School, Macao, MACAU
In 2012, Macau has been ranked the second highest life expectancy in the world. It is generally believed that prevention is better than cure in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), many approach
residents in Macau as primary healthcare. We aimed to find out a way to improve our health by behavior adjustment that is based on the nine constitutions, one being natural and acquired dispos
1109 voluntary students from a Macau school, which is one of Macau’s secondary school, completed two questionnaires. One of them is used to define participants’ constitution and was publishe
Medicine; while the other was designed by us in order to study the correlation between constitutions and behaviors. The results showed that eight abnormal constitutions and the control, the Norm
(p<0.05) in behaviors. Significant positive and negative correlations (p<0.1) were between constitution and behavior pattern. Furthermore, constitution was significantly different (p=0.000) in age, g
accounted for high percentage of Normal Constitution. To conclude, there is a significant correlation between behaviors and constitutions, which sheds light on a lowcost primary healthc
under the trend of population aging. Furthermore, the constitution questionnaire used is proved a practical way of assessing the constitution of a population and of detecting differences in subgrou
2014 BE303
RITALIN ME THIS? A STUDY OF CORRELATION BETWEEN LEARNING STYLES OF ADD/ADHD STUDENTS AND AUTISTIC STUDENTS
Makenna Hukill, Ashlee Fletcher
Muskogee High School, Muskogee, OK, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment is to test the possibility of learning techniques used on children with Autism can benefit children with ADD/ADHD because of the genetic similarities in the double h
creating an alternative to educating children with ADD/ADHD instead of medicating them. Since there is a genetic correlation between children with Autism and ADD/ADHD, then the learning strat
Autism will benefit children with ADD/ADHD. Before testing each child on Testing Day #1 while on their medication, ask each child to fill out the “Class Time Management” survey. Test
elementary teacher conduct Math and Reading lesson and ask comprehensive questions. Repeat the testing procedures on Day #2 the same as Day #1, but with students not on their medication
incorporated. Compare Math and Reading tests from Day #1 and Day #2, and then complete a tTest: TwoSample Assuming Equal Variances. In short, based on our testing our hypothe
genetic mutation of the GIN1 DNA in Autistic children and children with ADD/ADHD, it is proven that learning strategies designed for Autistic children can also benefit children diagnosed with ADD
representations and kinesthetic learning activities to further engage students; thus, eliminating the need or requirement for ADD/ADHD medications that negatively impact children using it and pro
2012 BE303
SEXISM IN PUBLICITY. ARE WE AWARE OF THAT?
Maria Dominzain, Alejandro Ginares,
Instituto Habilitado Galileo Galilei, Piriapolis, Maldonado, URUGUAY
Sexism can be seen in everyday life because it has been part of society since ancient times, creating, as a consequence, unequal stereotypes for each of the sexes. Although these stereotypes
present and, does publicity use them? Here lies the issue that this research tries to solve, the question is: Are we aware of what publicity shows us? The hypothesis expresses that actual publici
are unconsciously internalized by local teenagers therefore promulgating sexism in our society. Gender stereotypes internalized by teenagers were identified by an observed participation
and feminity. Social Semiotics was studied to understand the mechanism of advertising. A study among 50 teenagers was conducted to know whether they can identify sexist messages and judg
determine if people is aware of the sexist content of the publicity and its consequences. The research was complemented by bibliography analysis and three interviews with workers of areas relat
the study teenagers from 12 to 14 years old are more prone to internalize sexist messages than the older ones. The poll shows differences between men and women in the awareness of the publi
 The hypothesis was demonstrated and this project proves the importance of struggling against sexism and the influence of publicity in teenagers. Related to this there have been given lectur
2010 BE303
CONSTRUCTION AND VALIDATION OF AN INSTRUMENT TO MEASURE ATTITUDES OF PARENTS OF TEENAGERS TOWARD REGGAETON
Isamar MayolCalderon, Coral M. ReyesOrtiz,
Episcopal Cathedral School, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
Reggaeton has become a very popular genre among children and adolescents. Allegedly, too much exposure to it may lead to three fundamentals problems: uncontrolled sexuality, violence and d
clashes in the relationships between parents and teenagers and between generations. The purpose of this project was to construct and validate an instrument to meassure parents of teenagers at
future investigation in this area. This goal was fully achieved. A pool of 64 items, where validated. The instrument was then constituted by 47 items which were administered to 100 parents of tee
discriminatory capacity of the items was evaluated through the Biserial Correlation index. The new version of the instrument was composed of 32 items. The final form of the instrument otained a
Cronbach of .93. This is considered a good reliability index. The discriminatory power of the questionnarie was assessed by the Delta of Ferguson Formula, were a coefficient of .98 was obtained
discriminates well between different levels in the attitudes measured. An independentsamples ttest was conducted to compare the mean scores for mothers and fathers. There was no significan
reggaeton. We concluded that the instrument demonstrated a high level of reliability, validity and discriminatory power, providing a solid base for futures studies.
2011 BE303
EDUCATIONAL ROBOTICS: AN INNOVATION THAT QUALIFIES LEARNING IN PHYSICS AND MATHEMATICS
Wanderson Magalhaes da Costa, William Braga de Souza,
Colegio Estadual de Maracanau, Maracanau, Ceara, BRASIL
The use of educational robotics as a teaching tool allows students to develop the ability to question, think and find solutions. Our goal is to carry the student to develop hypothesis, to investigate
conclusions, leaving the theory to start the concrete. In the development of our research, we executed six workshops, divided in three stages: 1) Imitation: that through a robot insect, the student
Construction step by step: now, students do not have the actual image about what to assemble, they know what they should do but do not know the final result, 3) programming the robot. The wo
and participation of 25 students aged between 15 and 16 years, and the 9nd and 10nd grade, which had poor academic performance in the subjects of calculation. With the workshops was possib
insect robot as a mediator in the teachinglearning in math and physics, and also to help the interdisciplinary among mathematics, physics, computer science and Portuguese. For the results, we
school in mathematics and physics and we found that students who participated in the workshops of robotics, had a growth of 68% in mathematics and physics 87%, considering the annual scho
without the use of workshops (control group). With these significant results we intend to deploy the robotic educational workshops to other students in our school.
2007 BE303
DIFFERENCES IN MENTAL AND PHYSICAL CAPABILITIES OF CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS WORKED IN DIFFERENT FIELDS OF LAKE APOPKA AREA AGRICULTURE: PHASE II
Grant Fabian Chernoby, Shahin Pourkaviani, Francesca Gaete
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, Florida, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if children's abilities were harmed through their parents’ exposure to working in different fields of agriculture with specific focus on the affects of c
nurseries. The null hypothesis stated that there is no statistically significant difference in mental and physical capabilities of children whose parents had exposure to pesticides through working in
Apopka. The children's mental and physical capabilities were determined through a variety of tests such as a balance or shortterm memory test. The children were then divided into groups based
field of agriculture around Lake Apopka. The groups consisted of a control, a 17 year exposure group, and a plant nursery group. A two sample t test was used to determine the confide
dramatic differences between the children's abilities on many of the tests including handeye coordination, balance, and fine motor skills. As the control was compared to the 17 year exposure gr
significance level rose. The null hypothesis was rejected and it was shown that pesticides from different agricultural fields had different affects on children. The researchers concluded that pestici
nurseries produced especially harmful effects to children and that these chemicals were able to be transmitted to the next generation creating a legacy of pesticide damage. 
2010 BE304
THE STUDY OF THE PLACEBO EFFECT IN RELATION TO PROBIOTIC YOGURT
Kaystin Lynn Weisenberger, Lydia Harvengt,
Wentzville Holt High School, Wentzville, MO
A placebo is any product that is able to induce effects beyond that of its pharmacological benefits. Typically, a placebo effect is generated by a combination of expectancy, motivation, and condi
a popular probiotic yogurt which uses advertising to claim regulation of the digestive system. To test this yogurt as a placebo, researchers provided thirty middleaged women with probiotic yogurt
claims of greater improvement. The hypothesis is that the advertising techniques used by the probiotic yogurt generate a placebo in consumers. Through selfreporting, women rated their digestiv
probiotic yogurt. They also rated the effect they believed the yogurt to have. The two ratings were then statistically compared between groups who received different exposure to the probiotic yog
probiotic yogurt induces a placebo effect through its advertising that renders benefits beyond the expected pharmacological effects.
2012 BE304
THE DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL SELFRECOGNITION IN TODDLERS THROUGH MIRROR REFLECTIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Laura Sylvia Landgraf, Margaret Mary Green,
Burnsville Senior High School, Burnsville, MN
This study examines the development of visual selfrecognition in toddlers (aged twelve to thirty months) by testing their ability to recognize themselves in mirror reflections and photographs. Psy
assessed children’s abilities to selfrecognize through both mirror and photograph tests, but these two measurements of recognition have never been tested in conjunction. It was hypothesized th
photograph test (a headshot and then a headshot with a change in everyday appearance) were performed on the toddlers, the toddlers would be most successful in completing the mirror test and
identification test involving the appearance change. It was also hypothesized that before seventeen months, not one of the children would be able to pass any of the three tests, but by the age of
successfully pass all three of the tests. To test this hypothesis the three tests were performed on a group of sixtytwo toddlers and their success at selfidentification was recorded. The statistica
Q were performed on the data which solidified that the mirror test was indeed most successful while the photo test including the change had the lowest rate of success among the toddlers. Before
of children could pass any of the tests, but by the age of twentynine months there was a one hundred percent success rate on all three tests.
2013 BE304
MAGICIAN OR SCIENTISTS? DIDACTIC COMIC FOR SCIENCE DIFUSSION
Ricardo Marquez Catzalco, Angel Ruiz Mendoza
Universidad del Valle de Mexico, Puebla, MEXICO
This prototype of scientific comic book has the purpose to spread the science to young people, and at the same time, to make them get interested using colloquial language and images that dem
with one prototype of comic book, in this first one we used “Einstein” and distributed between high school students, after they read this comic, we applied an opinion poll to realize the impact of o
we asked what was their favorite subject and the hardest subject for them, in both cases they answered “Math”, so, for our next prototype, we use as theme, “algebra”. The project started
science diffusion? It is believed that young people are not interested in a scientific vocation because they do not have had an interesting experience and teachers have not been able to interest s
the team members, it was devised a comic book, it is known that making science interesting would be the solution. We applied the comic book to young people in 10th grade and an exam
algebra . In conclusion, it was found that many young people like science, but is difficult to them learn it, so, it must make easy learning methods with the comic book but without scienc
2006 BE304
DOES GENDER AFFECT HANDWRITING ANALYSIS?
Angela Kristine Neslund, Jessica Gamber
Champlin Park High School, Champlin, Minnesota, United States
Titled “Does Gender Affect Handwriting Analysis?” this project focuses on just that. The idea was to identify whether gender has an effect on graphology’s accuracy (the hypothesis proposed that
Surveys were filled out, handwriting samples were written, and each survey was scored. The surveys were separated into four groups according to personality type, and this was used to check th
analyses.Every sample was analyzed, and there was no difference between males and females. Seven Ttests proved seven trait comparisons to have scientifically relevant results. The conclus
close to fully as possible. 
2005 BE304
WHO HAS BETTER COORDINATION: MUSICIANS OR ATHLETES?
Danielle Marie Strausbaugh, Jessica Reile
Upper Sandusky High School, Upper Sandusky Ohio, United States
The goal of the research is to see whether or not students that practice music on a regular basis will have better handeye coordination than students who practice an athletic activity on a regular
memory, rhythm, timing, and intricate hand movements are taught to children when coordination is first being developed. Memory, rhythm, timing, and intricate hand movements are also very larg
and music. If both contained the same basic skill, could the components be put together? The hypothesis is that students who practice musical instruments on a regular basis will have better coo
athletic activities on a regular basis. The experiment consists of gathering fifty students who practice athletic activities, fifty students who practice musical instruments, and fifty students who do
All students will be of high school age between fourteen and eighteen. The student will trace a pattern while looking in a mirror. This will test the student's hand eye coordination. Based on the res
better coordination with an average of 7.16 buzzes per thirty seconds. This research that was conducted could prove that playing music can better one's coordination and be used to better the de
2004 BE304
RELIABILITY OF CRIMINAL EVIDENCE: A COMPARISON OF VALIDITY RANKINGS IN FORENSIC OBSERVATIONS
Rachel Cherie Palmer, Samantha Granberg
Lakeview High School, Lakeview, Oregon, USA
In today's society, the public is influenced by forensic television shows such as Law and Order, CSI, CSI: Miami, Cold Case, and Without a Trace. This leads us to believe that one type of eviden
can be thrown out the window. However, does the public have the right idea as to what evidence is even considered valid? This study compares the opinion of our peers and factual statistics alon
engineered to test how they would fare as an eye witness. To do this we used a video, a survey pertaining to that video, and a survey testing their view on valid evidence.
2007 BE304
BRAINBOW IV: CONDITIONED RESPONSE TO COLOR
Emma Katherine Kearney, William Sheppard Kearney
McIntosh High School, Peachtree City, GA, USA
This study examined the effects of color on the strength of a conditioned response. The hypothesis was that a color with more positive valence (blue) will be more easily conditioned than a color
subjects (N=23), students in college introductory psychology classes, were shown photographs from the International Affective Picture System. The photographs were paired with blue or red solid
assigned to one of two groups, either red paired with negative pictures or blue paired with negative pictures. After 36 trials of paired stimuli, the subjects viewed blue and red slides, in random ord
subjects were monitored on four physiological measurements: corrugator electromyography, zygomatic electromyography, heart rate, and electrodermal activity. There was a nonsignificant trend
the pictures on corrugator (frown) muscle activity, such that red showed a stronger conditioning effect when red was paired with negative pictures and blue with positive pictures, F(1,21)=2.34, P=
conditioned to negative stimuli, while blue could be conditioned to positive or negative stimuli but with weaker results. The color blue responds better to conditioning across the spectrum of both p
the hypothesis. For future extensions of this study, culturally different subjects may be studied to determine if the responses to color come from society and primate subjects may be used to de
evolutionary trends.
2008 BE304
A DISCUSSION ABOUT EQUALITY: A GENDER STUDY IN THE CLASSROOM
Mary Alysandra Patzel, Jessica Cummins,
Within societies, individuals often present rules and patterns of interaction. In typical Western society relationships, these patterns often follow behaviors that are based on gender. Through differe
setting, we attempted see how the social network patterns and gender roles are influenced by discussion type. By videotaping a classroom's interactions in two different discussion formats, we e
behaviors between peers. Using social networking software, we were able to change complex human interactions into empirical data, and created maps of the interactions in the classroom. Analy
separate discussions on the basis of gender, we worked to find out whether the physical format and framing of discussion affected gender roles and interactions in the classroom. We have shown
discussions, while females are more outspoken in conversational, communal discussion types.
2014 BE304
CAPACITY LIMITS OF WORKING MEMORY: THE IMPACT OF MULTITASKING ON COGNITIVE CONTROL AND EMOTION RECOGNITION IN THE ADOLESCENT MIND
Sarayu Caulfield, Alexandra Ulmer
Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, OR, United States of America
Media multitasking is increasingly prevalent in our society, especially among the young. Processing multiple streams of information simultaneously, however, is cognitively challenging, thereby p
in the performance of the overlapping tasks. Working memory is the brain function responsible for setting priorities for tasks and limiting distraction. This study examines the effects of habitual an
of working memory and its ability to switch between tasks and filter out distractions. 403 participants were randomly assigned to either a multitasking or nonmultitasking room; both groups compl
calculate their multitasking index score, tests to assess the participants’ ability to juggle tasks and focus (AXCPT), and to assess emotion recognition (DANVA2). Participants in the multitasking
simultaneously with additional auditory, visual, and cognitive tasks. A Media Multitasking Index was used to identify groups of high and media multitaskers. The results of this investigation sugge
reflected in the performance of the individual's ability to switch between tasks, filter irrelevant information, and multitask. Those with habitual high use of multiple media were better able to filter ou
p = 0.014), but surprisingly performed worse when they were not pursuing multiple tasks. In other words, they were better at multitasking, but performed worse when made to focus. Those with ha
able to filter out interference from distracting tasks, but were best able to focus on single tasks (16.9 v 9.8, p < 0.0001).
2011 BE304
IS NEPHILA CLAVATA A NEW SPECIES OF SOCIAL SPIDERS? A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON BEHAVIORS OF NEPHILA CLAVATA
Sihan Jiang, Jiaqi Duan, Zihan Zhang
ZhengZhou Foreign Language School Campus, ZhengZhou, HeNan, CHINA
It is known that spiders are always solitary. There are more than 34,000 species of spiders in the world, but only 20 species were found to be social spiders. Nephila Clavata (short as NC) is not i
found thousands of NC spiders were in groups at Zhengzhou forest park, China. Then we wondered and proposed a bold guess: NC may be a new species of social spiders. Firstly, we s
field observation and current digital video technology in a whole year. Secondly, we classified and established some systematic behavioral spectrums of NC, including weaving, hunting,
mating, spawning, wintering behaviors etc. Thirdly, we discussed the social habits of NC from the aspects of ecological function, ontogeny, genetic evolution, and external stimuli. The m
number of clustered groups, high density of colony, long duration (several years) of aggregation, joint work, copredator, and mutual defense. In addition, the social status and division of labor in N
"matriarchal society". Polyandry and “migratory marriage” in NC improve its individual mating rate and population genetic background. Colonies enhance the survival rate of hatchlings over the win
which lacks biodiversity and predators, provides a suitable habitat for NC to aggregate in groups with increased reproductive rate. In a word, we concluded that NC is a new species of so
2009 BE304
DEGREE OF LATERALIZATION AS A PREDICTOR OF PERFORMANCE
Joanne Chou, Andrea Clark,
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, FL
It was once believed that one hemisphere dominated in all specific areas of intellect. However, the human brain is separated by a longitudinal fissure, which creates two distinct cerebral hemisphe
hemisphere specializing in their own function. The purpose of this study was to determine if a person’s specific lateralization affects how well they work in a team. It was hypothesized that highly
than low lateralized teams. College participants were tested through a lateralization screener, which asked to maximize the number of times they can tap a spacebar, a spatial task, and
verbal task. Participants were then categorized according to their scores from the lateralization screener by their lateralization and grouped with same categorized participants for phase two.
cooperative game, which monitored their performance in their lateralized teams. As a result, there was a slight increase in performance for the highly lateralized teams; however, it is not
statistically significant difference in team performance. Understanding the specific nature of how spatial abilities are lateralized in the brain is important for several reasons. Clinicians use this info
injury or surgery. Predicting the consequences of specific brain injuries in order to create interventions for these patients is vital to understand how they react to brain surgery.
2008 BE304
A DISCUSSION ABOUT EQUALITY: A GENDER STUDY IN THE CLASSROOM
Mary Alysandra Patzel, Jessica Cummins,
Within societies, individuals often present rules and patterns of interaction. In typical Western society relationships, these patterns often follow behaviors that are based on gender. Through differe
setting, we attempted see how the social network patterns and gender roles are influenced by discussion type. By videotaping a classroom's interactions in two different discussion formats, we e
behaviors between peers. Using social networking software, we were able to change complex human interactions into empirical data, and created maps of the interactions in the classroom. Analy
separate discussions on the basis of gender, we worked to find out whether the physical format and framing of discussion affected gender roles and interactions in the classroom. We have shown
discussions, while females are more outspoken in conversational, communal discussion types.
2003 BE304
DO LEARNING STYLES AND THIRD GRADE GPA PREDICT ACADEMIC SUCCESS?
Melissa Marie Neuwirth, Sonny Raye Massar
Francis Howell North High School, St. Charles MO, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if learning styles and third grade GPA were predictors of academic success. There were 119 participants from ninth to twelfth grade in this exper
honors group which consisted of students in honors classes. These classes are based on a 5.0 GPA scale. Fifty three participants were part of the control group, which consisted of nonhonor lev
Sixteen participants were at risk students, whose individual nature made it difficult to learn. All subjects were given a survey, Inventory of Learning Styles Test, and a consent form to fill out.
Styles had no effect on academic success, was accepted. The dominant teaching styles of high school are visual and sequential. When the GPA’s of the students with those dominant styles we
honors had higher GPA’s than other two groups. When the statistical analysis was done, this was proven insignificant. Null hypothesis two, stating that third grade GPA had no effect on academi
change in GPA from third to ninth grade was compared, honors had less of a change than the nonhonors and at risk groups. This part of the experiment proved to be significant. Other factors we
family dynamics, independent reading ages, and how information was taught in their classroom. The independent reading ages of the honors group were lower than those of the nonhonors and at
rate among those in the nonhonors and the at risk groups. Change in GPA was compared between the students who have a twoparent biological household, divorced parents, and other family ci
2014 BE304
CAPACITY LIMITS OF WORKING MEMORY: THE IMPACT OF MULTITASKING ON COGNITIVE CONTROL AND EMOTION RECOGNITION IN THE ADOLESCENT MIND
Sarayu Caulfield, Alexandra Ulmer
Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, OR, United States of America
Media multitasking is increasingly prevalent in our society, especially among the young. Processing multiple streams of information simultaneously, however, is cognitively challenging, thereby p
in the performance of the overlapping tasks. Working memory is the brain function responsible for setting priorities for tasks and limiting distraction. This study examines the effects of habitual an
of working memory and its ability to switch between tasks and filter out distractions. 403 participants were randomly assigned to either a multitasking or nonmultitasking room; both groups compl
calculate their multitasking index score, tests to assess the participants’ ability to juggle tasks and focus (AXCPT), and to assess emotion recognition (DANVA2). Participants in the multitasking
simultaneously with additional auditory, visual, and cognitive tasks. A Media Multitasking Index was used to identify groups of high and media multitaskers. The results of this investigation sugge
reflected in the performance of the individual's ability to switch between tasks, filter irrelevant information, and multitask. Those with habitual high use of multiple media were better able to filter ou
p = 0.014), but surprisingly performed worse when they were not pursuing multiple tasks. In other words, they were better at multitasking, but performed worse when made to focus. Those with ha
able to filter out interference from distracting tasks, but were best able to focus on single tasks (16.9 v 9.8, p < 0.0001).
Third Award of $1,000 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2007 BE305
AN ANALYSIS OF STUDENT LEARNING BEHAVIORS AS A PRODUCT OF TEACHER EMOTIONAL COMMUNICATION
Andrew Joseph Duchi, Caroline Blosser
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington Ohio, United States of America
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of emotion on learning behaviors of high school students. Surveys were distributed to 200 students and 7 teachers. The surveys included qu
perception of ability to succeed), emotional state of the classroom, connection to the teacher, goal structure, and feigned emotions. Although the teacher surveys did not offer enough variance to
surveys generated noteworthy data. A Spearman Rank Order Test was used to determine the correlation between positive emotion and attitude in the classroom, producing a pvalue less than .00
This correlation shows that positive emotion is not only important in the sociallearning based elementary school, but also in the more contentbased, higher level education of the high school env
between positive attitude and connection to the teacher, but it was not as strong as between attitude and positive emotion. Correlations were also seen between negative emotion, lack of connect
less significant than the positive emotion and connection correlations; no other variables produced significant correlation. These correlations indicate that positive emotions expressed by a teache
establishing a connection to students will help to reinforce positive attitude, and negative emotions have a less significant impact than positive emotions. Thus, teachers should genuinely express
avoid emotive dissonance, which contributes to burnout.
2009 BE305
PERSPECTIVE OF LIFE: PUERTO RICAN TEENAGERS QUALITY OF LIFE BASED ON HOME ENVIRONMENT, SOCIAL LIFE, RELIGIOUS EXPERIENCE, AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES
Frances Del Mar Bravo, Ghiara Lugo,
Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this investigation is to describe and relate the quality of life and the perspective of life in observable conducts which can be related with their social life, home environment, physic
gender. 150 subjects within the metropolitan area between the ages of 1316 were submitted to the SRPI profile (questionnaire designed by the principal investigator and revised by a psychiatrist
Square p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant association between the quality of life and the perspective of life in Puerto Rican teenagers. The family’s profile was related to the social quality of life. Te
tended to have greater encounters with their friends due to the fact that they are trying to fill an emotional vacancy. Religious and moral values are learned from mothers who acquire their core va
have a healthier life style due to the core values imposed by their mothers. The poor quality of life in females is because of the pressure imposed, especially when related to academic profile and
quality of life is associated to the pressure imposed by parents because they want their children not only to enroll in physical activities, but to also have a healthy academic profile. A positive per
to a healthy quality of life in the home environment (family profile and parent pressure) and religious experience.
2008 BE305
FROM AN ART TO A SCIENCE: IMPROVING THE SUBJECTIVE COLLEGE ADMISSIONS PROCESS THROUGH AN ANALYTICAL METHOD TO OPTIMIZE DIVERSITY
Robert Weinstock Bamberger, Ari Sprung,
One of the stated goals of colleges is to admit a highly diverse set of students based on criterion that go far beyond race and ethnicity. Colleges presently use a wide variety of techniques to sele
methods involve a degree of subjectivity. The purpose of the project was to create an analytical method, which would optimize diversity for a given set of eligible applicants. An analytica
were run. The analytical method went through a process in which it selected ten students from the hypothetical eligible set of thirty students. These results were compared against two control gro
2) a subjective selection process called the student test. The results were compared using two diversity measurements, Simpson’s Index of Diversity and the USA Today Method of Diversity. Th
random control group using both measurements, and was superior to the student test using the USA Today’s Method of Diversity. However, a weakness to the analytical method was, although it
the expense of maximizing student involvement. A second analytical method called the involvement method was then developed and tested to optimize diversity and involvement simultaneously
control groups in terms of diversity and the analytical method in consideration of student involvement.
2004 BE305
URBANRURAL COMPOST PREPARATION ACCEPTANCE DESCRIPTIVE COMPARASION
Ishwara Margarita Ayala, Frances Saez Diaz
S.U. Maria C. Santiago, Comerio, Puerto Rico
The purpose of this study is to determine the acceptance that the residents of the urban and rural zone of the Municipality of Comerío have to produce compost. This arises as a result of the lack
recycling program of Comerío has for the recycling of organic materials. To gather information an 11 questions questionnaire was developed. The questions were divided into four categories (gene
types of wastes in the home, participation in recycling campaigns and knowledge about the composting). This questionnaire was administered to 20% of the residents of Sabana del Palmar Urban
Parcels of Palomas (rural). In order to select the houses where interviews were going to be held, a systematic sampling was made. The starting point was selected at random and from there the i
until completing the sample. The results demonstrated that the urban zone produced more solid wastes than the rural zone. It was found that the residents of the rural zone had greater knowledge
considered that the composting is a natural mechanism of recycling. 50% of the persons surveyed in the rural zone were very interested in producing compost in their homes and 41.75% from the
the data collected in this investigation the Recycling Project of Comerío is due to establish a pilot plan to produce compost in this Municipality. 
2003 BE305
COMPARISON OF CEPHALIC INDEX AND COGNITIVE ABILITY IN MALE AND FEMALE HOMO SAPIEN
Lauren Olivia Titus, Leah Gaiser
Mustang High School, Mustang Oklahoma, USA
Does a correlation exist between cognitive ability and cephalic index (a ratio of breadth over length of a skull multiplied by 100)? None has yet been recorded, hence the Hypothesis: If the cephali
11th, or 12th grade is calculated, then it will bear no correlation to the results of his or her intelligence test. A study has been composed according to the following Procedure: A 72 cm c
to opisthocranium and breadth across the zygomatic arches to calculate the cephalic indices of randomlyselected male and female subjects in each grade. An Intelligence Quotient test, obtained
to each subject, and while it is not a professional test, thus cannot provide a complete overview of the subject's abilities, it does serve as a means of comparison through data. The subjects are d
grade and gender, and a twosample ttest is executed within each stratum. The Purpose: To determine if the results show a relationship between cephalic index and intelligence quotient.
index=77.9, quotient=109.4 Female index=79.4, quotient=113.3 11th: Male index=77.5, quotient=107.6 Female index=77.9, quotient=112.7 12th: Male
index=80.2, quotient=124.0 According to the data above and the ttest series performed, we came to the following Conclusion: The data was inconclusive, but the lack of discovery of a
Further testing is necessary for definite results.
2005 BE305
ACTIONRESEARCH ENVIRONMENTAL PART II
Nelson Beuter Junior, Priscila de Camargo Nunes
Fundação Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha Novo Hamburgo, RS Brasil
The research had as target to ecologically sensitize the community in a low class district in São Leopoldo/ RS/Brazil.The target population was children from kindergarten to third year of elementa
district.Environmental education approached trough practical and theoretical methodologies as a transverse, multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary theme. Lectures and gymkhanas concerning the co
domestic garbage, vector animals, biodiversity and marshes were promoted.A primer was also written with suggestions for environmental activities to be used by the teachers in the classroom.Th
applied before and after the research with students and teachers, and in the gymkhana tasks the method was evaluated. This evaluation used indexes, which involved the form answers before,an
teachers who developed environmental activities, students engaging as environmental monitors and the relation of students to teachers engaged in the project.The results were considered to be s
researched students had interest in taking part in a volunteers group of environmental monitory, when the aim established was of 25%.40%improvement in the students'correct answers to the sen
teachers’ engagement was a little low, 45%.The aim was of 80%.77,14% of the children who engaged on the environmental monitory were students of teachers who used the approach proposed b
method is efficient for an 80% aim.The conclusion is that it was possible to ecologically sensitize the students from first to third grade in the low wage community using the proper method. In one
trained and sensitized separately. The sensitizing shall be longer; with more students family interaction, maybe with parents as environmental monitors. 
2006 BE305
CLOTHING FOR HANDICAPPED PEOPLE
Petra Bezchlebova, Jana Malcova
Secondary school of clothing
Handicapped people belong among us. They deserve to be in a society in smart comfortable clothes which are easy to use. Whenever they are putting on in the morning, it is evident that not all g
were interested in the problems of handicapped people with their clothing. That is why we made a short survey. We asked these people what sorts of problems they had. We also asked what kind
questionnaires and interviews, we identified major problems including crew necks, getting dirty and rubbing long sleeves at the elbow area, wide sleeves at the bottom edges, jeans like unsuitable
and layered pockets on the side seams and clothes closures with buttons and zips. We tried to find a solution in order to eliminate or reduce these problems. We designed novel 
moving wheels of a wheelchair covering these parts with a protective leather clothes, sleeves have to be classic straight, appropriate size or more narrow at the bottom parts, denim should be re
material with elastic fibers. Appropriate kinds of closures are: riveted buttons, velcro zip, clips, hooks and eyes, lacing, buckles. In the end we tested our suggestions in real situations. O
because she has a physically handicapped brother. 
2013 BE305
THE EFFECTS OF MIGRATION IN THE COMMUNITY JALTEPEC, AXAPUSCO, STATE OF MEXICO
Israel Antonio Delgadillo, Sergio Saavedra, Alfredo Gallegos
Escuela Preparatoria Oficial No. 144, Jaltepec, MEXICO
The migration is called to all move the takes people to live better or have other life opportunities and possibly leave something for their children. The project develop place in the town of Jaltepec,
noted that migration is one of the factors that have changed the relationships in families of the community lately have increased rates of migrants north the country or abroad, and in every family
migrated, therefore this research conducted an analysis of the social situation facing the people of this town, bordering investigating the causes and effects of migration brings them in the family,
 We were sampled at 60 people in the population, using a questionnaire of 20 questions using a random sampling. Subsequently, we applied five depth interviews with people who have migrat
relatives, wives and children. Finally information was supplemented with a genealogy for each informant, and we realized that migration is part of the life projects of people in the commun
test the hypothesis that arose early in the project; migration is caused by the lack of jobs in Mexico and has different effects. From the interviews we could notice that the proposed life o
migration as a family has at least two migrants, which resulted in abandonment of homes by modifying father figure family relationships because now is the woman who takes the most important
the children do not assimilate the dual role of mother and rebellious behaviors are manifested.
2014 BE305
GROUP PHYLOS: STUDENT CHOIR AS AN INSTRUMENT OF CULTURAL INCLUSION
Mateus de Sousa Nogueira, Lorena Nascimento
Escola Estadual de Educacao Profissional Julia Giffoni, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
Music is a universal phenomenon that is present in the history of all civilizations .Since the beginning, it is part of everyday life of communities, manifesting itself in different ways . According to
provide its adepts, one can realize the importance of inserting it in the educational system. In August 2008 it was approved a law in Brazil mandating the teaching of music in schools of basic edu
democratization of access to music education. The Phylos Group, our object of study , is a public school choir and initiative of the students , based on this law. We applied a questionnaire with p
importance of the project for its insertion in the centers of culture. 38 % had never been to the theater before the project and 97 % have interest in cultural activities in other cultural centers after i
importance of developing activities like this because it is noticed that in addition to bringing improvements in academic and social contexts through cultural inclusion those activities also show tha
artistic works of quality.
2012 BE305
MALVINAS: THE SILENT INNER BATTLE
Vanesa Silvana Vaccaretti Fernandez, Micaela Del Lujan Soave,
Escuela Secundaria No 5 "Doctor Saba Zacarias Hernandez", Hernandez, Entre Rios, ARGENTINA
ABSTRACT CAUSE: Different mental disorders in MWV (Malvinas War Veterans) are evident, according to testimonies collected from health professionals, Argentine Army veterans in M
 PROBLEM: What postwar factors have an impact on the development of psychological disorders in Argentine army fighters in Malvinas war? OBJECTIVES: Know what p
development of psychological disorders in Argentine Army Veterans in Malvinas War Contribute to the development of positive actions to reverse the problems experienced by Malvinas
forging a social link between Malvinas veterans, students, institutions and community. RESULTS: On their returning from Malvinas, after 10 years, the MWV were abandoned by the Gov
appropriate medical and psychological care. They also emphasize the difficulty to reverse the present problems in due time. The exclusion, stigma (socalled war crazies) and denigratio
return from Malvinas, together with prewar and war risk factors, act as postwar impact factors in the psyche of the former fighter. There is a progressive recognition of the MWV by the
and participation in their activities, but there are still sectors of society that do not understand their claims REPERCUSSIONS: MWV Centers and Health Professionals requested the sub
expand its approach in disciplinary areas, libraries from veteran centers and special treatment towards veterans. 
2010 BE305
WAKE UP TO ENVIRONMENT: METHODOLOGY PRACTICE IN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION THROUGH THE MANAGEMENT OF SOLID WASTE
Marina Maciel Marques, Aline Ribeiro Pinho, Mayara Zayra Frando Araujo
Colegio Estadual Liceu de Maracanau, Maracanau, BRASIL
It is known that among the several global environmental problems, the solid waste is a concerning factor that is related to us. It is still a challenge deal with the problem of production and disposa
because the environmental education is still handled in a theoretical and punctual way. This project aims to develop environmental education practices which focus on a solid waste management,
influence it and make it aware that local actions bring global consequences. We divide the actions in workshops: waste collection, recycling and paper production of biodegradable inks. Each wor
that involve theoretical and environmental, social, educational and scientific practical activities. The workshops showed significant results at world level, addressing issues such as water, energy
highlight the following results: the water can be reused in the process of recycling paper avoiding its waste, in relation to the energy wasted can be seen that for three hundred sheets of paper from
/ h while for the manufacture of recycled papers will be spent 2.4 kW / h of energy. The process of recycling paper also contributes to reducing the release of CO2 (gas causing the greenhouse ef
results reveal a working foundation with the principles of sustainability, in other words, economically viable, ecologically correct and socially just.
2011 BE305
DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOFEEDBACK SYSTEM ENABLING CONTROL OF NERVOUSNESS
Yoshito Morikawa, Ryota Fukumoto,
Waseda University Senior High School, Nerima, Tokyo, JAPAN
Goal Some people become fail in their courses of actions due to their nervousness as such in cases which some people are finding hard to keep their eloquence in their occasions of pub
primary schools. To help these people with the problems of nervousness we drove our researches focusing on the clarification of the mechanism of nervousness and the development of
respect of the automatic nervous system. Method 1) We conducted measurements and analysis of heartbeat and electrical skin conductance to find the bioindices that represe
performing a presentation. 2) We have developed a biofeedback system (BFS) enabling the control of nervousness using the bioindices in 1) above. 3) The test subjects were m
addition to some other male and female subjects from different age groups. Results 1) We found that the average frequency AFI obtained from the power spectrum of variations
that we defined) and the frequency of skin conductance response (SCR) related to AFI were indices representing nervousness. 2) We succeeded in controlling nervousness by displaying
subjects. Conclusion We developed a BFS enabling the control of nervousness, which is an unprecedented system. In addition, we made the simplified version of the e
demonstrate the experiment in the presentation at Intel ISEF.
2011 BE306
POSSIBLE IMPROVEMENT ON A DISABILITY WALKER DEVICE: MLH WALKER DEVICE
Mo'tasem Aymen ALAjjouri, Lana Nassif, Hedaya Mustafa
Jubilee School, Amman, Shafa Badran, JORDAN
A disability walker is a four legged mobility equipment to assist disabled people to gain stability and their lost independence. 1.8 million People rely on walkers to get around or even to improve in
current project should be done to develop new intelligent tool that cater the disabled navigating some difficult space. This project mainly was development to the ordinary walker in order to facilita
by working on mechanical and technical additions to fix some obstacles were found in the way of the disabledpeople when they use the walker. A new design was practically applied having the fo
removable seat, basket plate, LDR and gear box for brakes system, number of circular 360 degrees wheels that may able to climb stairs, variable positions for hand placement. In conclusion, this
wheels allow a person to move 360 degrees and navigate tight spaces. It also responds to the environment while walking downhill, brakes slow a person down. In other words this new technology
around.
2012 BE306
DOES THE APPLE FALL FAR FROM THE TREE?: THE EVOLUTION OF POLITICAL THINKING
Erin Elizabeth Farmer, Kate Campbell Woolverton,
Haas Hall Academy, Fayetteville, AR
The upcoming presidential election piqued interest in the development of political thinking in children. This study examines the influence parents’ political thinking has on their children. The hypoth
children’s perception of their parents’ political views influence their childrens’ thinking and, as children grow up, sources that influence the childrens’ political thinking become more varied. To test
27 were surveyed about their political thinking. The data suggested that the importance that children place on politics is similar to the importance they believe their parents place on poli
politics were extremely important, 70% stated that their fathers thought politics were important, and 54% stated that their mothers thought politics were important. The results also sugg
prominent influence on the child’s political thinking. However, with age, the most influential persons expanded to include others. In the youngest group, 5% cited a person other than a parent as m
group, over 25% chose "Other" as most influential. Despite outside influences, parents remain influential throughout all age categories, perhaps because political discussions in the home increase
also affects future predicted voting behavior: 75% of subjects agreed with their mothers' perceived political party affiliation (PPPA), while 71% agreed with their fathers' PPPA. All age groups iden
understanding of issues increased with age.
2013 BE306
MOUSE RELEASE: A FUNDAMENTAL ANALYSIS OF MUS MUSCULUS AS A MODEL FOR ADVANCED MAMMALIAN ALTRUISTIC CAPACITY
Ricardo Alejandro Perez, Alyssa Benavides, David Barrera
Joseph W. Nixon High School, Laredo, TX
The purpose of this experiment was to view the capacity for selflessness of a house mouse and use that data to interpret human nature as fundamentally selfish or altruistic. The hypothesis was
the needs of other organisms. This investigation was conducted by placing a small, transparent Plexiglas box within a large wooden box and allowing an experimental mouse to roam the large box
the Plexiglas box. Data was collected based on time spent by the mouse not secluded in the small box: (a) attempting to free the other organism from the small box, (b) attempting to escape the
These forms of time were labeled empathetic time, selfish time, and idle time, respectively. In order to test capacity for compassion toward unrelated species, trials were conducted in which the e
opportunity to show concern for another house mouse, a dwarf hamster, a brown anole lizard, and a fake mouse. The data reflected a mostly selfish trend on the part of the mice, as they spent a
escape or being idle rather than trying to help their, “friend.” Furthermore, when compassion was displayed, an overwhelming majority was directed at the organism of the same species.
and that their very similar human counterparts are much the same.
2014 BE306
WHY THE THINGS WE LOVE ARE HURTING US: AN ANALYSIS OF THE AMOUNT OF SCREEN TIME ON DOPAMINE
Brandon Michael Hill, Hana Ulman,Hannah Coffey
Hedgesville High School, Hedgesville, WV, United States of America
It is unquestionable that our generation is infatuated with technology, however, as it becomes increasingly prevalent in our daily lives, we must question whether this excessive usage is affecting
amount of time spent on iPads, smartphones, computer, laptops, etc, negatively affects our body. The purpose of our experiment is to prove that the amount of time spent on electronic
neurotransmitter dopamine, found in the brain. Through various statistical tests, we proved that the amount of time (02, 24, 46, & 68+ hours) spent on an electronic device significantly affects
as follows. First each participant completed a basic information sheet indicating: gender, age group (high school, college, or adult), amount of screen time and sleep (02, 24, 46, & 68+ hours),
assessment test was based off of a 3 point scale. There were 10 negative moods and 10 positive moods. (1not at all, 2somewhat, 3 a lot) Next, the participant completed the Stroop Effect Tes
reading the word, participants were asked to name the actual color, (which appeared differently than the printed word). Then they completed a control test where colors and words matched. Subjec
assessed on their immediate short term memory. They were shown a series of numbers and letters, given 5 seconds to memorize what they could remember. A percent correct was taken.
subjects and performing various ttests and One Way ANOVA's, we have shown that there is a significant difference between 02, 24, 46, & 68 hours of screen time.
2006 BE306
THE INFLUENCE OF SELFESTEEM IN THE LEARNING PROCESS
Alexandre Borges Alves Spindola, Lidiane Leal Andriolla
Fundação Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha
This project is about the influence of selfesteem in the learning process. The main objective is to verify if the selfesteem of a 10th grade student affects his learning revenue. The beliefs of self
and negative) in relation to its own capacity of learning process and the “learning revenue” it was classified as high, medium or low, starting from the 10th grade students´s average scores during
was made with four teams of 10th grade students at Liberato Foundation. Each student received two questionnaires. One of them would find out informations about the student´s beliefs and even
revenue. The other one would analyse the socialeconomic context of the student, to find out his intervinients variables. The project started in 05/20/2005 and finished in 11/04/2005. The
high learning revenue have remarkable predominance of positive beliefs, reinforcing that they believe that they are able to learn. In the medium revenue group, the students believe that they have
learning revenue group the negative beliefs present the lowest rate, but comparing to the negative beliefs' rate of the others revenue groups it's much bigger. The conclusion is that the se
revenue, and that a tiny increase in the negative beliefs´s rate can have a big influence to the learning revenue.
2005 BE306
AL KUHL ADOLESCENTS ALCOHOL ABUSE CONCEQUENCES
Violeta Soledad Broggi, Marcelo Claudio Lazza, Luis María Bos Cisneros
Escuela Normal Olegario Victor Andrade, Gualeguaychú Entre Rìos, Argentina
It’s more frequent to see, nowadays, how a lot of adolescents consume great quantities of alcoholic drinks. The alcohol is a drug with which the ocidental society has learnt to live with, and
control capacity. To consume is a permanent and abusive activity, and this occasions problematic situations proper of the intoxication with that substance. From this foundation the follo
the main consequences originated by the alcohol abuse in students adolescents between 16 and 18 years old in Gualeguaychú? To elaborate the previous theoretic frame reference, different bibli
observation have been used; the following hypothesis could be formulated: “The main consequences that the alcohol abuse bring to students adolescents from Gualeguaychú, is mainly
aspects.” To verify it, different methodological techniques have been applied: written documents analysis, surveys, interviews, journalistic advertisements synthesis, observations, etc. F
the following conclusion: “Among the main consequences that the alcohol abuse in students adolescent from 16 to 18 years old in Gualeguaychu the following fact stands out: 
problems: general sickness (equilibrium lose) . Psychological problems: neurological system alteration (memory lose, lose of coordination thinkingaction) In the social aspect: <
with his/her environment (quarrels, lack of control) 
2004 BE306
FIRECRACKED ROCK
Kai Michael Henderson, Tyler Crabb
Elko High School, Elko, Nevada, USA
Understanding formation processes associated with firecracked rock (FCR) is important in determining prehistoric resource exploitation strategies. Experimentation by archaeologists is needed to
activities (pitroasting or boiling foods) and how much activity it took to form the piles of FCR debris common on prehistoric sites. Basalt rocks were sorted into two size and texture mat
and 2 kilograms. Fires were started in each of two pits, 6065 cm in diamter and 2025 cm deep. Rocks were heated in each fire for at least an hour. After the hour, the roasting rocks and a food p
buried in the roasting pit. The boiling rocks were taken from the other fire, one by one, and placed into a pot of 2 gallons of cold water until the water boiled. The "used" rocks were removed and a
to maintain a boil until all the rocks had been used. One to three hours later the buried rocks and food were dug out. Rocks and broken pieces were examined for cracks, breakage, and c
more than the roasting, but overall there was not enough breakage to compare shapes. Color change was minimal, but the rocks were blackgray from the beginning. 
2003 BE306
REACTION IN ACTION
Jeremy Keith Palsgrove, Gilbert Gutierrez
Nettleton High School, Jonesboro, Arkansas, United States
The purpose of the experiment was to test three different age groups ranging from twelve to eighteen on how quick their driving reaction time was. The experiment was also divided by gender and
of music while they were being tested. The experiment was done in order to determine if there was a connection between reaction time and age, gender, or background music. The testing was als
plausible relationships between the age of a person and the minimum age requirement for getting a driver's license. An apparatus was designed to measure a driver's breaking time. The
different types of music while testing and by having one test with complete silence. Also the initial hope was to have a considerably large sample size of a diverse number of ages and an equal a
partial success because the groups were fairly diverse, but the total sample size was only fiftysix people. The small sample size may have crippled the results moderately but in the end they we
 The final results of the project turned out better than expected. The different age groups of males and females were tested and found to have noticeably different reaction times. The hypothe
since the male middle age group had the quickest reaction time, but the female middle age group had the second best. The results were also very clear that younger children and females had a s
fourteen had the quickest. So all together, the experiment was a success and reliable results were found. 
2007 BE306
A STUDY OF EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS AND ACADEMIC ABILITY IN TEENAGERS
Brett Lesley Mayer, Jillaine Renee Pfeifle
Timber Lake High School, Timber Lake South Dakota, USA
The purpose of this study is to determine whether a relationship exists between executive functioning of the brain and academic ability in teenage students in Timber Lake High School. 
1418, from Timber Lake High School were given the Stroop test. From the Stroop test, the researchers used the intereference score to determine the subject's ability to screen out interference an
subject’s results from the OtisLennon School Ability Test (OLSAT) were provided by the Timber Lake School Guidance Counselor. The counselor matched the OLSAT scores to the correspondin
scores and concealed the subject’s identity for confidentiality purposes. Statistically, scores from the Stroop test and OLSAT were analyzed for correlation. This pilot research study sho
executive functioning of the brain and academic ability. When each subject’s interference score was graphed against their OLSAT score, the correlation coefficient of the scatter plot data was <b
2009 BE306
ALPHALIPOIC ACID: TOWARDS A NOVEL NEUROPROTECTIVE TREATMENT FOR ALZHEIMER’S ASSOCIATED COGNITIVE DYSFUNCTION IN A DROSOPHILA MODEL
Peter Hans Massey, Shaunak K. Bakshi,
Manhasset High School, Manhasset, NY
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most common agerelated neurodegenerative conditions, affecting over 5 million people in the U.S. alone. Recent studies have suggested a possible link betwee
Alzheimer’s. alphaLipoic Acid has been characterized as an effective antioxidant in Drosophila melanogaster. The purpose of this study was to investigate alphaLipoic Acid as a possible treatm
effects on the development of Betaamyloid plaques and learning behavior in UASAPP (Alzheimer’s model) Drosophila. Flies were divided into six test groups and four controls APP, stressed A
CantonS. Three normal APP and three stressed APP groups were each supplemented with 0.43, 1.08, and 2.15 mM of alphaLipoic Acid. Stress was induced through heat shock. Dissection and
by ThioflavinS staining and slide preparation. Plaque growth was quantified using fluorescence microscopy and analyzed via ImageJ software. Learning behavior was analyzed through olfactory a
established by Tully followed by a performance index. The results demonstrate that alphaLipoic Acid has significant potential as a neuroprotective treatment for Alzheimer’s. While learning index
improved by alphaLipoic Acid treatment, the level of plaque buildup was significantly reduced in the later stages of life.
Trip to the EU Contest. European Union Contest for Young Scientists
2010 BE306
MYSTERIES OF AUTISM
Nupur Manoj Shambharkar, Jessica Rice,
Winston Churchill High School, San Antonio, TX
The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether different teaching methods would enhance the cognitive ability and communication skills of an autistic student. A compare and contrast s
directed" versus the "student directed" teaching styles. A developmental and behavioral health professional supervised the project. The experiment consisted of eight trials in which two teaching
math, reading/writing, and communications skills were conducted on a weekly basis for three months. The student's progress was observed and recorded after each trial. Baseline data on the sub
method" was provided by a Autistic treatment facility. The data of the "student directed method" was compared to the "teacher directed method." The cognitive level of an Autistic subje
was noted by utilizing different methods of “student directed” teaching. In conclusion, the "student directed method" significantly improved the subject's communication and cognitive skills, when
method."
2009 BE306
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winners Team Projects Presented by Science News
2008 BE306
ALCOHOL DISRUPTION: ASSOCIATIVE LEARNING PARADIGM AND DECISION MAKING TEST IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Hector E. Acaron, Juan R. Deliz,
Academia del Perpetuo Socorro, Miramar, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
The Global Health Organization reported in 2002 that 69 percent of the global population consumes alcohol. In this study, the associative learning processes were defined by three stages: acquis
Journal of Addiction stated in 1990 that no study has demonstrated a relationship between conditioned responses and alcoholrelated cues. This innovative empirical study used 1,420 Drosophila
behavior to explain how ethanol interacts with the associative learning process. The fruit flies were introduced to determined ethanol concentrations along with an olfactory stimulus. They were su
conditioning, where the flies made an association between the olfactory stimulus and a conditioned response. The flies were then transferred to a decision making test, in which observable behav
was expected that this exposure during the training paradigm would limit consolidation and block memory access in the retrieval stage, suggesting possible learning relapse. Ttests were used to
associative learning processes or decision making in low concentrations (03%). Nevertheless, high concentrations (36%) prolonged the physical recognition of the conditioned olfactory stimulus
demonstrated a negative influence over the D. melanogaster’s behavior. There was no significant evidence that ethanol provoked learning relapse. Shortterm exposure to ethanol places associat
exposure interrupted the first two stages of the associative learning process; nevertheless, once the olfactory information is integrated, its usage cannot be interrupted.
2009 BE306
Award of three $1,000 U.S. Savings Bonds, to be shared equally by team members, and certificates of achievement and gold medallions. United States Army
2006 BE307
COMPREHENSION ON THE COMPUTER: SEENIOR COMPUTER LATELY?
Jennifer Marie Pelton, Kyle Jurick, Rebecca Adams
Hicksville High School, Hicksville, Ohio, United States
It is hypothesized that senior citizens will be able to understand and use computers more easily with audiovisual aids to increase comprehension than when the same material is presented witho
physical and mental handicaps, senior citizens often fail to comprehend use of computers. Thus, this project was designed to test the effects audiovisual aids had on teaching seniors computer
were enrolled in a twice weekly one hour computer class over a period of thirteen weeks. The first four weeks, subjects were taught computer skills without audiovisual aids. During the second fo
presented using a utility providing auditory assistance. A third, fourweek control period followed to ensure the validity of the variable period. At the beginning and end of each period, subjects rate
tested in four skill areas: logging in, accessing a URL, performing an Internet search, and logging out. Collected data supported the hypothesis; subjects improved both in their ability to p
confidence of the material. Subjects improved in each of the skill areas, and survey responses showed improved knowledge. Yet, in the second control period, results increased by a statistically
improvement was indeed due to the audiovisual aids and not a longer period of learning. It was thus concluded that audiovisual aids helped seniors to better use computers. 
2008 BE307
MOVING FROM KNOWING WHAT TO KNOWING HOW... METACOMPREHENSIVE AND METAPRODUCTIVE KNOWLEDGE
Rebeca Rodriguez Osorio, Camila Gabriela Alvayay Torrejon,
Colegio Catolico Santa Emilia, Antofagasta, CHILE
Motivated by the knowledge that we obtained in class, we ask ourselves, how much do our classmates and the community in general know about the physical process that are in presence of eve
region of Antofagasta , where the development of the great mining is remarkable, as an important means of labor and economic provision, our investigation considers to explain the physics proce
trucks, that are manipulated by individuals of our community, related to hydraulic systems, compressibility, fluidity, and some others, through the elaboration and comprehension, about theories a
physics. We used a semiexperimental design, with an experimental control group, in a school level with students of Elementary School Level, and at workers level, with the ones that ha
machines. We developed a pretest and a posttest as system of evaluation with open questions, to determine the level of comprehension about the theme. We prove the intervention of t
comprehensive knowledge increases, involving the construction, production and applicability of knowledge. The investigation that we realized, shows the Metacognition process like a se
Cognoscitives functions made by the individuals that we treated, (through a group pf internal mechanisms) by means of a inwardness joint with of intellectual mechanisms that allows to selection
making possible that the individuals may understand and transmit what they learned, to apply it on their every day life.
2009 BE307
BULIMIA: THE EFFECTS OF GASTRIC ACID ON THE CRYSTALLINE STRUCTURES OF TOOTH ENAMEL
Jessica Lynn Jackson, Thao Ngo, Qianying Lin
Buena High School, Sierra Vista, AZ
Over the past several decades, an increasing number of teenage girls have suffered from eating disorders such as bulimia. They make themselves vomit without realizing the harmful effects it ca
tested the relationship between the frequency of exposure to gastric acid and the loss of tooth enamel. The hypothesis was that the repetitive exposure of gastric acid to enamel would lead to bot
of enamel. In the experiment, teeth were attached to wires that were hung from clamps on ring stands. The teeth were then suspended over solutions of water ahd HCl correspondingly fo
of experiments: a fiveminute exposure and a tenminute exposure. An analytical scale was used to measure the difference between the initial and final weights of the teeth after each exposure.
indicated that five out of six of the vaiable teeth lost greater mass than the controls. Also, the variables began to exhibit a coarselike, chalky texture while the controls did not have any observati
results suggested that bulimia can cause severe damage to the tooth enamel. It causes the enamel to become coarse and fragile. However, this damage does not occur fast enough for the stom
who only vomits periodically due to illness. Still, a more frequent exposure to gastric acid will lead to tooth enamel damage.
2004 BE307
POLI'S PAPER "FROM STUDENT TO STUDENT NEWSPAPER"
Camila Daniela de Franca Paiva, Luiana Azoubel Goulart Coelho, Miriam de Miranda
E.T.E. Polivalente de Americana
It’s everyone’s daily need to keep up with what’s going on and seek for new information, as these are basic requirements for whoever pursues success in life. No matter what’s your line of work, u
better reasoning and make better decisions. The “Poli’s Paper” project was conceived in the attempt to solve the constant demand of information by the young people who are starting to
college, on account to the necessity of a younger and also very serious communication medium to share information for the students The “Poli’s Paper” project strives not only to bring th
a newspaper that encourages the production and data trading between students, instigating literature and cultural interest. 
2005 BE307
EDUCATION AND H.D.I. IN ROMANG
Mauro Isaac Sanchez, Emir Espinoza , Adriel Machin
HIGH SCHOOL 9314 ROMANG SANTA FE ARGENTINA
This is the third stage of a research that started four years ago, its objective is the Human Development in Romang. During the previous stages we researched about: a) The loca
Whether the economical benefits from agriculture would provide resources to the improvement to the urban rates of Human Development. The general purpose of this project is to investig
the improvement of Human Development. The starting point is to answer the following questions: a) What is the impact of Education on the local Human Development? b) What i
 Following the scientific research stages we used comparisons on human groups of same age and social background but with different level of education; case study about sibling sharing the
educational opportunities in which one of them has studied and others haven’t; research on official resources and census; informants; surveys; analysis of district budget; H. D. N. P information.
education strongly benefits H. D. because it contributes to a healthy and decent life, since it improves economic income of people and stimulates the public matter participation. On the other han
district budget; as it was stated in the hypothesis. Projections are oriented to propose greater investment on Education, by the rationalization and optimal allowance of resources, with the
local Human Development. 
2014 BE307
TESTING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF RACIAL, AGE, AND GENDER DESCRIPTORS IN RELATION TO PERSONAL INTERACTION
Audra Burke, Jason Mackay
Edison High School, Yoder, CO, United States of America
The purpose of this investigation is to determine if people use age, race, or gender descriptors when describing or introducing themselves in a social environment. We hypothesized that descripto
with this descriptor being used more often in White or Caucasian and Asian or Pacific Islander respondents. This experiment involved giving participants a survey consisting of close end
race, age, or gender as a descriptor in a social setting, as well as determining what their race, age group, and gender. Therefore, all of the data collected was either binary or categorical. 
original hypothesis. The data shows that 46% of the total surveyed group used racial identifiers when asked to introduce themselves, with the distinction being the most prevalent in the Hispanic
respondents using a racial identifier. The White or Caucasian group had the least percentage in terms of racial identification at 24%. Gender identification proved to be the most prevalent, as 74%
use their age group to describe themselves. These findings lead us to believe that there is a positive social trend away from the importance of race in social interaction. These results co
business, marketing, and leadership.
2012 BE307
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON THE "HASTY GLANCE" METHOD OF ELICITING DEJA VU
Duncan Joseph Prince, Caleb Archuleta,
West Linn High School, West Linn, OR
Briefly glancing at an unfamiliar symbol can make it appear strangely familiar when fully processed moments later. This “hasty glance” method is the universally accepted way to experimentally in
the most consistent findings from the déjà vu literature is that reported incidence and frequency decline with age. This study investigated the effect of age on déjà vu occurrences under controlled
before test symbols to simulate a hasty glance. Deja vu occurrences were measured in two ways: elicited deja vu (a yes judgment identifying a novel stimulus as familiar when preceded by an id
judgment to a deja vu state during the experiment). The hypothesis was that high school students (<19 yrs) will experience more deja vu sensations than teachers (>25 yrs). Seventeen teachers
(mean age 16.0 years) were randomly selected and tested at school to control for education level and setting. Over 114 sequentially randomized critical trials, participants were shown novel, high
computer screen, each preceded by a brief (35msec)prime of the test symbol(identical), a different symbol, or no prime. Results supported the hypothesis in two ways. Students had more elicite
using the MannWhitney U test, the difference in yes judgments to identical prime novel symbols approached statistical significance (p=0.0595). Students had more natural deja vu occurrences th
to 20% of teachers reported a deja vu state. This research is among the first to demonstrate differences in both elicited and natural deja vu occurrences with age.
2011 BE307
DEAFCOM
Radwan Mohamad Faisal El Othman, Rachid El Ayoubi,
Rawdat EL Fayhaa Secondary School, Tripoli, North, LEBANON
The purpose of this project is to facilitate the communication for the deaf inside home through a brief case which enable him to monitor visitors when they come to his front door or if one of his fa
him. The question in this project if we can achieve the purpose of this project through using radio frequency so that the deaf can concentrate using his sight ability instead of his listening
Used many scientific theories which we got it in our scince club at our school under the mentor ship of our supervisor. Data / Observation: We were able to complete our project
where we will able to have a combination between both. Conclusion: We were able to conduct many tests which led us so successful result and we are sure that we can make de
2007 BE307
RED BULL GIVES YOU WIINGS
Victoria Amanda Wheeler, Michelle Angelique Wheeler
Greenwood High School, Greenwood, MS, U.S.A.
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of caffeine, Red Bull energy drink, and Sobe energy drink on Mus musculus. To determine which energy drink to use and how much, s
college students to determine the most popular energy drinks consumed. This study analyzed the effects of both Sobe energy drink, Red bull Energy drink, and caffeine on the pulse rate, amount
Mus musculus (mice). This project had four phases. To analyze the pulse rate, the mice were given amounts of Red Bull, SoBe Adrenaline Rush, and caffeine by way of a micropipette in proporti
pulse rate was recorded using a pulsimeter. For phase two, which recorded the reacton time of the mice when the optimal level of energy drink performance was reached, the mice were introduce
recorded. For phase three, which recorded the amount of fluid excreted after consumption of the energy drinks, the same mice in phase one were used. For phase four, which tested the addictive
selected for both the Red Bull and the Sobe energy drink, making it ten mice in total. Their water bottle was replaced with one filled with the energy drink. After two days, the regular water bottle fi
cage opposite the water bottle filled with energy drink. The number of times the mice visited either bottle was then recorded. The results showed that both energy drinks increased the pulse rate o
substantial amount of time. There was a negative correlation between the amount of energy drink consumed and the amount of fluids excreted. Both energy drinks showed the ability to be addicti
and statistically to determine the effect it would have on humans.
2003 BE307
REACTION TIME
Bradley Joel Baggett, JonErik Ian Garrido
Cedarville High School, Cedarville Arkansas, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to show that cell phones, handheld and handsfree, affect the time that a person has to react to a given situation. Although the researchers do not use a vehi
experiment was to show that distractions, such as cell phones, can cause slower reactions while driving. To perform this experiment REACTION TIME, the researchers gathered 50 test
each person separately by letting them place their hand in the opening of the reaction distance apparatus where the meterstick was dropped. Third, the researchers told each test subject that the
they needed to catch it as quickly as possible. Next, the researchers dropped the meterstick and recorded the distance the meterstick fell from the bottom of the meterstick to the top of their han
same exercise with someone talking to them on a handheld cell phone and with someone talking to them on a handsfree cell phone. Out of the 50 people tested, without talking on a ce
reaction distance of 21.26cm. While talking on a handheld cell phone, the test subjects had a reaction distance of 30.30cm. While talking on a handsfree cell phone, the test subjects had an ave
 By conducting this experiment, the researchers have concluded that cell phones, handheld and handsfree, affect the time that a person has to react to a given situation. The researchers s
that there is no significant difference between the average reaction distance for talking on a handheld cell phone and the average reaction distance for talking on a speaker phone. 
2010 BE307
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON LEARNING BEHAVIOR AND COGNITIVE DEFICIT IN A DROSOPHILA MODEL: A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR NEUROPROTE
Shaunak Krishan Bakshi, Peter Hans Massey,
Manhasset Senior High School, Manhasset, NY
Chronic Sleep insufficiency, or deprivation, affects around 70 million Americans, yet it is under recognized as a public health problem. Approximately 29 % of adults in the U.S. report sleeping few
studies have suggested that there is a link between sleep and memory, and that deprivation may affect learning ability. In this study, the effects of Sleep Deprivation on learning behavior were ex
conditioning responses, in CantonS (WildType) and UASAPP (Alzheimer’s Model) Drosophila. Each line was bred and divided into four groups – one control, and three variables that were depriv
Olfactory Associative Learning ability was tested in the Drosophila using ShockAvoidance Pavlovian Conditioning. In the training procedure, Drosophila were exposed to an odor, paired with appl
sessions. Testing was performed four dayspost training avoidance of the shockassociated odor signified longterm memory formation. The effects of sleep deprivation on learning were tested a
were collected through calculation of performance indices, and were then statistically analyzed. Sleep Deprivation significantly decreased learning ability in CantonS flies, and worsened memory
results suggest that sleep deprivation may impact subsequent learning and memory and may also play a role in the development and progression of Alzheimer’s.
Second Award of $1,500 Team Projects Presented by Intel
2013 BE307
IMPROVING THE COGNITIVE ABILITIES OF SECONDARY STUDENTS IN THE KINGDOM OF SAUDI ARABIA THROUGH READING SPECIFIC TEXT COLORS
Othman Abdullah Alodan, Abdulmalik Aloufi
Deffi High School, AlJubail, SAUDI ARABIA
A common problem for students is to memorize and comprehend which results how test scores and low selfsteam. This research examines whether the color of the text affects the memorization
students. The problem to be solved via typing texts in colors other than the ordinary black such as green, red and blue? These colors were chosen because of the visual receptors in the human e
600 boys and 600 girls aged 18 to measure their memorization and comprehension abilities. The subjects read the text in different colors. The results of the control group were compared with the
For the shortterm memory, the results were as follows: males were significant level 0.013 and females were significant 0.000. For the longterm memory, the results were as follows: males were
significant 0.004. The red color is significant in all the memorizing tests so it is the best color for memorizing. For comprehension, the results were as follows: males were significant 0.000 and fe
color is significant in comprehension in males and the blue color is significant in females. This study helps students to memorize and comprehend texts better. It also helps those with learning dis
2014 BE308
THE ACCOMPLICE SILENCE: THE ROLE OF SPECTATORS IN BULLYING
Andrea De Leon, Mauro Páez,Andrea Aldaz
Escuela Tecnica Rafael Peraza, Rafael Peraza, Uruguay
At present, in almost schools is present Bullying. Victims, agressors and witnesses coexist without being fully aware of their role in this phenomenon. The Investigation team focused on the actio
influence school aggression. Objectives were considered based on the Social Contructivism theory as a theorical framework. The general objective of this investigation was: to understand bulying
was proposed as specific objectives: to provide a different view of the research topic focusing on witnesses and down the myth that silence helps in situations of bullying. It was believed crucial t
situations who apparently do not participate in it, using for this qualitative methodology Based on the results we obtained from this method, the following hypothesis was arosed: Most of the stude
indifferent spectator, and two subhypotheses: a) at all levels of education there are victim witness defenders, b) viewers of bullying are more likely to act as witnesses indifferent a situation of ps
physical violence. It has been shown the truth of the hypothesis through quantitative method, using a representative sample of 91 students in rural and urban contexts. From these data, a new fie
Bullying.
2013 BE308
AN EXTENSIVE EFFECTIVENESS COMPARISON OF THE TRADITIONAL AND THE INQUIRYBASED TEACHING METHODS
Daniel Miguel CruzRosso, Diego NegronReichard
Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
Educators, throughout centuries, have had the task of determining which teaching method represents a lasting impact on a students’ overall learning process. Based on this, the investigators form
traditional and the inquirybased teaching methods. The procedure consisted of finding two groups of 15 male students from the ages of 1314 years old. Then the investigators selected a certified
a masters degree) who had a complete understanding of both teaching methods. In one class she used the inquirybased teaching method and in the other the direct instruction method. After taki
a quiz the following day. These quizzes were not announced in order to avoid any other variables. This same process was repeated a third day of class and the methods were inverted for each cl
investigation, a comprehensive statistical analysis was implemented by calculating the average, total summation, standard deviation, median, mode, range and variance of the results. The result
method is the most beneficial. The total average quiz scores per method for the inquirybased method were higher than that of the direct one, 8.233 and 6.433 respectively, thus demonstrating a g
The fluctuation between the traditional classes’ score (3.867) and the inquirybased classes’ score (9.000) was too inconsistent. It could be concluded that the inquirymethod has a wider audienc
2011 BE308
DISCOVERING THE KEYS TO A POSITIVE, LIFELONG RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PEOPLE WITH SPECIAL NEEDS AND THEIR NONDISABLED SIBLINGS: A WORLDWIDE STUDY TO
WITH THIS CHALLENGING RELATIONSHIP
Morgan Blueglass, Elyse Blueglass, Amanda Buonagurio
Somers High School, Lincolndale, NY
Countless efforts are dedicated to help adults with special needs; however, very few are dedicated to helping their nondisabled siblings. In order to analyze if there were any parenting trends that
between the nondisabled sibling and their sibling with special needs, an online survey was created measuring the behaviors, attitudes, and views of nondisabled siblings. The survey was distribut
organizations focusing on people with special needs and their family members. Over 450 surveys were completed from 40 states in the USA and 17 additional countries. The way that parents pre
special needs to their nondisabled child/children has the largest impact on the strength of the sibling relationship, at that point in time and in the future. If parents clarify to the nondisabled child ab
special needs by creating an environment where they could discuss concerns they were having in regards to their sibling as well as being included in family decisions, then the relationship betwee
loving, caring, and overall positive, with lower levels of resentment and frustration. Just as nondisabled siblings can act as a support group for each other, if there is only one nondisabled child in
placed on balancing the amount of attention given to each child. To continue this method of research, it is essential to closely analyze family dynamics in an effort to determine if the findings of t
environments as well as involvement from other countries.
2012 BE308
COLLECTIVE FOOD RITUALS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOCIAL RELATIONS: A CASE STUDY INVOLVING HOMELESS PEOPLE
Flavia Araujo de Amorim, Thais May Carvalho, Julia Generoso Gonzales
Colegio Giordano Bruno, Sao Paulo, SP, BRASIL
In Brazil there is a contingent estimated at 31922 homeless people and in this situation those people face the loss of their social and affective ties. To deal with this problem, in our research we in
collective food rituals as a strategy in the resocialization of people in this condition. To do so, we promoted 11 collective food rituals with a group of 23 homeless people in a shelter. Through the
questionnaires to measure the development of the perception of affection, obtaining changes of 69.2% in the friendship variable and 61.5% in intimacy one. Student’s Ttest for paired means prov
respectively, attesting that the changes happened due to our intervention. Another perspective of analysis used was the qualitative one through interviews with participants and also the study of t
comparison of these data with the quantitative results allowed us to say that we went beyond our hypothesis, since individuals not only established affective ties with each other but also revalued
their own identity. The great results demonstrate the efficiency of the method used in this research, suggesting its applicability in different environments, such as hospitals and asylums, where th
themselves as disconnected from their closest social circle and without affective support.
2004 BE308
2 FAST FOR YOUR BEAT
Nitra Cassedy Woods, Jones, Felecia Rene
Andrews High School, Andrews, TX USA
Our project was based on effects of multitasking while driving versus nondriving on blood pressure and reaction times and if using a tester of opposite gender affects this. We gathered 200 licens
females). For reaction time we constructed a box placed on dashboard. All tests involved both driving and nondriving. For Control, drivers had no music, food etc. Next they listened to music (R&
nondriving. Test three involved girls applying makeup and boys eating burritos. Another task involved reaching for a CD. Retesting occurred with gender tester changes. Blood pressures were tak
reaction times. The overall average results of Boy Reaction Time/Blood Pressure Driving results were: Control 1.43 seconds, 130/49; Combined Music Results 1.99 seconds, 135/45; Combined T
driving: Control 3.96 seconds, 135/43; Music 3.30 seconds, 137/53; Tasks 3.25 seconds, 151/63. Girls Driving Results were: Control 1.83 seconds, 124/50; Music 2.07 seconds, 137/45; Tasks 1
were: Control 1.23 seconds, 131/50; Music 1.49 seconds, 134/42; Tasks 1.68 seconds, 136/55. Gender results of boys testing girls were: Control 1.57 seconds, 138/60; Music 1.45 seconds, 140
show that boys are faster on reaction times when driving and slower during driving with distractions occurring; however girls are faster while driving and slower only when nondriving and with mus
bother as much except when a male is the test administrator.
2006 BE308
EVALUATING THE USE OF SOFTWARES IN PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION
Carlos Theobaldo Renck, Bruno Diego de Mello
Estadual Technical School Monteiro Lobato Taquara Brasil
Because of the dissemination of educational softwares in schools the education has been suffering some transformations. However, it can not always provide an improvement in the quality of tea
school tried to fit in a new tendency of computer introduction in pedagogic activities. Such enterprise happened through the attemption of create a programmed instruction software which would be
 The focus of our study was the case that happened in the school we study. There has been a project of construction, introduction, and application of softwares in professional educational co
Instruction. In such case the research was formed as a qualitative end quantitative study, inspired in the Study of Case methodology. The research involved the comparison between gro
groups that hadn’t access to the informatic area. At this moment of the work we made a quantitative research which put to use static models in the comparative analysis. It was also observed the
of softwares. This observation corresponds to the qualitative analysis of the research. At last, the dates indicate some surprises. Some purposes yearned by teachers are reached, howe
the mechanisms that the educators consider to be correct. The process of learning is more efficient when the students elaborate questions and alternatives than repeating the lessons of the prog
2005 BE308
TIME TO GET UP: DOES SLEEP DEPRIVATION AFFECT THE FRONTAL LOBE OF THE BRAIN?
Jose David Lopez, Mayra Martinez
Andrews High School, Andrews, Texas, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if the lack of sleep affects the activities of the Frontal Lobe of the brain. Our experiment involved sixteen different people, eight male and eight fe
stay up until a certain time at night, then awake at a certain time in the morning. They were then tested using an XBox game system. The results were collected and written down. The subjects h
of sleep, three hours of sleep, and no sleep. They were tested three times under each of the amounts of sleep. In the overall average, kills and deaths were around the same range in the periods
of 3 hours and no hours the kills and deaths are varied. In the time period of no hours of sleep, there was a great difference. There was a lot more deaths than kills. They had real slow reactions t
game. It was harder for them to make quick decisions and focus on what they were doing. They had a shortterm memory and their concentration level was low. We came to the conclusion that w
affect how their brain functions. 
2003 BE308
THE EFFECTS OF VIDEO GAMES IN PEOPLE
Wildaliz Arias, Derek Mercado, Jacqueline Velez
Manuel Ramos Hernandez, Quebradillas, Puerto Rico
There is great concern among psychologists regarding the effects that playing video games have in children. The purpose of this investigation is to evaluate the effects that playing passive and v
pressure and the radial pulse of persons of different ages. To do this research a group of ten (10) children, age’s five to ten years, ten (10) youth and ten (10) adults were selected. There were two
participants to play with, a passive one and violent one. The participants were interviewed by a registered nurse to answer questions about their health. She also monitored their blood pressure an
they played the video games. People suffering of certain health conditions were not allowed to participate in the research. All participants were asked to play for 30 minutes with each kind of vide
demonstrated that all participants were significantly affected in their blood pressure and radial pulse rate. These results proved the hypothesis to be correct.
2007 BE308
MAKING THE TRANSITION: PREDICTING HIGH SCHOOL SUCCESS
Christopher Lee Canary, Ross Langlitz Hansen
Wilsonville High School, Wilsonville, Oregon, USA
For students, one of the most difficult periods in their educational careers is the transition from middle school to high school. As a result, educators need to prepare middle school students for this
9th grade performance to determine what academic factorsif anywill best determine freshmen year success. Courses were grouped into the 'core' classes social studies (history), English, ma
is quantitative, freshmen year success was defined as having a high core GPA. Data from the high school classes of 2008 and 2009 were deidentified and gathered from a district computer data
regression analysis and correlation tables, cumulative middle school core GPA, science GPA, and English GPA were determined to be the greatest factors contributing to overall freshman succe
.827, and .825 respectively, to high school core GPA. Furthermore, an analysis of the GPAs for students whose middle school core GPAs were below 3.0 showed a statistically significant increa
students whose middle school core GPAs were greater than or equal to 3.0 showed no change upon entering high school. The implications of this study are twofold. Middle school educa
areas in which students should receive the most help to ensure further educational success; high school teachers can use the findings contained within this study to identify students likely to stru
education.
2009 BE308
ACTION AND AWARENESS: AN ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION METHODOLOGY
Ana Claudia Cassanti, Ana Clara Cassanti, Felipe Seabra Fernandes
Colegio Dante Alighieri, Sao Paulo, SP, BRASIL
Public awareness about global warming is crucial to society. Actions are necessary to try to control climate change. Considering that amounts of knowledge is taught at school, we created a prop
methodology. Our objective was to make students aware of the problems related to global warming by holding meetings to discuss theoretical approaches and creative practices. The methodology e
“economy & development”, “agribusiness” and “energy”. The reason for this set is that they are connected with the major source of greenhouse gases’ emission in Brazil. Each module co
ranging from critical analyses (undergone by young “multipliers”) to the outline of creative measures. For this study, individuals (students) who took part in the activities were asked to fill in a ques
research aimed at reaching an understanding of ecologicalfriendly behaviors shown after their involvement in the activities. The findings showed the efficiency of our methodology as the
relevance of the methods used to become aware of environmental matters. This research is liable to contribute with schools keen on promoting changes in students’ behavior regarding t
a wellstructured approach towards a comprehensive environmental education.
First Palce Award of $1500 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Science IIT Institute of Psychology
2008 BE308
THE EFFECTS OF SSRI SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE FORMATION OF CONDITIONAL LONG TERM MEMORY IN DUNCE AND WILD TYPE DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Peter Hans Massey, Claire Drago,
The number of individuals diagnosed with memory disorders is doubling every five years (NeuroPro, 2005). Long term memory (LTM) is the retention of experience dependent internal representat
Studies using various species have suggested that the formation of LTM reveals an increase in gene expression (Tully, 98). By testing activation of the CREB gene in flies the LTM process of th
98). Drosophila with higher levels of CREB need less training for efficient LTM formation (Tully, 83). The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of SSRI supplementation on the f
Drosophila. The flies were subdivided into 4 groups, FLU supplemented Wild Type and Dunce, and two controls. Drosophila were olfactory trained with 3Octanol using a protocol consisting of one
minute rest. The standard interval consisted of 10 full trials however was shortened to 4 trials in prior experimentation. Drosophila were then tested for LTM four days post training using two scent
both found to be neutral in flies (Douglas and Tibaldi, 05). Data was recorded and placed in Excel. Statistical analysis by Ttest (p<.05) was done to show significance between groups.
2010 BE308
GAINING INSIGHT INTO THE LIVES OF FAMILIES THAT HAVE A CHILD WITH "SPECIAL NEEDS": A NATIONWIDE STUDY OF "TYPICALLY DEVELOPING" SIBLINGS
Tyler Hayden Lipperman, Elyse Blueglass, Morgan Blueglass
Countless therapies and efforts are dedicated to help children with “special needs”; however, very few therapies and efforts are dedicated to helping their “typically developing” siblings. A survey w
attitudes, and views of “typically developing” children towards their sibling with “special needs.” Over 1,300 surveys were sent to members of sibling support/special needs groups in 40 states acr
significant findings are as follows. If children considered themselves educated on their siblings disability, they were more likely to report “understanding” of the limitations their sibling has a result
children are asked to share the responsibility of taking care of their sibling with “special needs”, they reported (far more often) that they feel "loving" and "understanding" towards their sibling with “
children whose parents did not have a discussion with them regarding who will be the primary guardian of the sibling with “special needs” in the future, often reported themselves as afraid about th
a conversation about it (r = .274, p < .01). These findings will hopefully give parents a better understanding of how siblings of a child with “special needs” may feel and the dynamics involved in t
on adults who grew up with a sibling with “special needs” to study what changes and/or similarities are reported by adults in comparison with the findings of this study.
Third Award of $1,000 Team Projects Presented by Intel
2006 BE309
RESILIENCE: A PROPOSAL FACING ADVERSITY II
Gabriela Maricel Andreoli, Malen Gotte, Patricia Natali Grinovero
Club de Ciencias LIBERTAD, Cerrito, Entre Rios, Argentina
This descriptiveexplicative and retroprospective investigation emerges as a continuation of an exploratory investigation into resilience. It has the following objectives: · To make the edu
resilience as a source of selfhelp when we are faced with the adversities of our environment. · To generate strategies to reduce the institutional risk factors. · To provide informa
us elaborate helpful resilience activities at school. By means of methodological triangulation, applying as qualitative and quantitative techniques open interviews to professional educators
diagnostic surveys of fixed multiplechoice questions to the teachers of the selected educational institution, we plan, design, implement and evaluate a school intervention project as a pilot test in
neighborhood of Paraná (Entre RíosAR), whose students present a high rate of risk factors. Psychologically advised and supported by the staff of different departments of the
implement the project called “We change to change” , based upon two approaches: the tetra model and the resilience wheel. The project consists of three stages; first intervention: mitigate the ris
resilience; and evaluation. As regards the reduction of the risk factors, the results were satisfactory. It is necessary to make adjustments so as to improve them and achieve a truly resili
implementation of this project in other schools with a high rate of risk factors. 
2007 BE309
ETHNIC PECULIARITIES OF FAMILY UPBRINGING STYLE (ON THE EXAMPLE OF BURYAT AND RUSSIAN FAMILIES)
Olcha Darmaeva , Maria Zadboeva
Aginskaya High School #2, v. Aginskoye, Chita region, Russia
This research is a result of experimental work aimed at studying the influence of ethnic peculiarities of family upbringing style on the example of Russian and Buryat families. Modern tendencies
by globalization and technology improvement have a great influence on the family as an institute. At this stage of the development of our society Russian families are having difficult times. That
happen to a person and the influence of it on one’s development raises a great interest in the science. Many researchers define family upbringing as a process of mutual influence betwee
approach to the system of upbringing takes into consideration not only mutual influence of the child and the adult but also some external factors, such as parents’ life experience, the whole cultur
examples and social subinstitutes. The influence of ethnic peculiarities on the style of family upbringing is very common nowadays and has not been sufficiently studied. To reveal ethn
an experimental research was done. According to the aim several diagnostic methods were arranged: a survey and a poll. Our experimental research showed that the upbringing style in B
substantial discrepancies but at the same time there is a certain upbringing style defined by ethnocultural peculiarities that influence teenagers upbringing. The acquired information will allow us t
in ethnopsychological aspect. 
2009 BE309
MATERIALS USED IN DENTAL RESTORATION AND ITS EFFECTS IN HEALTH
Carlos Gabriel AlvaradoMelendez, Denisse Hernandez,
Jose Gautier Benitez High School, Caguas, PUERTO RICO
Dental amalgam is a material that has been used for more than 150 years, but since its beginning, it has caused controversy because one of its principal components is the element mercury, tha
this reason an investigation was carried out to determine how much knowledge the common citizen has about these components and if these affect their health. The hypothesis was that the com
of the components of the material used in dental restoration and it is affecting their health. To do this research, a questionnaire was designed and two hundred and sixty (260) human sub
old and from different social backgrounds were chosen at random. After the information was analyzed it was possible to demonstrate that the hypothesis presented is correct; common c
components used in dental restoration and its effects in health. Sixty seven percent (67%) answered that they haven’t received any kind of information related to dental amalgam, 63% answered
and 43% indicated that many of the illnesses they suffer appeared after they received dental restoration with amalgam. This research is addressed to pertinent institutions, so that they d
citizens about the materials used in dental restoration and the possible effects in their health.
2005 BE309
BULLYING IN SCHOOLS: THE EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL KILLER
Erin M. Sanderson, William J. A. Pinnock
Malta High School, Malta, MT USA
How often does bullying occur in Malta High School and how do the students feel about it? The purpose of our experiment was to discover how Malta High School students feel on the su
bullying occurs in our high school. Our hypothesis states that in Malta High School, seventy percent of our student population will say that peers have bullied them in their lifetime. Ninetyfive per
have a bullying problem. Fifty percent will say that they themselves are bullies. The procedure used to determine our hypothesis was to write a nonbiased survey. We randomly selected one hun
them fill out the survey to prove or disprove our hypothesis. Finally, we used statistics programs to determine if hypothesis one, two, and three were correct. It was concluded that hypo
seventy percent of our student population would say that peers have bullied them, and only fifty percent of the students said that peers have bullied them. For hypothesis two, we said that ninety
say that we have a bullying problem, but only eightynine percent said that we do. For hypothesis three, we said that fifty percent of our students would say that they are not a bully. Our statistics
student body says they are not a bully. 
2004 BE309
THE EFFECT OF TEACHER AND STUDENT LEARNING STYLES ON ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
Brooke Ashley Forbes, Nick Stewart
Delavan Comm. High School Delavan, Illinois US
There are three main learning styles. A learning style is the method by which a person learns and comprehends new ideas or theories. Visual learning is learning through the sense of sight. Visua
lectures and rewriting words. Auditory learning is accomplished best through the use of hearing and sound. Auditory learners learn best by listening to lectures and verbal expressions. The third le
accomplished through the use of larger muscles and the sense of touch. These learners learn best by walking around while studying, or drawing graphs. By surveying the students and te
researchers attempted to determine whether there was a correlation between student and teacher learning styles, and students' grades in three randomly selected classes. Before conducting the
classes taught in the high school. Then, 150 copies of a noncopyright protected learning style survey were made and numbered. The surveys were distributed to all the teachers and students. An
invited to take the survey and become part of the study. It was made clear that the survey was not mandatory and names would not be used or known by researchers. Once the surveys were com
them and placed the grades on the appropriate surveys and removed any names. Surveys were then returned to the researchers, who tallied and analyzed the results of the surveys, and drew co
the teachers were visual learners, 39% were kinesthetic, and 6% were auditory, while 16% of the students were visual, 78% were kinesthetic, and 6% were auditory. This was very different than t
teacher and student learning style was compared, no relationship was found.
2012 BE309
THE RUBIK'S CUBE OF POLITICAL GRIDLOCK: RESISTANCE TO CHANGE IN THE AMERICAN TAX SYSTEM
Braeden Thomas Horton, Brydie Mitchell, Elizabeth Wood,
The researchers were interested in the psychology involved in selecting taxation methods (Flat, Fair, and Progressive) and the relationships to the public’s resistance to change. Five Hundred Su
citizens in Delta County, Colorado. Questions one through seventeen pertained to questions related to the subjects’ resistance to change. Each question was tallied from the 84 subjects’ respons
run to examine relationships between survey questions as well as relationships between the resistance to change (or lack of resistance to change) and the three taxation methods. There appears
perceived levels of resistance to change and disliking our current tax system (R=0.088 and ANOVA: p=0.427). In general the public appears to be fed up with our method of taxation. However, it
resistance to change mode.
2011 BE309
INVESTIGATING THE FAMILIAL AND GENETIC ASPECTS OF REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS IN AUTISM
Asa Toreen Jordan, Jenna Behrendt,
Autism has a genetic and nongenetic etiology. Studies have shown that relatives of children with autism may exhibit a variety of symptoms and traits that are phenomenologically related to autis
polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SLC25A12 gene may correlate with repetitive behaviors. Repetitive behaviors are a key characteristic of autism and are suggested to be exhibited within affected fa
examined how they manifest in autism. This study investigated both the familial and genetic aspects of repetitive behaviors in autism. Factor analyses were performed on the Yale –Brown Obses
subjects' phenotypes were identified. The results showed that family members of an autistic child exhibited similar results in all the factors of the YBOCS: obsessions (p<0.001), high order repet
repetitive behaviors (LOR) (p<0.01), and hoarding (p<0.01); and that the parents of autistic children only exhibited higher rates of obsessive compulsive traits in the hoarding factor (p<.01), while t
rates in all four factors (p<.05). Those who have the SNP rs2056202 are more likely to have an association with ordering compulsions (r=0.234, p=0.050). Trends appeared between subjects with
aggressive behaviors (r=0.215, p=0.074), miscellaneous rubbing (r=0.216, p=0.072), LOR (r=0.216, p=0.072), and between the rs2292813 checking compulsions (r=0.222, p=0.076) and HOR (r=
for the familiality of repetitive behaviors in autism and helps contribute to the understanding of the genetic risk for autism.
2013 BE309
THE POWER OF MUSIC IN THE HUMAN MIND
Belmary Figueroa, Marlene RiveraMartinez
Jose Rojas Cortes High School, Orocovis, PUERTO RICO
The problem under study in this research was: What is the effect of different types of music in the retention capacity of high school students? This research is based on scientific studies by rese
where they use music to enhance learning. These previous investigations helped to formulate the following hypothesis: If randomly selected high school students are exposed to observe different
images while listening different types of music; then, pop music will stimulate their retention capacity. High school students were chosen at random from tenth to twelfth grades to participate in th
given a Human Informed Consent Form for parents to authorize their participation in the research. Twenty words were projected on a screen for a period of 3 minutes while they listened pop music
participants were asked to write in a worksheet the words they remembered, for a period of two minutes. The same was done using a worksheet with numbers and another worksheet with images
whole process was done while students listened ballad music. The data obtained from the students worksheets while listening different types of music was analyzed using the mathematical formu
because high school students showed more retention capacity with ballad music instead of pop music. This research is very helpful because students will know which strategies to use to improve
2008 BE309
THE EFFECT OF VISUALLY ENHANCED MEDICINE LABELS ON RECALL ABILITY
Bradley Douglas Shields, Taylor McGraw, Reed Falkner
Each year, thousands of people make mistakes when taking prescription medicine. This widespread problem prompted us to investigate the factors that lead to its prevalence. Research (as well
medicine labels are not as conducive to accurate recall of instructions as they could be. In our study, we targeted this problem by seeking to improve existing medicine labels through the use of v
figures and color symbols representing dosage instructions. To test the effectiveness of these stimuli, we created three placebo pill bottles with the visuallyenhanced labels and three wi
comparable dosage instructions. We alternated which set we gave to the participants first. Participants were given a minute and a half to study the information on each label. After each study per
instructions they remembered. We scored the tests based on the number of instructions recalled correctly. We tested 30 people in all: 10 (1824); 10 (4555); 10 (65+) with an equal numb
On average, subjects recalled 68% of the instructions on the traditional text labels and 85% of the instructions on the visuallyenhanced labels. The statistical increase was equally significant wit
younger subjects performed better on both tests. Statistical differences between males and females were not significant. From our results, we have concluded that visual enhancements
information on medicine labels.
2003 BE309
AGRESSIVENESS OF STRESSED CRAYFISH (PROCAMBARUS CLARKLL): EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND POLYCHROMATIC SENSITIVITY IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DOMINANC
Felix J. JorgeGarcia, Rafael A. TorrechAntonetty, Lynn M. TorrechAntonetty
Isidro A. Sánchez High School, P.O. Box 1588, Luquillo PR 00773
The significance of dominance hierarchies is well established for crustacean species (Atema, 1986; Atema and Voight, 1995; Karavanich and Atema, 1993, 1998), but few studies have investigat
and maintenance of dominance hierarchies. The present investigation pretended to test the effects of crayfish polychromatic sensitivity in the formation and maintenance of dominance hierarchie
 After establishing dominance hierarchies between crayfishes, subordinate and dominant specimens (males and females) were exposed to stressing photoperiods (20hr L:D), during diffe
color (white, red, blue, yellow, green and black). After this period fight trials were repeated and dominance hierarchies reviewed. The total number of interactions was annotated and the aggressive
point was also recorded. Preliminary chemical urine analyses were conducted. Urine was collected from crayfishes submitted to different stimuli (color stimuli, variable photoperiod, pred
showed that after exposed to stressing photoperiods subordinate males will continue to challenge dominant co specifics, and that crayfish are sensitive to different color lights. The aggressivenes
considerably increased. Further extensive urine chemical analyses are proposed, including protein and pheromones composition. 
2008 BE309
THE EFFECT OF VISUALLY ENHANCED MEDICINE LABELS ON RECALL ABILITY
Bradley Douglas Shields, Taylor McGraw, Reed Falkner
Each year, thousands of people make mistakes when taking prescription medicine. This widespread problem prompted us to investigate the factors that lead to its prevalence. Research (as well
medicine labels are not as conducive to accurate recall of instructions as they could be. In our study, we targeted this problem by seeking to improve existing medicine labels through the use of v
figures and color symbols representing dosage instructions. To test the effectiveness of these stimuli, we created three placebo pill bottles with the visuallyenhanced labels and three wi
comparable dosage instructions. We alternated which set we gave to the participants first. Participants were given a minute and a half to study the information on each label. After each study per
instructions they remembered. We scored the tests based on the number of instructions recalled correctly. We tested 30 people in all: 10 (1824); 10 (4555); 10 (65+) with an equal numb
On average, subjects recalled 68% of the instructions on the traditional text labels and 85% of the instructions on the visuallyenhanced labels. The statistical increase was equally significant wit
younger subjects performed better on both tests. Statistical differences between males and females were not significant. From our results, we have concluded that visual enhancements
information on medicine labels.
2014 BE309
PSYCHOSOCIAL VARIABLES AFFECTING BREAST CANCER PATIENT QUALITY OF LIFE
Alyson Winter, Abigail Kamen
The role of psychosocial care for cancer patients has become a priority to include in effective cancer treatment. Estimates indicate that 88% of women with breast cancer recover from the diseas
psychological assistance to ensure high quality of life (QOL) for these cancer survivors. One key contributor to breast cancer patient QOL is social support. This study aimed to determine the lev
receive from their friends and family and from their care team, specifically the support provided in the realm of chemobrain, or the mild deterioration of cognitive function secondary to chemothera
diverse population (27.9% Hispanic, 55.8% African American, 16.3% Caucasian/Asian) of 55 female breast cancer patients, and eight medical providers. Participants completed surveys that mea
QOL, patients’ awareness of chemobrain, and medical professionals support provided for chemobrain. Minority breast cancer patients reported significantly higher levels of social support from the
counterparts (p<.05), and the relationship between social support and QOL reported a trend (r=.269; p=.065). However, only 15.4% of the patients had heard of the term chemobrain, while 7.7% re
chemobrain with their physician or nurse. Medical personnel in the study were familiar with chemobrain, but did little to inform patients about the condition because of their attitudes toward its cred
identification and advance the understanding of crucial psychosocial markers that can predict and help improve the QOL of minority breast cancer patients.
2003 BE309
AGRESSIVENESS OF STRESSED CRAYFISH (PROCAMBARUS CLARKLL): EFFECTS OF PHOTOPERIOD AND POLYCHROMATIC SENSITIVITY IN THE MAINTENANCE OF DOMINANC
Felix J. JorgeGarcia, Rafael A. TorrechAntonetty, Lynn M. TorrechAntonetty
Isidro A. Sánchez High School, P.O. Box 1588, Luquillo PR 00773
The significance of dominance hierarchies is well established for crustacean species (Atema, 1986; Atema and Voight, 1995; Karavanich and Atema, 1993, 1998), but few studies have investigat
and maintenance of dominance hierarchies. The present investigation pretended to test the effects of crayfish polychromatic sensitivity in the formation and maintenance of dominance hierarchie
 After establishing dominance hierarchies between crayfishes, subordinate and dominant specimens (males and females) were exposed to stressing photoperiods (20hr L:D), during diffe
color (white, red, blue, yellow, green and black). After this period fight trials were repeated and dominance hierarchies reviewed. The total number of interactions was annotated and the aggressive
point was also recorded. Preliminary chemical urine analyses were conducted. Urine was collected from crayfishes submitted to different stimuli (color stimuli, variable photoperiod, pred
showed that after exposed to stressing photoperiods subordinate males will continue to challenge dominant co specifics, and that crayfish are sensitive to different color lights. The aggressivenes
considerably increased. Further extensive urine chemical analyses are proposed, including protein and pheromones composition. 
2010 BE309
EXAMINING TOPDOWN CONTROL IN COGNITION AND PERCEPTION
Alina Lesnovskaya, Charlotte Kleiman,
Topdown methods of control are involved in various regions of the brain, including networks involved in the fundamental functions of cognition and perception. The ability to reduce conflict during
by a preceding trial’s congruency type, characteristic of a cognitive mechanism known as conflict adaptation, in which conflict is detected and subsequently control processes involved in conflict
how this reduction of conflict is affected by the length of time between the provoking and present stimuli. Research previously published by others concerning perceptual networks has also shown
perceptual switches occur due to competition among opposing interpretations. It has recently been observed that there is a dominant interpretation of the stimulus, known as the “default perceptio
the default network and perceptual switching remain poorly understood. We determined the duration of time the conflict reduction effect lasts for and how image priming affects the malleability of
suggest conflict reduction is consistently prevalent in all intertrial interval durations (mean current trial previous trial reaction time across all intervals = .028 ms), predicting a neurocircuitry resp
control. Results also suggest that the default perceptions of a bilateral, ambiguous figure were manipulated by image priming for approximately 48% of trials, emphasizing the malleability of the c
processing system. Further research may continue to investigate the anatomic aspects of these results using functional magnetic resonance imaging.
Fourth Award of $500 Team Projects Presented by Intel
Team Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $4000 to be equally divided among the team members. Trip to London International Youth Forum Office of Naval Research on behalf of the Uni
2014 BE310
PRODENIT
Jesus Armando Jaramillo Lizarraga, Aaron Macias Juarez
Colegio de Bachilleres del Estado de Sinaloa # 65, El Apoderado, Rosario, Rosario, Mexico
Currently people live in a world where food demand is very large due to the number of people who populate the earth. To take advantage of the food produced , man has used various methods of
Conservatives chemicals , including sodium nitrite. In the studied community , most people work in the fields and they consume ( among other things) food mainly packaged meats like hams and
easy to prepare . Hence it is given the task of investigating what would be the brands of these products with more sodium nitrite since the abuse of their consumption is linked to cancer developm
laboratory technique with materials commonly used was used. The reagents used were obtained at an institution of higher education. Sausages of different brands were also acquired , which , in c
presence of nitrite by a pink color that varied in intensity according to the amount of preservative present in each of the brands. The project aims to create awareness among the population about
cured meats. By means of the technique was demonstrated that these foods contain sodium nitrite. After socializing the results of research in schools and the community, where it has been obse
the subject , however a few have been indifferent . This project is aiming to continue working with the people, and it will soon be using different media. Through dissemination of the project and su
in the community of El Apoderado, which is the study community has realized that it is not easy to change eating habits in a community where food sausages are consumed frequently.
2012 BE310
IS MATERNITY IN ADOLESCENTS A FACTOR THAT INFLUENCES POVERTY IN THE NEIGHBORHOODS POPULAR 1 AND 2 OF THE CITY OF MEDELLIN?
Yessica Marcela Borja, Geraldin Vasquez,
Institucion Educativa Federico Carrasquilla, Medellin, Antioquia, COLOMBIA
Our research project originated in the following hypothesis: Is maternity in adolescents a factor that influences poverty in the neighbourhoods Popular 1 and 2 of the city of Medellin? As part of th
taking as units of analysis 20 teenage mothers who live in the relevant neighbourhoods of the Comune #1 of Medellin, a peripheral zone affected by violence where a large number of displaced co
we took two teenagers to carry out deeper fieldwork making use of ethnographic techniques. We narrate, through chronicles, lifestories that illustrate very well this phenomenon of which there are
families, where women still carry the entire economic, emotional and affective load. Teenage motherhood, occurring in the particular conditions of our neighbourhood does dramatically res
education, mobility, health, employment, leisure and socialisation. Of the 20% of surveyed mothers, 15 (75%) dedicate their time, exclusively, to look after their children. The current teen
the history of mankind, and 85% of this lives in developing countries. Teenage fertility is higher in leastfavoured communities. This is a situation that originates in a specific local context but has
private spheres such as religious, political, social, economical, ethical, genderrelated and with a strong cultural background.
2005 BE310
THE EFFECT OF THE RHYTHM OF BACKGROUND MUSIC ON ICONIC MEMORY AND TWO PHYSIOLOGICAL INDICATORS ON 15 TO 17 YEARSOLD STUDENTS
Luis Abner LopezFebres, Priscilla MartinezRosario
Dr. Gilberto Concepcion de Gracia High School, Villa Fontana, Carolina, PR
Most students have difficulties in learning as demonstrated when a new concept or skill is taught in school. The purpose of this investigation is to determine if the rhythm of background music pla
memory and two physiological indicators (blood pressure and pulse) on 1517 yearsold students. The researchers expected that an increase of rhythm would produce stress on the subjects whic
items that they could recall and increase their pulse. Sixty students were evaluated considering their age, gender, handiness and academic achievement. The experimentation was divided into thr
questionnaire. Then, they entered a soundproof room and observed fifteen items on card A during fifteen seconds. After that time, they told the researchers the items they recalled. No music wa
cards B and C, while listening tapes one and two. A flute was used for the melodies taped. In step two, the subjects heard a moderato rhythm, increased to allegro rhythm in step three. The phys
digital instrument before and after each treatment. Data was collected and analyzed statistically. The results did not support the hypothesis significantly. The lateralization of the lefthanded, the g
increased rhythm of music and the effect of maturation on 17 yearsold subjects suggested that other factors operated during the experiment. 
2003 BE310
BRAIN ACTIVATION: ALTERNATIVE FOR A MORE EFFECTIVE LEARNING?
Aidalis Andino, Lisaida Andino
Superior Urbana Nueva, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico
Brain Activation exercises were investigated to see if they were a good alternative for a more effective learning in Mathematics and Spanish with the eleventh grade students of the "Escuela Sup
that these exercises are a good alternative for a more effective learning in these students and subjects. Children and adolescents psychologist's expertise help was used throughout the
selected and adapted to help students in Spanish and Math classes. The exercises were presented to several psychiatrists for them to evaluate the exercises and determine if these could be har
elaborated a Math and Spanish test and it was validated by seven eleventh grade students. The participants were selected at random among the eleventh grade students in school.
was voluntary. Form 4B was sent to the parents with a letter explaining the experiment. Fifty six students showed up to answer the test. The first exam was administered. With a psych
exercises more demonstrated and given on writing so that they could be practiced at home, twice a day for six consecutive days. The same exam was administered a second time to th
and tabulated. The results were compared concluding that brain activation exercises were a good alternative for students in the subjects examined, because there was a significant increase was
and Mathematics. 
2009 BE310
THE EFFECTS OF MULTITASKING ON SHORTTERM MEMORY
Hayley Rose McCrae, Rosarin Bhutarak,
West Linn High School, West Linn, OR
This project tested the effects of multitasking on shortterm memory. Specifically, the effect text messaging has on a teenager’s ability to memorize and recall words. Shortterm memory is limit
participants’ shortterm memory of a list of words is tested with interference, then they will recall fewer words than when tested without interference, because the conflicting interference caused th
to encode the new information. Participants were given two similar word lists to memorize and then recall, both with the same amount of words and same level of difficulty, as well as the same am
in. During the memorization of one of the word lists, participants received and had to respond to a text message every minute (the interference). Overall, almost all of the participant’s recall of the
less than their test without any interference. Two participants recalled more words with the test that included interference than the test without. 61% of the participants recalled over 50% more wo
the results, it is concluded that interferences and multitasking worsen the brain’s ability to store and retain information in the shortterm memory.
2008 BE310
THE EFFECT OF A SURPRISE ELEMENT IN A VIDEO ON THE HEART RATE OF ADOLESCENT HUMANS AND THE DIFFERENCE IN MALES AND FEMALES
Melissa Sandra Palmer, London Dewey,
Spruce Creek High School, Port Orange, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of fear on the heart rate of adolescent humans using a startling image video. First, 20 males and 20 females in high school w
verify that they had a good heart condition. Then each subject was hooked up to the wireless heart rate monitor, and Logger Pro 4.3.6 software was used to measure their resting heart rate.
video, and the peak heart rate from the LoggerPro software output was recorded. The average change in heart rate from resting to peak and the comparison between the average change of males
using Microsoft Excel. The results were, indicated by a ttest, that there was a significant change on average of both genders' heart rates, but there was not a significant change when c
heart rate. It can be concluded that males and females are equally susceptible to an increased heart rate due to fear and have the same increase on average.
2006 BE310
TEEN OBESITY IS PORTION SIZE PERCEPTION THE PROBLEM
Samantha Grace Hennenfent, Austin Malach
Fort Zumwalt West High School, O'Fallon, Missouri, United States of America
The purpose was to determine if there is a correlation between BMI, family eating habits and portion size perception and to examine the relationship between the size of the container a single port
satiation. Twenty female high school student’s height and weight were taken to calculate BMI. Subjects were asked to pour one portion of cereal in a 250ml cereal bowl. The portion was bagged a
habits survey. Surveys were scored and compared to BMI and portion size perception. Subjects ate a premeasured single portion of candy placed either in a 50 ml cup or a 250 ml bowl. There s
comparing family eating habits to portion size, the null hypothesis was rejected. There is a correlation (r=0.225) between a family’s eating habits and a teenage girl’s perception of portion size. W
perception, the null hypothesis was accepted, indicating no correlation (r=0.001). Most subjects were within the normal range of BMI and typically underestimated the portion of cereal. There was
teenage girl’s BMI and her family’s eating habits. Even though the mean family eating habits score of 9.2 indicates that the families need to work on their health habits, the teenage girls in this st
are very conscious of their weight and tend to selfmonitor their diets.
2007 BE310
DOES SIZE MATTER? IS IT THE BODY OR THE MIND?
Caleb Barlow Gragg, Jordan Farris
Nettleton High School, Jonesboro AR, USA
It is believed that a child who is overweight may not reach his full potential socially and academically. This project is designed to address that issue. 40 local sixth graders and 39 eleventh grader
a psychological test, selfreporting their Grade Point Average(GPA), having their height and weight measured for BMI calculation, and completing a reaction test. The students were chosen as vo
based upon the classes that were available to participate in the study. A mentor who is a university teacher, familiar with the selfperception index, and who has performed numerous BMI measur
measurements that were performed for this investigation. In each grade, 20 boys and 20 girls were asked to participate. The data was recorded and analyzed using analysis of variance s
were found between the BMI groups or the GPA groups, a posthoc analysis (Tukey's) was performed to determine where the differences existed. BMI did not have any significant relations to any
time. However, GPA did relate to five of the selfperception domains. Those domains were scholastic competence, social acceptance, physical appearance, behavioral conduct, and global selfw
competence. The results of this study indicate that body size (BMI) may not cause children psychological discomfort but their academic performance (GPA) is related to their selfperception in a
2011 BE310
THE EFFECTS OF THE INITIAL TRANSITION FROM SHOD TO BAREFOOT RUNNING ON TIBIAL SHOCK AND MUSCLE ACTIVATION
Evan Daniel Olin, Catherine Conte,
Barefoot running has become increasingly popular among distance runners and many shod runners are transitioning to barefoot. Habitually shod runners tend to rearfoot (heel) strike, using the su
impact. Barefoot runners accomplish this by utilizing a forefoot (toe) strike technique and the eccentric action of the plantar flexors. This study aimed to evaluate the immediate transition from sh
shod, rearfoot strike recreational runners ran for 3 separate 7 minute trials, including shod heel strike (SHS), barefoot heel strike (BHS) , and barefoot toe strike (BTS) conditions. EMG, tibial sho
averaged over the 2nd, 4th, and 6th minute of each trial. A oneway MANOVA was conducted and several significant changes were noted. Specifically, EMG of the plantar flexors and peroneus lo
all increased in the transition. While it has been argued that barefoot, forefoot strike running may be less injurious over the long run, these data indicate that habitually shod, rearfoot striking runn
barefoot, forefoot strike technique should undertake the process cautiously and patiently, as the initial change in mechanics may be detrimental.
2013 BE310
BIRTH OF A REVOLUTION: A GLOBAL MODEL FOR FORECASTING POLITICAL INSTABILITY
Abhishek Nayar, Stephen Kim
Edina High School, Edina, MN
A revolution is defined as a fundamental change in the political and social institutions of a society, often accompanied by violence, cultural upheaval, and civil war. Inspired by the selfimmolation
revolutions swept the world in 2010/2011. No country was left unscathed, from the Occupy Wall Street protesters right here in America, to the guntoting revolutionaries in Libya and Syria. Inspire
simple question Is it possible, or is there some way, to quantify just what it is that leads a state into a revolution? And once you find these causes, or factors say, is there a way you can predict
unrest at any given time? A simple looking question that proved to be extremely difficult, we found that no revolution is as spontaneous as it seems, but that there are a set of underlying
– when they hit a tipping point – cause a revolution. Our goal was to create a userfriendly, interactive model that would be able to predict how much civil unrest was present in any country and we
ultimate aim is to be able to link our model to a realtime data source (such as a world monitoring service) so that we can see levels of unrest updating live, as events unfold. Join us, as we try an
2004 BE310
PROVING PIAGET'S PRINCIPLE
Asha Jaya Hosangadi, Pranali Koradia
Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills Michigan, USA
The field of developmental psychology seeks to understand human development from the womb to the tomb. One of the most important contributions to the field came from Jean Piaget’s studies
Based on his work with children and young adults, Piaget identified four stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational and formal operations.
progressive. That is, a child must acquire the abilities of one stage in order to progress to a subsequent one. Piaget defined each stage by two characteristics age and cognitive ability. In order to
four stages of cognitive development as identified and defined by Piaget, we conducted four experiments on 100 children from ages 314 over a fourmonth period of time. Contrary to Piaget’s con
(1) there is no specific age at which a child progresses from one cognitive stage to another; and (2) a child can exhibit characteristics of more than one stage at one time.
2010 BE310
THE EFFECTS OF AN ACTION VIDEO GAME ON REDUCING THE GENDER GAP IN GEOMETRY SCORES
Angela Lee, Klaudia Kluzinski,
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills, NY
According to PISA, the Program for International Student Assessment, the gender gap in math is present at the age of fifteen in 49 of the 57 participating countries. It is believed that geometry sk
ability. It has been found that playing action video games showed improvement in spatial ability. In this experiment, Descent 2, a 3dimensional video game, was used to determine whether playin
students’ spatial ability and improve geometry scores. Scores from two groups of high school students (control and experimental) were compared using a SAT based geometry pre and posttest.
would score lower than males in the pretest but would score the same or higher in the posttest. We found that the experimental group increased their score by 8 points over the control group, su
improve geometry scores. Both male and female students in the experimental group were found to increase their scores by 15 points; however, little or no difference in scores was found between
suggest that video games requiring students to improve their spatial ability may improve geometry scores.
2007 BE311
MALE VS. FEMALE: SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM MEMORY OF BABY BOOMERS
Holly Sue Barth, Hannah Elizabeth Reid
Upper Sandusky High School, Upper Sandusky, Ohio, United States
The purpose of this research is to find if there’s a difference between long and short term memory of male and female baby boomers. Baby boomer is the nickname for people born between 1946
World War II and started families. Memory is the brain's ability to store or recall events. The brain stores memory in the hippocampus and temporal lobes. The hypothesis is, when presented with
for short and once for long term memory, males will have better short term memory while females will have better long term memory. Subjects were given a questionnaire asking if they had any m
They were given twenty words with associated pictures. After two minutes subjects were to write what they could. After finishing the test subjects were shown the list of 20 words again and helpe
become long term. Subjects were tested a week later where they again had to write out words they remembered. They were also given a list of 50 words in which they had to circle the 20 original
women overall had better short and long term memory. However, the result of the test with pictures was close. Also, grouping was the most helpful method. As baby boomers get closer to retirem
how the memory of this population is staying intact. A statistical analysis was done on the data by conducting a T test for independent samples which proved that the results found are significant
2006 BE311
COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE CAUSES OF SCHOOL VIOLENCE
Tiffany Nicole Doll Requena, Lorena E. Berges Cabrera
Colegio Marista, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
During the past recent years school violence has been flooding the major headline news. Due to the social implications of such events, special attention has been given in order to understand the
school settings. The purpose of this study was to investigate and compare the potential causal factors of school violence among students from public and private sectors. The population sample
from high school of eleventh and twelfth grade of both academic sectors. A questionnaire with thirty different questions related to the potential factors causes of school violence was use
answers were obtained by means of an evaluative scale from one to four. The data analysis was carried out using a spreadsheet of the program MS Excel. The results were tabulated b
each sector responded in the same way. This was obtained using a variance analysis (ANOVA). Finally, another ANOVA was used to establish if there was a difference in the perception on the c
school students from both academic sectors. The results of this study concluded that no significant difference was found in the perception on the causes of school violence between stu
studies should continue with other geographical groups and population to support and widen people’s perception about the underlying causes of school violence. 
2008 BE311
AN ANALYSIS OF REWARDS VS. PUNISHMENT SYSTEMS
Emily Jeanne Brinker, Rachel Kery,
Northern High School, Owings, MD
In order to make students succeed in the classroom a number of classroom management strategies have been tried to increase student motivation and overall success. Of the myriad of methods
systems of operant conditioning: positive rewarding, negative rewarding, and punishment. In a positive rewards system, students are given the opportunity to win prizes (generally small trinkets o
and academic success. In a negative rewards system, students are given the opportunity to “win” something negative taken away (i.e. a homework assignment, or a missed problem on a quiz), in
general motivation. Finally in a punishment system the students are punished (with extra assignments, or harder quizzes) to prevent the repetition of the negative behavior. In this experiment, fou
assigned a system (positive, negative rewards, punishment, and control) and their overall academic success was surveyed over the course of several weeks. Our experiment found very little diffe
(negative rewards, positive rewards, punishment, do nothing), and concludes that further research needs to be done to verify that any of these methods are the least bit effective in behavioral enh
2009 BE311
BLIND'S LEADER GUIDE
Ahmad Mohamad Fawaz El Shoghri, Adnan Kerek, Louai Kaja
Rawdat Al Fayhaa High School, Tripoly, North, LEBANON
Our project aims to help blind people in determining their path easily and to get notified by all the obstacles. We have invented a blind stick that works in a different way then the ordinary
sensors. One detects the high obstacles, one detects low obstacles, and three sensors determine the directions of the obstacles. And each sensor generates a unique sound to identify the blinde
the obstacle. Our aim is to help the blinded people to have a much safer, easier, walk.
2003 BE311
HOW FAST IS YOUR BEAT?
Nitra Cassedy Woods, Felecia Jones
We decided to determine how types of music affect people while driving using reaction times and blood pressure. We selected 60 high school students, 30 male/30 female, who could legally drive
such as rap (Eminem "Lose Yourself"), rock (Disturbed "Stupified"), and classical (Instrumental by Beethoven). Testing consisted of two parts: driving a car and using a reaction time box we cons
before/after each song for the driving and box tests. Drivers were instructed to drive around cones placed in the stadium parking lot while listening to music types, whereas the reaction box used
completion of testing, overall average blood pressures, in ascending order by diastolic, were: Boys classical 127/66, control 129/68, rap 128/73, rock 129/73; Girls control 122/62, rap 126/71,
the overall average of the participants' reaction box times, in order by second length, were: Boys control 1:43 seconds, classical 1:54 sec, rock 1:97 sec, rap 2:06 sec; Girls control 1:60 sec,
2:58 sec. Rock and rap affect reaction times as all participants became slower than their control or classical, yet blood pressure increased with all music forms, except classical. Based upon the
quick reaction times do not need to listen to music while working.
2005 BE311
THE EFFECT OF AGE AND GENDER ON COGNITION RATES THE STROOP EFFECT
Saima Akheel Zaman, Reema Farasat Chaudhry
Potomac Senior High School, Dumfries, VA, USA
Abstract We chose to experiment on the Stroop Effect and its effects on gender and different age groups. The Stroop Effect refers to the disturbance caused by trying to eliminate meani
task, even when the information is irrelevant or counterproductive to the task. Disturbance is experienced when a person tries to say the color a word is printed in when that color does not corresp
example, “mental interference” is experienced when the word “blue” is printed the color “green” and a person tries to say the color “green”. We chose to experiment on the Stroop effect because w
interference” and the ways in which our brains function interesting. Five males and five females from each age group were timed while they read a control chart and named the colors the words we
determined that females have lower reaction times than males with respect to naming the colors in the Stroop chart. There was no specific pattern when it came to the control chart. The time take
the colors in the Stroop chart for males and females decreased from the age group of 46 to 1618, increased from 1618 to 4055, and decreased again from 4055 to 60+. If this project were to b
more trials with more colors and narrow down the age groups.
2012 BE311
LIAR LIAR FACE ON FIRE: THE EFFECTS OF NOT TELLING THE TRUTH ON NUCHAL TEMPERATURE
Daniel Steven Long, Marissa Rademaker,
Delavan High School, Delavan, IL
Lie detection, a controversial practice in the scientific community, has been dominated by use of the polygraph. Thermal imaging technology, a noninvasive method, has been the subject of rece
dishonesty. Recent data shows that thermal imagers can surpass a polygraph in lie detection. This project’s purpose was to determine whether variations in nuchal temperature could be used as
developed ten questions, selected ten subjects, and constructed lie cards. Each subject entered the controlled testing room and received a randomly selected card. Using a thermal imager, the s
recorded before, during, and after responding to each question in the three trials. Data showed a slight rise in nuchal temperatures over seventy percent of the time as the subjects answered the u
temperatures remained constant through eighty percent of the truthfully answered questions. A bellshaped curve was created to support data reliability, and 83.3% of the temperature values fell w
In conclusion, the hypothesis that nuchal temperature would be affected by lying was supported. To extend the project, additional readings in the facial area would be obtained, and a larger sampl
understanding and conclusion to the effect of lying on body temperature as a whole could be achieved. Furthermore, with its sustained reliability in detecting lies and noninvasive process, therma
polygraphs and have a desired capability for use in highly crowded areas such as airports.
2011 BE311
THE GAME OF LIFE: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF THREE TAXATION METHODS
Braeden Thomas Horton, Kelli Buhrdorf, Brydie Mitchell
This experiment was designed to examine the effects of three taxation methods on 110 subjects. The Flat, Fair and Progressive taxation systems were analyzed on 110 individuals and families t
Profiles were developed through a random generated process that provided financial “life events” to be evaluated with the three different tax systems. Sophisticated spreadsheets were de
Flat, Fair and Progressive Tax Systems. A series of ANOVA tests were computed. There appear to be statistical differences between the three taxation methods in the areas of Total Taxes paid
Household taxpayers, taxpayers with no children, and in the groups between 4564 years of age. There, appeared to be no statistical difference in taxes paid between the three groups that had tw
appeared to be taxed highest in the Progressive tax system, with the exception of the elderly. For the purpose of this study the (2009) 1040 tax form was used, thus eliminating itemization.
2010 BE311
HOW MUCH DOES TEXTING AFFECT THE HUMAN REACTION TIME?
Jacob Raymond Tschetter, Chris Aslesen,
Florence High School, Florence, SD
The student researchers proposed to determine how texting affected human reaction time. The student researchers hypothesized that texting would slow the human reaction time by a dr
reaction time. The researchers performed two different tests on 30 people. The first test was an audio test where the subjects had to listen to an article while texting a premade messag
subject rang a bell to acknowledge that they heard the word. The reaction time was the difference between when the word was said and when the subject rang the bell. This test was repeated by t
texting to time the difference in the subject’s reaction time. The student researchers used the Top End Sports website for a visual reaction program as their second visual test.
researchers wrote while following the program’s instructions. This test was repeated by having the subject follow the computer program’s instructions again, only without texting of any k
student researchers accurate computergenerated time intervals of how long it took the subject to react, and were recorded accordingly. The results of the auditory test of 30 subjects sh
when texting versus nontexting. The visual test resulted in an increased reaction time of 59.5% texting versus nontexting. The students concluded that the tests supported their origina
2014 BE311
ACTIVE BRAIN REGIONS DURING SLEEP USING ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHYFUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
Sameeksha H. Malhotra, Grace Duan
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL, United States of America
With techniques allowing the simultaneous acquisition of electroencephalogram (EEG) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data, active brain regions during different stages of the h
allows a greater understanding of sleep and its role in processing information. The oscillations of the EEG data determined the duration of each sleep stage. The respective MR images, visualized
separately to create brain networks with regions of interest (ROI). Using MATLAB, we created correlation matrices displaying neuronal activity. Results suggest that brain activity is localized in th
In rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, brain activity associated with the selected ROI is also present in most other brain regions. Hippocampal activity is most prevalent in all investigated stages,
and amygdala activity. Brain activity in stage one and REM is similar, although REM activity is less concentrated to the ROI. Stage two is considered deeper sleep than stage one, showing dimin
most neuronal connectivity, involves consolidating memories and dreaming. EEGfMRI data can lead to an improved understanding of brain activity during sleep, which may help in diagnosing sle
2004 BE311
GENDER ROLES IN NORTHERN PAIUTE SHAMANISM: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH THE ROCK ART RECORD
William Thomas Hallett, Marie Sakai, Stefanie Price
West Salem High School, Salem, OR, USA
Our intention in this research project was to explore the relationships between Northern Paiute men and women through an examination of the rock art record in eastern Oregon. We examined the
record and how the rock art reflected the mythopoetic narratives and symbolic world of the Northern Paiute. Further, we looked at the role of ritualistic plants in the creation of this art by examinin
to rock art motiffs found at the survey sites. The rock art reflected the value systems of a culture different than our own, creating a moral encoding system that gave direction to people's lives an
gender and art we hope to generate greater understandings that cross cultural boundaries.
2004 BE311
GENDER ROLES OF THE NORTHERN PAIUTE SHAMANISM: AN ANALYSIS THROUGH THE ROCK ART RECORD
Marie Christine Sakai, William Hallett, Stefanie Price,
West Salem High School, Salem, OR, 97304
Our intention in this research project was to explore the relatonships between Northern Paiute men and women through an examination of the rock art record in Eastern Oregon. We examined the
record and how the rock art reflected the mythopoetic narratives and symbolic world of the Northern Paiute. Further, we looked at the role of ritualistic plants in the creation of this art by examinin
to rock art motifs found at the survey sites. The rock art record reflected the value systems of a culture different than our own, creating a moral encoding system that gave direction to people's liv
ideas of gender and art we hope to generate greater understandings that cross cultural boundaries.
2004 BE311
GENDER ROLES IN NORTHERN PAIUTE SHAMANISM: AN ANAYSIS THROUGH THE ROCK ART RECORD
Stefanie Gayle Price, William Hallett, Marie Sakai
West Salem High School, Salem, OR, United States
Our intention in this research project was to explore the relationships between Northern Paiute men and women through an examination of the rock art record in Eastern Oregon. We examined the
record and how the rock art reflected the mythopoetic narratives and symbolic world of the Northern Paiute. Futher, we looked at the role of ritualistic plants in the creation of this art by examining
to rock art motifs found at the survey sites. The rock art record reflected the value systems of a culture different than our own, creating a moral encoding system that gave direction to people's liv
ideas of gender and art we hope to generate greater understandings that cross cultural boundaries.
2014 BE312
THE EFFECT OF DEVELOPING A MULTILINGUAL CELL PHONE APPLICATION BASED ON VOICE SEARCH TO MEET THE SATISFACTION OF THE ISLAMIC ART MUSEUM VISITORS
Thamer AlMass AlKhatter, Abdulla Alrumaihi,Nasser Alyafei
Jassim Bin Hamad Independent Secondary School, doha, doha, Qatar
Introduction: The concept of legacy must keep abreast with saving and reviving it. This was an incentive to develop the possessions of Islamic Art Museum (IAM) as they have a major role in tra
heritage through generations and overcoming the obstacles that could affect their content, besides, meeting the satisfaction of the 2022 World Cup guests. The Problem: The labels on th
surrounding Lights, written in small fonts hard to read or written in one or two languages. Also those labels could be either too small to write enough information about the possessions or too borin
the research. The Target: What is the effect of developing a multilingual cell phone application based on voice search to meet the satisfaction of the Islamic Art Museum visitors? The procedures: Research was divide
practical one to get the features of voice search and converting results to speech. • Second, recognizing the effect of the application on (IAM) visitors by using the descriptive way. <
questionnaire • I do not find a possession label written in more than three languages 100% • I find the possessions label written in small fonts 92% • I find difficulty in re
the illumination 63% Conclusions: The research team believes that implementing an application is a new addition to be used in the (IAM) to keep abreast with world museums and to achi
displaying human heritage.
2010 BE312
BLIND SERVICE
Farah Hussain Hajjar, Reem Mrad, Siba Hajjar
Al Bayyader School, Beirut, Beirut, LEBANON
We always had a though in our minds in how to help blinded people, and how would a blinded individual get help if he wants to. We came up with an idea that will make the life of the blind
device which will help the blinded to communicate with someone else in order to assist him in his movement, at home , or at any place he would be. The device consists of a headset wit
that transmits image and sound and receives sound. The blinded person will wear on his head and request help if he feels so. This device will help a lot of blinded people and it can allow
always supervise the blinded people or at least make sure that they are fine. Many devices like this can be connected to one place in order to create a help center that will assist a greate
2011 BE312
THE BENEFITS OF COLORED PLASTIC OVERLAYS ON READING FLUENCY
Reva Ann Bork, Rhennetta Bork,
The purpose of the research was to test for improvement of reading fluency with the use of colored overlays. Stimulation of the cones (color sensing cells in the retina) triggers perception of finer
stimuli (Nave, 2011). 64% of the cones in the eyes are sensitive to red light. Colored overlays, especially red, should improve reading fluency because of their ability to stimulate the cones (Nave
each child reading four different fifth grade level passages. The first reading was black print on white paper. Each subsequent reading had a colored overlay on top. Subjects were given three min
how long it took the child to read the passage were recorded. A majority of the students (93%) of students tested read more words correctly when using any of the colored overlays.
significantly improved the percentage of words read correctly over plain print (P = 0.003). The red overlay had the highest correct reading fluency (correct words/time) for 63.3% with an average in
correctly/minute. From the data, it was concluded that the use of colored overlays, specifically red, does help improve reading fluency in children. In a standard 3/4th grade classroom w
fluency increase of 12.77 words/min would equal 702.35 more words read correctly during that one reading time. The results could have astounding effects on success in school.
2012 BE312
MAKING PAPER FROM NATURAL FIBERS: RECYCLING AND REUSING AT SCHOOL II
Antonia Amanda Araujo, Socorro Magarete Oliveira,
Escola de Ensino Médio Professora Theolina de Muryllo Zacas, Bela Cruz, CE, BRASIL
The research about environmental issues has assumed a position of prominence in the last few decades. The growing concern about ecological degradation associated to the continued loss of na
elements capable of directing the actions of man, who is, theoretically, the agent able to intervene in the environment. One of the most important problems we face is the waste production which
costbenefit analysts, but also by a growing number of life cycle assessments (LCA) concerned to execute the three “R” sustainable actions: to reduce, to recycle and to reuse. In this project, we
wasted natural fibers into paper, as a way to preserve and promote sustainability aiming different areas of our society such as in social, education and business. The first stage of our work consis
the base for the lectures we promoted in partnership with public and private companies, community associations and schools in the city of Bela Cruz – CE, Brazil. In the second stage we produce
(Musa ssp.) and coconut (Cocus sp.) trees’ fiber. In this stage we used an environmental educational kit available in our school. The results of the lectures showed an increase in the environmen
environmental behavior not only in the school but in all the community. The paper production had an important impact in the economy of the schools, reducing the costs of paper acquisition.
2005 BE312
THE EFFECTS OF BIRTH ORDER ON PERSONALITY TRAITS IN TWINS
Brittany Alison Koffer, Rachel Elyse Koffer
Chantilly High School, Chantilly, Virginia, United States
The Effects of Birth Order on Personality Traits in Twins was designed to find out whether birth order affects the following personality traits: dominance, competitiveness, and temperament. In ord
fraternal twins, and siblings were recruited. A series of tests was administered to each set individually, including three written tests and one interactive game. The data from the tests wa
dominance test, the firstborn twins and siblings scored more dominant. The data from the second dominance test was meant to reinforce the first. The results were similar for twins, but the siblin
test was judged inconclusive due to the small number of questions. The interactive game, testing competitiveness, showed both types of firstborn twins were more competitive than the secondb
competitive than the secondborns. The temperament test resulted in a majority of ties amongst all types of sets, although the number of ties in fraternal twins and siblings were less than those in
the conclusions that dominance is affected by birth order, where the firstborns of the sets are more dominant. Twins and siblings are affected differently by birth order for competitiveness. The fir
the secondborns, while the firstborn siblings are less competitive than the secondborns. Temperament was not found to be affected by birth order.
2004 BE312
THE EFFECTS OF CLASS STRUCTURE ON LEARNING ABILITIES
Lela Louise Rundle, Branndie Sievertsen, Kia Orr
Hotchkiss High School, Hotchkiss, Colorado, United States of America
The Japanese language has three types of alphabets. The three are Katakana, Hiragana, and Kanji. The one that most closely resembles American drawings is that of Kanji. It is an older form of
Japanese people. They use Chinese characters to influence their language, and it is a very complex form of writing. The purpose of this project was to see if the class structure had any
students present. The researchers chose to use the classes of art and biology because the art students were more affiliated with drawings as opposed to the biology students who were more apt
anything. The two classes were taught and tested for one week and then their scores were compared. The researchers concluded that the art students learned the language faster as opp
it more accurately. The reasons for this were that the art students compared the characters of Kanji to what they had been drawing in class. Moreover, the biology students were more detail orien
characters. Students abroad learning different languages could use this information in helping them learn which type of classes to take to help them in learning their languages faster and
2009 BE312
MAPPING VERBAL MEMORY FUNCTION FROM DIRECT BRAIN AND SCALP RECORDINGS FROM EPILEPSY SURGERY PATIENTS
Weili Zheng, Shravanthy Gumidyala, Jonathon Schwarzbauer
Illinois Math and Science Academy, Aurora, IL
Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by chronic and unprompted seizures that originate in various areas of the brain, and affects approximately 2.5 million in the United States. Seizures that occu
response. Our study’s purpose was to determine if latencies in scalp and intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) correspond, as well as if epilepsy affects the latency of the verbal memory po
language in epilepsy patients. To observe these effects, subjects wore EEG scalp caps and underwent a verbal memory paradigm. Patients with epilepsy also had EEG recordings through intracr
collection was performed by the study's principal investigator. The recorded EEG files were filtered through an analysis program and were used to create average power spectrums, using gamma
verbal memory potentials in the scalp data was then compared with the corresponding EEG of patients with epilepsy. Latencies in patients with epilepsy were compared with those that were nona
exhibit a significantly higher latency than patients without epilepsy in the verbal memory potentials. However, results are inconclusive, and more testing is needed, as data from patients with epile
how much epilepsy affects auditory responses has many uses, including improving surgical proceedings in determining resection areas for patients with epilepsy. In addition, if scalp and intracran
possibly be developed to eliminate the invasive intracranial grid insertion to observe patients with epilepsy.
2008 BE312
AUTISM
Tabassum Haider Chowdhury, Anika Tasneem Nabila, Shanjida Ahmed
Viqarunnisa Noon College, Dhaka, BANGLADESH
Autism is a brain development disorder that impairs social interaction and communication, and causes restricted and repetitive behavior, all starting before a child is three years old. Autism affect
is poorly understood. Parents usually notice signs in the first two years of their child's life. Early behavioral or cognitive intervention can help children gain selfcare, social, and communication sk
autism live independently after reaching adulthood, but some become successful and an autistic culture has developed, with some seeking a cure and others believing that autism is a condition r
recent reviews estimate a prevalence of one to two cases per 1,000 people for autism The number of people known to have autism has increased dramatically since the 1980s.In USA approxima
the yearly rate of increase is about 17% , which is highest in the world. Now a days world wide Autism is a burning isuue and a big challenge for our society. That is why this year UN has
Day. We belive that as our social resposibility we should address this issue and work for the awareness to support their comfortable living and to establish right in the society. T
be beniffiting for the Autistic children , their paretnts as well as our society. There are more occassions to address this issue and if we get the opportunity to participate in those ocassions then ob
affected group.
2007 BE312
EXAMINING SOCIAL SKILLS, BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT, AND REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS IN PARENTS AND SIBLINGS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM
Nathalie Fay Tadena, Jessica Palmer
Studies provide evidence that autism is a genetic disorder placing siblings of individuals with autism at a greater risk of developing social deficits and maladaptive behavior. This study examined
behavior, and repetitive behaviors in multiple incidence autism spectrum disorder families. The sample consisted of 88 unaffected (nonautistic) siblings and 72 parents of children with autism and
developing children. One parent from each family was administered the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale to assess the social skills and behavioral adjustment of children, the Personality Questi
skills, and the Personal Need for Structure Scale, to assess level of repetitive behaviors. Results found unaffected siblings of individuals with autism to have less developed social skills (p= .033
than siblings of normally developing children (p=.002). No significant differences were found between the behavioral adjustment of unaffected siblings of children with autism and that of siblings in
groups of siblings, there were significant inverse relationships between the development of social skills and maladaptive behavior and between child’s age and development of maladaptive behavi
autism had significantly less developed social skills than parents in the comparison group (p<.012). In autism families only, aspects of children’s socialization skill levels were correlated with soc
families without a history of autism, children's level of repetitive behaviors was significantly correlated with mothers' and fathers' level of repetitive behaviors respectively (p<.01).
2006 BE312
DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR OF LAKE APOPKA AREA CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS WERE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY EXPOSED TO PESTICIDES
Grant Fabian Chernoby, Shahin Pourkaviani
The problem investigated whether toxins internally or externally consumed by parents affect the physical and mental development of their children. The alternative hypothesis stated that there is
children’s’ mental and physical capabilities in children whose parents had exposure to pesticides through farming on Lake Apopka compared to children whose parents did not have this exposure.
would not be a statistically significant difference in physical and mental development between children whose parents were exposed to a high level of toxins from Lake Apopka compared to the ch
a high level of toxins from Lake Apopka. To investigate the problem, the researchers conducted simple tests on each child. The children were then split into three main groups where they were th
 The results showed statistically significant evidence that the children whose parents were exposed to a high level of toxins scored significantly less than the control group. It was concluded
internal and external exposure to pesticides were at least one year behind in mental and physical capabilities. The data was analyzed by using the two sample ttest to prove significance. <br
2007 BE312
EXAMINING SOCIAL SKILLS, BEHAVIORAL ADJUSTMENT, AND REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS IN PARENTS AND SIBLINGS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH AUTISM
Nathalie Fay Tadena, Jessica Palmer
Studies provide evidence that autism is a genetic disorder placing siblings of individuals with autism at a greater risk of developing social deficits and maladaptive behavior. This study examined
behavior, and repetitive behaviors in multiple incidence autism spectrum disorder families. The sample consisted of 88 unaffected (nonautistic) siblings and 72 parents of children with autism and
developing children. One parent from each family was administered the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale to assess the social skills and behavioral adjustment of children, the Personality Questi
skills, and the Personal Need for Structure Scale, to assess level of repetitive behaviors. Results found unaffected siblings of individuals with autism to have less developed social skills (p= .033
than siblings of normally developing children (p=.002). No significant differences were found between the behavioral adjustment of unaffected siblings of children with autism and that of siblings in
groups of siblings, there were significant inverse relationships between the development of social skills and maladaptive behavior and between child’s age and development of maladaptive behavi
autism had significantly less developed social skills than parents in the comparison group (p<.012). In autism families only, aspects of children’s socialization skill levels were correlated with soc
families without a history of autism, children's level of repetitive behaviors was significantly correlated with mothers' and fathers' level of repetitive behaviors respectively (p<.01).
2003 BE312
LATERAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE HUMAN BODY
Cindy Marie Fulton, Athena Leah Hinkle
Hillsboro High School, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
“Okay, next I would like you to give me a nice wink.” This was only one of nine questions asked of each of the one hundred twenty five people we interviewed in the pursuit to determine whether t
dominant hand, foot, and eye. Humans naturally hold a preference between which limbs they use the most, ingrained since birth and influenced through injuries and sports training. To de
tested one hundred twenty five high school students between the ages of thirteen to nineteen. Individually, each test subject was required to first complete a survey covering information concerni
history. Each testtaker then finished a series of simple tasks designed to pinpoint their dominant limbs. These tests are actions within everyday life that an average person accomplishes with litt
crossing their legs, or winking. During analysis, each person’s tests and survey responses were evaluated for relationships in limb usage, including any patterns involving ethnicity, heigh
one hundred twenty five people surveyed, twelve responses were discarded due to incomplete surveys or tests. A presence of a lateral relationship for another thirteen could not be determined be
Of the remaining one hundred tests, a definite relationship was present; eighty five percent of these complete responses contained a lateral relationship. Fifteen responses did not have relationsh
training, or ambidexterity. 
2006 BE312
DIFFERENCE IN BEHAVIOR OF LAKE APOPKA AREA CHILDREN WHOSE PARENTS WERE DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY EXPOSED TO PESTICIDES
Grant Fabian Chernoby, Shahin Pourkaviani
The problem investigated whether toxins internally or externally consumed by parents affect the physical and mental development of their children. The alternative hypothesis stated that there is
children’s’ mental and physical capabilities in children whose parents had exposure to pesticides through farming on Lake Apopka compared to children whose parents did not have this exposure.
would not be a statistically significant difference in physical and mental development between children whose parents were exposed to a high level of toxins from Lake Apopka compared to the ch
a high level of toxins from Lake Apopka. To investigate the problem, the researchers conducted simple tests on each child. The children were then split into three main groups where they were th
 The results showed statistically significant evidence that the children whose parents were exposed to a high level of toxins scored significantly less than the control group. It was concluded
internal and external exposure to pesticides were at least one year behind in mental and physical capabilities. The data was analyzed by using the two sample ttest to prove significance. <br
2008 BE313
THE PATH OF SAN FRANCISCO: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT FOR THE ATACALAR REGION
Jose Daniel Vera, Sergio Andres Avila,
Municipal School No1, Capital Catamarca, ARGENTINA
The lack of diffusion of the potentialities of the Path of San Francisco, to the west of the province of Catamarca, at 4.726 m.a.s.l., to the north of the Mountain range of the Andes between Argen
West) impedes its use and the economic development for the ATACALAR Region ( Catamarca, Tucumán, Santiago del Estero, La Rioja, Córdoba in Argentina and Atacama in the north of Chile).
allows us to represent through graphs its location and its areas of influence. Searching Fields facilitated to relation the environmental characteristics, in Summer and Winter (presenting m
days closed for snowy, in connection with the Paths of Jama (Jujuy) and Path of Cristo Redentor Mendoza in Argentina. The Analysis Documental allowed settle down that it possesses a soft lo
for safe traffic. Surveys to businessmen and politician, show that through the Path of San Francisco: 21% soja,17% olive products,10% agricultural and farming products,10% mining,are transpor
allowing the opening of the markets and the economic growth of the region. Interviews to specialists point out that the Path of San Francisco determines to direct corridor toward the mar
a good diffusion of its potentialities Campaigns from the class of Geography, in our school, will diffuse the advantages of the mountain path, propitiating the economic development of AT
2009 BE313
UNSPOKEN CHITCHAT
Trevor Gerard Simon, Jr., Tori Mabile,
St. James High School, St. James, LA
This experiment studies African American and Caucasian people while answering the following questions: Is there a relationship between personality type, race, and the use of body language?
body language between each group? Which race performs more body language? Which personality type performs more body language? Which personality type occurs more often in each race?
which will be African American, of which 50 will be male and 50 will be female. The remaining 100 subjects will be Caucasian, 50 of which will be male and 50 will be female. These subjects will b
These 200 people will be given an online survey. This survey is based on the internal external locus of control. People who receive higher scores will be considered more extroverted, while people
will be considered more introverted. Using these results, the subjects will be narrowed down to the most introverted and extroverted of the 200 subjects. 120 people will be chosen, 60 African Am
down into even number of gender and personality types as before.). Next, each subject will participate in a structured interview, which will ask seven questions that demand thorough explanation.
or her responses are being recorded; however, the interviewer will actually record the amount of hand and body gestures each subject performs. The questions will be asked by using a recording.
amount of time, each interview will be limited to 10 minutes. A list of common hand and body gestures will be created and used to minimize recording time. A quiet, neutrally decorated area will b
distractions to a minimum and to present a steady environment, which will minimize inaccurate times and data. All data recorded is then collected and compared.
2006 BE313
THE FAMILIALITY OF AUTISTIC TRAITS IN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS (ASD)
Nathalie Fay Tadena, Alene Georgia Anello
Ossining HS, Ossining, NY, USA; Sleepy Hollow HS, Tarrytown, NY, USA
Autism is a pervasive developmental disorder, characterized by repetitive patterns of behavior and impaired social, communicative and emotional processing skills. Studies suggest a relationship
genetic basis to autism, and a greater risk of social deficits in relatives of individuals with autism. We analyzed the effect of parental age on symptom severity and sex in 586 individuals with an A
data that was collected previously by a research institution. Advancing maternal age appeared associated with decreased severity in social deficits (r=.10, p=.019) and repetitive behaviors (r= .1
Advancing paternal age was associated with fewer repetitive behaviors (r= .09, p = .028) and higher incidence of females in these individuals (p= .03). Additionally, the relationship between the s
autism and the social skills of their children was examined, using data from the Personality Questionnaire and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale, previously collected by a research institution. W
Questionnaire and the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale to a control group of 34 parents with no family history of autism. No relationship appeared between the social skills of parents and the se
with autism (r=.033, p= .736). Siblings of children with autism appeared to have less developed social skills than siblings of unaffected individuals (p=.04). Brothers of children with autism appear
than sisters (p<.001). 
2007 BE313
PROGRAMMING AND EMOTIONBASED ORIGINAL MUSIC GENERATOR THROUGH CONVENTIONAL MUSICAL PATTERNS
John Thomas Murphy, William Alexander Locke IV
St. Charles West High School, St. Charles, MO, USA
The first objective of the project detailed is to create a music generator capable of writing original songs based upon standard musical conventions. To this end, a random note generator has been
notes with random pitch values and durations; this random note generator is then given rules and parameters restricting and patterning its output so that the undefined, almost accidental sounds c
structured, and ultimately, musical compositions. The random generator ensures the notes are arranged in an original format; the musical parameters ensure the arrangement conforms to structur
The second objective of the project detailed is to determine the music generator’s output along certain emotional content. To this end, the rules and the parameters employed by the generator are
commands: happy, sad, soothing, restless. The emo9tional command entered will determine the use of certain rules, particularly of key (happy/sad) and meter (soothing/restless). This
of volunteers who listen to a selection of musical pieces generated by this program and complete a survey in which they rate the “listenability” of each piece (determining the effectiveness of the
emotional content, if any, they detected in each (determining the effectiveness of the specified emotional commands). The end result is an original music generator capable of writing music with a
through human response. 
2007 BE313
PROGRAMMING AN EMOTIONBASED ORIGINAL MUSIC GENERATOR THROUGH CONVENTIONAL MUSICAL PATTERNS
William Alexander Locke, Jack Murphy
St. Charles West High School, St. Charles, Missouri, United States of America
The first objective of the project detailed is to create a music generator capable of writing original songs based upon standard musical conventions. To this end, a random note generator has been
notes with random pitch values and durations; this random note generator is then given rules and parameters restricting and patterning its output so that the undefined, almost accidental sounds c
structured, and, ultimately, musical compositions. The random generator ensures the notes are arranged in an original format; the musical parameters ensure that the arrangement conforms to str
 The second objective of the project detailed is to determine the music generator's output along certain emotional content. To this end, the rules and the parameters employed by the generato
commands: happy, sad, soothing, restless. The emotional command entered will determine the use of certain rules, particularly of key (happy/sad) and meter (soothing/restless). 
volunteers who listen to a selection of musical pieces generated by this program and complete a survey in which they rate the "listenability" of each piece (determining the effectiveness of the ov
content, if any, they detected in each (determining the effectiveness of the specified emotional commands). The end result is an original music generator capable of writing music with a specific e
human response.
2005 BE313
MULTICREAMA THEMATICS GAMES
Caroline Elizabeth Nieto Polo Abanto, Edinson Perez C.
Colegio Militar Gran Mariscal Ramon Castilla, Trujilla, Peru
The present investigation project, title multicreamathematics games, has an objectives increases learning on the students of the high school, using games. The present ANDTO it is an
student, student student and student it sets, in which puts at stake a series of intellectual activities, dexterities motorboats and the professor's so much attitudes that it assumes the list of orien
student that is who learns. The Problem is in which degree influences the use of the multicreamathematics games in the learning of the mathematics area, in the students of the fifth deg
Mariscal Ramon Castilla military school? The Hypothesis is the learning the mathematics area by the students who are exposed to the multicreamathematics games is increased in great
exposed to the multicreamathematics games. The Method is experimental, cuasiexperimental design, the of techniques to collect the information were the observation, survey and eval
techniques of stastic for the information processing: arimethic average, design standar, variation coefficient and T test for the two test samples. The Conclusion is compare the learning
the 5th degree of secondary education by means of the stastics of the test T for two average samples where the positive influence could be verified that had the multicreamathematics games in t
2004 BE313
PATTERN RECOGNITION USING ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
Amy Maria Mauseth, Andrea Marie Brown
Deubrook Area High School, White, SD, United States
The brain, in combination with all of its sensory nerves, forms a complex system that can recognize various senses, and produce a learned response when stimulated. This experiment was desig
the accuracy of the brain's ability to interpret information being received from an electrical stimulus. Our hypothesis states that subjects will be able to successfully identify electrically stimulated
50% accuracy. The goal of this experiment was to submit a series of tests to human subjects, to determine if each subject could successfully identify the pattern of an applied electrical stimulus
electrical stimulation to the skin, a commercial nerve stimulator was used to provide the electrical stimulus, a custom switch box to distribute the stimulus signal to output cables, and stickon m
We tested twelve subjects, each with the same forty patterns, randomly administered, and recorded the patterns they answered correctly and incorrectly. The correct pattern recognition varied fro
electrode patterns. The twelve subjects had an overall correct recognition of 398 out of 400 patterns (82.9% accurate). Our hypothesis was proven true: subjects can successfully identify electric
greater than 50% accuracy. Additional experimental work should be completed to find out how to improve the pattern recognition accuracy, and how to use this approach to replace or assist a sub
2011 BE313
AN FMRI STUDY OF THE REGIONS OF BRAIN ACTIVATION WHILE PROCESSING SAT MATH PROBLEMS
Cara Marie Borelli, Qiuzi Zhu,
Hilton Head Preparatory School, Hilton Head, SC
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that measures changes in blood oxygenation to determine brain activity. In this pilot study, six high school students who have taken
were asked to mentally solve a series of five SAT math word problems. The subjects' ages ranged from 16 to 18 (mean 17.17). All were wellrounded math students who scored a mean of 708.33
total possible 800 points on the math portion of the SAT. It was predicted that the regions of the brain activated would be those associated with memory retrieval, arithmetic computations, and lan
posterior parietal cortex, frontopolar area, angular gyrus, and the temporal lobe. During the fMRI scan, participants alternated between a task period where they solved the math problems and a co
The resulting 3D activation maps showed that when a teenager practices SAT math problems, the areas of the brain activated include many of the hypothesized regions. However, because this is
accepted or rejected without further testing. If continued with a complete study and group level analysis, the brains can be normalized using Talairach coordinates. Because the language areas sh
typically associated with mathematics, the widely accepted idea that reading comprehension is one of the most complex parts of the SAT math portion is illustrated in a novel way: physiologically
2010 BE313
APRENDIMEX
Sergio Miguel Rodriguez Hernandez, Maria Guadalupe Patino Aguilar,
Colegio de Estudios Científicos Y Tecnológicos del Estado de Guanajuato, San Juan de la Vega, Celaya, Guanajuato, MEXICO
In the community of san juan de la vega, belonging to celaya city, elementory education is given by 8 primary schools serving aproximately to 365 students in third grade, six of them are equippe
which makes, the kids easier, and dynamic the learning process for though is not enough for oll of the. For this reason a software of Geography has been Developer , with contents of locación
this software has been called, aprendimex , wich is made in visual language, action script, flash version 8 , dream weaver, FIRE works , it has a dynamic introducción , a personal register for eac
aplicación , a colourful interface with movement , audio and interactives games, such as cross Word rest and a puzzie , it also has a web page to introduce us to the wored , where you can down
an acessible toot which make better of quality of academic in this area for the kids of our community as a result has been promoted the task to up date teachers and staff frof the schools town, w
which has necessary tools to learn from the and makes citable the sense of love , belonging , to have roots to the background , so this favours actitudes of empaty ,solidarity and respect
2014 BE313
ROBOT OF UPBRINGING GENIUS KIDS FOR THE FUTURE
Asaad Said Alhinai, Adam Alhinai,Alwaleed Alnasseri
Abu Aldarda Public School, Ibri, Oman
This robot intends to solve mental disabilities, physical weakness and poor thinking among children. It also tries to find solutions to these problems which face children. Among these solutions ar
nutrition problems, increasing physical activities and reinforcing psychological health. It also aims at implanting good behaviors among children such as following instructions, throwing waste in w
whenever needed.
2003 BE313
GRADING DISORDER A
Chelsea Bahar Gokcay, Julia Ruby Baldwin
Oregon Episcopal School, Portland, OR, USA
This year’s project collected grades in order to directly compare student perceptions to student grades and then verify the existence of Grading Disorder A. Grading Disorder A is defined as a syn
include working extremely hard in school and earning above average grades but having a misconception of his/her performance. Last year, characteristics of Grading Disorder A were fou
high school freshman. However, the disorder had not yet been proved to exist. This year, over 1,000 surveys were administered using a number system to insure anonymity. The survey
actual letter grades from both the student and the teacher. Each teacher completed a survey that includes grades for the students; the students completed surveys that revealed what grades they
 Once the surveys were administered, completed and returned to the researchers, the student surveys were matched up to their corresponding teacher survey. The surveys were then entered
spreadsheet. A codebook was designed to represent the data numerically then SPSS (The Statistical Package for Social Sciences) was used for statistical analysis. The data is being analyzed a
Disorder A does indeed exist and is more prominent among female, high school freshman. Further conclusions will identify the causes of the disorder and methods by which to reduce them. 
2012 BE313
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP HYGIENE AND ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER
Anne Kathryn Gilbert, Kara Gilbert,
Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and poor sleep hygiene are two common problems in the lives of many teenagers. This study explores the possibility of the misdiagnosis of ADD when poor sleep
Many teenagers are being diagnosed with ADD, but the exact number of actual cases is unknown. The hypothesis explored in this study is that students with poor quality of sleep will show symp
because sleep affects attention and concentration. A survey was designed containing questions about sleep quality and academics, along with concentration level and other ADD sympt
test. This survey was given to numerous freshman biology classes and a few chemistry classes. Chisquare tests were performed on a variety of different pairs of questions, mainly relating to sle
the data supported the hypothesis by showing a relationship between poor sleep hygiene and symptoms characteristics of ADD. In conclusion, by giving a survey containing questions a
was found that teenagers with poor sleep quality report more ADD symptoms than others. Given the apparent overlap between ADD symptoms and the effects of poor sleep hygiene, there may b
unnecessary treatment with medication.
Award scholarship of $5,000 Oregon Institute of Technology
2014 BE314
THE EFFECT OF ACADEMIC RIGOR ON SOCIOMETRIC STATUS AND SUBJECTIVE WELLBEING
Aundrea DeGravina, Shea Van Slyke
Hamilton High School, Chandler, AZ, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the correlation between a high school senior’s academic rigor (number of AP/IB courses) and subjective wellbeing (the overall satisfaction with li
emotions) and sociometric status (the respect and admiration one has in face to face groups). With the recent increase in competition for collegebound seniors, due to a high demand for admissi
demographic change from universities, as reported by Bound, Hershbein, and Long, students may feel more obligated to take a heavier course load in high school. The insights on the teenage mi
teachers, counselors, parents, and the subject. In order to test this, a survey was created that consisted of a compilation of scales—all indices of sociometric status and subjective well
that the number of AP classes a student takes has no effect upon the student’s SWB, PANAS, and Sense of Power scores until they reach the level of “6 or more” AP classes. According to the
is two, a trend apparent in all the scales. An interesting finding was presented with question from the Big Five Inventory. Only nine respondants selected “Disagree Strongly” to the question, “I see
handles stress well.” Of those nine respondents, five are taking 5 AP classes, and two are taking 6 or more. This evidences that students who are not handling stress well are the same students
2011 BE314
MASONS: "GOD'S BUILDERS"
Leonardo Alberto Sorasio, Nahuel Mirande,
E.E.M. NO 5 Esteban Echeverria, Azul, Buenos Aires, ARGENTINA
Our work started from a small article, read by a member of the group: "The Southern Star No. 25" in the book "El antiguo Pago de Azul" by Alberto Sarramone. Our curiosity and ignoranc
based on information gathered from books, journals, articles and interviews, we developed the project. Many people believe that Freemasonry is a religion, sect, or group of people who p
is a very tangled, beginning with the Order of the Knights Templar, or the builders of the Medieval Age, depending on the author that we are reading. The conclusions, were strong: the po
percentage rejects the "Institution of Knowledge", based on their prejudice, and alleging that the masons working in the shadows. We could define Freemasonry as a society that extols
instigating the use of thought and the use of reason, putting the enthusiasm and the work done for human welfare. Finally, it is important to remember that many Holy Books: the Bible, t
promote the love of neighbor. Freemasonry inherited a legacy to us concerning these doctrines, and today continues to promote this moral heritage.
2005 BE314
PERSONALITY LEARNS
McKinzie Rhea Craig, Jessie Marshall
Christian Academy of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
This experiment is based upon the behavioral analysis of testing eighty different thirteen to fourteen year old human subjects to discover whether personality has an effect on the type of learning
shortterm memorization. Each subject is administered a DavidKeirsey Temperament Sorter II Personality Test to determine which of the sixteen personality types the subject a
kinesthetic learning style tests are administered. The visual test displays a verse of twentynine characters that the subject has five minutes to memorize by reading the text off the test sheet.
the verse in grammatical and contextual perfection. The auditory test allows each subject to listen a verse that is repetitiously read aloud for the duration of five minutes. Five minutes are given to
contextual perfection. The kinesthetic test allowed each subject five minutes to physically perform or act out another twentyninecharacter verse in aide of memorization. The subject has anothe
perfection. Completing the experiment the grammatical and contextual errors are analyzed and used to determine if each personality type has a prominent learning style. According to the
type is dominant in one of the visual, auditory, or kinesthetic learning styles and the results are as follows: ESTPvisual, ISTPkinesthetic, ESFPkinesthetic, ISFPvisual, ESTJauditory, ISTJv
ENFJvisual, INFJkinesthetic, ENFPauditory, INFPauditory, ENTJvisual, INTJvisual, ENTPvisual, and INTPvisual. 
2003 BE314
PERCEPTION IS REALITY THE EFFECTS OF IMPAIRED VISION
Kristian Robert Montano, Rikesh Chohan
HillfieldStrathallan College, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
The purpose of this project was to study the effects of the impaired vision produced by DRUNK BUSTERS Impairment Goggles™ on one’s ability to perform basic tasks. The goggles used are de
on vision, but can be correlated to the visual effects of drugs and fatigue. The experiment involved three tests on human subjects. Each test was done first with normal vision, and then w
vision. For the first test, tables were positioned to form a maze. The tests were timed, adding three seconds every time something was touched. In the second test ten small items (quarters, pap
the ground. Subjects were timed as they picked up the items and placed them in a container. The third and final test was to catch a tennis ball ten times, thrown underhand from 2 m. The
showed that the subjects’ abilities were greatly affected by the impairment goggles. In the first test the times to complete the maze more than doubled (from an average 24 seconds to 56 second
doubled going from an average 14 to 29 seconds. For the final test, the success rate of catching the ball went down from 100% to 53%. After the data was collected it was found that if v
goggles, then the ability to perform basics tasks was greatly reduced.
2007 BE314
SYSTEM FOR THE DOWNS
Christopher Steven Lagerlef, Janesh Patel
Clark High School, Plano, Texas, USA
If a child with Downs Syndrome is taught through a visual learning style, they will score the highest on a comprehension test. Using various books, recording devices and testing environments, ch
learning method allowed them to achieve the highest score possible, and if a blue background could also increase the score. the results were that using visual aides had the highest success rate
environment. The lowest learning method was the audio with 44%. the blue environment completely enhanced the results. In fact the level of isgnificance between using the blue room versus usin
significant. Not one average in the blue environment was under 75%, with the visual method scoring the highest percentile once again with an average 94%. These reults could very well change t
an increase in the scores using the blue learning environment. This information could easily lead to a brighter future for the handicapped children of America. Future applications for this informatio
styles and learning environments and discovering which is the best for nonhandicapped children.
2006 BE314
BIOLOGY EDUCATION ACROSS THE NATION
Xinyi Duan, Gauri Manglik, Jenna Rosenberg
Briarcliff Manor High School, Briarcliff Manor, New York 10510, USA
We have decided to undertake the task of surveying the biology teachers of randomly chosen schools across the country to see exactly how biology, specifically evolution, or its counterpart, crea
Additionally, we wanted to examine how the intelligent design theory is being received as a compromise between creationism and evolution. The goal of our project is to trace the roots of the cont
personal origins. We wanted to see what teachers are teaching in the classrooms and their opinions on their specific curriculum. 430 hard copies of the survey were mailed to the high schools’ bio
received in total. The data were analyzed using Stata SE8.2 for statistical significance. From our results, we found that intelligent design is not as popular as we expected; however, many people
be compatible. There is a schism in the opinions of biology teachers when divided by their location, political beliefs, and their states’ recent history of legislative controversy. The significant findin
country is very polarized on this issue.
2008 BE314
MATERNITY IN A CONTEXT OF UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS
Jesica Daiana Gonzalez, Barbarita Maria Garaycochea,
Instituto Privado D124 Colegio San Antonio, Concordia
This is an exploratorian research in Victorino Simón neighbourhood in Concordia city, province of Entre Ríos, Argentina. It searches the social representation about maternity among women in po
character in relation to the attention to health they demand for the pregnancy, birth and puerperium stages and for the woman and child in general. Through it, we intend: To get to know
the influence on their daily lives. To inquire into the social representations women have about maternity. To inquire into the type and frequency of the women’s visits to health
the interview in the depth to women with unsatisfied basic need and a semistructures interview to women in the control group. We conclude that this notdiscerned maternity we had foun
recognize that poor women give, into their possibilities, medical attention to the pregnancy, birth and childhood. The strength from a cultural command force women to have children and t
elements which have negative effects: a general disinformation, cultural distances from health professionals and economic obstacles, and administrative. On the contrary, in the control group bel
vision is not “naturalized” women demand and receives a more integral and coherent medical attention, according with her view. We suggest overcoming strategies to problematic situatio
work, from the resilience approach.
2009 BE314
A CLOSER LOOK AT SOCIAL TABOO: FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION
Ahmed Safieldin Aboumandoor, Ahmed Shoieb,
Futures International School, Cairo, EGYPT
Lots of issues are still out of touch taboos in our Eastern culture. We chose to discuss female genital mutilation (FMG), reported to be 97% prevalent in our country according to UNICEF reports.
that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non medical purposes. This practice dating since Pharaonic time has lots of side
to death as evidenced in many cases. In this project, we are trying to investigate the factors that helped this tradition to prevail in spite of the advanced educational profile of the people i
conducted covering all aspects of FGM. The population was divided into 3 groups: Urban, Rural and Bedouins. Participants were chosen from different genders, religious backgrounds, socioecon
backgrounds. Moreover, religious leaders, university professors and physicians were interviewed. According to the results, more than 50% of the participants in urban areas refuse FGM. Demogra
people's opinion whereas gender has no influence at all. It was also proved that this practice is deeply rooted and inherited in rural areas, which proves the psychological immaturity and resistanc
Second Place Award of $1000 for excellence in Behavioral and Social Sciences IIT Institute of Psychology
2012 BE314
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IMPACT FORCE, NECK STRENGTH AND NEUROCOGNITIVE PERFORMANCE IN SOCCER HEADING
Catherine Marie Conte, Adam Illowsky,
Head impacts are common in contact sports, but only recently has there been a rising awareness of the effects of Traumatic Brain Injury (ie., concussions). Research has noted that in some spo
lacrosse; women suffer more concussions than men. In soccer, “heading” is an integral part of game play, but effectively constitutes subconcussive impacts. Recent work suggests there is no sh
neurocognitive performance, but over the course of a career, these impacts may “add up”. However, there is little work evaluating what factors may be related to the amount of impact sustained f
adolescent female soccer players recruited from a local high school varsity team. Prior to testing, subjects completed the ImPACT neurocognitive test, as well as tests of neck strength (flexion,
then outfitted with a custom headgear that allowed for accurate affixation of an accelerometer to the back of the skull to measure the impact of the ball on the head. Participants performed a serie
ImPACT test once again. Results indicated that there was a moderate negative correlation between neck strength and head acceleration, indicating those with weaker necks had greater accelerat
indicated that participants actually improved in their post test scores, which was attributed to a learning effect. The results of this study will be used to increase public awareness about the relatio
impact and helps fill the gap in literature regarding how to minimize of subconcussive impacts on female soccer players. The current study also contributes novel software and headgear to be use
2004 BE314
IS PESTLESHAPED THUMB GENETICALLY CONTROLLED?
Songyue Zheng, Jie Geng , Ping Yang
Zhengzhou Normal School ,Zhengzhou,Henan Province,China
Pestleshaped thumb, which is characterized by a high ratio (about two) of the width to the length of thumbnail, is frequently observed in Chinese population. However, it is still unknown whether t
The objective of the present study was to investigate the genetics of pestleshaped thumb. The physical survey was performed on 12180 students in 15 elementary and middle schools around Zh
Data analysis demonstrated that pestleshaped thumb is genetically controlled with a relatively constant occurrence at approximately 2% in the population studied. The results also indicated that
Furthermore, some families have a high occurrence frequency of pestleshaped thumb. Forty pedigree families with high occurrence of pestleshaped thumb were further analyzed. Pedigree analy
thumb is unlikely controlled by one pair of allele genes. Instead, multiple genes may be involved in the genetic control of this inherited phenomenon. In conclusion, pestleshaped thumb is an inhe
multiple genes.The further genetic analysis about pestleshaped thumb, its distribution,the ratio among different nationalities and possible linked markers will be carried out and characterized in th
2010 BE314
ELECTRONIC STICK FOR THE BLIND
Asil F.S Shaar, NOUR W.I. ALARDA,
Askar Basic Girls School, Nablus, Nablus, PALESTINE
It is a sensitive blind stick which able to save blind’s from falling down in holes and to climb or going down stairs in safe and easy way, this electronic stick consists of two sensors: front sensor
front blocks and holes which aids the blind person to prevent those blocks and holes as well as helping them in moving up and down the stairs. It also aims at recognizing its effect in facilitating t
environment according to some independent variables (sex and age). The team members built a questionnaire especially prepared for the purpose, distributed to (18) blind males and fem
through the centers that care for the blind. To achieve the aims of the study, the study population tried using the stick and responded to the tools of the study as follows: The m
is really effective in helping the blind in their movements. The other results related to the study dependent variables: * ” There are significant differences at level (a=0.05) of the b
stick due to the sex variable.” For the sake of female * “There are no significance differences at level (a=0.05) of the blind’s responses to using the blind’s stick due to the age variable.”
Second award $750 Synaptics, Inc.
2008 BE315
MIND GAMES
Nolan Brent Timmons, Felix Plancarte,
The effect of video games on the human brain has not been researched a considerable amount. Therefore, the purpose of our experiment was to determine out of two different types of video gam
effect shortterm memory and visual comprehension of elderly and adolescent females. Six elderly and adolescent females were chosen to participate in the experiment, females were c
less likely to be exposed to video games. The participants were tested with a block design, recommended by our school's Diagnostician. The participants played Halo (FPS) or Tetris (Puzzle). Th
Only (Control); 2. 25 minutes, 3 days/week; 3. 40 minutes, 3 days/week. Participants played for four full weeks, then took a final test. The test was based on a 0 to 71 scoring system. B
26 to 56. Participants in both age groups have shown surprising results on their final tests. The scores have increased by up to 22 points on the First Person Shooter and Puzzle type video game
both games have helped improve the participants' test scores, but in terms of which type of game increased their visual comprehension and shortterm memory most significantly, the FPS had th
comprehension and shortterm memory.
2009 BE315
LET ALL CONTROL
Mohanad Alaa Abd El Monem Mekky, Belal Magdy Elsayed Shaaban,
Gamal Abd Elnaser, Alexandria, EGYPT
How to make the life easier for some one this is what we always thinking about it so our project allow handicapped people from control in computer mouse and keyboard with out facing any troubl
psychological aspects with them
2006 BE315
MANIPULATION BEHIND THE SCENES
Dawn Chee Zhao, Karen Jennifer Lin
Shepton High School, Plano, Texas, USA
Some people think that subliminal images can influence the viewer’s perception of certain subjects. This is believed to be done by using subliminal images in advertising or propaganda, but these
images are thought be used. So, the purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not subliminal images truly have any effect on the viewer. In order to do this, PowerPoints containing
questionnaire that was used to verify the validity of the effect of subliminal images on the viewers was created. Then, a group of people was gathered for testing. Each person watched one of the
questionnaire. This procedure was done three times, once a week, and each time the test subject watched one PowerPoint and answered the questionnaire. After the questionnaires had been exa
marked effect on the viewers. About 33% of the decisions made, were influenced by the subliminal images, while the control group, who were shown one of the exact same PowerPoints without t
intended decisions that had been predetermined by the authors. Based on this, it was apparent that subliminal images truly impact and influence the viewer. So, subliminal images were proven to
process.
2007 BE315
FAT FREE? SO YOU THINK!
Hannah Marie Haralson, Clintnisa Broome
Forest Hill High School; Jackson, MS; USA
Our society has been bombarded with media claims concerning fat free foods and the quality of the taste. Every company claims to have the perfect formula that will fool your taste buds.
conducting our own taste test. To prove that some fat free foods aren't very tasty, we did a study with our classmates, ages 15 to 19 years, using brand named chips, milk, candy, pudding, and y
or a low fat counterpart. Our original test involved 10 people who were not blindfolded. We asked the participants to taste each type of food with the fat free or low fat version. We then asked the p
fat free or low fat. We found that 8 out of the 10 people guessed accurately which sample was fat free, proving our original hypothesis. We then wanted to know if the sense of sight played a role
between the fat free and low fat foods. We believed that we would obtain the same results as with the original test. We then blindfolded 50 more people and repeated the test. To our surprise, only
to taste the difference. We found the sense of sight for some people actually does affect their sense of taste.
2003 BE315
WHAT IS YOUR PROFILE?
Tiffany Danielle Barrett, Brandon Nicholas Keefer
Lakewood High School, 350 Old Manning Rd. Sumter, SC 29150
The intent of this study was to determine the characteristics of ten subjects by finding each subject’s hemispheric preference and learner type. It was believed that female subjects would have a
a learner type two or four and male subjects were thought to have a right hemispheric preference and would be a learner type one or three. The dominant ear, eye, hand, and foot were fo
DomiKnow. The hemispheric preference was determined by using a muscle test and a standardized test was used to determine the learner type. Three of the male subjects were found to have rig
and two males were found to have left hemispheric preference. One female was found to be learner type one. Two females and a male were found to be learner type two. One male and one femal
Two males were found to be learner type four. A female was found to exhibit characteristics of learner type one and two. One male was found to be learner type two and four. The ages of the sub
 The results showed that a person’s dominance profile, hemispheric preference, and learner type depends on the person and not their gender or age. Generalizations cannot be made whe
learner type or dominance profile of a person; therefore, the hypothesis for this study is rejected based on the data.
2004 BE315
COLOR THEORY
Athina LaVonne Schmidt, Lyndsay Yarrison
Hilton Head High School, Hilton Head Island SC, USA
For the project, Color Theory, our purpose was to test the theories of design through the medium of color. Our hypothesis was that a design comprised of a linear pattern would be most pleasing t
balance and symmetry. To complete this project and test the hypothesis we surveyed 50 students between the ages of 12 and 17 (an equal number of males and females). We showed them thre
comprised of: straight/horizontal, curved, and zigzag. We showed these three designs in seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple and white. The colors were used to make sure that
to see the design in every color therefore eliminating any color bias. We had the subjects chose their “favorite” in each color set (each color set had design #’s 1, 2, and 3 in one color). We record
analyzing the data we discovered the overall differences between the zigzag and curved design had almost the same rate of selection, but design three had a very low rate of design. In conclusio
patterns because their rate of selection only differed by 4 votes versus the straight design which had very menial selection rates; therefore our hypothesis was proven incorrect.
2011 BE315
CAUTION! SIT RIGHT PAD THAT ENHANCES THE RIGHT SITTING POSTURE TO MAINTAIN A HEALTHY BACK
Hayfa Khaled Al Bassam, Tyma Mohammed Hezam,
Dhahran Ahliyya Schools, Dammam, East, SAUDI ARABIA
The simplicity of sitting can blind a person in realizing how serious are the hazards of wrong sitting posture. A study by the American Chiropractic Association states that back pain is one of hum
Therefore, this project designed, constructed, and tested a pad that guides the user with the right sitting posture to reduce and prevent Dorsalgia and Lumbago, which result to less stress and lea
confidence. The pad was developed into 2 phases. One: A Pad with 4 forcepressure sensors that are placed on the spots which are pressured while sitting right. Two: The developed phase of th
for 3 postures. The sensors work to alert for the two wrong sitting postures, the slouching posture and slump posture, and the right sitting posture. The user will be notified when sitting wrong by d
green light when sitting right. The pad was tested to find the level of backpain indicated by each targeted group that varied from young girls to men, with and without the pad to prove the hypothe
showed that the tests were less than the prespecified significance level, and therefore the hypothesis was proven; it showed improvement in the experimental groups’ backpain level. We conclud
reduce and prevent Dorsalgia and Lumbago caused by wrong sitting postures while helping people lead more productive lives.
2010 BE315
AN EXPERIMENT INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF COGNITIVE SCAFFOLDING ON MATH TEST PERFORMANCE
Sterling RipleyPhipps, Jameson Schwab,
Yosemite High School, Oakhurst, CA
This is an experiment designed to investigate the effects of cognitive scaffolding on math test performance as measured by the mean score received on a standardized math test where test ques
scaffolding) or hardtoeasy (HTE/ no scaffolding). Scaffolding, in education, is the concept of disassembling, arranging, and teaching complex concepts in an easytohard order. The experimenta
and the control group (n=30; 12 Females and 18 Males) consisted of an opportunity sample of 1618 year olds from two Advanced Placement Environmental Science classes. The participants we
from a rural high school in Central California. The experiment was carried out during two class periods with two separate math tests composed of the same ten problems selected from the standa
the first test, the questions presented were ordered from HTE. In the second test, the question order was exactly reversed; the questions were ordered from ETH. The independent variable was th
difficulty, and the dependent variable was the score received on the math test. A onetailed ttest demonstrated that there was significance at the p < .005 level, showing that test scores were po
cognitive scaffolding at the 99.5 % level of confidence. This implies that cognitive scaffolding helps to reaffirm the basic principles necessary for complex problem solving and suggests that test
difficulty progression from easy to difficult. Teachers should be mindful of the order in which they test concepts.
2012 BE315
EFFECTS OF SLEEP DEPRIVATION ON COGNITIVE AND PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS IN ADOLESCENT MALES
Logan Thomas Dirks, Aaron Matthew Borton,
Delavan High School, Delavan, IL
The purpose of the project was to compare the effects of twentyfour, thirtysix and fortyeight hours of total sleep deprivation as compared to a full nights sleep. The hypothesis was tha
effect on cognitive and physiological functions as compared to a control of a full night of sleep. Ten subjects came to the testing area at 10:00 P.M and go to sleep at 10:30 P.M. Subjec
breakfast. At 8:00 A.M each subject played the game operation, then given a quiz and memory test.Next the performed a cardio test consisting of a five minute jog after which each subjects hea
performed a strength test in which each subject did as many push ups as possible. They also completed a balance test which had the subjects walk toetotoe on a straight fifty foot line and final
 Throughout the test results were recorded from each test based on how the subjects performed compared to their results from the control. Irritability and fatigue became noticeable at the
grow throughout the rest of the experiment. Although side effects such as irritability, fatigue and a lack of concentration were present, the results concluded that fortyeight hours of sleep
effect on cognitive and physiological functions. Results did conclude that there is a minor effect on these functions and that there are other effects which mostly effect attitude and personality.
2014 BE315
THE EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON TEENAGERS
Sydney Corinne Cason, Grace Brackman
Lakeshore High School, Stevensville, MI, United States of America
Are the advance in technology really helping us? Or, are all of us just unaware of the consequences it brings? We wanted to see how technology really affects our generation by comparing data o
without it. First off, we handed out packets to our participants that included areas to fill out the time they went to bed, amount of sleep they got each night, time they spent studying/doing
much physical activity they did, time they spent reading, and most importantly the amount of time they were on technology. At the end of the week, all the participants took two concentration tes
same log but they were not able to use technology that week. Then, we collected their data. From this experiment, we concluded that technology was mostly hurtful. It is helpful when try
maintain relationships. However, one’s focus is affected, making it harder to concentrate while in school, doing homework, or studying. Also, something we all need, sleep, tends to be lower when
Technology affects what people choose to do in their spare time and negatively impacts our generation.
2005 BE315
DETECTING THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE OF ARMADILLIDIUM VULGARE
Jason Lavar Anderson, Clara Grace Watson
Grenada High School, Grenada Mississippi, United States of America
The purpose of the project is to determine if the aggregation pheromone of Armadillidium vulgare is contained in the fecal matter of males, females or both genders. We believe that the aggregatio
matter of A. vulgare. The procedure consisted of the following: researching information on pheromones; creating a habitat for A.vulgare; collecting A.vulgare; placing groups of 15 specimens male
dishes to collect fecal matter; constructing a multiple choice arena; placing fecal mattter of mixed groups in one end of the arena; placing males and females in the arena for 10 minutes; recording
end with the fecal matter; repeated the procedure for male and female fecal matter. The results show that a higher ratio of Armadillidium vulgare aggregate in the area where fecal matter is presen
to aggregate around their own fecal matter as well as the female fecal matter. Females aggregated only around male fecal matter, and avoided their own. The hypothesis,based on the results indi
fecal matter of A.vulgare. The chemical nature of the aggregation pheromone has not been determined. When a suitable solvent for the fecal matter is found, it is believed that a gas chromatogra
fact two seperate pheromones.
Third Award of $1,000 Team Projects Presented by Ricoh
2014 BE316
THE BLIND'S DEVICE
Ahmad Thaer Abu Farha, Hasan Ramadan
International Pioneer Academy, Amman, Jordan
The seeing sense is the standard between the ability to vision and blindness. Often limits the ability of blind people to perform daily functions and affects the quality of life that that they
people who are blind . Causes of visual impairment and blindness caused by aging are on the increase as a result of uncontrolled diabetes.This is a search to find a suitable way to help the blind
from one place to another without the help of another person .The idea of this research depend on the design of a stick and glasses fitted with a bell so that when approaching a blind person of ba
worn by the blind issuing ringing to warn the blind person from approaching the body or the barrier .The working principle of the stick by sending frequencies of the sensitive compound on the bott
frequency If the frequency rebounded shall be a barrier and as a result certain vibration of the main board and if it does not bounce it does not make humming any there is no barrier , but the two
them if they send continuous vibration that there is a step , but if there was a hole the two sensors made intermittent vibrations .The project is Characterized as easy to use , easy to carry , flexib
developed by changing the glasses and put a piece on the receiver of the stick directly through the central piece because of its ability to install several pieces by the ease of programming , and a
to know specific places and the searching voice devise . The necessary tools were equipped and assembled then we got the device ,
2012 BE316
THE EFFECTS OF LIMITED PLAYING SPACE ON TEENS' BEHAVIOR (AGED 1215 YEARS OLD )
Rani Osama Qasem, Sameh Abu Al Ragheb,
Modern Systems School, Amman, JORDAN
1. The Projects Objectives: 1. Understanding the effects that are caused by the limited playing space on teenagers (aged from 1215 years old) from their own perspectives. 2. S
playing space upon teenagers from the age of 1215 years old from the following aspects: A. Behavioral aspects B. Parental aspects C. Aspect caused by leisure <
the teenagers who have a playing space and the ones who don't have 4. Giving the solutions that will help teenagers limit the effects that are caused by limited and unwanted playing spa
social aspect after understanding how the feel, think and react. 2. Procedures: An exploratory study An Exploratory Study has been experimented on 36 (thirteen year ol
survey has been distributed in order to discover the most important negative effects that are caused by the limited playing space to help the two researchers in creating the questionnaires. <
was designed, judged and accepted based on the results of the exploratory, a questionnaire was designed for each gender then displayed, judged and accepted Deployment Stage <
distributed on another study sample after taking the hardcopied approval from the modern systems schools management and other approvals then several meetings were held in which the two re
and answered the study.
2011 BE316
DISTANCE OF EXCELLENCE: A SCIENTIFIC COMPARISON OF STUDENT ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT VERSUS PROXIMITY TO INSTRUCTORS
Ahmad Othaman AlAmery, Abdulrahman Hamed Alharbi, Owais Khalid Khoshha
Prince Abdulmohsen Secondary School, Madinah, SAUDI ARABIA
The academic achievement (AA) is important to build nations. Educators need to know the factors that lead to improvement to take care of, and know what decrease it and how to go around them
classroom location and knowing the reasons behind that effect was looked at. 3 questionnaires were constructed and distributed them on (450) students and 30 teachers. A trial on 132 students w
sample of the classroom (front 2 and last 2 rows) based on testing the AA with the student location and then switching and testing them again. The student AA improved with the locatio
decreased with changing it to the back rows by 12.8%. 39% of students in the front rows can concentrate on the subject discussed, and 19.05% of them can concentrate without interrup
students in the front rows can listen clearly to the discussion of the subject, whereas only 75 % of the students in the back can. 72.72% of the students in the front rows do not have prob
the back rows students reported that. From the above data the researchers concluded that the students absorption of lessons improves when they are in front classroom rows, and vice v
and concentrate are directly related to their classroom location which is related to the AA.
2004 BE316
STOPPED BY THE LIGHT
Tyler Reynolds Belcher, Tyler Johnston
South Oldham High School, Crestwood Kentucky, United States
The purpose or problem of this experiment is to find out if making stop signs more visible will affect the percentage of people that stop at the stop sign (hopefully increase the percentage). The wa
conducted this experiment is by placing a regular flashing light on the stop sign. Our hypothesis is that when a flashing light is placed on the stop sign, making it more visible, more people will sto
associate and I collected data by recording how many vehicles stop at a specific stop sign when there is no enhanced visibility. This took several trials to get sufficient data (200 cars). Once we
we placed a flashing light on the stop sign and then recorded how many vehicles stopped at the stop sign. After this portion of the experiment was completed, all necessary data had been collect
 Our results show that the flashing light had a large effect on how many drivers stopped at the stop sign. The effect was that more people stopped when the flashing light was on the stop
the light caused the people to stop because they could see the stop sign better and actually care about the law, or if they where just wondering why it was there in the first place. 
2003 BE316
THE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN THE PARENTS AND HIS CHILDREN ADOLESCENTES DE THE RURAL ZONE
Nancy Rosa Castanares, Carina Alejandra Farfan
School of Trade No 1 Senator on Sunday T. Perez Pampa BlancaJujuyArgentine
This research refers to the communicative aspect between adolescents and their parents in the country area placed at the south of the Department “El Carmen”, Jujuy Province (ARGENTINA) in
passing through. The subject to investigate rises from the identification the research team has with this situation, as well as partners, friends and other adolescents from the area (specia
achieve the necessary confidence to deal with a greast range of personal subjects). From this research we were able to see difficulties in the message interpretation which originates interference
intends to get answers, which can describe and explain the existence, or not, or obstacles in the communication that will be shared with the actors: parents and adolescent children, so that we ca
 Our research is based on interpretative, qualitative and quantitative focuses according to the information gathered from observation, structured oral and written interaction. It is w
of the current research is a face that can be deepened. 
2006 BE316
READING, ROTE, AND RUSSIAN
Elizabeth Margaret Sullivan, Alyssa Joy Edlund
John Marshall High School, Rochester, MN, USA
In the project, “Reading, Rote, and Russian,” the researchers attempted to see whether highschool students would learn a second language better through a phonetics approach, in which subject
language’s letters before they learn words, or through a looksay approach, in which subjects are not taught the pronunciation of the letters. The researchers tested this hypothesis by teaching the
three days and by administering a thirtypoint standardized test on the fourth day. One researcher taught the words and administered the test; the other analyzed the data. There were just over 10
phonetics approach and half were taught using a looksay approach. Overall, there was no significant difference between the scores of students that were taught using a looksay approach and st
approach.
2007 BE316
YOUR HANDS CAN GIVE YOU AWAY
Jade Breanne Northrop, Savannah Kay Croy
Ennis High School Ennis Montana United States
By observing a person's hand and body gestures, can certain personality traits be revealed, such as being an introvert or extrovert? Our predictions were that people's gestures give
people with extroverted personalities would use many hand and body gestures and people who are introverts would use few hand and body gestures. We used five human subjects f
eightquestion response form to help us get an idea of their personalities. After that we determined whether they were introverts or extroverts. Next, we asked them a set of seven questions that w
subjects answered the questions, we marked a checklist of body and hand gestures the subjects might use during the experiment. The interviews took place in a quiet area to reduce distractions
made and also made note when one was used repeatedly. After the experiment we compared the results of the interview to our predictions to determine if our hypothesis was right.
subject with the introverted personality did not use many hand or body gestures. The subjects with extroverted personalities always used their hands and told us as much as they possibly could.
found that one of our subjects displayed both personalities. We came to the conclusion that people can have both introverted and extroverted tendencies; it just depends on their surroundings.
2009 BE316
FRIENDLY BAG FOR YOUR BACK
Hayfa Khaled Albassam, Nouf Saleh Almana, Asma Abdullah Alsaihati
Dhahran Ahlyya School, Dhahran, Eastern, SAUDI ARABIA
Although the maximum weight carried by young students should not exceed 15% of their body weight, most students in lower elementary carry heavy school bags which could result in physical p
overcome this, a survey was conducted to assess the level of parents' knowledge regarding the backpacks weight limit for thier children. A sample of 53 randomly selected young studen
investigation.Each student's weight was measured in addition to the weight of the backpack they carried. It was found that 62.3% of the students carry bags that are overweight. Continuing at this
suffer from physical problems. To prevent this, a "Friendly Bag" solution was introduced, provided with an electronic screen showing the reading from a light weight scale placed at the bo
promising and practical solution which can prevent the development of physical problems for students. The bag will be further modified to be fitted with an audible alarm which would sou
preset limit by parents. Also the application of the bag will be expanded to cover suitcases to warn travelers about potential excess weight.
2008 BE316
STEREOTYPES: AS SEEN ON TV
Veronika Nicole Biskis, Meghan Luther,
Henry Perrine Baldwin High School, Wailuku, HI
The purpose of this project was to determine whether common stereotypes are taken seriously and found offensive by high school students. The various gender and racial stereotypes differed in
The clips used all came from a public site, and reflected the contemporary media. As such, many of the teenagers had been exposed to these particular clips or similar ones prior to experimentat
were as follows: a skit from the Dave Chappelle Show, a segment from Jay Leno's Tonight Show, an American Idol season III audition, a Mad TV sketch, two scenes from South Park, Miss Teen
question, the music video for "White and Nerdy" by Weird Al Yancovic, and a Fox News debate. The survey distributed to students had two control questions for each clip. They were, "O
how offensive were the clips? Also, questions were formulated around the nature of each individual clip. For example, after showing the Dave Chappelle sketch, which depicted common stereotyp
Americans, Caucasians and Native Americans, the question followed, "How accurately does the clip reflect modern day depiction of American society?" Statistical analysis showed that
difference between male and female answers. Also, as seen in the charts, many questions veered toward a specific end of the spectrum, given as 14, 56 or 710. It was found that teenagers tho
not offensive, and therefore shouldn't be taken seriously.
2010 BE316
A FUNCTIONAL MRI STUDY OF BRAIN ACTIVATION DURING THE READING OF MUSIC
Cara Marie Borelli, Qiuzi Zhu, Timothy Alexander Ochsner
Hilton Head Preparatory School, Hilton Head Island, SC
The goal of this project was to determine if musicians undergo the same process as those established by studies in language comprehension, which explore subjects’ responses to their own lang
speak. This study was designed to investigate the areas of the brain activated by reading sheet music, focusing specifically on the motor cortexes. This could indicate muscle memory due to mu
processes. A specialized type of MRI scan called functional MRI was used, which shows the regions of the brain that are activated through the analysis of bloodoxygen levels. Eight subjects we
musicians (as the control). Three paradigms were developed. For the first, subjects first tapped their fingers to help reveal their motor cortexes. For the second, they read sheet music they were f
they read a series of notes without a staff in order to locate the regions of the brain activated by eye movement and eliminate brain activity unrelated to the comprehension of music. The results o
showed activity in the premotor and motor cortexes while reading music, as opposed to the nonmusicians who showed no activity in the motor areas. This study helps further the understanding
associated functions, and has potential medical relevance. Reading music is a possible method for aiding patients who have been paralyzed by a stroke to build new motor connections in the bra
2008 BE317
PERSONAL SHOPPING BAGS: AN ENVIRONMENTAL ALTERNATIVE
Jorge Elias Langhoff, Franco Gaston Borthiry,
San Juan Bosco Institute, Victorica, La Pampa, ARGENTINA
This project started in 2007, and it was primarily thought as a way to reduce the number of plastic bags, provided to buyers with goods purchased by the stores in Victoria. Final end of those plas
public areas without the subsequent and necessary recovery. Due to there is not any recycling program for those nondegradable materials, small garbage fields rise as a health and aesthetic pro
 Methodology: Making polls with neighbors and dealers in Victorica. Promoting campaigns in homes, shoppings and local schools. Developing alternatives: paper
use of their personal shopping baskets by the people. Reaching agreements with county authorities for the implementation of specific policies. Photo surveillance of public area
project. Establishing a school factory of paper bags. Free distribution of personal shopping bags and baskets in homes, for daily purchasing purposes. Concl
have been reached for this project: The 72 traders in Victorica joined this program and circulation of plastic bags was reduced by 80%. Neighbors committed themselves in the
baskets. Paper bags made by the school factory were provided to local dealers. This group appreciates that people participation, traders and authorities commitment, and the s
organizations, have positively impacted on the implementation of the objectives established for this work. 
2007 BE317
WITH DIGNITY "MAMA COLANZULENA"
Nahuel Avelino Viveros, Nelson Emanuel Yujra.
Nº 4113"Aeronautica Argentina". Colanzuli. Iruya. Salta. Argentina.
Abstract The following research has been carried out in the subject called Social Studies, taught in a primary school in a rural area in Iruya, in the province of Salta, Argentina. This town
aboye sea level, in a Kolla reservation. The region has certain distinctive features because the population has kept their own cultural patterns and values inherited from their ancestors. This is wh
“Colanzuli” mothers play an important role in sociaiizing chiidres, which have conserved and transferred the culture of the ancestors to the new generations . This is the reason why we thought it w
siient and not always recognised job. Reflecting on the practices related to children upbringing implies understanding the factors that trigger the social agents that produce such practices
context. This work aimed at inquiring, describing and analizing oid upbringing practices, regarding them as sources of wisdom for human growth,in an ecological scope in which all this closely rela
grandmothers mothers, healers and professionals who work in the zone. 
2006 BE317
WHAT IS THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN IQ AND HEMISPHERICAL BRAIN DOMINANCE?
Shanna Erin Wilson, Brett Mayer, Jillayne Pfeifle
Timber Lake High School, Timber Lake, South Dakota, United States
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if there is a correlation between hemispherical brain dominance and intelligence quotients (IQ). The hypothesis was that there would be no correlatio
dominant people, right hemispherical dominant people and their specific IQ. Procedures used to conduct this experiment were three tests that determine hemispherical brain dominance and two in
experiment there were 15 males and 15 females for a total of 30 subjects all ranging between the ages of 16 and 18. Knowing that each side of the brain has its own unique and special a
being intuitive and the left hemisphere being logical, could increase student academic performance immensely. Obtaining the knowledge of one's hemispherical dominance may also aid in the wo
weaknesses and strengths he or she possesses due to the specific studies conducted and the characteristics of his or her dominant hemisphere. The results of this experiment indicated
intelligence quotients and hemispherical brain dominance. In the tests that were conducted, there was essentially no difference in IQ between right and left hemispherical dominant subjects.
not depend on gender. Data supported no correlation between gender and hemispherical dominance. 
2004 BE317
A NOVEL USE OF THE GSR2 BIOFEEDBACK METER TO MEASURE HUMAN RESPONSE TO AURAL AND VISUAL STIMULI ABSTRACT
Charvi Ganatra, Irene Lee, Jessica Sun
The Charter School of Wilmington, Wilmington, DE, USA
The experiment conducted represents a firsttime study of aural and visual shock reactions in human subjects using the Galvanic Skin Response 2 (GSR2) biofeedback meter and the correspond
each of the sixtythree participating individuals to three separate shocking stimuli: an audio stimulus, a video stimulus, and a combination of the two. The GSR2 measured the body’s electrical co
fingers which were placed on the meter’s metal plates. By way of the microphone jack, the GSR2 transmitted these readings in sound frequency, and the Calmlink software converted this into gra
a graph of relative conductance (RC) versus time (in seconds); the higher the RC, the stronger the subject’s reaction to the stimulus. From the Calmlink software, the data was transposed into a M
subjected to rigorous statistical validation tests. The statistical analysis revealed that on average, an individual’s change in RC was larger for audio stimuli than for video stimuli. 
2011 BE317
WHO DO YOU LISTEN TO?
Savanah Quinn Frisk, Coral Green, Shanice Grijalva
Kapaa High School, Kapaa, HI
The purpose of our experiment was to test high school students for the existance of a gender listening comprehension bias. To do this, we tested to see if students would score better on a test g
information read by a female. This test would also show us which gender, each gender of students listened more effectively to. To begin our experiment we gave a short introduction of our experim
then a female read the first story section out loud. The female read the three multiple choice questions to the group. Once everyone had answered we repeated the process with a male speaker, t
questions. We tested 139 students overall, 85 females and 54 males. Our hypothesis was, If either gender reads a story out loud then, that same gender will score higher on the comprehension te
collectd shows our hypothesis to be unsupported. Male students and female students both scored higher on the comprehinsion test when the male read the story section. We ran the ChiSquared
make sure that the gender of the speaker was truely influencing the reseults and since the statistic returned a very low Pvalue, we can be 95% sure our data is significant. A side exponent our e
were asked to listen to the male speaker both genders scored relatvely the same, when asked to listen to the female speaker the female students score significatly better then the male students.
of a listening comprehension gender bias towards listening to a male speaker in teenage students.
2010 BE317
ON BEHALF DEVELOPMENT: ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES VS. ENVIRONMENT DETERIORATION
Wafiakmal Miftah, Afrizal, Lutfi Fachry Muhammad
SMA Plus Negeri 17, Palembang, Sumatera Selatan, INDONESIA
This study attempts to investigate the economic and environment impacts of the development of that so called Tanjung ApiApi port, which is located in South Sumatera province, Indonesia. 
primary and secondary data, the study has applied a series of method, namely: literature review, observation, distributing questionnaire to the community along the road (20 persons), and conduc
key informants. Our research findings suggest that, the development of the Tanjung ApiApi port has resulted in two conflicting impacts. On one side, the construction of main road to Ta
increasing economic opportunities to the community along the road, such as: a) the opening opportunity for the people to run new small business; b) the opening opportunity to become employees
the road side. On the other side, the development of Tanjung ApiApi port also has an impact on the ecosystem deterioration, both along the road and around the port, such as: the destruction of
mangrove forest, as well as water pollution. Based on the above research findings, this study suggests: a) government should rearrange or to resettle the community's houses and the s
ApiApi port; b) government should do reforestation around the port; c) the community and government should work together to run waste disposal treatment; d) government and nongovernment
counseling to the community.
2012 BE317
NATIONAL ONLINE BLOOD BANK
Nisrin Abdel Salam Abdullah, Ola Khaled Abou Draa,
Iman High School, Saida, LEBANON
Due to the shortage of physical blood banks in our region (Lebanon), patients face difficulties to find blood units or to be in contact with suitable donors. We have come up with an idea of
find donors according to their geographical areas and blood types. For this we created an electronic link between the blood donors and the recipients regardless of the distance and relatio
2014 BE317
ANTS ADVANCE
Zaineb Khaled Mahdi, Fatima Mahdi
Fatmah AlSarawy, AlSalam, Kuwait
Our project is about social behavior, specifically in ants, which are social creatures that resembles humans. The experiment mainly tests their behavior in two different situations a normal situatio
to compare it to human behavior. We did this by designing four models and then putting the ants inside the model. We predicted that in a hazardous situation they will go to the nearest door or the
But half of our prediction was false, the ants did not go to the nearest door, but they did wander around in circles. Also they did something we did not expect, in every model there was an ant whic
but after some research and reviewing we discovered that it was helping the other ants get out, also they did this in a normal situation too. Finally, we compared the ants’ reaction with humans an
than humans. Because in our research we discovered that humans only think for themselves in an emergency situation i.e. fires, only people with special training can be levelheaded and lead the
2009 BE317
BURNOUT SYNDROME AT SCHOOL
Estefania Aranda, Cristian Emmanuel Fink,
Escuela de Comercio No. 2 "Gral M.M. de Guemes", Concordia, Entre Rios, ARGENTINA
Pain in the back and neck, sensation of persecution, labor absenteeism, and desire to commit suicide, these are some of the symptoms of a syndrome not very wellknown in Argentina. It is call
emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of successful achievement in one’s work with people. This project focuses on teachers because of the negative impact it can have on t
the pupils. As the above mentioned symptoms have been noticed daily in the schools of Concordia and teachers’ dissatisfaction is easily perceived, we realized this study was needed to establis
objective is to describe the grade of Burnout Syndrome present in the Teachers of N° 51 “Felipe Gardel” High School and Comercio N° 2 “General Martín Miguel de Güemes” High Schoo
Entre Ríos, Argentine Republic, where the result was LOW in both places. Teacher Burnout was assessed using a work and sociodemographic questionnaire and the Maslach Burnout In
Scale. Besides, conferences on the syndrome and its prevention through the development of a resilient personality were given at several schools of the city, delivering a brochure of our own. 
and serious consequences, and it is necessary to raise teachers’ awareness as it affects the base of our society: education.
2012 BE318
PHONOLOGICAL SKILLS IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN, AN EMPIRICAL CASE STUDY
Joana Nunes, Ricardo Nogueira, Teresa Costa
Colegio LusoFrances, Porto, PORTUGAL
The project "Palavrar” main goal was to diagnose the phonological skills of a target group of students from preschool in transition for the Primary School at LusoFrancês School. Resear
phonological skills, the better their education success on the whole school curriculum. In the learning process of reading and writing (literacy) there are involved among other phonological skills t
about reading / writing. However, these capabilities are not equally developed for all children. We know, however, that their skills can be encouraged and promoted early to improve later school su
by children, these same impulses are important, such as the availability of parents on the relationship and education the children, the early entry into kindergarten and affordability for the acquisiti
decided to conduct a case study in order to i) evaluate the knowledge of reading / writing or designs on early the same as a target group of children from preschool, applying a diagnostic test; ii)
same capabilities; iii) reassess the ability of children to study to verify the effectiveness of the intervention performed. From the results, it was found that the stimuli used had a positive e
powers, which work will be continued for the Psychology of the College in subsequent years, in order to extend this strategy throughout the preschool, together with the teachers of the institution
2010 BE318
PERSPECTIVE REGARDING THE USE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY IN PUERTO RICO'S AGRICULTURE
Rafael Rodriguez, Kiara Rivera,
High School Juana Colon, Comerio, PUERTO RICO
This research was to investigate the Puerto Rican rural and urban population’s knowledge about the use and management of biotechnology in agriculture, also known as green biotechnology. The
people from the rural zone regarding the use and management of biotechnology in agriculture will be despective, in comparison whith people from the urban zone, due to the lack of knowledge abo
from the rural zone and fifty persons from the urban zone were selected to participate in the investigation. The investigation was divided into two stages. The instrument used in each stage was a
given to identify the participant’s prior knowledge about biotechnology. The second questionnaire was given to the participants after receiving a brief orientation about agricultural biotechnology. In
feedback identified through the questionnaires. There were some subjects that expressed their support to biotechnology but presented resistance in some areas. Some subjects did not agree with
beliefs. There were many persons who did not agree with food manipulation by biotechnology. In conclusion, it can be stated that the majority of the persons in the investigation did not know that
genetically and that they might be consuming. Since biotechnology is used daily in Puerto Rico it should be included in the school curriculum to educate people about it. Consumers have the righ
consuming.
2011 BE318
30 DAYS BEING FISHERMAN'S CHILDREN: STUDY OF SOCIALCULTURE AND ECONOMIC LIFE OF FISHERMAN'S FAMILY IN MUARABINAUANGRUN, WANASALAM, LEBAKBANTEN
Pebrian Pebrian, Alanikika Pratyaksa,
1st Malingping State Senior High School, Lebak, Banten, INDONESIA
This research focuses on the study of sociocultural and economy life, and developing local wisdom on fisherman community in MuaraBinuangeun, Wanasalam, Lebak, Banten Province. The pu
know the sociocultural life, economy life and local wisdom on fisherman community in MuaraBinuangeun. The data obtained consist of primary and secondary data. Secondary data which is a re
anything relating to the focus of research is obtained from the village government. While primary data obtained through indepth interviews, participatory observation, documentation, and also use
 Generally fisherman in MuaraBinuangeun choose fisherman as a life choice and a hereditary profession from their parents. Life as a fisherman they received wholeheartedly as though they c
fisherman. Responsibility to the profession as a fisherman described from the routine work performed starting go out to sea in the morning until go home at noon or even early evening. P
in MuaraBinuangeun caused by a life that is influenced by natural conditions and full of uncertainty. So they shackled the economic difficulties and caught in a sustainable system of langgan from
become part of culture and hard to be escape. Fishermen in here have the potential and wealth of local wisdom that quite a lot. It led them to always live in harmony with nature. It can be
with a friendly.
2004 BE318
MICRO EMPRESA AND TECHNOLOGY
Rodrigo Alfredo Teighido Salgado, Jorge Andres Fernandez Gonzalez
Liceo Polotecnico Ciencia Y tecnologia, La cisterna Santiago, Chile
This objective of this project is to improve the crisis that Chilean and Latin American microcompanies ar going through today. the reasons for these problems are an indebtedness by low product
technology of these small companies. Based on data picked up by the Universidad Diego Portales amd the national institute of statistical of Chile (INE), we affirm that inserting techonolo
final product and proportionable increase in sales of the microcompany, according to the study made in peru. If we Automatize a Microcompany, we can carry out the previous demands
nowadays in Latin America ar high cost ones and difficult to get by the small companies. Because of the crisis of the microcompanies we design a system which automatize them at a cost near
commonly used (plc). It also saves time and money in training. The System consists on 3 processes: a Computer Program on Visual Basic, which command power electric system and t
companies (Machines, Lights, etc.). 
2007 BE318
FALLACIES IN COMMUNICATION
Miriam Elizabeth Gomez, Lucas Martin Dolcemascolo
Experimental School #2 "Puertas del Sol", San Luis, Argentina
The research consist in an examination of fallacies found in graphic means of communication in Argentina. The problem situation wich served as starting motor for this work is related to
several daily discourses. The hypothesis that conducted this research is the assertion that journalistic articles contain fallacies. Evaluation of this hypothesis was done over a corpus of
media characterized as follows: 43 published on Clarín and 38 on Página 12; they all deal with the same news event (settling of foreign debt with the International Monetary Fund) and were publis
corpus was analyzed by contrasting argumentations found with the theory on fallacies systematized by Irving M. Copi in Introduction to Logics. After analyzing the gathered data the hypo
percentage of fallacies’ occurrence in both papers. A comparative analysis of the situation in each means studied was also possible. In this sense, differences were discovered regarding: the typ
and discourse (the journalists’ or another person’s) in which fallacies are included. As immediate projection of the results, the interference that occurrence of fallacies entail in due fulfillm
responsibilities was evaluated. This is the reason why the main contribution of this research is to urge reflection on the adequate handling of information by the media and on the need of a more c
 
2009 BE318
RESPONSIBLY FULL SEXUALITY
Ana Laura Rodriguez, Barbara Rocio Caballero,
Bernardino Rivadavia Technical School, La Banda, Santiago de Estero, ARGENTINA
The starting point of this research project was the raising of the following issue: “Which environment of daily interaction has been more influential in constructing knowledge and shaping behavior
city of La Banda, Santiago del Estero, Argentina, and, was gender determination a binding factor regarding the development of a responsible sexuality?” The following hypotheses have b
lost their fundamental role as knowledge providers and consequently the school is nowadays taking on that responsability but not comprehensively. Family and school limited participati
behaviors regarding adolesecent´s sexuality boosts the increasingly relevant influential role of peer groups and the media, according to differences in gender. The proposed design is desc
approach is qualiquantitative. The sample was made up of 200 people who were randomly surveyed. Once the research was completed, the hypothesis was validated, concludin
weaker and weaker as supportive, formative and comprehensive frameworks. In such a context, peer groups as well as the media are becoming relevant as knowledge facilitators and behavior ad
2006 BE318
THE EFFECTS OF CNS STIMULANTS AND SSRIS ON THE FORMATION OF CONDITIONED LONG TERM MEMORY AND LEARNING BEHAVIORS IN SLEEP DEPRIVED WILDTYPE DRO
Mary Martha Ferrari Douglas, Alison W. Liu
Manhasset High School, Manhasset New York, USA
63% of the college students suffer from a lack of sleep. 15% are clinically depressed and nearly half of these students take antidepressants. Walker suggests that adequate sleep is crucial for ef
(LTM). Caffeine, a commonly used stimulant, is believed to facilitate memory by raising concentrations of memory effector proteins. SSRIs such as Prozac (fluoxetine) allow a buildup of serotoni
purpose of this experiment was to document the effects of sleep deprivation on LTM in wildtype Drosophila and establish the effects of caffeine and fluoxetine on LTM formation. This study hypo
perform better on LTM testing than sleep deprived ones. Additionally, it stated that supplementation of fluoxetine and caffeine would foster LTM formation. Flies were divided into ten subdivisions
supplemented, sleep deprived and supplemented sleep deprived. Two concentrations each of caffeine and fluoxetine were used. Drosophila were olfactory trained with 3Octanol using the interval
effective at creating LTM. One week post training, drosophila were tested for LTM. More than 4,000 flies were tested. After 46 trials of each subdivision, sleep deprivation was shown to hinder LT
caffeine and fluoxetine did not create a significant difference when supplemented without sleep deprivation. However, supplementation prior to sleep deprivation was shown to actually reverse the
 
Trip to the EU Contest. European Union Contest for Young Scientists
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Team Projects Presented by Science News
Award of $600 Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society
2009 BE319
WE ARGENTINEANS ARE HUMAN AND RIGHT
Marcia Noeli Galarza, Pamela Daiana Borda,
Unidad Educativa Privada Numero 22 Nuestra Senora de Fatima, Quitilipi, Chaco, ARGENTINA
This research startes in an attempt to know about the historical period that developed in Argentina between 1976and 1980, and the different social accounts about the topic, which are presently s
The starting point was:What are the policy characteristis of the Argentinean nation in relation to public freedom during the period of 19761980? The investigation allowed the triangulation
sublects study cases, biographies and documented lifestories, study of documents of national and international historical facts.it has been concluded that: "The military state model that governed
period 19761980 injured and violated human rights and public freedom of the argentinean citizens by means of applaing certain state policies in connection of censorship of thought, of action , of
parties, social and labour unions; legal/illegal arrest;compelled disapearance of peopla and substitution of identity of newly born babies, sons and daughters of those who had been arrested and di
2006 BE319
VIDEO GAMES AND YOUR HEALTH
Helen Terri Ly, Wellis Leung
Josiah Quincy Upper School, Boston, MA, USA
It is common to hear parents say this, “Stop playing video games, it’s going to hurt you more than you think.” That might be true, but that sort of statement is pretty bold without any evidence sup
project is to either find evidence to support the above statement or to prove it wrong. The experiment tested 37 subjects between the ages of 14 to 18. The subjects played nonviolent video gam
blood pressure, vision and reaction time were measured before and after the game playing. To test the blood pressure, we used a blood pressure monitor to keep track of the subject’s b
minutes interval. The vision test was taken only twice to see the difference. Two different hand written tests were given to the subjects before and after the experiment to test their reaction speed
games would cause the subjects’ eyes to become worse, blood pressure would be very high after the video game, and their reaction time would be slow. Our results refuted our hypothesis.
vision, the subjects had lower blood pressure and better eyesight. The reaction time did increase. We concluded that video games do not completely have a negative effect on everyone. 
2010 BE319
HISTORICAL INVESTIGATION ABOUT ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS FOUND AT "CALERA DE LAS HUERFANAS"
Andrea Martinez Genes, Angelica Gonzalez,
Liceo Numero 2, Carmelo, Colonia, URUGUAY
The present work of investigation aimed at getting historical information for the analysis of archeological pieces, taken from diggings made at "Calera de Las Huérfanas"(Jesuit estancia of the cen
sites are real files of materials that once investigated may provide with new data or complement the one already known from written sources. Last year`s work consisted of washing,class
pieces according to their digging and their materials, begin these osseous pieces, metal , china, pottery or glass. This year, the work consisted of assembling and dating materials from t
taken. Finally,from this assembling and its analysis the authors have tried to extract information about the origin of these materials. This information added new data about the way of life
hacienda". The important quantity of pottery Portuguese objects of every day use found here, let the investigators state that the commercial trade between Jesuits ande their Portuguese
was very common. The slaves in the small and poor constructions where people lived used braziers and cooking utensils made of thick pottery.
2012 BE319
BEAUTIFUL BRAINS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RISKTAKING ADOLESCENTS AND SUCCESSFUL ADULTS
Rochelle Amanda RiveraLeal, Jose Ramirez,
Adolescents are a model of the sustainability of our human resources. Objectives: Relate corevalues, attitudes and perceptions toward risk between successful adults and adolescents. Estimate
successful adults. Methods: A template was designed based on National Geographic’s article “Beautiful Brains”. An open question survey was validated to design a yes/no questionnaire. The con
adolescents of ages 1418 (n=53) from public and private schools and successful adults of 2866 (n=49) in a pair match design. The distribution by gender was 57.8% female, and 42.2% male. C
perceptions and corevalues between adults and adolescents. Results: Corevalues variables including love p < .001, respect, changing society and the importance of spirituality were statistically
including decisionmaking p < .001, perception towards risk and perception towards success were significant p < .05. Attitudes towards goals p < .001, including developing your potential and dis
achievement of your goals were significant p < .05. Conclusion: Aside those differences adolescents core values, perception and attitude towards risk was related to success in adulthood. Adoles
core values, perceptions and attitudes as they mature, this agrees with the “Beautiful Brains” article from the National Geographic which states that viewed through the eyes of evolution, adolesce
key to success as adults. 
2011 BE319
IMPULSIVITY, OBSESSIVENESS, AND SCHOOL GRADES
Christina R. Wassef, Audrey Wassef,
Background: We reported earlier that high obsessiveness and low impulsivity are associated with higher grades in core subjects. Herein, we hypothesized that these results would be replicable an
the grades better. We also evaluated if the Obsessive Compulsive Personality Questionnaire (OCP) and the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART) would improve grade prediction over the Layton O
(OCD) and the Barrett Impulsiveness Scale (IMP) used earlier. Moreover, we evaluated if the effect of personality characteristics relates to IQ. Procedures: Ninety eight high school stude
mentioned scales and provided their grades in Math, English, Science and Social Sciences. The authors measured the IQ of 46 of these students. Analyses were conducted using Microsoft Exce
tailed p ≤ 0.05. Results: Students with low impulsivity and high obsessive compulsiveness performed better, confirming our conclusions. When the two scales were simultaneously consi
GPA point higher in all core academic subjects. OCP better predicted academic performance than the OCD scale. IQ was a good predictor of academic performance (except in Math) but the effec
independent of IQ. The BART test did not predict grades. Conclusions: IMP and OCP provide an economically feasible method to identify students’ academic potential. Used simultaneou
independent of the IQ. Wide scale use of IMP and OCP in high school system is recommended to identify student instructional needs.
2004 BE319
ISOLATION AND EVALUATION OF NATIVE AMERICAN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Brice Alfred Bongiovanni, Sameer Gorav Gupta
Central High School, Macon, Georgia, USA
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) traces maternal heritage, placing an individual in a lineage group, called a haplogroup. Four haplogroups were known in the Americas, but a fifth, previously found only
Columbian remains in Illinois (1200 AD). The Libben site (800 AD) in Ohio is one of the largest burials found in North America. No genetic typing had been done on American remains prior to 1200
experiment was to isolate and haplogrouptype mtDNA from the Libben remains. The hypothesis was mtDNA could be isolated from Libben site teeth samples and that Native American haplogrou
techniques. Teeth from five individuals were obtained from the owner of the remains. The root of each tooth was separated from the enamel and ground into a powder. DNA was extracte
precipitated with sodium acetate and ethanol. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment analysis were used to amplify DNA in specific regions of the mitochondria to detect haplog
showed mitochondrial DNA was isolated from all individuals and Native American DNA was demonstrated in one individual. Degradation and lack of sufficient DNAs prevented determination of ha
This project extends the current finding of Native American haplogroups approximately 300 years prior to the previous oldest report in the literature. 
Award of $3,000 in savings bonds to be shared equally by team members, certificates of achievement and gold medallions U.S. Army
2012 BE320
A MEDICAL SOCIOLOGY PROJECT ON THE FAMILY MEDICINE MODEL IN TURKEYMERSIN CASE
Irem Peker, Burcu Usta,
Mersin High School of Science, Mersin, Mersin, TURKEY
In the present research, we focused on healthcare workers employed in the family medicine system in terms of their changing perception of their jobs caused by the changes introduced by this s
analyze socioeconomic and jobrelated anxieties. Classified as a medical sociology research, the present study deals with social and economic factors involved in institutionalization of
relationships, medical bureaucracy and the place of recently introduced Family medicine system in social structure, and changes in occupational roles of family physicians, midwives and nurses.
were the family medicine system and what kind of changes were introduced by healthcare workers following their integration into the system in terms of income levels, job perception, job security
with patients. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the research. The research population is composed of 492 healthcare workers employed in The Healthcare Directorate
Centers, and Community Health Centers. The sampling of the research was made up of 100 healthcare workers chosen by means of the technique of systematic random sampling. The data from
analyzed with the SPSS 15.0 software. The present research is significant in that it reveals that any changes in healthcare system have multifaceted effects on institutions and workers
2010 BE320
MAKE US CLOSER
Maha Khalid Aldoughaim, Mariya Saeed Alghamdi, Rahaf Saleh Albathi
Dar AlUloom Private School, Riyadh, central, SAUDI ARABIA
Autistic children have problems in communication and the goal is to help them socialize and communicate with people around them. We used the board maker pictures for designing a sim
alternative for the current tools which have the most important needs , Such as the boards in home and school and the booklet in public places. This device will help the Autistic child by:
communication between the Autistic child and the community. 2The light weight and the practicality of the device will allow the child to use it in different places. 3Making the ch
express his feelings and needs by himself. Finally, if the device was used there will be more chances to communicate with the Autistic children. All the devices that are currently used fo
developing education and computer skills , but the device we designed is all about communicating , In the future there can be more forums and languages for different kinds of children with speci
2011 BE320
PEER AND PARENT HEALTH BEHAVIORS
Alyssa Marie Blackburn, Gina Toumajian,
Bellaire High School, Bellaire, TX
Current public health policies intended to decrease rates of risky health behaviors use methods that focus on the individual, and relatively little research examining peer and parent influence on he
project aimed to discover if any such correlation existed, and if so, to what extent. We hypothesized that any individual indulging in risky behaviors would have both friends and family members th
convenience sample of students was selected to selfreport information on personal health behaviors and health behaviors of parents and five friends. Questions were based on questions given o
sample of seventy nine students with a mean age of twenty two was interviewed in total. We initially tested for parental influence and the influence of all five friends and no significant association
behavior and parental behavior or individual behavior and the behavior of five friends (p>.05). Subsequent tests using only the first two friends listed yielded significant p values (p<.05), indicating
that one’s closest friends have tremendous potential influence on an individual’s behaviors while the impact of his or her wider social network is, at least from a behavioral science perspective, ne
2009 BE320
MOCOVI MUSIC AND IDENTITY (LIVIG EDELEDAK MOQOIT)
Gustavo Ricardo Valdez, Renzo Lisandro Salteno, Juan David Vazquez
Escuela de Ensenanza Media No 314, Los Laureles, Santa Fe, ARGENTINA
This work is a qualified research made by mocovi teenagers aiming to enlighten with documentary evidence what has been for so long overshadowed. The hypothesis is: Musical expressions rem
Los Laureles recreate mocovi world view's believes, wich let them be current and give them strenght to transmir their identity during this first 21st Century's decade. According to intervi
been observed in the Community, some of the mocovi world view's elements are expressed by sacred or festive dancings, healing songs, cradlesongs; there are also instruments similar to europ
of them have cultural, emotive and identifying contents which are transmited by the music remembered by old people binding nowadays mocovies to ancient ones. As a future plans stu
documentary video, will spread the material compiled among the mocovi teenagers, will perform different mocovi dancings and rythms in the Music Workshop, and investigate mocovi pottery and
2007 BE320
BRAIN LATERALIZATION: GETTING A HAND ON LEARNING AND HOW THE BRAIN WORKS
Katy Fay Schramm, Abbielee Gardner
Academy for Math, Engineering & Science, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
In this study, possible connections between cognitive abilities and hemispheric dominance were tested. Two questions were considered: o Can tests be created and used to classify indiv
 o Do math, reading and visual learning abilities differ according to which side of the brain dominates? It was hypothesized that the mathematical, reading and visual reasoning s
dominant cerebral hemisphere. Two experiments were performed, one at the Academy for Math, Engineering & Science (AMES), and the other at a local College. Fortyone subjects, age
study. Twentynine subjects, ages 18 and older participated in the study involving college students. Test results were compared to a Right Brain Dominance questionnaire (RBD), which was used
hemisphere. Regression analysis and Pearson Correlation tests were used to compare tests results and RBD scores. Testing materials were modified and improved to pursue testing on college a
reliable. For these data, there were no correlations between math, reading and optical illusion test scores compared to RBD scores. A tangram activity was added to enhance visual testing. These
abilities and RBD scores. RBD scores tended to increase in subjects with faster Tangram completion scores (P<0.05). Data also showed an increase in RBD scores when subject’s data were gro
(0, 1, 2, 3+) (P<0.01). 
2006 BE320
PRECONCEIVED STEREOTYPES IN SCHOOL CHILDREN
Meghan Sophia Luther, Veronika Biskis
H.P. Baldwin High School, Wailuku, Hawaii, United States
The purpose of this project was to discover if stereotypes have been formed in the minds of children as young as second grade. We hoped to determine the age at which they are most vulnerable
acquired this information, we can then be able to control their surroundings and keep them at a stage of innocence until they may form their own opinions. Our hypothesis states that children as y
been exposed to common racial and gender stereotypes. After a month of research we discovered that children had formed stereotypes in the areas involving power, athletic ability, crim
social status, and marital status. Stereotypes that had not been formed in the minds of children included money, and where you live. After examining our results we concluded that our h
already swayed the views of children as young as second grade. Through the research we hope to reach out to anybody in contact with a child to protect them from prejudice at this crucial time in
2006 BE321
FALSE MEMORIES ABSTRACT
Joseph Pak Noh, Styles Smith
Glencoe High School, Hillsboro OR, United States of America
This experiment attempts to answer the question "If a child of ten to twelve years old of age were read a list of similar words to an objective word, would that cause the mind to saying the objectiv
 The hypothesis is that if a child is read a list of words that were similar to another word but wasn¡¯t on the list, the child would still say that objective word due to the similarities of the w
experimenters actually said it. The experimental procedure involved going to a neighborhood elementary school and reciting the words to a class of 6th and 5th graders individually. Then
thirty seconds and then recite them back. The results of the experiment confirmed our hypothesis and showed that if a child were read a list of words similar to another but wasn¡¯t listed
when asked to recite what they could remember. The experiment showed a forty percent success rating. 
2007 BE321
PATHOGENIC REMAINDERS... AT HOME?
Lautaro Dentoni Appap, Romina Gisella Blanco Gimenez
Instituto San Juan Bosco, Victorica, La Pampa, Argentina
This project begins in 2006, starting off of the necessity to inform about the risks that the inadequate treatment of the pathogenic dusts carries. The central problem is that the population of Victo
dusts certain remainders that it generates. The local homes are generators of pathogenic dusts, and they don’t know the danger of his incorrect classification. Methodology: Dom
population. Analysis of specific bibliography. Interviews to health professionals. Presentation the project to the Honorable Deliberative Council of Victorica and agreements with Municipal
pilot program of differentiated harvesting in two districts of Victorica. Pathogenic remainders containers at schools. Aid: Clean Gardens = Healthful Life Conclusions: 
been fulfilled, since the population of Victorica has begun to question the methods used for the elimination of its own remainders. Useful strategies of diffusion of the problem are being m
a program pilot of harvesting differentiated from remainders in two districts of Victorica has allowed advancing in the improvement of the conditions in which these remainders are gathered togethe
number 1173/06, sanctioned on November of 2006 in Victorica, respect to the manipulation, treatment and deposition of pathogenic remainders is based on this project. 
2010 BE321
BANJO PICKIN' MUSIC: GOOD FOR THE MIND? THE EFFECT OF BLUEGRASS MUSIC ON 11TH GRADE GRAMMAR TEST SCORES
Meredith Claire Brick, Bailey Keith,
Chillicothe High School, Chillicothe, MO
 This project was to discover if listening to bluegrass music while studying affects grammar test scores of 11th grade students. We predicted grammar scores would improve after studen
daily grammar lesson and taking the test. We discussed human risk of the tested subjects with our counselor and principals who approved replacing student names with ID numbers to p
a schedule that split classes into three groups, dependent on their class size and cumulative class GPA. We carried out three trials and set three cycles for each group; cycle one was control wit
while studying and during the test, and cycle three was music played only during the test. We used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test to determine if there were statistically significant result
group. Our results showed that out of nine cycles, six cycles had little or no significant evidence supporting our hypothesis. Two cycles showed suggestive significant evidence and one
evidence. We conclude bluegrass music doesn’t help or hurt the average student with grammar lessons, although some students did benefit from studying with the music and enjoyed th
would allow students to choose preferred genre. We would also want to introduce studying with music to 9th grade students to develop healthy study habits with music. 
2012 BE321
GENERATION "WE" AND THE VIDEO GAMES
Nancy Jazmin Perez, ,,
CBT No 2 Cuautitlan, Cuautitlan, Estado de Mexico, MEXICO
The Generation “We” is a sector of children that were born in homes where technology is in daily activities. Virtual playing is the favorite form of entertainment for this generation, but parents have
considering videogames generate violence, antisocial behavior, poor school performance and lead to gambling addiction. We reviewed studies have been conducted on the effects of video games
evidence that pose a public health risk. The objective of this research was to assess the opinion that parents have about the use of video games on children. We worked with a representative sam
México. Parents were given an informative talk about the advantages and disadvantages of using this entertainment and assess their views before and after conversation. In this investigation it w
scientific evidence of benefits and risks of using video games, they perform an objective assessment on this entertainment and allows an objective assessment is made to make assertive decisi
entertainment of children.
2011 BE321
SONIFICATION: A NOVEL APPROACH TO DATA REPRESENTATION DIFFERENTIATION OF MULTIPLE STREAMS OF DATA
Michelle Xie, Dan Nguyen,
Canyon Crest Academy, San Diego, CA
With the advent of more and more multidimensional data, increasing limitations of visual information have been observed. New methods of representing data have emerged, like sonification, whic
information. Further investigation of this method needs to be conducted in order to efficiently implement it, and our project proposes to explore the types of sound (by way of parameter mapping) t
information. The first experiment investigates the parameter of sound that best improves differentiation. We hypothesized that changes in a sound parameter affecting amplitude, spatial
the differentiation of multiple data streams, but sound waves composed of multiple sine functions would be differentiated the most. To test this, subjects were asked to listen to a series of sound
analyzed for improved differentiation in the experimental waveforms and the sawtooth waveform was found to be most differentiable. The second experiment investigates more specificall
multiple streams of information. We hypothesized that representing the different data streams with combinations of different waveforms would enhance differentiation as compared to representing
waveform. This time, subjects were instructed to respond to changes in the speed of the sound blips playing. After analyzing the data, we concluded that when using changes of tempo to represe
Sine" waveforms were most differentiable. Combinations of waveforms performed the worst in facilitating differentiation.
2007 BE322
THE SAN FRANCISCO PASS, AN OPEN DOOR TO THE WORLD
Jose Daniel Vera, Carrafiello, Mara Virginia
Municipal School No.1 Catamarca Capital Argentina
The investigation is centered in the commercial development and the regional integration through the San Francisco's Pass located in the mountain range of the Andes county of Catamarca, whic
north region of Argentina and Chile. The present work has these objectives: Exchange opinions about the importance of the San Francisco’s Pass with the social main characters involve
Private sector and Population of our county and of the Republic Argentina),know the strategic reasons that give power to the use of the San Francisco’s Pass, spread at local, regional, national a
this cordilleran pass has with regard to other passes located to the north and south of Argentina. The hypothesis of work maintains that the San Francisco’s Pass will allow the regional i
the macro region ATACALAR and it will compete with aspirations of supremacy over other cordilleran passes located in the north and south of Argentina, keeping in mind the strategic reasons tha
these considerations we conclude: The international San Francisco’s Pass states a way to a structural change of the macro region ATACALAR with the incorporations of the Argentinian counties
Tucumán y Santa Fe. This pass represents the key for the integration and the development of the ZICOSUR (Zone of integration of the south cone), admitting its advantages in relations to other
2006 BE322
DRIVING PLUS CELL PHONES EQUALS NO CONCENTRATION
Frances May Bruce, Jing Chen
Mayo High School, Rochester MN, USA
More and more people including teenagers talk on cell phones while they are doing something else that actually requires full attention. However, people may not realize the impact cell phone conv
project tested the effect on concentration while talking on a cell phone and driving, and determined whether youth and adults were equally affected. Sixteen adults and twenty youth were selected
racing game with and without using a cell phone. The order of testing was randomized so that a learning curve would not occur. The time each subject required to finish the racing course and the
data showed that cell phone usage significantly increased (p<0.05) the number of car accidents in adults. Interestingly, youth were not affected as much as adults, presumably due to their familia
possibility, we conducted a second experiment to test the subject’s ability to complete randomly selected basic multiplication problems under two minutes with and without use of a cell phone. Bo
significant (p<0.05) decrease in the number of multiplication problems done and percentage of accuracy with cell phone usage. In both cases, cell phone usage significantly (p<0.05) increased th
project demonstrate that cell phone usage impairs concentration regardless of age and cell phone usage while driving is dangerous.
2007 BE323
THE STUDY OF INFANT COGNITION AND ITS EFFECT ON "THEORY OF MIND"
Anisha Zaman, My Nguyen, Cherie Noymany
Dunbar High School, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
The purpose of this study was to research infant cognition and its effect on “Theory of Mind”. Most people believe babies from 1 to 12 months don’t have good cognition and high perception yet; i
development will not allow it to be similar to that of adults. This experiment will allow people to understand the many similarities between adults and infants, by testing their reactions towards com
 Twenty infants were observed and tested; 10 of which were males and the other 10, females. The experiment was taken place in an undisturbed room. The infants were sat on adults’ laps, o
shown five objects and five actions. Each of the displays were shown for 2 minutes and were displayed a foot away from the infant. The objects were placed on the floor, while each action was pe
observations and the time of the infant’s period of distraction and attention were recorded. Once finished, the procedures were repeated with other infants. The overall average number of
actions were higher than the number of seconds distracted. The objects and actions that they did focus on were of the “Theory of Mind” group. All observations and results showed that infants DO
objects and actions as do adults. Thus, the experiment was successful and contributes to other infant cognitive studies in the world.
2006 BE323
HIGHSCHOOL STUDENTS... FUTURE FRESHMEN?
Felix Meineri, Martin Garciarena, Mariana Antonella Nigro
Colegio San Ignacio, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Due to the high rate of failure to university admission, in 2005 the group decided to investigate about the difficulties that cause such failure. We carried on the investigation in our hometo
Argentina, where we have a prestigious National University, “UNCPBA”. Aim: “Analyze the opinion of Third Year Polimodal Students (former year to university), teachers, profess
causes that bring about the failure to the admission to university in the city of Tandil”. To carry out this research, the group conducted surveys to Third Year Polimodal students, professo
interviews to educational authorities. Conclusions: • The students see themselves as having no difficulties, in contrast to the professors and teachers perception who consider t
 • These two different perceptions about the educational preparation of Polimodal Students would show that the provision of shelter is more important than the pedagogical one. This fact
 • As regards the responsibilities of the poor education of the students who attempt to be admitted at university, it was observed that teachers and professors are less strict when they evalua
they evaluate the previous and the subsequent ones. Nevertheless, according to the educational authorities interviewed, the problem has to be analyzed from a systemic perspective where each
results give us many clues so as to continue investigating.
2007 BE324
STEREOTYPES FROM YOUNG TO OLD
Meghan Sophia Luther, Veronika Biskis
H.P. Baldwin High School, Wailuku, Hawaii
Stereotypes From Young to Old The purpose of continuing our project was to determine if middle aged to senior citizens of Hawaii possessed stereotypes. Not only stereotypes, but also
younger generation (second graders). In last year’s project, we discovered that stereotypes had formed in the minds of children as young as second grade. We hope to be able to discover if comm
through generations. We realize that the senior citizens, having gone through life, have obtained their own opinions as well as that of those around them. They have created stereotypes, and been
examining our results, we realized that multiple stereotypes seem to share a common result. These areas include, “Who robbed a bank”, “Who has the cooking pot?” and in “Who has the gun?” Ho
were stereotyped when second graders were not, most likely due to more maturity. For example, in terms of marital status, the children weren’t as understanding as those who had already gone t
the mental differences, there were far too many similarities to be just a coincidence. Gerome Kagan said in the Harvard Education letter in 1998, "telling parents they have little influence on their c
September morning that all the trees have disappeared because you cannot see them." 
2006 BE324
THE ANTIGALES OF CORANZULL PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE
Noelia Armanda Siares, Rosa Arminda Siares
Escuela Nro. 362, Coranzull, Jujuy, ARGENTINA
This research work started after a student school trip belonging to a school located in the plateau region of Jujuy. The idea was to make a survey related to its landscape. During the trip, the child
really damaged, and this worried them a lot. This gave rise to the research related to who were the "old people" (antiguos), the importance they had for the community and who has responsible for
the work shows that the community is aware of its acestral roots that tie them to the "antigales" although they don't know which laws are related to the protection of the archeological sites. But th
community, not leaving aside the respect they must have for a cultural heritage. The project's goal is to get students and through them the local community to the knowledge of our ance
them, which nowadays is in danger of disappearing. Key words: Antigales plateau of Jujuy heritage ancestral roots.
2006 BE325
CHICA CULTURE: BETWEEN THE RESPECT AND THE FORGETFULNESS
Jose Humberto Armella, Blanca Zulema Martearena, Nadia Abigail Lopez
Escuela de Comercio Nro. 1, La Quiaca, Jujuy, ARGENTINA
The project "Chicha Culture: Between Respect and Forgetfulness allowed us to discover a historical place, which is a very important source of knowledge and wisdom of our ancestors, an archeo
Colorado and Laguna Colorada, Department of Yavi Jujuy Argentina. That place is called by the inhabitants as "forbidden because of respect and fear". This labeling led to forgetfulne
there were many acts of pillage, thus the place became unknown for the most of the people. From then, a research work started so as to give value again to the chicha culture. Students
process looking for information on the origin, culture and historical time of the indigenous people. During the research process the first important information came from several sources w
process of awareness started, so as to help the people to face their vital environment, taking part in it, breaking a daily position of knowledge of their reality and trying to get this to be a challenge
culture, without leaving aside the legal regulations regarding protection to a cultural and archeological heritage. While educating we try to show that this culture is alive and that it survive
traditions that need a stricter process so as to know it, protect it, know its value and thus build an authentic identity. 
2007 BE325
A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF DISPOSITIONS IN TEENAGE AFFFINITY AND PHYSICAL INTIMACY INSPIRED BY SOCIOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL DISPARITIES
Stephen Harper Odanovich, Ian Maya Panchevre
Tom C. Clark High School, San Antonio TX, USA
Darwinian theory argues that the most defining characteristics of a person are their attitudes towards love, family, attraction, and physical intimacy. A project which seeks to capture the correlatio
their attitude to the aforementioned would help shed light on the behavior of people and their societies. This project surveyed 6096 teenagers through an online survey. Prior to the survey there wa
study was blind and maintained confidentiality by not asking any identifying information. The participants were categorized in eight different ways: age, gender, ethnicity, sexuality, wealth, religion
then asked questions which addressed the aforementioned areas. Statistical analysis showed various correlations. The results confirmed the hypothesis regarding age, gender, and sexuality. The
he/she becomes with sexual activity. Men are more driven by sexual desires whereas women are more driven by familial desires. Homosexuals desired popularity and family less than heterosexu
had a strong sense of family unity. It was found that the wealthier desired qualities that could be used in further pursuit of wealth. In regards to religious, social, and political views a dichotomy be
became clear. Though the results varied, it was clear that views are influenced by sociological and biological identity, which not only further identifies the population but also makes it possible to
2007 BE326
A STUDY IN CROWD MODELING UTILIZING REALWORLD DATA TO IMPROVE PEDESTRIAN TRAFFIC FLOW SIMULATIONS
Adam Kidder, Nicholas Triantafillou
Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, MI, USA
One of the many applications of computer modeling is pedestrian traffic flow. There are two major model types used in modeling pedestrian crowds: the fieldforce model and the socialforce mod
and disadvantages. This project describes the construction of a novel hybrid model combining both approaches, magnifying the advantages of each model type while diminishing the disadvantage
to build an accurate crowd model that could be tested against realworld data for accuracy. Realworld data was collected using a ceiling mounted camera in a public school, and was compared to
variety of quantitative and qualitative measurements. Results indicated this model’s viability. The model demonstrated many features evident in realworld crowds, such as emergent lan
distribution among agents. Quantitative data indicated that the model exhibited characteristics evident in actual crowds as well. As found in the realworld data, the hybrid model expressed the cy
as a considerable decrease in speed of agents after a high increase in density. Agent clumping was also observed. The engineering goals of this project were completely realized. Throu
from realworld crowd simulations, the model was improved until holistic crowd trends were reproduced. The resulting data supports the viability of this novel, hybrid socialfield force model in ped
2007 BE327
NO CHILD LEFT CHALLENGED THE EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT OF FORMAL EDUCATION ON SOL SCORES
Bridget Kelly Little, Mary McClellan
Potomac Senior High School, Dumfries, Virginia, United States of America
This project in its present form is the result of the evaluation of the amount of formal education of ninth graders on their ability to interpret the eleventhgrade English Standards of Learning test.
graders could pass the SOL because of the Virginia standards that require teaching to the test. An overall pass rate would have indicated that students are taught the subject matter beforehand a
 The English End of Course Writing Exam from 2005 was obtained and distributed to 267 ninth graders in Prince William County high schools. There was no differentiation between socioecono
ensure objective grading, the tests were scored by a scantron machine and given a score of pass or fail based on a standard scoring rubric. The resulting 73 percent pass rate was only 12 percen
official pass rate for 2005, as obtained from the Virginia Department of Education. The contributions of this project are applicable in demonstrating the uselessness of standardized tests.
now have three unnecessary years of English education ahead of them. This indicates that there needs to be a greater number of bench mark tests or another way to evaluate students’ abilities.
the year 2011; hopefully this project will be a precursor to the changes that need to be made. 
2007 BE328
ANEMIA: PAY ATTENTION TO IT !
Yamil Joaquin Alali, Luis Costa
Instituto Privado D124 Colegio San Antonio Concordia Entre Rios Argentina
Anemia is a disease which makes itself evident with a decrease in the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood what implies a dangerous decrease in the amount of red blood cells. Our
children in school age, between 5 and 7 years old, suffer from iron deficiency anemia and then evaluate the same group after giving them oral doses of iron. To determine any existing re
parasitism. To develop an awareness of the importance of a wellbalanced diet in the affected children’s mothers. To compare these children with another group belonging to a
this directed to establish the level of incidence of anemia in children’s schooling and learning. We used several datas done by professionals (laboratory, clinical, psycho motive and of co
does not only affect the individual but the whole society, as human capital is the main richness of a country and if it is damaged, the possibility of growing as a country in the near future also wea
against this disease is basically to provide those people suffering from it with an adequate diet consisting of red meat and vegetables, and organizing health campaigns accompanied by policies w
to health services. 
2007 BE329
ACCIDENTAL COLOR
Raymundo Navarrete, Prido Polanco
Bisbee High School, Bisbee Arizona, United States
This project is designed to test how humans react to different colors, and if those reactions could increase or decrease our chances of getting in an accident. A computer program was used to tes
different colors. The computer program suddenly changed a background color into a different one in a computer monitor and measured the time it took each student to press a mouse key once th
procedure was repeated a number of 576 times during the experiment. It was found that the color with the fastest reaction time is white. Hot Colors tend to have faster reaction times tha
found is between the grayscale colors. If arranged from darker to lighter in a reaction time vs. color graph, a sine wave that passes through these colors is represented. The sine curve reappears
circle order is use (blue, purple, red, orange, yellow, green; repeats), then a whole repetition of the sine curve is found in the colorreaction time graph. The contributions of this project can
experimentation is done, the exact mathematical sine curve that explains how each individual reacts to different colors can be establish. This will not only help us to chose a safer car color, but c
distinction and fast reaction times are require. 
2007 BI001
GLOW FACTOR: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CAPSAICIN AND ANTIOXIDANTS
Maria Encarnacion Garcia
Taos High School, Taos, NM, USA
Green and Red Chile have been a vital part of a majority New Mexican diets for many generations. Scientists have researched the health benefits of Chile, because of its theorized healing proper
new fountain of youth. Experimentation on AO rich foods continues to identify substances with AO properties. The objective of this project is to compare capsaicin levels against AO ca
It is hypothesized that as the capsaicin levels increase, the AO activity will also increase. It is hypothesized that green chile will have a higher capsaicin level and higher AO activity than red chil
experimentation was to extract capsaicin, Vitamin A, and Vitamin E from red and green chile powders. Chile samples were dissolved in ethanol at 40°C for 4 hrs. These solutions were then assay
Capsaicin, Vitamin A and Vitamin E levels. Possible AO activity was assayed using light intensity, ORAC, pH, and SET tests. The capsaicin levels are then compared against the AO activity, an
in the samples. Results indicated that capsaicin levels were higher between the different heat levels of Chile. Green chile samples exhibited higher capsaicin levels than red. Samples te
Capsaicin and Dihydrocapsaicin indicated possible AO activity. In conclusion, the analysis shows that capsaicin levels are higher in green chile than red, with a direct relationship to hea
Vitamin A levels were independent of heat level, and instead were dependant on the darkness of the chile; therefore the red chiles contained more Vitamin A. The data indicates that chiles with h
higher AO capacity and activity, therefore supporting the hypotheses as stated. 
2009 BI001
BETTER DRUGS FROM BETTER MOLECULES
Paige Erin Finkelstein
Pine Crest School, Fort Lauderdale, FL
Optically pure solutions of fluorinated molecules are of current interest to the pharmaceutical industry as drug building blocks. Current methods for controlling fluorine stereochemistry use transitio
alkenes stereoselecively, but harsh conditions must be used to achieve high enantioselectivity and avoid defluorination. A less expensive alternative, enzymatic reduction, can be used to asymm
environments and produce the optical purity of solutions needed by pharmaceutical industries. It has previously been shown that a library of purified reductases can reduce a representative fluorin
expand this range, I synthesized two fluorinated alkenes, an alcohol and an aldehyde, as potential substrates for the reductases. The alcohol, lacking a carbonyl group, was not a substrate for the
determine if the corresponding aldehyde will be accepted. Although the alcohol was not accepted as a substrate, the results helped to clarify that in order for the mechanism of reduction used by
must be found within the molecule. This discovery makes the aldehyde a perfect candidate for reduction in the future.
2006 BI001
EFFECT OF FERRIC UPTAKE REGULATORY PROTEIN ON THE TRANSCRIPTION OF THE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE GENE OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Katherine Marie Shaeffer
Breck School, Golden Valley, Minnesota, USA
The expression of a gene into a protein through transcription of DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA) can be moderated. The focus of this project was to determine how ferric uptake regulatory (Fur) p
superoxide dismutase gene (sodA) of E. coli. It was hypothesized that Fur regulates the transcription of the sodA gene by enhancing the amount of mRNA produced during transcription. The obje
in the presence and absence of Fur and quantitate the amount of mRNA produced to determine if Fur regulates sodA expression. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) was
electrophoresis. Complimentary DNA (cDNA) was successfully transcribed and amplified through RTPCR with and without Fur. The results of gel electrophoresis showed that 2 µL of a 1/10 diluti
transcription most effectively enhanced expression of the sodA gene. This study is unique in that it showed that Fur does regulate gene expression. These results can be used in future research
gene expression.
2005 BI001
POISON STIMULATION: THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BENZOATE ON THE REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS OF CHOANEPHORA CUCURBITARUM AND MUCOR HIEMALIS
Anna Aleksandrova
This project is the result of bioassay experimentation on the effects of Sodium Benzoate on two types of fungus: Choanephora cucurbitarum and Mucor hiemalis. The purpose is to determine the
hormesis (stimulation by low doses of usually inhibiting substance) to occur. The fungi were isolated and grown in the V8 agar gel media with various doses of Sodium Benzoate. The control med
Through experimentation the toxic level where Sodium Benzoate kills the fungi was determined to be 10 ml per 100 ml of V8 agar gel. Doses lower than those were tested for hormetic effects. <b
conducted, the rates of growth were observed and recorded. The values recorded demonstrated that each fungus excelled the rate of growth of the control plate by as much as 50% when grown o
of Sodium Benzoate. The results of the project show that Sodium Benzoate can stimulate growth of Choanephora cucurbitarum and Mucor hiemalis fungi when exposed to minuscule doses. 
conclusion may be found in food industry, specifically in the matter of food additives. The amount of Sodium Benzoate must stay above .1 % in products that use it as a protection against fungi;
actively, hence damaging the product. Also, the hormesis effect may help induce growth in fungi which will aid in the identification of the fungus by its reproductive patterns. 
2012 BI001
PROTEIN DEFORMATION: GEOMETRIC DETECTION OF LIGAND BINDING TO PROTEINS IN THREE DIMENSIONS
Troy Justin Kleber
Henry W. Grady High School, Atlanta, GA
We examined the three dimensional structure of proteins to determine whether the Combinatorial CondensedObject Parameterized Analysis (COPA) was an effective method for conformational a
analyzing the three dimensional structures of proteins, that reduces the dimensionality to two. The overall goal was to determine if COPA can detect subtle changes in protein conformation upon
ligandbound protein will yield a COPA plot that is slightly different from the free protein, and the conformational changes incurred by ligand binding can be localized and characterized by COPA.<
subject and examined two different forms: human deoxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin bound with nitric oxide. We calculated the pseudo0, the dihedral angle (angle between the normal lines of adja
structures. We plotted several different variations of the three parameters: residue number, pseudo0, and delta. The delta plots (residue number versus delta) produced the most valuabl
structural element in hemoglobin, the alpha helix, remained mostly unchanged when the protein was bound to nitric oxide. In contrast, the loops between the helices were more deformable. We als
deformations, which we determined might be regions of hyper flexibility. We concluded that the alpha helix is much more rigid in structure than the loops, which tend to be areas of deformation.<b
method for analyzing proteins and locating deformations resulting from ligand binding.
2010 BI001
UNIQUE LOADING PATTERNS OF THE RHO FAMILY GTPASE TCL
Forrest Ryan Guilfoile
Bemidji High School, Bemidji, MN
In this project, I analyzed the GDPloading behavior of a little characterized member of the Rho family GTPases called TCL (TC10 Like GTPase). The purpose of this project is to observe and ve
compared to other members of the Rho family. To produce TCL protein, a TCL DNA sequence was PCR amplified and ligated into an E. coli expression vector (pGEX), and tranformed in
BL21. The TCL protein was produced as a GST fusion protein and was purified using standard methods. A fluorescence assay using MantGDP was performed to verify activity. The GDPloading
Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoG. TCL activity differed substantially from the other GTPases. In the presence of EDTA ,TCL did not load with GDP; however, it loaded readily with in the absence
other GTPases tested. Which only loaded with GDP in the presence of EDTA. This is likely attributable to variations in the amino acid sequence of TCL, which has critical regions that are more n
Rac1, and RhoG. The important variations seem to be in the switch 1 region which may affect the binding of magnesium in the nucleotide binding region. This project provides a substant
activity and regulation. It helps to characterize what role TCL plays in vivo, and shows the variety of Rho family regulation in vivo.
2011 BI001
ANTITOXIN PROPERTIES OF GRAPE EXTRACTS, YEAR THREE
Srikar Patlola Reddy
Two grape extracts (seed and pomace) were used to block AB toxin activity. AB toxins consist of a binding Bsubunit and a catalytic Asubunit. AB toxins, through retrograde vesicular traffic, rea
Examples of AB toxins include cholera, ricin, Shiga, and Exotoxin A. Cholera toxin was incubated and grape extracts were added periodically over a period of two hours: 15 minutes, 30 minutes,
showed a large antitoxin response despite not being added immediately after intoxication. Through surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis, the grape extracts were shown to prevent the toxin
cytosol after 15 minutes, 30 minutes, and 60 minutes. Grape pomace inhibited toxin translocation to the cytosol at a greater degree than the grape seed did. Certain polyphenols within the grape e
gallate (EgCg) and to a lesser extent resveratrol, inhibited Exotoxin A activity.
2013 BI001
SUPERANTIMYCOTIC: NANOPARTICLES OF BIOPHILIC METALS + HYPERBRANCHED POLYMER
Ekaterina Igorevna Zimakova
Municipal School 'Gymnasium # 7', Kazan, RUSSIA
According to WHO, mycosis suffers every fifth inhabitant of the planet. In US mycosis come out on top inhospital mortality from sepsis. An effective, nontoxic antimycotic has been created by
metals (eg. Co, Cu, Ag and Au) with a polymer as a stabilizer. The polymer used was Boltorn H30 which is hyperbranched polyesterpolyol and its products. We conducted synthesis wit
small and stable as possible. By the method of chemical reduction of metal salts with a stabilizer thermolys of the metal polymer complexes synthesized nanosized particles of Au, Ag, Cu, and C
hexagonal Cu0 particles with diameters from 12 to 26 nm. The Co/BH30 nanoparticles have sizes from 3 to 9 nm and coordinated on a ribbon. The nanoparticles with the greatest size are the Ag/
with 2025 nm. A new stabilizer BH30(CH2CH2COOH)22 was synthesized. The size of the Cu/BH30(CH2CH2COOH)22, Co/BH30(CH2CH2COOH)22 particles is reduced to 3nm. 
observed that the combination of the stabilizers with the metal nanoparticles increases the inhibition to 70%. The fungicidal properties of the nanoparticles increases in the order Au<Ag<Cu<Co. T
has been shown on cultures of Candida, Aspergillus, Pennicillum, Paecilomyces, Trichoderma. The high effectiveness, bioavailability and low toxicity of the prototypes have been achiev
fungal proteases with metal nanoparticles immobilized on surface of branched polymer by carboxyl groups. It was provided stabilization and transport of the nanoparticles.
2003 BI001
INHIBITION OF BACTERIA BY CHEMICALS IN HERBS
Ekta Ashok Solanki, Lake Brantley High School
Longwood, Fl, USA
This research investigated the antimicrobial potential of several herbs. This could be an indirect indication to their effectiveness against fighting the organism. Those herbs identified as possessin
examined to determine what product(s) of the herb was responsible for this activity. Nutrient agar plates were swabbed with either two types of bacteria: Bacillus cereus and Escherichia Coli. Onc
sterile filter paper disk was dipped into mixture of 70 % Isopropyl and each respective herb. The disk was then placed in the center of the nutrient agar plate. After 18 hours of incubation the zone
millimeters. Paper Chromatography was done on the herbs which inhibited the most bacteria within each organism(Oregano, Sage, Cinnamon and Rosemary)to separate the herbs into different co
on the individual herbs that inhibited the most bacteria within each organism. After the completion of these tests the following conclusions were formulated. There are bacterial growth inhibitors pr
from each herb inhibited the growth of either organism. To better improve my research a larger sample size could be used, different organisms could be tested i.e. Salmonella, and Minimum Inhib
conducted to identify the minimum concentration of the solution needed to inhibit the bacteria. 
Honorable Mention Awards American Chemical Society
$10,000 per year scholarships, renewable annually Florida Institute of Technology
2014 BI001
ORGANIC FOODS? BUY OR BYPASS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY ANALYZING THE EFFECTS OF PESTICIDES ON NUTRITIONAL CONTENT, HEAVY METAL TOXICITY AND PESTICIDE
Ria Chhabra
Plano Senior High School, Plano, TX, United States of America
The organic food market is the fastest growing food sector, yet it is unclear whether organically raised food is nutritionally superior to conventionally grown food and whether consuming organic fo
aims to clarify that by evaluating the differences in nutritional value, heavy metal and pesticide content between organic and conventional food. Pesticide testing is conventionally extremely expe
complex techniques such as high performance liquid chromatography. Consequently, a novel colorimetric paperbased assay was invented for the detection of pesticides. The creation of this cos
pesticides can be extremely useful in third world countries and the military, where simple bioassays are essential in the first stages of detecting disease and for monitoring environmental and food
detection test indicated that the difference between the content of pesticides in organic and conventional foods is up to 51%. Furthermore, there was a ~15% increase in deleterious, carcinogenic
preventative nutrients in unwashed conventional produce as compared to organic produce. The health parameters tested using the model organism Drosophila melanogaster indicated that organic
activity, and lifespan. In addition, further experimentation indicated that washing conventional produce reduces pesticide content to such a degree that the difference in health parameters, heavy m
organic and washed conventional food becomes statistically insignificant. This discovery has the potential to entirely change our food industry.
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry
2008 BI001
SEARCHING THE FLUORESCENT COLOR PROTEIN PALETTE FOR NOVEL FRET PAIRS
Xin Guan
Lincoln High School, Tallahassee, FL
Metabolic FRET biosensors derived from cyan and yellow fluorescent protein variants have proven useful for a large number of in vivo detection strategies, ranging from intracellular pH and calciu
cleavage, phosphorylation, and the visualization of proteinprotein interactions. Nevertheless, many of these sensors are hampered by relatively low dynamic range and the requirement for illumin
where phototoxicity can limit the useful lifetime of imaging experiments. In this study, combinations of new monomeric and dimeric reef coral proteins with green fluorescent GFP derivatives were
increased levels of sensitized emission characteristic of FRET in the orange, red, and deep red wavelengths. Fluorescent proteinbased FRET pairs were generated using molecular cloning techn
using scanning confocal microscopy. Spectral imaging profiles indicated that the mVenus fluorescent protein donor coupled with tdTomato and mOrange2 acceptors produced the most efficient F
tdTomato –mKO and –TurboRFP donoracceptor pairs also demonstrated reasonable FRET activity. Additionally, results suggested a possible role of aminoacid linker length and the compatibilit
occurrence of FRET. The expansion of long wavelengthshifted FRET pairs offers reduced phototoxicity to subcellular matter during imaging while the photophysically advantageous properties of
employed pairs. Although experiments are ongoing, extension of the fluorescent protein color palette ultimately presents the opportunity to explore new FRET partners that may be suitable for use
Third Award of $1,000 Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2004 BI001
ENHANCING THE ELECTROCHEMICAL OUTPUT OF BENTHIC MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Shannon Nangle
Martin County High School, Stuart, Florida, USA
Purpose Identify methods to increase electrical output of microbial fuel cells that produce electricity in marine sediments. Procedures Evaluate the ability of various microbial fuel cells
a variety of sediment sampling sites 2. Construct microbial fuel cells 3. Monitor electricity produced by fuel cells over time 4. Record observations and plot data <
effects Data Microbial fuel cells typically produced between 0.3 and 0.7 volts of electrical potential for over 60 days. Conclusion Electricity produced from microbial fuel cells i
sediment evaluated and can be enhanced by cell conditions and design. Applications Benthic microbial fuels represent a new source of electrical power that uses an immense, renewab
applications such as marine navigation aids, communication devices, detection sensors, transponders, seismometers and channel markers.
2014 BI002
DOES OYSTER MUSHROOM MYCELIUM COLONIZE AND DECOMPOSE NATURAL GROWING MEDIA MORE QUICKLY WHEN OILBASED POLLUTANTS ARE PRESENT?
Aidan B. Arant
Pensacola High School, Pensacola, FL, United States of America
The investigation was to determine the mycorestorative properties fungal mycelium possess and the implication regarding them. Mycorestoration is the use of fungi to repair or restore the weake
environments. Fungi can be utilized to restore these environments back to a healthy ecological balance after sudden toxification has occurred due to constant pollution. The experiment demonstr
to decontaminate polluted substrates. This shows how fungi have the ability to cleanse polluted habitats of foreign contaminants through natural metabolic processes. The Pleurotus Ostreatus sp
based upon its known ability to breakdown petroleumbased pollutants; particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons found in most industrial chemicals, like diesel and pesticides. Though no indu
safety reasons, overthecounter coconut oil was utilized for its high lauric acid content and also being nontoxic when handled. Its usage in the cultivation of oyster mushroom mycelium, when pr
workspace of a laminar flowhood, provides a simple demonstration for the broad implications made possible with mycorestoration. When oyster mycelium was cultivated in the sterilized environm
experimental and controlled substrates (with and without coconut oil), a definite increase in growth rate was observed of the mycelium colonies within the experimental substrate jars. These result
mushroom mycelium swiftly detects, aggressively colonizes and actively degrades coconut oilsaturated substrates more quickly than a substrate without coconut oil saturation.
2013 BI002
CHARACTERIZATION OF CYCLIN DEPENDENTLIKE KINASES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Preethi Raghavan
Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, affects nearly 300500 million people each year, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions. Resistance to the traditional antimalarial, chlo
targets, thus calling for a deeper understanding of the molecular biology of P. falciparum. Studies show a high degree of homology between eukaryotic Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDKs), a subse
regulation, and a group of CDKlike proteins in P. falciparum, including PfPK5 and PfPK6. This project sought to elucidate the role of PfPK5 & PfPK6 in cell cycle regulation. Immunofluo
localizes within the nucleus and PfPK6 localizes within the nucleus and cytoplasm of the parasite within the infected erythrocyte. This reveals that both the proteins localize in the region where D
localization with PfCyc1, PfCyc2, and PfCyc3 while PfPK6 exhibits little colocalization, indicating perhaps no cyclin involvement. The expression profile for PfPK5 and PfPK6 revealed peak exp
stages respectively. It is during the schizont stage when DNA replication occurs, thus suggesting cell cycle involvement. The hemagglutinin (HA)tagged PfPK5 and PfPK6 constructs were succe
experimentation includes the CoImmunoprecipitation, which will allow for the identification of the substrates that PfP5 and PfPK6 interact with. By gaining an understanding of how these two CDK
targets may be identified and lead to the creation of effective antimalarials.
2011 BI002
UPREGULATION OF ATGL IN THE MODEL OF LOW MUSCLE MASS.
Shrishiv Avanti Timbalia
Louisiana School for Math Science and the Arts, Natchitoches, LA
This experiment was performed in order to investigate the enzymes (ATGL, HSL, AMPK, and HSL ser660) involved in the lipolytic pathway within rats bearing tumors. Western blots were perform
(supplied by the PI) in order to detect the aforementioned proteins. Tubulin was used as a standard. ECL detection was performed with the VersaDoc system, and Quantity One was used to quan
The levels of ATGL in the rat adipose was significantly different on day 21. Although this might be indicative of increased expression with the progression of time, any metabolic mechanisms that
lost adipose cannot be ruled out. ATGL levels in TB are elevated in day 21, as opposed to day 15, suggesting that ATGL has a continued importance in the later stages of lipolysis. The differenti
day 15 and day 21 suggest that they are not congruent enzymes. This differentiation may also suggest a link between tumor size and levels of lipolytic factors in tumor bearing rats.
2004 BI002
DELETION AND IDENTIFICATION OF THE ORC6 GENE IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE
Cristina Victoria Fernandez
Pine Crest School, Ft. Lauderdale Fl, United States of America
The Orc6 region in Schizosaccharomyces pombe was identified and deleted through homologous recombination with plasmids. Southern blot confirmed the deletion. Nmt41, a thymine controlled p
expression of Orc6. The phenotypes of cells with Orc6 suppressed were compared with cells expressing Orc6. Results show that cells lacking Orc6 expression were elongated and dead after 24
essential for cell viability and that the cell cycle may have been blocked.
2009 BI002
THE TRANSFECTION OF P53 17–26V IN NEOTOMA CINEREA PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS, BMRPA1, AND HUMAN PANCREATIC CANCER CELLS, MIAPACA2, AND THE PROTEIN M
OF PNC27 AND PNC28
Lake Highland Prep School, Orlando, FL
The experiment was designed to determine the mechanism of cellular death of p53 dependent cancer cells when exposed to the anticancer peptide, PNC28, and to determine the molecular struc
MiaPaCa2 and BMRPA1 cell lines were transfected with the plasmids: p53 17–26V, p53 17–26scrmV, or an empty vector. The GFP levels of the cells were measured at 445 nm in order to ens
optical unit and that over 50 percent of cells underwent transfection. Samples were taken from MiaPaCa2 and BMRPA1 cells treated with either PNC28 or PNC29 at 18, 44, 66, and 90 hours, a
was performed. The results of the experiment did support the null hypothesises of N0 treatments if MiaPaCa2 and BMRPA1 cells are transfected with p53 17–26V, p53 17–26SCRMV, or null
PNC27, then MiaPACa2 cells transfected with p53 17–26V shall have a highest prevalence of cellular death and if MiaPaCa2 and BMRPA1 are treated with the proteins, PNC28 and PNC29,
will have shall have a higher prevalence of cellular death compared to all other experimental groups and shall have elevated Caspase levels because of the respective PValues of the N1 hypoth
Additionally, MiaPaCa2 cells treated with PNC28 had an 83 percent prevalence of cellular death, while MiaPaCa2 cells treated with PNC28 had a 23 percent prevalence of cellular death (P≥0.0
2008 BI002
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENZYME TREATMENTS ON NATURAL FIBERS WHEN VARYING DURATION AND TEMPERATURE
Kimberly Nicole Braulick
The reason I chose this project was to learn more about enzymes as well as their effect on the silk and alpaca fibers. I wanted to find a process that is effective on the wool, alpaca, and silk fiber
environmentally safe, energy efficient, reusable, and increases the color intensity in the fiber. The treatments used on the fibers include a bleaching and enzyme treatement. The fibers a
and then agitated in the pretreatment. The duration of the pretreatment is varied. After the pretreatment is complete, the enzyme tretment takes place. This treatment has varied temperatures.
lowest temperature and moderate duration had the best effect on the fiber. The silk fibers at this duration and temperature were completely degummed and were ready for dyeing. The alpaca fiber
duration had some fibers that were smooth and others still had scales remaining. This treatment led to greater color intensity when dyeing, but because some of the scales still remained, the fibe
 This process would be beneficial to any company wanting to treat fibers with a reusable, energy efficient, and environmentally safe treatment using various natural fibers made of the protein
To continue my experiment I could use different enzymes to treat these fibers. I could also use other natural animal fibers such as mohair, cashmere, or angora. I may also test to see if this enzy
way it degums silk.
2007 BI002
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: EXPRESSION OF HYDROGENASES FROM THE HYPERTHERMOPHILE PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS
Joseph Robert Stunzi
Clarke Central High School, Athens, GA, USA
Pyrococcus furiosus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows optimally at 100°C. Because P. furiosus grows at boiling temperatures, its enzymes are highly thermostable. Three of these enzy
enzymatic hydrogen production. The goal of this research was to recombinantly express the Soluble Hydrogenase I protein complex within Escherichia coli and to obtain functional recombinant pr
was initially believed that this could be achieved within the host cell itself. However, a reconstitution experiment was developed to account for the influence of numerous chaperone proteins and to
vitro. The researcher found that protein expression could be maximized through the addition of iron to growth media and the increase of temperature beyond 37°C. The large and small su
successfully expressed in separate E. coli strains. Such strains did not catalytically produce hydrogen. Additionally, it was shown, through reconstitution experiments, that the large subunit canno
unaccompanied by other subunits. Conversely, the combination of purified large and small subunit proteins with the chaperones from P. furiosus yields functional hydrogen production. Enzymatic
research, could potentially revolutionize future hydrogen production. 
Honorable Mention Award American Chemical Society
2005 BI002
ASCORBIC ACID INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF LAMININ IN SCHWANN CELLS: APPLICATION FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION
Yahya Maqsood Mohammed
OWC Collegiate High School, Niceville, FL, USA
Peripheral nerve injuries affect over 1,000,000 people annually in the US, costing over $3.5 billion in medical care [1]. These injuries range from causing a loss of feeling to permanent paralysis.
for peripheral nerve injuries involves using nerve grafts from other parts of the body. However, several problems abound, including use of immunosuppressant drugs, risk of disease spread, and li
techniques involve creating a scaffold tube, extracellular matrix, and Schwann cells implanted at injury site. However, there is the problem of biocompatibility and they rarely restore full function.<
was to determine if Ascorbic Acid has any effect on the levels of several structural and extracellular matrix proteins in cultured Schwann cells. To test the hypothesis, the Western blot and Immu
The Western blot method determines the total protein amount in Schwann cells, while the Immunofluorescence displays both the levels and the localization of Schwann cell proteins. The
had a very significant effect on the level of the extracellular matrix protein Laminin, which is essential for nerve regeneration. This finding was confirmed in both the Western blot and Immunofluor
also differed from the control and cells treated with ascorbic acid demonstrated increased accumulation of Laminin in the processes and on the exterior. The investigation was worthwhile
applications in regenerating nerves, for which Laminin is an essential component. 
Second Award of $500 American Physiological Society
2006 BI002
"LEAD TO GOLD...PLANTS TO PLASTICS," WHICH AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE WILL SATISFY THE 'TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE'?
Casey Jo Freeman
MidBuchanan RV, Faucett, Missouri, United States
The project was the result of a study that included research, observations, preliminary testing, modifications and retesting for plantbased polymers. The objective of the study was to determine a
agricultural plant used in a polymerization process and the hardness, tensile strength and biodegradability of the product. Preliminary testing of the separation, fermentation, condensation and ten
plaintain and potato polymers. The researcher pursued the study to obtain insight in one of the most exciting fields of the future. Testing instrumentation included the use of a distillation apparatus
instrument, the Instron machine, and the digital balance. Numerous raw data was collected, analyzed and summarized for the three plantbased polymers as well as wheat and soybeans. The dat
exhibited promising possibilities for the cornbased polymer as a useful renewable resource for plastic materials, which maintain applicable uses and biodegradability properties. The study does n
plantains, and potatoes, depending on the purpose of the plastic. The information for the study is considered to be important to the development of biodegradable polymers that are economically,
the 'triple bottom line,' for the future.
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2005 BI002
ASCORBIC ACID INDUCED ENHANCEMENT OF LAMININ IN SCHWANN CELLS: APPLICATION FOR PERIPHERAL NERVE REGENERATION
OWC Collegiate High School, Niceville, FL, USA
Peripheral nerve injuries affect over 1,000,000 people annually in the US, costing over $3.5 billion in medical care [1]. These injuries range from causing a loss of feeling to permanent paralysis.
for peripheral nerve injuries involves using nerve grafts from other parts of the body. However, several problems abound, including use of immunosuppressant drugs, risk of disease spread, and li
techniques involve creating a scaffold tube, extracellular matrix, and Schwann cells implanted at injury site. However, there is the problem of biocompatibility and they rarely restore full function.<
was to determine if Ascorbic Acid has any effect on the levels of several structural and extracellular matrix proteins in cultured Schwann cells. To test the hypothesis, the Western blot and Immu
The Western blot method determines the total protein amount in Schwann cells, while the Immunofluorescence displays both the levels and the localization of Schwann cell proteins. The
had a very significant effect on the level of the extracellular matrix protein Laminin, which is essential for nerve regeneration. This finding was confirmed in both the Western blot and Immunofluor
also differed from the control and cells treated with ascorbic acid demonstrated increased accumulation of Laminin in the processes and on the exterior. The investigation was worthwhile
applications in regenerating nerves, for which Laminin is an essential component. 
2010 BI002
ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN VS. ARTIFICIAL POLYMER
Taylor Christian Velarde
Kinetic polymers are used in industrial applications to lower the freezing point of liquids under certain temperature ranges. The purpose of this project was to determine if a naturally occurring antif
more effective than an artificial kinetic polymer in lowering the freezing point of water. My hypothesis was that the natural protein would be more effective than the artificial polymer in lowering the
differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) was used. This device measures the heat flow in and out of a liquid sample as it is cooled and heated. The protein and the polymer were diluted in a buffer
performed; one with the buffer solution as a control sample and two samples of each the protein and the polymer with two different concentrations: 1000 and 2500 parts per million. The DSC coole
minus 20 degrees and then heated it back to plus 20 degrees at a rate of 5 degrees per minute. Due to the supercooling effect, where a liquid can be cooled far below its freezing point without free
my hypothesis. The antifreeze protein was found to be as effective as the artificial polymer at lowering the freezing point of water. Its effect, even at different concentrations, w
conclusion, the AFP was as effective as the polymer.
Fourth Award of $500 Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2003 BI002
THE ROLE OF ANTHRAQUINONE IN THE CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC EFFECT OF THE LEAVES OF MORINDA CITRIFOLIA
Karen Andres Tumaneng
Waipahu High School, Waipahu, HI, United States
The purpose of this project was to determine whether anthraquinone could be the possible active reagent in the leaves of Morinda citrifolia (noni), responsible for healing superficial wounds.
0.25% anthraquinones in 95% ethanol were made and tested with broth cultures of Staphylococcus aureus and Aspergillus niger. The zones of inhibition, which determine the effectiveness of ant
agents, were measured after two days (48hour incubation for Staphylococcusplates). Twenty tests were conducted. The results showed that all three anthraquinones and noni extract w
aureus because their zones of inhibition were greater than those of the 95% ethanol. This could possibly mean that anthraquinone may be responsible for the antibacterial actions of the leaves.
effective against Aspergillus niger. The 0.25% anthraquinone had the greatest zones of inhibition, while the 1% anthraquinone had the least. This could mean that the optimum level of anthraquino
once it reaches 1%, anthraquinone probably loses its effectiveness as an antifungal agent. Since the results showed that noni leaves were not antifungal, the anthraquinone present in the leaves
anthraquinones used in this experiment. It was also possible that anthraquinone may not be present in noni because if it were, then the extract from the leaves should have at least shown zones
showed 95% significance and the results, therefore, were not due by chance. 
Fourth Award of $500 Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2006 BI002
"LEAD TO GOLD...PLANTS TO PLASTICS," WHICH AGRICULTURAL RESOURCE WILL SATISFY THE 'TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE'?
Casey Jo Freeman
MidBuchanan RV, Faucett, Missouri, United States
The project was the result of a study that included research, observations, preliminary testing, modifications and retesting for plantbased polymers. The objective of the study was to determine a
agricultural plant used in a polymerization process and the hardness, tensile strength and biodegradability of the product. Preliminary testing of the separation, fermentation, condensation and ten
plaintain and potato polymers. The researcher pursued the study to obtain insight in one of the most exciting fields of the future. Testing instrumentation included the use of a distillation apparatus
instrument, the Instron machine, and the digital balance. Numerous raw data was collected, analyzed and summarized for the three plantbased polymers as well as wheat and soybeans. The dat
exhibited promising possibilities for the cornbased polymer as a useful renewable resource for plastic materials, which maintain applicable uses and biodegradability properties. The study does n
plantains, and potatoes, depending on the purpose of the plastic. The information for the study is considered to be important to the development of biodegradable polymers that are economically,
the 'triple bottom line,' for the future.
Third Award of $50 Showboard, Inc.
2007 BI002
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION: EXPRESSION OF HYDROGENASES FROM THE HYPERTHERMOPHILE PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS
Clarke Central High School, Athens, GA, USA
Pyrococcus furiosus is a hyperthermophilic archaeon that grows optimally at 100°C. Because P. furiosus grows at boiling temperatures, its enzymes are highly thermostable. Three of these enzy
enzymatic hydrogen production. The goal of this research was to recombinantly express the Soluble Hydrogenase I protein complex within Escherichia coli and to obtain functional recombinant pr
was initially believed that this could be achieved within the host cell itself. However, a reconstitution experiment was developed to account for the influence of numerous chaperone proteins and to
vitro. The researcher found that protein expression could be maximized through the addition of iron to growth media and the increase of temperature beyond 37°C. The large and small su
successfully expressed in separate E. coli strains. Such strains did not catalytically produce hydrogen. Additionally, it was shown, through reconstitution experiments, that the large subunit canno
unaccompanied by other subunits. Conversely, the combination of purified large and small subunit proteins with the chaperones from P. furiosus yields functional hydrogen production. Enzymatic
research, could potentially revolutionize future hydrogen production. 
2012 BI002
HOW CAN BIODIESEL BE CREATED FROM DIFFERENT TYPES OF OIL (CANOLA, SOYBEAN, CORN, PEANUT, AND USED) AND WHICH OIL SOURCE IS THE MOST EFFICIENT COMP
Navin Buxani
Houston County High School, Warner Robins, GA
If a biodiesel is created from soybean oil, then it will be the most efficient. 1.Preheat oil;Put beaker on stirrer;Add Isopropyl Alcohol;Add Stir bar;stir;Add oil;Add Phenolthaline Solution <
color of solution changes and stays pink for 15 seconds;Determine the amount of lye added;Return unused lye to container;Dispose beaker content 3.Determine base amount of lye requi
required;Weigh it out 4.Add the premeasured lye to plastic container;Add Methanol;swirl;liquid clear;Add water;shake on oscillator;pour in separatory funnel;drain glycerin;wash bottlespr
separation of biodiesel and water;Settle;empty water;Repeat 5.Insert aerator tube;take out when biodiesel clear;keep biodieselroom temp. 6.Experiment:Wash empty soda can;cut in half
drinking hole;put drops of oil on top of wick so there is fuel to burn;Assemble calorimetertop half over bottom half 7.Pour water into erlenmeyer flask;put it on ring stand or mesh net on
as initial temp;put soda can below flask;place aluminumbottom of flask;light wick;fuel burn for 10 minutes;record temp every 2 minutes till 10 minutes;extinguish wick;repeat Data:Averag
Corn:11.25°C Canola:13.33°C Peanut:15°C Used:9.72°C Diesel:11.25°C Conclusion:Soybean Oil=most efficient;proves hypothesis correct;In futurecan try making biodiesel from jojoba,palm,coco
Also I could test animal fats including tallow,lard,yellow grease,chicken fat,etc;Could try making Biodiesel from Algae.
2014 BI003
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINE ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND NERVOUS SYSTEM OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Kate Hogan
Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, MO, United States of America
My goal in this project was to determine the effect on caffeine and the development and nervous system of drosophila melanogaster. To do this, I cultured flies with food that contained 0, 0.5, 1,
food. I counted the number of flies every other day to determine the effect of each dose of caffeine on lifespan. I found that as caffeine concentration went up, the fly death rate also increased.
RING Assay, which analyzed general nervous system functioning, specifically the upward geotaxis. I found that flies exposed to a higher dose of caffeine took longer to move upwards in their via
food with no caffeine. My third method was a protein gel. I isolated protein from the heads of flies exposed to each level of caffeine, then ran the protein through a gel. I found that flies that experi
smaller amount of several proteins than the control flies. Overall, my hypothesis was supported and I found that flies exposed to caffeine develop more slowly and have more nervous system imp
to caffeine.
2013 BI003
EFFECT OF HEAVY METAL IONS ON THE SUGAR METABOLISM IN THE MODEL ORGANISM BAKER'S YEAST!: INHIBITION OF GLYCOLYTIC ENZYMES
Robert Alexander Leonard Stanley Salzmann
Gymnasium Andreanum, Hildesheim, GERMANY
Goal of my biochemical project was to research effects that are comparable to human reactions by using yeast. In three experiment blocks, I researched the inhibitive effects of different heavy m
model organism baker's yeast – to elucidate the possible different mode of action: 1. For the quantitative experiments, I measured the metabolic activity by measuring the CO2 volume c
metals. I compared the inhibitive strengths of the metals to the yeast and also the inhibitive strength of ions of the same metal at different charging levels. I used Copper(II)sulfate, Copper(I)chlo
Generally the higher charged ions were more inhibitive, and copper was more inhibitive than iron. 2. In the qualitative experiments, I calculated approximately the point of a completely inh
to detect the substrate which collects in the solution, by using Fehling’s solution and a glucose test. The Fehling’s solution only showed a positive result when used on the fermented end result o
we need to know which intermediate can react as a reductant – I consider 5 of the 14 to have this reaction. Further elimination processes leave 3 positions for copper and 8 for the iron salts. 
completely inhibited metabolisms by separating the enzymeinhibitorcomplex using a strong chelating agent (EDTA). I succeeded only when using FeCl3. This might conclude for a reversible inh
2010 BI003
VACUOLAR MEMBRANE IS CRITICAL FOR REMOVING INTRACELLULAR ROS
Muhammad Akef AbuRmaileh
Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock, AR
The vacuole, the primary degradation compartment of the yeast cell, is regarded as the central and dynamic organelle for the proper functioning of the cell. Last year, the researcher found that tre
oxygen species, induces vacuole fragmentation. The researcher hypothesizes that tampering with the vacuolar membrane will accumulate in ROS. The cells were inoculated for 60 hours, allowed
viewed them under a fluorescent microscope. It is known that mutants (erg6Δ, nyv1Δ, etc) with fragmented vacuoles have shortened lifespan under caloric restriction, a wellestablished longevity
explored the relationship between intracellular ROS and longevity. Consistent with the researcher’s old observation, mutants (vps18Δ) with highly fragmented vacuoles accumulated high levels of
(rck1Δ) defective in cell’s response to oxidative stress did not show elevated intracellular ROS. Instead, the researcher found that intravacuolar degradation of lipids mediated by Atg15p is critica
Several longevity mutants (Perg6ERG2, Perg6OSH6) accumulated ROS in CR medium but not in YEPD medium. Introducing atg15Δ into Perg6OSH6 also accumulated ROS. Moreover, blocki
membrane by osh5Δ also induced accumulation of ROS in the longevity mutant Perg6ERG2. These observations suggest that the vacuolemediated degradation is a key step in relieving the intr
longevity.
2008 BI003
EXTRACTING DNA: SOAP VS. DETERGENT
Samantha Audell Rosemore
Booker T. Washington High School, Pensacola, FL
The problem was to discover which has more DNA: liquid soaps or liquid detergents? My hypothesis was that liquid soaps would produce more DNA strands than liquid detergents. To begin this p
salt, 70% 95% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol, meat tenderizer, a blender, measuring cups, a strainer, thin glass containers (test tubes), a stirring rod, three or more types of liquid soaps, and three o
The next step is to place the following items into the blender: 1/2 cup of peas (100 ml), 1/8 teaspoon of table salt (less than 1 ml), and 1 cup of cold water (200 ml). Next, you blend these items o
like a thin pea soup. Now, you must pour your new thin pea soup into another container (like a measuring cup) through a strainer. Then, you add 2 tablespoons (about 30 ml) of liquid soap or liquid
After mixing up your mixture, let the mixture sit for 5 10 minutes so that the mixture starts to form different layers. The next step after waiting is to pour the mixture into your thin glass container
you have to add a pinch of meat tenderizer to the mixture and gently stir with your glass rod. Then, you have to slowly pour about the same amount of 70% 95% isopropyl or ethyl alcohol as the
about 1/3 the volume of your thin glass containers. The final step now is to wait about 1 1 1/2 hours for the DNA to form in your mixture and then to observe and record your results. This experim
soap detergent had more DNA than liquid detergent. However, I was surprised to find that liquid detergent had almost no DNA at all except a few strands, but the liquid soaps had, at least, 2 3 tim
liquid soaps that I used, ULTRA Concentrated Joy dishwashing soap had the most DNA strands and All Small & Mighty laundry detergent had the least amount of DNA strands. I conclude that liq
detergents.
2009 BI003
CAN YEAST BE USED TO EXTRACT ETHANOL FROM NONI JUICE (MORINDA CITRIFOLIA)?
Kiana Wilson
Kahuku High School, Kahuku, HI
My project is the result of research to determine how much ethanol can be extracted from noni (morinda citrifolia) juice using yeast. Yeast is an inexpensive way to cause noni juice to ferment an
ethanol distillation pump called “eFuel100” can convert discarded wine into ethanol for about 10 cents a gallon. Since fermented noni juice could be considered as wine, I felt that it would be an ex
 Every plant has the potential of being converted into ethanol, but some are more efficient than others. Hopefully noni juice will have the potential to be converted into ethanol since it is a
energy source that can be produced on the site of a noni farm where it is harvested. The gas being produced is carbon dioxide, CO2 as a result of natural yeast spores that are all around. For eve
one molecule of ethanol produced also. The mixture must be greater than 50% ethanol to burn. In the old days, this was a test of whether a whiskey was good or not. If it burned, that was 100% p
consequently, pure ethanol is said to be 200 proof alcohol. The noni juice is most likely 50% or more carbohydrate. The yeast does not do well in fermenting carbohydrates alone, the carbohydrat
sugars for best fermentation so there should be some enzymes that can break it down into it's component sugars, which can then be fermented with yeast to produce ethanol. After the noni has b
remove the excess water from the ethanol so it can be used as a fuel for cars and for other types of engines.
2007 BI003
MOLECULAR DYNAMIC SIMULATION OF NEUROGLOBIN: ACTIVE SITE MUTATIONS AND TEMPERATURE EFFECTS
Laura Maria Lopez
Southwestern Educational Society Mayaguez, P.R.
Neuroglobin is a recently discovered member of the globin protein group that is associated to the transport of oxygen of the vertebrate brain. The unusual protein's six coordinate heme iron in its d
constants make it an intriguing and exciting system. Moreover, variations in temperature and mutations in the active site cause changes in the amount of oxygen that can be transported.
focused on the characterization of the changes in the structure of neuroglobin that occur when sitedirected mutations and increments in the temperature are performed. The experiment used mole
ran for 1 to 2 ns using the NAMD package. Several mutated neuroglobin systems were prepared by changing one of the heme pocket residues at positions E11 and B10. The B10 position was m
and E11 was mutated with arginine, glycine, and phenylalanine. the single mutated systems were analyzed by means of structural analysis. The root mean square deviation (RMSD)and radius of
the protein size and flexibility varies depending on the size of the amino acid that is used for the mutation. Also, the variation on the stavility of the protein at various temperatures was determined
molecules showed small changes in the size and flexibility. The results of this study showed that the structure of the protein changes with single point mutations and hence the amount of oxygen
2004 BI003
IS 2NPROPYLPIPERIDINE THE INSECT ATTRACTANT IN PURPLE PITCHER PLANT MUCILAGE?
Austin Hensel
Lincoln Park Academy. Fort Pierce Florida, United States
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if 2npropylpiperidine is the insect attractant in purple pitcher plant mucilage. The hypothesis tested was that 2npropylpiperidine is the insect at
The hypothesis was based on the fact that 2npropylpiperidine is found in large quantities in purple pitcher plant mucilage, and on supporting data from the previous year's project. 
from the leaf by shaking the leaf in distilled water. This mucilage extract, 2npropylpiperidine, and distilled water, were applied to flypaper attached to wooden stakes. These stakes were placed in
day. Attracted insects were counted and the most effective solution was determined. Then, 100 microliters of distilled water, distilled water and insecticide, mucus extract, and 2npropylpiperidin
containing aphid covered citrus leaves. The aphid death rate was counted and the most effective solution was determined. The results of the experiment support the hypothesis. It is hig
the insect attractant, as insects were equally attracted to 2npropylpiperidine and the purple pitcher plant solution and as the 2npropylpiperidine solution and the purple pitcher plant solution were
Additionally, all other possible insect attracting compounds in pitcher plant mucilage are present in significantly lesser quantities than 2npropylpiperidine Therefore, it can be concluded that 2np
purple pitcher plant mucilage. This is a major new discovery and could be extremely beneficial to the agriculture industry. 
2003 BI003
DESIGNING GENES
Michael Patrick Boniface
Satellite High School, Satellite Beach, Fl, United States
A genetic disorder that affects many humans worldwide named A1AT deficiency causes the absence or low serum level of A1Antitrysin. This disorder can, and in most cases will, result in emph
or death. The gene for A1antitrypsin and the pThioHis cloning vector were cut using a restriction enzyme digest containing Not1 and EcoR1 restriction enzymes. The linear fragment con
pThioHis cloning vector and transformed into a prokaryotic host (escherichia coli, SURE2 Supercompetent strain). IPTG was added to remove the repressor group and initiate expression of huma
experimental cells was sequenced. The sequence for human A1AT was found in the sequence from the experimental cells. Samples from the cells were taken and frozen at one hour intervals aft
ELISA process and analysis was performed to determine the concentration of A1AT in the control and experimental cells at all time points. The analysis of the ELISA procedure and lab
conclusions: The transformation procedure successfully incorporated the gene for human A1AT into the genome of the prokaryotic escherichia coli cells. The expression of A1AT in the experimen
respect to time while the expression of A1AT in the control cells remained linear with respect to time at nominal levels. This experimentation represents the first documented case of hum
engineered prokaryotic host cell. 
2005 BI003
HOW LONG WILL HUMAN EMBRYONIC KIDNEY CELLS EXPRESS A TRANSIENTLY TRANSFECTED GENE?
Bryan Christopher Bardin
Lakewood High School, St.Petersburg, FL, USA
Cellular biology is a field of science that is quickly evolving and now transcends levels previously thought possible. This project employs transient transfections, which is the process of introducin
cellular machinery drives expression of the target gene. Since the DNA of the vector does not get incorporated into the cellular genome, no permanent changes to the cell are thought to occur. "T
provides (scientists) with a powerful tool." (Methods in Molecular Biology, Eason Ph. D) In this project human embryonic kidney cells, ATCC HEK293T, were grown to confluency in a six well tiss
EGFPN1, pDsRedExpressN1, or the pGL3Control vectors in solution with Lipofectamine 2000 (Invitrogen) and incubated at 37 degrees C in 5% CO2 for 48 hours. The goal of this project is to a
human embryonic kidney cells express a transfected gene introduced by liposome mediated transfections. While little is known about the mechanics in which liposomes mediate the transient tran
advancement in this field here to fore. The cell cultures were monitored at specific time intervals for red fluorescence and green fluorescence as well as for light emitted in response from the reac
Fluorescence was determined using fluorescent microscopy and a visual check for the presence of the fluorescent protein. The results suggest that the human embryonic kidney cells used in this
about 28 days. Luciferase activity was detected for 32 days, and the increase likely reflects the increased sensitivity of the enzymecatalyzed reaction. These findings support my hypothesis, wh
transiently transfected gene would diminish over time.
2006 BI003
OLIGOMER BASE ADDUCTION AND CLEAVAGE AFTER EPOXIDE TREATMENT
Lindsey M. Hubley
Woods Cross High School, Woods Cross, Utah, United States of America
Glycidamide (GA) is the epoxide metabolite of acrylamide. People ingest acrylamide in food especially potato products cooked at high temperatures. This project was executed to identify
bone DNA damage caused by treatment with GA. 30 nucleotide oligomers of known base configuration were 32P labeled. MaxamGilbert G+A sequencing was completed as a
experiments, a 2 micromolar concentration was determined to provide visible results. Stand alone (not in a cell) 30mers reacted quickly with GA so incubation time at 37 degrees C was also redu
experiment. Base adduction with GA was revealed by the glycosylase/lyase FPG. FPG cut out the adducted bases and part of the backbone. These cleavage results were visualized wit
Electrophoresis and phosphor autoradiography. Strand scission by GA was revealed with piperidine treatment, PAGE, and autoradiography. GA formed base adducts predominantly with g
difficult on this gel. Significant strand breakage was revealed in experiment 3 by evenly grouped bands of DNA cleaved at each base position on the final experiment gel. Experiment 2 treatment
labels off the DNA backbone. A huge variable needing control was the effective desalting of the treated samples. Ethanol precipitation protocol was compared to a spin column method in
causes damage to guanine bases and produces strand breaks. 
2012 BI003
SMART CONOTOXIN DETECTION KIT BASED ON NOVEL SINGLECHAIN FRAGMENT VARIABLE ANTIBODY
Shengxing Yu
Fuzhou No.1 Middle School, Fuzhou, Fujian, CHINA
The highly poisonous conotoxin, a kind of neurotoxin excreted from conus, is a serious threat to marine products. Therefore it is an urgent need of a rapid, effective and sensitive conotoxin detec
This study cloned and expressed the CTX gene successfully. Total RNA was extracted from the CTX protein immunized mice and antibody heavy and light chain variableregions genes were cl
antibody (scFV) genes were synthesized using OEPCR. Synthesized scFV genes were cloned into phagemid vectors and transformed into E. coli to construct phage antibody library. An anti
screening the library. With the help of the single chain antibody and competitive ELISA technique, the conotoxin in the sample can be determined. Therefore, a conotoxin detection kit was develo
concentration was 0.01 ppm (with a range from 0.01 to 10 ppm), and there was no cross reaction to other types of toxin. This detection kit has been proved to be able to detect conotoxin rapidly,
Second Award of $1,000 International Association of Innovative Science and Technology (IAIST)
Third Award of $1,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2006 BI003
OLIGOMER BASE ADDUCTION AND CLEAVAGE AFTER EPOXIDE TREATMENT
Lindsey M. Hubley
Glycidamide (GA) is the epoxide metabolite of acrylamide. People ingest acrylamide in food especially potato products cooked at high temperatures. This project was executed to identify
bone DNA damage caused by treatment with GA. 30 nucleotide oligomers of known base configuration were 32P labeled. MaxamGilbert G+A sequencing was completed as a
experiments, a 2 micromolar concentration was determined to provide visible results. Stand alone (not in a cell) 30mers reacted quickly with GA so incubation time at 37 degrees C was also redu
experiment. Base adduction with GA was revealed by the glycosylase/lyase FPG. FPG cut out the adducted bases and part of the backbone. These cleavage results were visualized wit
Electrophoresis and phosphor autoradiography. Strand scission by GA was revealed with piperidine treatment, PAGE, and autoradiography. GA formed base adducts predominantly with g
difficult on this gel. Significant strand breakage was revealed in experiment 3 by evenly grouped bands of DNA cleaved at each base position on the final experiment gel. Experiment 2 treatment
labels off the DNA backbone. A huge variable needing control was the effective desalting of the treated samples. Ethanol precipitation protocol was compared to a spin column method in
causes damage to guanine bases and produces strand breaks. 
2005 BI004
THE ROLE OF PAXILLIN BINDING IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF MERLIN, THE NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE II TUMOR SUPPRESSOR
Poonam Kirti Kalidas
Lake Highland Preparatory, Orlando, FL, USA
Neurofibromatosis Type II (NF2) is a disorder that affects 1 in 40,000 people and causes the formation of schwannomas, meningiomas, and ependymomas of the nervous system. The hallmark o
bilateral vestibular schwannomas of the eighth cranial nerve, which often results in a loss of hearing, dizziness, and/or tinnitus. The schwannomas associated with NF2 are caused by a mutation
protein Merlin, or Schwannomin. Merlin has been characterized as a tumor suppressor, and its tumor suppressing abilities are regulated by phosphorylation. Therefore, the focus of this study is to
for Merlin phosphorylation by Pak at Serine518. Biochemical and cell biological approaches were used for this study. First, RT4 Schwannoma cells were transiently transfected with cDN
and immunoprecipitations and –blots were performed. Second, Normal Rat Schwann Cells were transiently transfected with cDNA encoding GFPtagged Merlin mutants and cells were fixed and i
is the essential site for PakRac/Cdc42 mediated phosphorylation at S518. Without PBD1, phosphorylation levels drop by roughly 90%. When phosphorylated, Merlin becomes an inactive tumor s
Therefore, phosphorylation must be regulated in order o suppress tumors. These results can hopefully aid in the creation of a drug or treatment that will inhibit Pak phosphorylation as a treatment
2006 BI004
BOVINE AGE VERSUS CHEESE QUALITY
Guinevere Patricia Ellen Bitker
WestbrookWalnut Grove High School, Westbrook, MN, United States
The reason I chose to do this project is because I wanted to see if the age of the cow had an effect on the quality of the cheese that is produced. I did this by first milking the cows. Then
starter cultures, made from Mesophilic A and Mesophilic M bacteria cultures. Then I pressed the cheeses after separating the curds from the whey. Then I waxed the cheeses and let them age. I
wheels to do testing on them. I tested the meltability, the percent moisture content, the density, the crumble and the pH of each cheese sample. I have not yet found any set results because my
not have any set results until the desired age is reached which is approximately seven years.
2003 BI004
GENERATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RESPIRATORYDEFICIENT YEAST COX17 AND CYTOC1 MUTANTS
Geoffrey Allen Vargish
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, FL, USA
This project was developed in order to create a mutation in cytochrome c oxidase subunit 17 (COX17) and CYTOC1 of the electron transport chain in respiratory – deficient Saccharomyces cerev
sensitivity to reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen was then done using exposure to .1 mM Nitrotyrosine and 1 mM Paraquat. The mutants were created by extracting the pADCL plasm
the Leucine (Leu) gene and primers through PCR and through transformation and homologous recombination the PCR product was incorporated into the mitochondria. Results were based on grow
was then developed to test the inhibition of Cytochrome c oxidase in the COX17 mutant. Results were measured by absorbance at 550 nm. Following this test the mutated yeast, ATP2Ä, COX17
were exposed to.1 mM Nitrotyrosine and 1 mM Paraquat. Results were measured in percent viability, which was determined by the number of colonies at the zero hour divided by the number of c
After five attempts of transformation the mutation was completed and proved both phenotypically and genotypically for COX17 but not for CYTOC1. Results of the assay came back inconclusive
properly inhibited. Percent viability results were as expected for all mutants except for COX17Ä, which showed a significantly enhanced sensitivity to reactive oxygen (1 mM Paraquat).
done to determine the full cause of the enhanced sensitivity. 
2007 BI004
COMPUTERASSISTED IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS: PHASE 3 OF A TWOYEAR INVESTIGATION
Paul Frederick Baranay
Marian High School, Mishawaka, Indiana, USA
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) are opposing enzymes responsible for, respectively, the suppression and expression of DNA. Although HDACs are ess
recruitment has been correlated to the growth of cancerous tumors. HDAC inhibitors disrupt the HDACHAT cycle, causing apoptosis and differentiation and thereby eliminating the tumor.
key elements of a targeted anticancer drug therapy. Although many HDAC inhibitors have already been identified, the search for even more effective inhibitors continues. In this experiment, virtu
analyze a library of neverbeforeinvestigated molecules and determine their effectiveness as HDAC inhibitors. The virtual screening program AutoDock 3.0, which employs a Lamarckian genetic
this library to two isoforms of the HDAC enzyme, HDAC6 and HDAC8. Of the compounds investigated, one of themdesignated as molecule #0017was shown to be an extraordinarily e
HDAC8. It bound to HDAC6 and HDAC8 with extremely low energies: 6.05 x 10^5 kcal/mol and 6.90 X 10^5 kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, for both isoforms, molecule #0017 favored configur
was just 1.4 angstroms to 2.5 angstroms away from the HDAC's active site, indicating direct inhibition. Molecule #0017 is without a doubt well worth further investigation through both virtual scree
2007 BI004
COMPUTER ASSISTED IDENTIFICATION OF NOVEL HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS: PHASE 3 OF A TWOYEAR INVESTIGATION
Paul Fredrick Baranay
Marian High School, Mishawaka, IN, USA
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) and histone acetyltransferase (HAT) are opposing enzymes responsible for, respectively, the suppression and expression of DNA. In excess, however, HDACs can c
HDACHAT cycle, causing apoptosis and differentiation and thereby eliminating the tumor. Although many HDAC inhibitors have already been identified, the search for even more effective inhibito
virtual screening software was used to analyze a library of neverbeforeinvestigated molecules and determine their effectiveness as HDAC inhibitors. The virtual screening program AutoDock 3.0
library to two isoforms of the HDAC enzyme, HDAC6 and HDAC8. Of the compounds investigated, one of them—identified as molecule #0017—proved to be an extraordinary inhibitor of
HDAC6 and HDAC8 with phenomenally low energies: 6.05 x 10 to the fifth and 6.90 x 10 to the fifth kcal/mol, respectively. Moreover, for both isoforms, molecule #0017 favored configurations w
between just 1.4 to 2.5 Ǻ away from the HDAC’s active site, indicating direct inhibition. Molecule #0017 is without a doubt wellworth further investigation both through virtual screening and in vivo
2008 BI004
CAFFEINE: THE HIDDEN RISK
William Wilford Heise IV
Canterbury School, Fort Myers, FL
The purpose of this project was to determine what effects caffeine has on daphnia and to compare these results to similar experiments with humans. If the researcher exposes daphnia to differen
researcher predicts that the daphnia’s heart rates will increase when exposed to stronger solutions and these results will be consistent with research done by doctors on humans. The experiment
solutions of caffeine: 25mg/ounce; 12.5mg/ounce; and 6.25mg/ounce. Each individual daphnia was exposed to a solution for two minutes, and the heart rate counted for thirty seconds.
minute of the daphnia: no caffeine, average heart rate of 266.3; 6.25mg per ounce solution, average heart rate of 334.2; 12.5mg/ounce solution, average heart rate of 339.8; and 25mg per ounce s
deaths of the daphnia were as follows: no caffeine no deaths; 6.25mg per ounce solution 2 deaths; 12.5mg per ounce solution 4 deaths; and 25mg per ounce solution 5 deaths. These result
subjects. The hypothesis was partially proven correct. The results showed that caffeine did greatly increase the heart rate of daphnia which corresponded partially to doctor’s studies. However the
steadily with a higher concentration of caffeine.
2012 BI004
IDENTIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ATYPICAL SNARE COMPLEXES IN PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM
Preethi Raghavan
Asexual forms of the malaria parasite P. falciparum exhibit several unusual vesicle transport pathways that are likely to be crucial for their intracellular survival in human erythrocytes. Vesicle targ
require an ordered assembly of distinct sets of SNAREs between specific transport vesicles and their target compartments. SNAREs are classified as R or QSNAREs based on the presence of
in their core motifs. Assembly of fusioncompetent SNARE complexes in vivo is a highly selective process requiring the participation of at least one RSNARE and three QSNAREs. In
SNARE complexes in P. falciparum, the combinatorial binding specificities of two Plasmodium RSNAREs, PfVAMP7 and PfVAMP8 will be analyzed. In order to do so, in vitro binding assays wi
Western analysis. To confirm the results of this assay in vivo CoImmunoprecipitation analysis followed by mass spectrometry will be utilized to identify binding partners. Both of these methods i
Preliminary data does suggest the presence of a transSNARE complex. A Far Western analysis run with PfVAMP7 does indicate interactions at the following binding QSNARE spots: PfBet1, P
PfVti1. To confirm these results, a CoImmunoprecipitation will be run and sent out for mass spectrometry. Further experimentation and analysis will delineate the transSNARE complexes forme
2013 BI004
THE SELFASSEMBLY AND GROWTH OF MODEL PROTOCELL MEMBRANES
Kirstine la Cour
Munkensdam Gymnasium, Kolding, DENMARK
What is life? How did it emerge on Earth? Is it possible to create artificial life? The advancements of science and technology have enabled scientists of our time to be within a striking dis
imitating the fundamental characteristics of life. The term “protocell” denotes simple, artificially constructed celllike systems composed of three essential components: a metabolism, an
These components are all required for the properties of selfmaintenance, reproduction and the ability to evolve the hallmarks of a living system. The focal point of this project is the con
component. The container should be created from a prebiotically relevant compound and should furthermore exhibit the ability to selfassemble and grow. The container will consist of two
and decanoic acid, which have been chosen because of the likelihood of their presence on early earth. The actual membrane growth is accomplished by injecting decanoic acid micelles into an o
the lipid molecules from the micelle structures to incorporate into the vesicle bilayer, thereby causing an increase in volume. Undertaking a number of pilot tests has provided a collection
insights to the experimental procedures, thus laying the foundation for future improvements and extensions of the system. The project thereby contributes to the ongoing developing of th
further examination of living systems and their origin on Earth.
2014 BI004
COPPER CHELATION AS A POSSIBLE ATHEROSCLEROSIS TREATMENT: FINDING THE OPTIMAL THERAPY
Mashad Arora
Science Academy of South Texas, Mercedes, TX, United States of America
About 600,000 people die of heart disease in the United States every year. Atherosclerosis (the deposition of fatty plaques in the arteries) is the underlying cause of heart disease, and copper is k
development. Copper chelation involves adding compounds called chelators to the blood to form complexes with copper and prevent it from reacting, thus reducing its effective concentration. Sin
copper from the bloodstream, it has potential as a new therapy for atherosclerosis. Five chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cyclohexanediaminetetraacetic acid (CDTA), diethylen
tetrathiomolybdate, and penicillamine) were tested for their effectiveness in chelating two forms of copper: (1) unbound copper ions in a solution with other metal ions and (2) copper ions bound to
with other metal ions. Effective copper concentration was measured after chelation occurred using two assays: diethyldithiocarbamate/DDC (used to test both forms of copper) and bicinchoninic a
BSA only). While the DDC assay produced varied results, it was clear from the BCA assay that EDTA was the most effective in copper chelation. Statistical analyses were conducted, and it was
effective in specifically chelating copper in a solution with other metal ions, followed by DTPA, tetrathiomolybdate, penicillamine, and lastly CDTA.
2010 BI004
WEAVING HEALTH: THE WEAVING OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES FROM THE OOTHECA OF THE SPIDER, PHONEUTRIA NIGRIVENTER
Leonardo de Oliveira Bodo
Dante Alighieri, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
Increasingly we find that antibiotics lose their healing ability. This job talks about an investigation for new sources of antibiotics, trying to reach the demand for generic drugs. An hypothe
were that should be some type of antimicrobial molecule in the spiderweb, since it is used to capture preys and needs to be prepared for the prevention of fungus and bacteria contamination. Furt
some Brazilian popular cultures apply the spider web to serious injuries as a mean of antimicrobial protection. The methodology of the project was based on the research for antibiotics in
nigriventer spider, which is silk constructed. The HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used for purifications processes, separating the molecules from a matrix through spectrop
tests that confirmed the antimicrobial activity of these spider webs using microplates in a sterile environment, were made. For the molecules that showed activity against microorganisms the seq
made. At the end of the tests was observed observed that three samples obtained from the purification of the raw material from Phoneutria nigriventer ootheca showed activity against the
grampositive. New tests had been done to show the activity of molecules that act against the Candida albicans yeast.
First Award of $500 American Society of Pharmacognosy
2011 BI004
TYPE 2 DIABETES IN THE AGE OF EPIGENETICS: DIET TAKES OVER!
Sailee Yadav
James W. Martin High School, Arlington, TX
Type 2 diabetes and obesity are major public health priorities because of their high prevalence and incidence in the U.S. population. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
raises a vital need for a change of course in type 2 diabetes. Although the mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes are incompletely understood, epigenetics have recently been establish
biochemical modifications that govern epigenetics are DNA methylation and histone modifications; these processes are catalyzed by the enzymes DNA methyl transferases (DNMTs) and histone
project, we checked the effect of dietary constituents on epigenetics based on our hypothesis that nutrition is the main player in the epigenetic repertoire which regulates gene expression and alte
epigenetic modifications. We profiled how dietary factors contribute to epigenetics by checking the activity of DNMTs, HMTs and DNA methylation of CpG island of selected genes (SMC
(HEK293) treated with vitamins, glucose, free fatty acids, cholesterol and 4hydroxynonenal, a byproduct of unsaturated fatty acids. Our preliminary results showed that diet affects the expressio
and standard deviation of three independent experiments was calculated. Our data indicates that nutrition alters epigenetics in cultured cells. Since epigenetic changes often precede disease path
food/supplements that switch on good genes and switch off bad genes epigenetically and prevent the population from obesity and type 2 diabetes.
2010 BI004
WEAVING HEALTH: THE WEAVING OF ANTIMICROBIAL SUBSTANCES FROM THE OOTHECA OF THE SPIDER, PHONEUTRIA NIGRIVENTER
Dante Alighieri, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
Increasingly we find that antibiotics lose their healing ability. This job talks about an investigation for new sources of antibiotics, trying to reach the demand for generic drugs. An hypothe
were that should be some type of antimicrobial molecule in the spiderweb, since it is used to capture preys and needs to be prepared for the prevention of fungus and bacteria contamination. Furt
some Brazilian popular cultures apply the spider web to serious injuries as a mean of antimicrobial protection. The methodology of the project was based on the research for antibiotics in
nigriventer spider, which is silk constructed. The HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) was used for purifications processes, separating the molecules from a matrix through spectrop
tests that confirmed the antimicrobial activity of these spider webs using microplates in a sterile environment, were made. For the molecules that showed activity against microorganisms the seq
made. At the end of the tests was observed observed that three samples obtained from the purification of the raw material from Phoneutria nigriventer ootheca showed activity against the
grampositive. New tests had been done to show the activity of molecules that act against the Candida albicans yeast.
2009 BI004
CHARACTERIZATION OF A BIOPHYSICS MODEL TO EVALUATE REGULATION OF THE P53 PROTEIN
Pranali H Dalvi
International Baccalaureate at Bartow High School, Bartow, FL
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia in the elderly. This protein misfolding disease, or proteopathy, results when amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved by the gam
fragments which accumulate as senile plaques of the beta amyloid protein, a hydrophobic 3943 residues amino acid peptide. These senile plaques cause the devastating symptoms associated w
memory loss, and language breakdown. A series of biochemical events cause multicellular organisms to initiate a process of programmed cell death termed apoptosis. p53 is a 53 kilodalton prote
apoptosis when DNA damage is irreparable. The p53 protein's primary function is to regulate the cell cycle and to conserve genomic stability by preventing mutation. p53 activation, in response to
the halflife of the p53 protein which leads to the aggregation of p53 and (2) a conformational change of the p53 protein which forces the protein to assume the role of a transcription regulator due
domain. Therefore, p53 acts as a tumor suppressor protein and prevents carcinogenesis. Excessive apoptosis is proposed to characterize neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease and P
hypothesized that an upregulation of the p53 protein would be characteristic of cells with the Alzheimer’sassociated APP mutation. By Western Blot analysis and causal mapping, the level of p53
biochemical interactions were elucidated, respectively.
2004 BI004
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF HUMAN EPIDERMAL STEM CELLS
Stefan Vitorovic
Blanche Ely High, Pompano Beach Florida, USA
The role of Notch signaling in the regulation of growth and differentiation of epithelial stem cells is poorly understood. While specific markers for epidermal stem cells have not yet been identified;
of cell growth and differentiation, has shown to be differentially expressed in interfollicular epidermal stem cells. This study sought to demonstrate the presence and distribution of Notch and its lig
stem cells, and thereby characterize this subpopulation. Human neonatal foreskin samples were used to obtain isolated epidermal cells. Cells that were shown to be negative for connex
for keratin14, a basal marker, were classified as presumptive stem cells (PSC). This sorted subpopulation was shown to be small and agranular by flow cytometry analysis. After two weeks in ce
potential three times greater than nonsorted cells. The PSC exhibited increased expression of Delta and Jagged ligands than the general population. Additionally, RTPCR analysis confirmed the
only Jagged was observed in immunohistochemistry tests. Notch components were identified in the epidermis at the cell, protein, and mRNAlevel. The data suggests that variations in Notch lig
potential markers for stem cells of the epithelium; however, further research is necessary to make definitive conclusions, which would provide better insight into Notch regulatory pathways, allowi
 
Third Award of $1,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
Trip to Taiwan to attend the Taiwan International Science Fair in February, 2005 National Taiwan Science Education Center
2013 BI005
I GOT C: A STUDY OF EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE AND SONICATION ON THE STABILITY OF VITAMIN C IN DEAERATED FRESH ORANGE JUICE USING TITRATION
Nirva Vassa
Seminole High School, Sanford, FL
A novel study was designed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural inhibitor of pectin methylesterase, on Vitamin C retention in deaerated fresh orange juice under s
kinetics of Ascorbic Acid (AA) degradation in deaerated fresh OJ with and without EGCG in amber glass containers at different sonication treatment times using titration. AA levels were
method. The iodine was standardized with a known AA concentration. Starch was used as an indicator to determine the amount of AA present in OJ. Experiments were conducted over 10 days a
 Results indicated that the retention of Vitamin C in deaerated fresh OJ is dependent on EGCG and sonication treatment times. A ttest concluded that the addition of EGCG to deaerated OJ
significant effect on Vitamin C retention. AA deterioration in samples ranged from 2.18% to 9.12% after 10 days. OJ at 30 minutes of sonication with EGCG retained the most amount of Vitamin C
sonication and EGCG retained the least. EGCG, sonication treatment times and deaeration appear to have an additive effect on Vitamin C retention. Kinetic study reveals that AA in fresh OJ follo
in OJ with EGCG follows both zero and first order reaction rate laws. The study has processing and packaging applications for preservative free OJ fortified with EGCG; introduction of a
deaerator to store fresh OJ at home for the health conscious society; an innovative home kit with titration app for consumer use; and food science applications for the Space Industry.
2012 BI005
DENITRIFICATION PREVENTION IN AN AQUAPONICS SYSTEM
Abraham Kwan
Moanalua High School, Honolulu, HI
Aquaponics system was developed for use in the Pacific Islands, and has been estimated to generate six times as much produce per unit of land while only using around 2% of the water compar
methods. Fish eat feed and produce nitrogenous waste in the form of ammonia. This is broken down by autotrophic bacteria called Nitrosomonas bacteria, converted to nitrite, then nitrate, by Nitr
oxygen declines to around 1 mg/L, the aerobic nitrifying bacteria are inactive and the anaerobic denitrification heterotrophs convert nitrate into nitrogen gas, which is then lost into the atmosphere.
fish for the system. Two aquaponics systems were set up, A and B. Both tanks were filled with 200 L of water, aerated with a 50W pump, and stocked with 2.5 kg of tilapia. Tray B was a
were then sprouted and distributed to the two systems. Water chemistry was done twice a week to determine ammonium, nitrite, dissolved oxygen, and nitrate. At the end of the experiment, a Tt
dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and mass of plant growth. Significant difference in the dissolved oxygen and nitrate levels were in the two trays with p=8.6x1017 and p=0.05 respectively. However, the
p=0.09. The nitrate level obtained was 20 mg/L and apparently this is still an acceptable level for the plants to grow. This experiment proves that denitrification occurs at the 3 mg/L levels of oxyg
levels are adequate for plant growth.
2010 BI005
THE EFFECT OF AMYLOID BETA EXPOSURE ON PROTEIN SUMOYLATION IN MOUSE ASTROCYTES
Jessica Mingming Lee
York High School, Yorktown, VA
The purpose of this experiment was to observe the effects of amyloidbeta 42 exposure with time as a variable on protein SUMOylation in mouse astrocytes, imitating pathological conditions foun
(AD). SUMO is a protein found in all animal cells that regulates the activities of other protein, and amyloidbeta 42 is found in higher concentrations in the brains of AD patients. Astrocytes recent
greater role in AD, so they were the type of cells used. The experimental method was then tested using H2O2 as the variable in order to verify that it worked. SUMOylation levels decrea
previous research done. The astrocytes were then exposed for either 0 minutes, 30 minutes, 1 hour, or 4 hours. The samples were lysed, and a Western Blotting technique was implemented in or
they were marked with fluorescent antibodies and measured using an infrared scanner. The experiments showed that SUMOylation increased significantly and peaked at 1 hour exposure
levels decreased back to control levels at 4 hours, indicating that the effects were not longterm. The results showed that amyloidbeta 42 did have an effect on protein SUMOylation, wh
processes that can aggravate AD. The next step would be to find out what proteins SUMOylation with amyloidbeta exposure affects and possibly developing a drug to block this increase in the e
2011 BI005
EXAMINING THE EFFECTS OF NITRIC OXIDE ON MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE
Tiancheng Zhang
Pulaski Academy, Little Rock, AR
A significant factor in renal allograft rejection is the nitration and subsequent inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase. Manganese superoxide dismutase is an antioxidant enzyme which
in check to prevent oxidative stress. Nitric oxide, which is presumed to play a major role in the inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase, is an inorganic radical and signaling molecule; up
forms peroxynitrite, which has been shown to severely inhibit manganese superoxide dismutase activity through the nitration of key tyrosine residues of manganese superoxide dismutase. Snitro
donor, is suspected to be a significant factor in the inactivation of manganese superoxide dismutase. The results of an in vitro assay using a spectrophotometer to measure the rate of reduction o
level concludes that snitrosoglutathione does not yield a statistically significant impact on manganese superoxide dismutase activity in the presence or the absence of superoxide generated by x
course of the sample treatment as compared through a twosample ttest. Therefore, our results suggest that the hypothesized reaction pathway of snitrosoglutathione donating nitric oxide to rea
incorrect due to negligible peroxynitrite formation concluded by the absence of a statistically significant reduction in activity. Ultimately, while snitrosoglutathione may still play a role in the inactiv
dismutase, it is not through a direct reaction pathway or an indirect reaction pathway involving interaction with superoxide present.
2009 BI005
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF ENZYME TREATMENT ON NATURAL FIBERS: FOCUSING ON DYE ABILITY AND TENSILE STRENGTH
This project examined the effectiveness of enzyme treatment on spun silk fiber, yak fiber, and silk and yak blends. This project explores ways to find a process that is environmentally safe, reus
the process legal, the costs down, and the quality at its peak. The treatments used on the fibers included a bleaching and enzyme treatment. The fibers are first added to the bleaching
pretreatment. After the pretreatment is complete, the enzyme treatment takes place. The enzyme treatment has varied temperatures. The fibers are treated at the lowest temperature ha
fibers were smoothened; however, the yak fiber still had some remaining scales. The silk fiber was completely degummed. While the blend showed the same results as both the silk and yak fiber
The treatments and dyeing weakened the fibers, but, not to the extent that the fibers would lose overall quality. Blending the silk and yak fibers significantly improved the quality of both fibers.
in the textile industry, since there will be no need to produce new solutions for every treatment. Due to the low ideal temperature, the fibers can be treated together, and can provide for an energy
experiment, different enzymes or protein fibers could be used. An addition continuation may include blends of protein fibers with synthetic or cellulose fibers.
2006 BI005
TRANSIENT GENE EXPRESSION IN HEK293 CELLS: EFFICACY OF LIPOSOMAL TRANSFECTION FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION BY SUSPENSION CULTURES
Yueyang Li
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD, USA
Recombinant proteins (rproteins) are potent but expensive components of pharmaceuticals used in the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. To counter the rising costs and shortages of r
method must be developed for the largescale production of rproteins. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate the efficacy of liposomal transfection for largescale protein production in susp
cells were transfected using lipid, calciumphosphate, and polymerbased methods. Various cell lines, transfection media, and media components were also tested. The protein yield by suspens
attained using the traditional adherentmode cells. This study demonstrates that the liposomal vector, lipofectamine, is not suitable for the largescale transfection of cells in suspension. The data
line/FreeStyle medium transfection system allows for higher protein yield regardless of transfection vector. Ultimately, recombinant proteins were produced at a faster rate, a significantly reduced
findings hold implications for the greater affordability and availability of medical drugs.
2003 BI005
PRESERVATIVES: HELP OR HINDRANCE?
Benjamin Ross Fruits
JW Mitchell High School , New Port Richey, FL, USA
This research was conducted to determine if preservatives in food – specifically sodium benzoate – would have an effect on living organisms. By adding a preservative/water solution to
was hypothesized that preservatives would have an adverse affect on the organisms. The first step was to research the most common preservatives found in foods. Plants and material
obtained. The preservative was acquired after talking to bakers and pharmacists. Solutions of equal parts, 5 ml preservative mixed with 5ml water and 10 ml plain water were prepared. Plants wer
in color, size, and appearance were monitored and recorded during three trials. In week one, no changes were evident. In week two, plants watered with preservatives showed signs of st
Leaves on plants watered with preservatives were curling and color was fading. During week three, in plants watered with sodium benzoate, color variations began to appear, changes were definiti
without preservatives showed little color change and minimal withering. Although more experimenting is needed to be conclusive, this shows that there is something in preservatives that affect liv
the experiment verified my hypothesis. The plants watered with preservatives showed signs of stress: color change, withering, and deterioration. Plants watered without preservatives showed no
preservatives appear to have an adverse effect on living organisms. 
2004 BI005
HEME PROTEIN MOIETY: SYMBIOSIS BEWTEEN LUCINA PECTINATA AND CHEMOAUTOTROPH BACTERIA
Alexandra Marie Saavedra
Southwestern Educational Society, P.O. Box 40, Mayaguez P.R. 00681
One of the mysteries of the deep sea fauna of the hydrothermal vents may be addressed by studying 'Lucina pectinata'. Of the three hemoglobins in its gills, hemoglobin I (HbI) has been the only
sulfide (H2S). This permits the clam to survive in the black sulfide mud of mangroves swamps in Puerto Rico. Hemoglobin I is also isolated with a cysteine rich protein (PCys) at the active site th
H2S. This study pretended to determine the interaction between HbI and HbIPCys with various concentrations of H2S. Comparisons of the HbI and HbIPCys affinity for H2S were used to determi
 The ctenidias were processed, homogenized, centrifuged, submitted to size exclusion chromatography and Amicon ultrafiltration to obtain hemoglobin I with the cysteine rich protein (HbIPCy
obtain hemoglobin I (HbI). Both products were diluted. Once titrated, hydrogen sulfide was diluted to different concentrations. Stoppedflow kinetic data provided the association rate (Kon). Data fr
calculate the disassociation rate (Koff). Data suggested that Kon and Koff for HbI were smaller than for HbIPCys, respectively. When calculated, HbI had a greater constant of affinity (2
(3.49x10^6) suggesting that the protein may modulate the affinity for hemoglobin I.
2005 BI005
ABP1, A HOMOLOGUE OF THE HUMAN CENPB PROTEIN, IS REQUIRED FOR EFFICIENT INITIATION OF DNA REPLICATION IN THE FISSION YEAST S.POMBE
Cristina Victoria Fernandez
Pine Crest School, Ft. Lauderdale Fl, United States of America
abp1, a protein found in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe), has been shown to bind to several sites of the ARS (autonomously replicating sequence) element ars3002 origin (3).
origins of replication suggests that it may have roles in DNA replication. In this study analysis of DNA content shows that Äabp1 mutants arrest before the initiation of replication. Yeast two hybri
between abp1 and cdc23, an established replication initiation protein, suggesting that the two proteins interact and are involved in the initiation of replication. Results from viability tests show that
synthetically lethal. With proof of both a genetic and physical interaction of abp1 with cdc23, abp1 is implicated in having a key role in the initiation of replication. Previously abp1 has on
silencing. This investigation suggests a completely novel role of abp1 in the control of the cell cycle. Due to the significant level of amino acid sequence homology with its human homologue CEN
possible role for CENPB in the initiation of human DNA replication. 
2007 BI005
ISOLATION OF DIOSGENIN
Andrew DerryFarrell
Bradenton Preparatory Academy, Bradenton, FL, USA
My project involved trying to isolate the biologically important steroid, diosgenin, from a local species of air potato, dioscorea bulbifera. My hypothesis was if the local species of air potato contain
isolate it from the plant. In doing this project I would also get experience with advanced laboratory techniques. I used two different procedures to isolate diosgenin from the air potato.
ethanol followed by hydrolysis with 2N hydrochloric acid (HCl). The product was obtained by extraction with hexanes. In the second procedure I used 3.5N HCl to cleave the saponins in the plant
present using hexanes. I ended up with the same two component mixture in both procedures according to analysis by thin layer chromatography (TLC), and the same yield of material (0.
the analysis using ethyl acetate/hexanes as the solvent system and found two spots with retardation factors (Rf) of 0.09 and 0.27. I analyzed a commercial sample of diosgenin and it showed on
comparison of the TLC data indicated that neither component in these mixtures was diosgenin. The above data caused me to reject my hypothesis because there was no diosgenin in this species
analysis. Possible continuations of this work would to isolate and identify the two components in the extract and to analyze other species of air potato to see if they contain diosgenin.<b
2014 BI005
L ASPARAGINASE PRODUCTION FROM KEFIR: AN ALTERNATIVE FOR THE TREATMENT OF ACUTE LIMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA
Barbara Carolina Federhen
Fundacao Escola Tecnica Liberato Salzano Vieira da Cunha, Novo Hamburgo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
The LAsparaginase enzyme is largely used in the treatment of the people who have the acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). It transforms the energy source of the cancer cells, the LAsparagina
ammonia, products than cannot be digested by the cancer cells. Gradually the abnormal cell go dying. On the other hand, the Kefir grain is a microorganism colony that is good for the human hea
consumed and this grain is constituted by fungi and bacteria. The enzyme production is by biotechnological process because this I studied the enzyme production through the Kefir grain. To test
and the brew, I made culture medium to the screening of fungi and of bacteria. The culture medium was compound by the amino acid and an indicator, phenol red. Positive results to the enzyme
of the culture medium, that turns to pink because the ammonia liberation that confers the coloration in phenol red presence. I tested the grain of water and milk Kefir, being positive the both to the
brew also conferred a pink coloration, showing the production of the enzyme responsible to the catalysis of the amino acid hydrolyses. The brew filtered of water and milk Kefir also changed the m
indicates the potential of the enzyme being excreted into the extracellular medium.
Third Award of $1,000 Biochemistry
2008 BI005
A STEP TOWARDS CURING MALARIA: THE IDENTIFICATION AND POTENTIAL WEAKNESS OF HEME DETOXIFICATION PROTEIN
Laura Christine Vogelaar
Blacksburg High School, Blacksbburg, VA
When chloroheme is mixed with heme detoxification protein it causes the chloroheme to form a crystalline structure. A powder diffraction of the crystalline structure revealed that it matched the c
that a malaria parasite forms in its digestive vacuole. A powder diffraction of the commercially available chloroheme did not match with the calculated pattern of chloroheme. Recrystalliz
concentrated sodium chloroheme solution diffuse through dialysis tubing into a mixture of chloroheme dissolved in glacial acetic acid, tetrachloroethane, and pyridine while being heated to 120 de
diffraction of the recrystallized chloroheme matched the calculated pattern better, but a single crystal diffraction revealed that the structure is the same as documented, with different parameters.
lack of technology when it was discovered. The individual interaction between heme detoxification protein and chloroheme produces hemozoin; therefore the heme detoxification is respo
malaria. Because free heme is toxic to malaria, and the heme detoxification protein causes the heme to form hemozoin, the protein is vital to malaria’s ability to survive in red blood cells. Inhibitin
the malaria parasite could no longer live in red blood cells.
Fourth Award of $500 Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2005 BI006
EFFECT OF INCREASED FRUCTOSE2,6BISPHOSPHATE ON THE AKT LEVELS OF 293 CELLS
Kyrstin Timara Underbakke
Maranatha Christian Academy, Brooklyn Park, MN, USA
This project is to determine the effects of the bifunctional enzyme (6phosphofructo, 2kinase/fructose2, 6bisphosphotase), which increases the levels of fructose2, 6bisphosphate, on the activ
protein involved in other vital pathways that is farther downstream in the metabolic pathway. I hypothesized that increased amounts of fructose2, 6bisphosphate will increase the amount of phos
were run to determine the amount of total Akt and phosphorylated Akt in 293 cells (tissue cultured human kidney cells that are a standard in biochemistry) that had been either in a control group,
that does essentially nothing relevant to this experiment) as a control virus, and a group treated with a double mutant virus to increase the bifunctional enzyme. Each of these groups was divided
those treated with wortmannin which stops insulin, and those treated with insulin. The blots were developed and shown that, though the total Akt stayed about the same, the amount of activated A
groups was about the same, but the activated Akt in the double mutant group was considerably more than the others. In each of these groups, the group treated with insulin showed more activate
wortmannintreated cells showed very little to no activated Akt. My hypothesis was correct. Increased levels of F2, 6P2 increase the levels of activated Akt. 
2006 BI006
FUNCTIONALLY PREDICTIVE POSITIONS IN WATER AND GLYCEROL TRANSPORT PROTEINS
Corbin Andrew Burstein
Blanche Ely High School, Pomano Beach, Florida, United States
Aquaporins, aquaglyceroporins, and glycerol facilitators are three related families of membrane transport proteins, each with unique solute specificity. Since the discovery of the first aquaporin in
have grown substantially. With ready electronic access to the sequences and published functions, of roughly 57 in all, the researcher set out to create a systematic way of identifying the function
from only their sequence. Using PubMed, a NIH resource, 57 functionally assayed proteins were selected across multiple organisms (bacteria, plants, humans, etc.). SwissProt, EMBL, and Gen
sequences. Water specific proteins were lumped into the 'AQP' category, and proteins with any glycerol capacity were considered 'GlpF'. Then, the sequences were aligned through ClustalW, and
markers. Ten sites were identified based on similarity within a category, and difference towards the other. This was a major improvement over previous models, which accounted for fewer, weake
generally successful in predicting the functions of various proteins, but may possibly be limited to proteins related to those already within the model.
2007 BI006
XAF1C SENSITIZES CELLS TO TRAILINDUCED APOPTOSIS
Taylor Steven Conrad
Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA 71106 USA
Apoptosis, also called programmed cell death, is the highly regulated process by which individual cells self destruct. XAF1 (Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis associated factor 1) is a protein that ind
promotes apoptosis. A novel splice variant of XAF1, termed XAF1C, has been discovered that may also play a role in apoptosis. Many cancer cells express low levels of XAF1 [hereafter referr
accounting for their resistance to extracellular inducers of apoptosis released by the body’s immune system. One such inducer, TRAIL, is released by the body’s natural killer (NK) cells and sele
Low XAF1(A) expression could be a factor in TRAIL resistance among cancer cells. To determine the biological function of XAF1C, MDA231, MDA435, and PC3 cells stably transfect
XAF1(A) and XAF1C to compare their apoptotic response were cultured. Transfected cells were treated with TRAIL in different doses. Apoptotic response was measured indirectly as a reduction
cytometry. XAF1C expression caused a significant increase in sensitization to apoptosis when compared to XAF1(A) transfectants and control cell lines. This raises the possibility of u
combination treatment with other cancer therapeutic agents such as TRAIL to sensitize cells to apoptosis. 
2008 BI006
EXPLORING INTERACTION IN A CENTRIN SFI1P COMPLEX
Roberto Andres Rios
Centrin is a calcium binding protein containing 172 amino acids. Three human isoforms have been found: hcen3, associated with the spindle poles, hcen2 with centriole separation and duplication
and the first zygote division. The centrin gene has been linked to a phenotype known as vfl2 resulting from a single point mutation causing cell death. Recently, centrin¡¦s biological target protein
amino acids and twenty three binding sites for centrin. Like, centrin it localizes to the centrioles. Transformed Escherichia coli BL21 DE3 cells were grown using a fermentor in 2xYT med
bacterial culture reached log phase, they were induced with IsopropylDthiogalactoside to express hcen1 or mutant hcen1 (E105K). These proteins were isolated and purified by chromatographic
desired protein pooled. The purified proteins were then analyzed by UV spectroscopy, SDSPAGE, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and sent for MS analysis. Finally, hcen1Sfi1p21 and hc
ratio) were analyzed by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). In both cases the binding was exothermic and the thermodynamic data for hcen1Sfi1p21 was the following: N 1.33 ¡Ó 0.0165,
¡Ó 301.1 kcal/mol and ƒ´S 23.8 kcal/mol, while for hcen1(E105K)Sfi1p21 N 0.4 ¡Ó 0.0132, Ka 3.24 x105 ¡Ó 4.33 x 104 M1, ƒ´H 1.301 x 104 ¡Ó 536.5 kcal/mol and ƒ´S 19.3 kcal/mol), suggest
hcen1(E105K).
2011 BI006
ENERGY OF THE NOT SO DISTANT FUTURE
Victoria E Willcut
Puxico R8 High School, Puxico, MO
PEOPLE WHO ARE CONCERNED WITH GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND THE IMPACT OF THEIR ENERGY CHOICES ON OUR ENVIROMENT ARE STARTING TO REALIZE BIOGAS DIG
ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE. I WANTED TO HELP HOMEOWNERS CONSIDERING INVESTING IN A BIOGAS DIGESTER BETTER UNDERSTAND HOW TO INCREASE PRODUCTIO
DIGESTERS. MY EXPERIMENT WAS DESIGNED TO TEST WHICH MIXTURE OF MANURE AND BIOMASS ADDITIVE WOULD PRODUCE THE MOST BIOGAS. RESEARCH ON THIS SU
AMERICANS NEED TO OBTAIN MORE ENERGY SECURITY AND REDUCE THEIR NEED OF FOREIGN OIL IMPORTS. I GATHERED MY MANURE AND WEIGHED OUT THE EXACT AMO
SLURRY. I THEN ADDED MY INDEPENDENT VARIABLES INTO THE APPROPRIATE SLURRIES. I ASSEMBLED MY ERLYNMEYER FLASKS AND TUBING TO CREATE MY DIGESTERS.
ADDITIVE PRODUCED 89mL OF BIOGAS TOTAL FOR AN AVERAGE 17.8mL OF BIOGAS PER DIGESTER. THE SLURRY WITH BANANAS PRODUCED A TOTAL OF 206mL OF BIOGAS F
BIOGAS PER DIGESTER. THE SLURRY WITH VEGETABLE SCRAPS PRODUCED A TOTAL OF 48mL OF BIOGAS FOR AN AVERAGE OF 9.6mL OF BIOGAS PER DIGESTER. THE CONT
OF BIOGAS FOR AN AVERAGE OF 26.8mL OF BIOGAS PER DIGESTER. BASED ON MY DATA I CONCLUDED THAT MY HYPOTHESIS, OF IF YOU ADD BANANAS TOA BIOGAS DIGES
OUTPUT WILL INCREASE, HAD BEEN SUPPORTED. MY RESEARCH WOULD BE APPLICABLE TO ANY DIGESTER OWNER WHO WISHED TO INCREASE ENERGY PRODUCTION FOR
SLURRY ADDITIVE COULD BE MANUFACTURED TO HELP WITH THIS PROCESS.
2012 BI006
DOES THE RESIN CONTENT IN PINE FEEDSTOCK AFFECT ENERGY OUTPUT? YEAR THREE
Holly Linn Tucker
This experiment was to determine if the resin content in biomass feedstock would have a positive effect on energy output. Three samples were selected which include North Florida slash, High G
samples were chosen first, because slash pine is commercially significant to the South East. Second, Lighter wood would be an extreme comparison because this wood is known for its high resin
it would fall between the previous two samples because it was developed in the late 1970’s for its increased resin content; developed for the naval industry. After my initial testing, comparing, the
difference between Lighter wood when compared to the other two feedstock. I can also determine that there was no significant difference between north Florida slash and High Gum Yield slash. P
significant difference between all three feedstock. When individually tested to their own pre and post extraction outputs the Lighter wood and High Gum yield slash had a very low ttest which indi
while north Florida slash had a slight drop in energy output but was not a significant difference. My results show that my hypothesis was correct because at least one of the feedstock’s energy ou
others. Then, two of the three feedstock showed a significant drop after resin extraction.
2014 BI006
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF BETALACTAM STABILIZATION IN THE NTERMINAL DOMAIN OF SILK FIBROIN
Kevin Paul Fialkowski
Arkansas School for Mathematics, Sciences and the Arts, Hot Springs, AR, United States of America
An important area of pharmaceutical research is the formulation of a stabilized antibiotic that does not require cold storage, which holds promise of reducing costs and providing much needed relie
the world. Recently, researchers have concluded that a silk protein biomaterial is capable of stabilizing antibiotics within silk fibroin’s βsheet structure. Characterizing the interactions between an
compound binding interactions to fibroin. It was proposed that there would exist a correlation between the molecular weight of a betalactam antibiotic and the docking energy (∆G) of its interaction
parameters studied included compound volume, surface area, hydrogen bonding to fibroin, partition coefficient, and apolar and polar desolvation energies. Through the use of a computational chem
characterize the binding sites, molecular interactions between the silk protein and antibiotic were quantified and visualized using SwissDock, ZINC, and Chimera software. Seventyfive different a
upon specific fibroin residues that were shared through hydrogen bonding. Three distinct binding sites were discovered that had in common the ARG66, LYS79, or ILE73 residues respectively.
specific trends supporting correlation were found between both molecular weight and ∆G and between polar desolvation energy and ∆G, with up to 50% of the variation in ∆G being statistically att
up to 56% of the variation in ∆G being statistically attributable to polar desolvation energy.
2013 BI006
THE EFFECTS OF SYNSEPALUM DULCIFICUM ON THE TASTE OF FOODS AT DIFFERENT PH LEVELS
Hope Louise Didier
McIntosh High School, Peachtree City, GA
This experiment was designed to test the effects of Synsepalum dulcificum on the taste of foods at different pH levels. Seven foods of various pH levels were tested with and without a Synsepal
Synsepalum dulcificum would cause foods with a lower pH to be more greatly enhanced than foods with a higher pH level. Each food sample was administered prior to the subject's consumption
subject tasted and rated each food, each subject dissolved a Synsepalum dulcificum tablet on their tongue and repeated the procedure. Quantitative measurements were made, with and without S
tasting scale ranging from a one, at like extremely, to a nine, at dislikes extremely. Data was recorded for twentyfive test subjects. A comparison was made between the taste of foods with and
conclusions were made. After the use of Synsepalum dulcificum the taste of foods with a lower pH level appeared to be more greatly enhanced than foods with a higher pH level. Research should
Synsepalum dulcificum as a potential aid to patients undergoing chemotherapy. Synsepalum dulcificum could prevent the loss of appetite during critical treatment of their illness.
Second Award of $1,000 ADA Foundation
2004 BI006
DESIGNING ORGANIC BLOCKERS WHICH MITIGATE PROTEIN LIGAND BINDING BETWEEN HIV1 AND CD4+T CELLS
Frank Michael Selb
Astronaut High School, Titusville Florida, USA
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV1) is the virus that leads to AIDS, and belongs to a subset of retroviruses called lentiviruses. Upon entering the bloodstream through mucous membranes
CD4+T cells and begins to replicate rapidly. “Blocker” molecules are able to inhibit the docking processes of HIV, but success has been limited. This research used the new approach of
which are used in pharmaceutical companies worldwide. AutoDock, was used for all of the docking sequences between the blocker molecules and known protein structures, all obtained from the R
modifications and measurements were done using the SwissPDB viewer. Three known blocker molecules were tested in 500 docking simulations, then modified according to four basic principles
torsion, stretch, bend, and nonbonded interaction. The modified versions were then retested in the docking program. All results are formulated using known thermodynamical data from th
cells as a specified critical value at an level of .05, as well as the rootmeansquare deviation. The XK263 blocker molecule increased from 36.6% efficiency to 62.6% efficiency; T20 molecule
46.7% efficiency; and the R5 blocker molecule efficiency rate was increased from 18.4% to 69.7%. In conclusion, it is obvious that a blocker molecule can inhibit the docking of HIV, however, th
molecules is not yet perfect. 
Scholarship award $5,000 per year, renewable for four years in any area of natural sciences and mathematics University of Oregon
2010 BI006
BIOINFORMATIC AND SYNTHETIC APPROACHES TO STUDYING ADVANCED GLYCATION ENDPRODUCTS IN EUKARYOTES
Jason A. Gandelman
Advanced Glycation Endproduct (AGE) accumulation has been strongly implicated in the pathology of diabetic complications of the vasculature and kidneys through the activation of the Recepto
understanding of AGE formation and RAGE activation in eukaryotes is highly desirable in the creation of novel treatments for diabetic complications. First, I provide evidence, using comprehensiv
in Saccharomyces cerevisiae an evolutionary adaptation decreases the susceptibility of its enzymes to AGE formation. From a total of 5883 metabolic enzymes in S. cerevisiae, I identified 185 e
metabolic intermediates which contain reactive carbonyl groups. These enzymes are considered the most susceptible to AGE formation due to an enhanced probability of nucleophilic substitution
nucleophilic amino acids in these enzymes. I subsequently found that these enzymes were significantly underrepresented in nucleophilic amino acids compared to the proteomewide average, pr
evolutionary adaptation can lead to a biochemical mechanism to combat the formation of toxic AGEs. Second, I synthesized biologically important AGEpeptide fragments of glycated human ser
being tested for binding efficiency to RAGE using a unique enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. These binding assays may identify an AGEpeptide sequence that binds specif
competitively blocking RAGE activation. Thus, this study provides possible novel directions in the development of therapeutics to confer vasculo and renoprotective effects in diabetic patients.
2009 BI006
RED TIDE MITIGATION: NEUTRALIZING BREVETOXIN USING THE AMINO ACID DERIVATIVE, CYSTEINE METHYL ESTER
Collin Northcott McAliley
Cocoa Beach Jr/Sr High School, Cocoa Beach, FL
Red tides occur worldwide and produce toxins that result in human health problems, devastating consequences to marine life, and significant economic losses. Karenia brevis, the algae causing F
neurotoxin called brevetoxin. This project evaluated a chemical method of neutralizing Karenia brevis toxins. The amino acid derivative, cysteine methyl ester (CME), has shown promising potent
project investigated how long a single CME treatment would effectively neutralize brevetoxins, in vitro, at typical Gulf of Mexico summer and winter temperatures, 29°C and 18°C respectively.
allowing time for sufficient test replications and determination of the effectiveness of CME during a typical Karenia brevis bloom. Artificial seawater (ASW) was treated with CME, and stored in inc
(Original CME/ASW). Each Sunday and Friday, Original CME/ASW was combined with Karenia brevis and incubated for two hours. The resulting toxins and derivatives were extracted using Solid
Sunday, Fresh CME/ASW solutions were prepared, processed, and stored as above. The collected samples were shipped to a research lab where toxin concentrations were measured using High
Mass Spectrometry. Results showed CME to be very effective in neutralizing brevetoxins at both summer and winter temperatures. A single treatment remained 100% effective for thirtyseven da
seven additional days. Temperature was not found to have a statistically significant influence on how long a treatment was effective (P=0.0978).
A fully paid summer internship at a NOAA research lab. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA
2012 BI007
INVESTIGATING THE INHIBITORY EFFECT OF RESVERATROL ON OVARIAN CANCER CELLS
Jimmy Lin
Robert Louis Stevenson Upper School, Pebble Beach, CA
French paradox states that the French have a longer average lifespan than the Americans, despite their higher caloric intake. This is mostly credited to resveratrol, a compound found in red wine.
tumor progression by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Previous studies disclose that resveratrol may activate sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) activity. This NADdependent deacetylase is important for
silencing and cell cycle regulation. This study aims to verify whether SIRT1 expression is involved in the resveratrol inhibitory effect of human ovarian cancer progression. The experiment design
assay and flow cytometry, and all the results therefrom are crossreferenced, which is original in this field. Normal and abnormal cells were treated with different dosage combinations of resveratro
Decreased cell counts, optical density and flow cytometry scatters plots identically indicated a dosagedependent inhibition of cell growth by resveratrol. The inhibitory effect on cell growth increa
resveratrol. Furthermore, sirtinol decreased this inhibitory effect, implying that SIRT1 plays a critical role in cell cycle regulation. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that resveratrol
and SIRT1 expression influences the inhibition process by resveratrol. In conclusion, resveratrol may help to activate apoptosis in cancer cells, and its inhibitory effect on cancer cell growth can
anticancer therapies.
2011 BI007
2DEOXYGLUCOSE INDUCES CELL DEATH OF HUMAN LEUKEMIC LYMPHOID CELLS
Gloria Maria TorresAyala
Academia Maria Reina, San Juan
Most cancer cells obtain their energy from glycolysis and fermentation instead of using mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The goal of this work
may be a target for the development of anticancer drugs. For this purpose we tested the hypothesis that exposing acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells to 2deoxyDglucose (2DG), an inhibitor of
lymphoblastic leukemia CEMC7 cells were exposed to increasing 2DG concentrations and cell concentration and cell viability were determined 24 and 48 hours after treatment using the trypan b
15, and 25 nM 2DG for 24 hours resulted in a 48, 57 and 66% decrease in cell density, respectively and in a 43, 58 and 69% decrease in cell viability, respectively. Cells were dead after 48 hour
experiments show that 2DG treatment causes a dosedependent decrease in both cell density and cell viability. We conclude that inhibiting glycolysis may be an effective chemotherapeutic appr
2010 BI007
PRION AND LIPID MEMBRANE INTERACTIONS: THE ROLE OF DILAUROYLPHOSPHATIDYLETHANOLAMINE IN FATAL PRION DISEASE PROPAGATION
Marie Nielsen
Fatal prion diseases have no cure, with malicious prions eventually spreading throughout the brain. How prion proteins (PrP) propagate themselves is largely unknown. Lipids have been linked wit
project provides specific evidence that energy changes occurring in the PrPlipid interactions are involved in infectious prion misfolding. Specifically, the biomolecular dynamic simulation analysis
atomic energies in PrP in a lipid environment. PrP interactions with lipid versus water were simulated using NAMD, VMD, Charmm. Results found that electrostatic energies of PrP immersed in a
box differed widely from PrP in a water box. These energy differences only occur in nonbonded energies. A lipid membrane environment leaves openings for misfolding and the PrP moves differe
one. Using molecular modeling and dynamic simulations, the specific energies in the region of the misfolding were investigated with Chimera. Visual changes were observed in the Octarepeat Do
directly adjacent to the E200K region which codes for the hereditary susceptibility of prion diseases and is the region where misfolding occurs. It is likely that the polar nature of water reduces PrP
conclusively shown that PrP interaction with a lipid membrane induces stresses within the protein and affects the region of misfolding. With this knowledge of PrPlipid interactions, additional info
the nature of the linkage.
2009 BI007
ELECTROSTATIC POTENTIAL CALCULATIONS AND PKA PREDICTIONS OF THE BINDING DOMAIN OF EBNA1
Emily Marie DuBois
LC Anderson High School, Austin, TX
EpsteinBarr virus (EBV) is a commonly transmitted virus of the herpes virus family that causes acute infectious mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, among othe
nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) protein is responsible for viral DNAbinding and the regulation of DNA replication postdormancy. The inhibition of DNAbinding by residues 459607 of EBNA1 may be a
linked diseases. A Brownian Dynamics software package was used to calculate pKa shifts of ionizable residues. By examining the electrostatic potential and irregular pKa values of ionizable ami
potential activation sites, DNAdocking regions and targets for drug inhibition was attained. These results will aid in further research on the mechanisms of the EpsteinBarr virus DNA binding and
2006 BI007
REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES ACCUMULATION DURING EMBRYOGENESIS SIGNIFICANTLY MODULATES PLANT FERTILITY: ROLE OF ROS SCAVENGER GENES IN ENHANCING C
Niceville Senior High School, Niceville, FL, USA
Environmental stress (e.g. high salinity) inhibits key enzymatic functions and impacts crop yield significantly. High ion concentrations due to stress disrupt cellular homeostasis and cause oxidat
have evolved multiple mechanisms, such as decreasing fertility, which shunts resources from reproductive activities to metabolic reactions that increase stress tolerance. When ovules abort in re
oxygen species (ROS) is noticed. Arabidopsis thaliana is used as a model plant because of its short life cycle and the ease to grow it in the laboratory. Many of the findings about how p
Arabidopsis thaliana. In this study the role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Scavengers in neutralizing the ROS molecules is investigated. I hypothesized that if ROS scavenging genes that a
mutated, these mutants will accumulate ROS, which will lead to high ovule abortion rates. Through the comparison of wildtype Arabidopsis thaliana plants with those with mutations in ROS scav
whether ROS is the mechanism by which the plant gets rid of ovules. First, the genotypes of plants with TDNA inserts was performed using PCR and agarose gels to determine which TDNA ins
creating a mutation. The mutations have been identified and new plants were grown from the seeds with mutations and the wildtypes. The number of ovules and amount of ROS were determined
 It is concluded that: ROS significantly modulates plant fertility during stress; depending on the type of ROS they neutralize, ROS Scavenger genes play either protective or detrimental r
of this investigation are very significant and have a direct application in enhancing crop yield.
2004 BI007
EVALUATION OF CALCIUM CHANNELS IN INVERTEBRATES
Elizabeth Ivory Caudle
Eastside High School, Gainesville, Florida, United States
Voltagegated calcium channels are ubiquitous in living organisms. However, very few calcium channels have been cloned from invertebrates. The purpose of this research was to identify and se
a variety of invertebrates. Primers from Caenorhabditis elegans were used to try to identify the calcium channels from three species of Cnidaria, Aiptasia, Bdelloura, and Cyanea. Cloned DNA libr
A polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the DNA signal. The DNA was separated by agarose electrophoresis. The primers did not anneal to the calcium channels in Aiptasia, Bdelloura,
primers were used to attempt to identify calcium channels in Paramecium multimicronucleatum. The primers did not anneal to the calcium channels in Paramecium multimicronucleatum.
primers successfully annealed to the voltage gated calcium channels. This shows that the calcium channels found in the highly conserved region from C. elegans are significantly different from th
Therefore, the calcium channels in C. elegans are more closely related to those of mammals than these four invertebrates.
2003 BI007
GLYCOSYLATION OF THE BETA 4 ADRENAL NICOTINIC RECEPTOR SUBUNIT
Jacob Liu
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington, Ohio, United States of America
The presence of two different sized BETA 4 nicotine receptor subunits was examined in bovine adrenal medulla cells. There are many different nicotine receptor subunits that combine to form the
receptors. Last year’s results from studying the BETA 4 subunit suggested the presence of two different sizes of the protein, most likely resulting from the glycosylation of BETA 4 protein posttr
hypothesis was correct, bovine adrenal medulla proteins were deglycosylated and run on a10% SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with negative and positive controls. The sorted proteins we
membrane and blocked in 10% dried nonfat milk solution. The membrane was then probed with BETA 4 specific antibodies. A secondary antibody was added to indicate the presence of the prim
incubated in luminescent compounds and imaged for indications of BETA 4 deglycosylation. The procedure was repeated for accuracy, using different cell preparations. After results were obtaine
protein bands were compared with those of the protein weight markers. Using logarithmic regression, a computer program extrapolated the molecular weight of the bands identified by the antibody
protein lost the 54 and 52 kilodalton protein bands identified as the BETA 4 subunit, while a 42 kilodalton bands increased in luminescence and width. This suggests that there are actually two dif
used by the body for some unknown reason. 
2013 BI007
TOWARDS THE PAINLESS PAINKILLER: DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITORS FOR ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS
Raghav Tripathi
Over 1.5 billion people suffer from chronic pain, a detriment to worker productivity, quality of life, etc. Furthermore, excess acute pain/inflammation afflicts billions worldwide. However, current ana
adverse effects, removing many such agents from the pharmaceutical market entirely. This research discovered, assayed, and optimized a novel class of antiinflammatory medication without th
contemporary painkillers. Recently, preclinical studies have indicated that elevated levels of the endogenous compound anandamide (AEA) result in beneficial effects on pain, stress, and inflamm
without adverse sideeffects. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been identified as intracellular AEA transporters that chaperone AEA to degradation. As such, FABPs are targets for small
endogenous AEA levels. This research developed innovative compounds for FABP inhibition. First, 1,057,042 molecules were virtually screened for binding affinity to FABP using a computationa
compounds with the greatest modeled efficacy were screened with a fluorescence displacement assay. The compound with the greatest FABP inhibition (truxillic acid) underwent a liquid scintillat
uptake. Results indicate that truxillic acid significantly inhibits AEA uptake. For drug optimization, functional modification libraries were synthesized and DOCKed. Taken together, results strongly
smallmolecules with significant efficacy in inhibiting FABP and increasing AEA concentrations. This discovery may contribute to the next generation of innovative analgesic medication.
Fourth Award of $250 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
2008 BI007
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR DETECTING THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF FLAVONOIDS
Pranali Hemant Dalvi
International Baccalaureate at Bartow High School, Bartow, FL
Candidiasis is a condition that results from uncontrolled multiplication of Candida yeasts, Candida albicans being the most common. Candida yeasts are found in most persons, and their growth is
immune system. Systematic fungal infections in immunocompromised persons (cancer, transplant, AIDS patients) can result in mortality. Superficial infections of skin/mucosal membranes by Ca
discomfort are frequent among humans. The ability of Candida to form a biofilm makes it a potential bioterrorism tool: it causes infections and is sometimes impenetrable by antifungal drugs. The
engineer a method of penetrating the biofilms of Candida yeasts with extracts and, therefore, find a cure for Candidiasis. The eight fungal pathogens used were Candida glabrata, Candida utilis, P
mucoides , Candida lusitaniae, Geotrichum capitatum, Kloeckera apis, and Candida albicans. The extracts tested were Ajowan Extract, Ginger Extract, Carrot seed Extract, Turmeric Extract, Ba
and Wheatgrass Extract. This is the first published study to synthesize ethyl acetate, butanol, and water extracts of wheatgrass. After treating the fungi with the herbal extracts, data was quantifi
properties of each herbal supplement. Serial dilutions were performed to identify the most effective dosage of Ajowan Extract for application as a potential antifungal drug. By testing the anticarcin
patients suffering from Candidiasis can be completely rehabilitated.
2013 BI007
TOWARDS THE PAINLESS PAINKILLER: DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF NOVEL FATTY ACID BINDING PROTEIN INHIBITORS FOR ANTIINFLAMMATORY AND ANALGESIC EFFECTS
Raghav Tripathi
Over 1.5 billion people suffer from chronic pain, a detriment to worker productivity, quality of life, etc. Furthermore, excess acute pain/inflammation afflicts billions worldwide. However, current ana
adverse effects, removing many such agents from the pharmaceutical market entirely. This research discovered, assayed, and optimized a novel class of antiinflammatory medication without th
contemporary painkillers. Recently, preclinical studies have indicated that elevated levels of the endogenous compound anandamide (AEA) result in beneficial effects on pain, stress, and inflamm
without adverse sideeffects. Fatty acid binding proteins (FABPs) have been identified as intracellular AEA transporters that chaperone AEA to degradation. As such, FABPs are targets for small
endogenous AEA levels. This research developed innovative compounds for FABP inhibition. First, 1,057,042 molecules were virtually screened for binding affinity to FABP using a computationa
compounds with the greatest modeled efficacy were screened with a fluorescence displacement assay. The compound with the greatest FABP inhibition (truxillic acid) underwent a liquid scintillat
uptake. Results indicate that truxillic acid significantly inhibits AEA uptake. For drug optimization, functional modification libraries were synthesized and DOCKed. Taken together, results strongly
smallmolecules with significant efficacy in inhibiting FABP and increasing AEA concentrations. This discovery may contribute to the next generation of innovative analgesic medication.
First Award of $1,000 U.S. savings bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty Foundation
2014 BI007
AN IN VITRO STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CINNAMON COMPOUNDS ON THE DEGRADATION OF AMYLOIDB AND TAU PROTEIN IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Natalie Elizabeth Barton
Bayside High School, Palm Bay, FL, United States of America
There are an estimated 5.1 million Americans currently suffering from Alzheimer's Disease, a neurodegenerative disorder, and by 2050, it is estimated that over 15 millions will be diagnosed (AD S
B plaques and Tau Neurofibrillary Tangles (NFT's) form in the hippocampus region, resulting in deteriorating cognition. Cinnamon, a common spice, has displayed characteristics in degrading thes
 Cinnamaldehyde, the main constituent of cinnamon, has been shown to bind to the cysteine residues in tau, preventing NFT's. Additionally, epicatechin, also found in cinnamon, has shown t
species, which inhibits AmyloidB plaques (RC George 2013). Both cinnamaldehyde and epicatechin have shown to pass the bloodbrain barrier and remain effective against Alzheimer's (Peterson
treatment of cinnamaldehyde and epicatechin on AmyloidB and Tau through SDS and UreaPAGE to examine the effectiveness of these compounds in degrading the proteins. In this ex
were diluted to their natural concentrations. Aggregation was induced in several preparations to analyze the effectiveness of the cinnamon compounds on aggregated and nonaggregated proteins
cinnamon compounds and SDS and UreaPAGE was used to determine the effectiveness of the cinnamon compounds after incubation. Both hypotheses were rejected. Not only were the
on the degradation of nonaggregated proteins, they also did not degrade the aggregated proteins. In the future, I would like to investigate how cinnamon compounds can prevent Alzheimer's, inst
Full Tuition Presidential Scholarship Florida Institute of Technology

2005 BI007
ANIMAL ATTRACTION: TO WHAT EXTENT DO DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS PREDICT A FEMALE HUMAN'S ABILITY TO DETECT MALE HUMAN PHEROMONES
Kyrie K Bourgeois
Luther High School, Lutcher, Louisiana, USA
After extensive research it is proposed that humans can detect pheromones. This will be tested 3 ways: can a female subject detect pheromones on a shirt among shirts with no pheromones, can
significant other from among shirts of other males and can a female detect male pheromones from amongst female pheromones. For all three tests, a set of new tshirts will be washed in fragranc
in a ziplock bag and remained sealed until testing. Several of these shirts will be kept aside as controls for the tests. The remaining shirts will be issued to the male counterparts of the females to
shower with fragrance free soap, used no deoderant, put the shirt on and go immediately to sleep. Upon arising the male will put the shirt back into the ziplock bag. The procedure will be followed
will return the shirts in the bags and fill out a simple survey for demographic information. When all shirts have been collected, shirts will be coded so that no identifying marks can be associated.
following ways: (1) First, the familiar male shirt will be placed amongst 2 placebos. The female will be asked to pick out the one worn by her man. (2) Next, the familiar male shirt will be placed am
shirt. The female will be asked to pick out the one worn by her man. (3) Finally, the familiar male shirt will be place amongst 2 strange male shirts. Once each of these tests is completed with all
determine if females can detect pheromones and if age, years together or other factors affect this detection.
2003 BI008
LOOP MODIFICATIONS ON CRY1AA TOXIN AND EFFECTS ON TOXICITY TOWARD MOSQUITOES
Bin Ni
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington, Ohio
The insecticidal ability of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is due to the crystalline parasporal protein inclusions found in the bacteria. Once ingested by the target pest, the Bt protein is solubilized in the
produce an active toxin. The active toxin binds to receptors on the membrane of midgut epithelial cells of insect larvae. It then inserts into the cell membrane to form ion channels, disrupting the
death of the insect. Different proteins are lethal to differnt types of insect larvae. The Cry1Aa protein is lethal against lepidoptera (butterfly and moth) while the Cry4Ba protein is lethal toward dipte
that toxicity of Cry proteins is directly related to the receptor binding abilities of the protein. It is suspected that the loops in Domain II of the proteins play an essential role in receptor binding. A g
loops play in the receptor binding abilities of Cry proteins is sought. In this experiment, two mutations were made to the loops of the wild type Cry1Aa protein using the Kunkel method. In the first
replaced with loop 1 of the Cry4Ba protein. In the second mutation, loop 2 of the Cry1Aa was deleted in addition to the loop 1 substitution. Serial concentrations of the mutant proteins were fed to
quadrimaculatus. Both mutants, like the wild type protein, were not toxic to either specie of mosquito (0% death rate).
2004 BI008
CONTROLLING THE ENCAPSULATION OF LIGASE RIBOZYME IN BILAYER PHOSPHOLIPID VESICLES THROUGH DEHYDRATION/REHYDRATION
SergioFrancis Mellejor Zenisek
Compartmentalization of chemical reactions is considered a requirement for life, and has been theorized as playing a role in the origin of biological compounds from abiotic processes. The goal of
encapsulation of a ligase reaction within liposomes made from phosphatidylcholine, a phospholipid whose abiotic formation has been demonstrated. Vesicles were produced by sonication and enc
dehydrationrehydration method pioneered by David W. Deamer. Various combinations of both unreacted and reacted RNA and substrate were run, after encapsulation and separation from unenca
polyacrylamide gels. These were then imaged with shortwavelength UV, in the former case, and fluorescence imagery, with the latter. In all cases, except one trial, these images supported the c
encapsulated and could be reacted from outside the vesicle. Results from an experiment addressing this inconsistency supported the conclusion that a degree of encapsulation did occur, and aga
successfully triggered from outside the vesicles. Possible sources of error include gel crosscontamination and the binding of solute to the exterior of vesicles.
2009 BI008
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BOCAVIRUS (HBOV)
SarahMarie Hopf
The ssDNA parvovirus HBoV causes lower respiratory tract infection in infants and children. HBoV causes about 79 % of lower respiratory tract infection which is a leading cause for hospitalizat
approximately 250,000 hospitalizations a year. The highresolution structural analysis of HBoV is important for understanding its infectious pathway. This study aimed at identifying the cell surfac
infection. Empty, noninfectious capsids were purified using a sucrose cushion and gradient protocol. Optical density readings were taken, a Comassie blue SDSPage was run, and images of pur
negativestain electron microscopy. All this was performed to ensure the presence of intact virus proteins and capsids. A dot blotting procedure was used to check reactivity against a capsid anti
that would identify potential cell surface receptor molecules used by HBoV for attachment during host cell infection. In addition, crystal trays were set up for obtaining a highresolution 3D crystal
successfully obtained from the trays. The structural insights of HBoV and the identification of cell surface carbohydrates can lead to an understanding of how to interrupt or stop the infectious pat
create possibilities for vaccine development by targeting the carbohydrate sites on the host cell receptors and blocking them. This could stop the majority of lower respiratory tract infections that
2008 BI008
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF ADENOASSOCIATED VIRUS SEROTYPE 9
Angela Layne McCall
AdenoAssociated Viruses (AAVs) are small ssDNA viruses. Many of the serotypes have been discovered to have gene transfer applications. By determining the structure of AAV 9 usin
it from cryoelectron microscopy micrographs, the functional properties of the virus capsid can be better understood. The researcher received AAV capsids in sf9 insect cells.
thawing them three times, this allowed for the retrieval of the virus particles. The virus was then purified, using a sucrose cushion and gradient. The virus was pulled from the 2025% range in the
purity and integrity using a SDSPAGE gel and negative stain Electron Microscopy, following dialysis respectively. All three viral proteins were found and there was no sign of aggregation.
concentrations, the first to 2mg/mL, and the second to 10mg/mL. The first sample was taken to a CryoElectron Microscopy. There were approximately 700 images gathered from the Cryo.
orientation, and then averaged. From these images a 3D image was reconstructed at 25
ð. The other sample of AAV9 was used for crystallization procedures. The virus was tested under a variet
the condition, 50mM Tris, 5.0% PEG 8K, and 150mM NaCl, produced the best crystal, but it was still not large enough to diffract. Other studies include the production of a sequence ali
comparison of the first 11 AAVs, which delivered that AAV was most similar to AA10, and most different to AAV5. Also a monomer was constructed using PyMOL, it will be used in conjunction w
gain a high resolution structure.
2007 BI008
CATALASE: CAN YOU TAKE THE HEAT?
Geralyn Anne Schexnayder
Luther High School, Lutcher, LA 70090 USA
Catalase is a protein molecule found in living cells. This enzyme is responsible for the ripening of fruits and vegetables. Catalase begins its enzymatic action as soon as fruits and vegetables are
such as the development of off flavors and overripening. The main objective of this project was to determine at what temperature catalase becomes inactive in various root vegetables.
method to be used on different vegetables. Catalase is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Catalase inactivity temperatures were dete
vegetable and water to specific temperature on a hot plate, cooling the mixture to room temperature and testing for enzymatic decomposition of household (3%) hydrogen peroxide by timing the a
caused by the oxygen bubbles rising out of solution. It was found that catalase is inactivated at different temperatures in different root vegetables ranging from 5095°C. From this data on
method to obtain the best color, flavor and nutritional value of the vegetables. 
2010 BI008
COARSEGRAINED MOLECULAR DYNAMICS (MD) SIMULATION OF PROTEIN AGGREGATION: AN INSIGHT INTO PROTEIN AGGREGATION PROPERTIES IN ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Prachiti Hemant Dalvi
International Baccalaureate School at Bartow High School, Bartow, FL
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and overall mental incapacitation. A fundamental development in AD is the formation of am
protein aggregation properties will thus serve as the initial step in eliminating these plaques. Coarsegraining methods were employed to model interactions between four different peptide bead len
25%, 50%, 75% and 100% hydrophobicity. These interactions were monitored for a time span of 1.0 µs. The MARTINI force field in the Groningen Machine for Chemical Simulations was utilized
clustering tendencies of these peptide chains at their respective hydrophobicities. At a hydrophobicity fraction of 0.5, a phase plot diagram illustrated that a peptidebead length greater than 12 yie
beads. Chain lengths greater than 12 peptide beads exhibit clustering regardless of hydrophobicity. At 50 percent hydrophobicity, the peptide chain that was 12 beads long did not remain stable in
two smaller clusters near 0.9 µs. The 16bead peptide, unlike the 12bead peptide, was more stable, forming a single cluster at approximately 0.5 µs. The peptide clustering parallels the aggregati
patients. A closer evaluation of the 12bead peptide chain at 50% hydrophobicity can reveal unknown characteristics of protein aggregation. In essence, a drug discovery program can be initiated
beta aggregations and ultimately alleviate the symptoms of AD.
2013 BI008
A NOVEL MECHANISM LEADING TO GENOME INSTABILITY AND CANCER DEVELOPMENT
Jessie Y. Li
The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is an essential component for DNA replication and repair, including DNA mismatch repair (MMR), an important genomemaintenance system that ens
mispairs created during DNA replication. PCNA is required for MMR at both the initiation and resynthesis steps. Recent studies have shown that PCNA is phosphorylated at tyrosine 211 (Y211) b
(EGFR) during tumor progression. We therefore hypothesize that Y211phosphorylated PCNA promotes tumor progression by inducing elevated mutations in critical tumor suppressor genes and o
and DNA replication. To test this hypothesis, we directly determined the influence of Y211phosphorylated PCNA on MMR activity and DNA synthesis accuracy. We demonstrate here that nuclea
Y211phosphorylated PCNA are defective in MMR, and that the deficiency can be restored by purified nonphosphorylated PCNA, suggesting that PCNA phosphorylation inhibits MMR. We also s
induces misincorporations during DNA synthesis. This study therefore demonstrates that a novel mechanism, i.e., MMR protein modifications, promotes genome instability and tumor progression
and DNA synthesis. Thus, the work solves a longtime puzzle that certain cancers displaying the classical MMRdeficient phenotype do not have a detectable mutation in MMR genes, and identif
novel biomarker for cancer etiology and development.
2012 BI008
THE EVALUATION OF SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF PKM2, A DOWNSTREAM PRODUCT OF MTOR, IN NEUROBLASTOMA
Christina Diane Collins
Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA
Neuroblastoma, an orphan disease, is the most common extracranial solid tumor in childhood with only a 35 year survival rate, and 75% diagnosed as highly metastatic. All cancers exhibit key o
targets for therapeutic benefit. One of these features is the use of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), the product of an mTOR pathway. Although mTOR inhibitors have been under research, many are
inhibition of a product of mTOR might prove a safer target. PKM2 has the unique ability to change form according to the presence or absence of hydrogen bonded fructose1,6biphosphate (FBP)
tetramer with hydrogen bonded FBP causing a domain closure but is only a dimer without FBP. This study further tests two PKM2 inhibitors from previous literature for the possibility of
effective molecule was found to inhibit at least 90% of PKM2 activity. The results and the analysis of inhibitory molecules suggest the molecules hydrogen bond in place of FBP. This does not a
with FBP and thus inhibits tetramerization of PKM2, inhibits the cell’s ability of rapid metabolism, and induces cell death. These results show the possibility of innovative ways in treating cancer b
and explore possible cost effective treatments for orphan disease cancers. This research also discusses the possibility of using a perfected PKM2 inhibitor as a chemopreventative. 
2006 BI008
THE AUTOCATALYTIC ASSEMBLY OF AZOARCUS RIBOZYME AND THE RECOMBINATION OF RNA IN A COMPARTMENTALIZED SYSTEM: AN ORIGINOFLIFE STUDY
RNA has both the ability to store genetic information and to behave as a ribozyme, catalyzing chemical reactions. Because of this, it has been hypothesized that an ‘RNA world’ of active RNA m
based genetics present in all known living things. The recombination of RNA molecules, for instance, has the potential to increase genetic complexity and diversity in such a scenario. Previously
demonstrated in solution chemistry; however, membranes are a ubiquitous feature of life and facilitate evolution through natural selection, so compartmentalization must play a role in some stage
research was to demonstrate the autocatalytic assembly of the Azoarcus ribozyme through a process known as autorecombination, in a waterinoil emulsion, to model the compatibility of ‘RNA
compartmentalized chemistry. Combinations of RNAs were encapsulated in emulsion through vortexing in a heavy oil phase containing surfactant molecules. These RNAs were reacted and then
indicated the successful autorecombination of two substrates in a compartmentalized system. In addition, results during the course of experimentation suggested the spontaneous mixing of vesic
experiments demonstrated autorecombination when reagents were emulsified separately and then joined. Other experiments demonstrated the recombination of substrates by Azoarcus ribozyme
content exchange mechanism, using a fluorescentlytagged secondary substrate. Possible sources of error considered include the presence of a noncompartmentalized aqueous layer in the emu
2014 BI008
THE TOXICITY OF KAVALACTONES AND FLAVOKAVAIN A AND B FROM DIFFERENT PLANT AREAS OF KAVA ON HEPG2 LIVER CELLS
Keanu Dean Pinner
Hilo High School, Hilo, HI, United States of America
Although used by Pacific Islanders for thousands of years, Kava toxicity has been the concern of both the World Health Organization and many European nations, who have banned the import an
since 1998. The purpose of this project was to find out the concentrations of kavalactones and flavokavain A & B from the different parts (leaves, stems, lateral roots, and adventitious roots) of tw
project was also designed to test which part of the kava plant was the most toxic to HepG2 liver cells. The main experimental question was how does the concentration of kavalactones and flavo
of kava affect the cell death rate in HepG2 liver cells. It was hypothesized that there would be increased levels of Flavokavain A & B in the above ground parts of the plant causing faster HepG2
composed of three different parts: 1) HPLC analysis of kava compounds, 2) a CalceinAM liver cell viability assay, and 3) connecting the HPLC extract concentrations to cell viability as compare
hypothesis was partially supported by the fact that the leaves had the highest levels of Flavokavain A and B, as well as elevated concentrations of dihydromethysticin, which was the total opposi
adventitious and lateral roots). When converting all of the plant extract concentrations to micromolar concentrations in order to compare them to the standards, this experiment showed that the lea
necessary to cause cell death. This leads to further questions about what else is causing the liver cell death.
Fourth Award of $500 Biochemistry
2005 BI008
THIOLATED GELATIN NANOPARTICLES: A NOVEL APPROACH FOR INTRACELLULAR DELIVERY IN GENE THERAPY AND DRUG DELIVERY
Joline Marie Fan
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington, OH, USA
In this study, thiolated gelatin nanoparticles were prepared and tested against unmodified gelatin nanoparticles for robustness and precision as vectors for drug delivery and gene therapy applicati
have a positive surface charge, which assists in targeting cells with slightly negatively charged cell membranes. Trafficking of nanoparticles in NIH 3T3 cells was studied using a fluorescent dye
nanoparticles were observed to release the dye instantly upon entering the cell due to the reduction of their disulfide bonds by the naturally occurring glutathione antioxidant, thereby yielding a uni
cell. The gelatin nanoparticles, on the other hand, remained intact and slowly released their payload through degradation. Similar results were observed with a plasmid DNA payload, as measured
the cell. These results show that thiolated gelatin nanoparticles are more effective than gelatin nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of drugs and DNA.
2011 BI008
ICAM1 CYTOPLASMIC TAIL REGULATION OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL ACTIVATION IN TYPE I DIABETES
Shiqi Joy Shan
Type I Diabetes is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulitis, an invasion of the pancreatic islet by leukocytes. These leukocytes attack and destroy insulinproducing beta cells. Leukocy
molecules on the activated endothelial cell surface. As in many other chronic inflammatory illnesses, T1D is characterized by increased levels of oxidative stress, culminating in a positive feedba
recruitment mechanisms and magnified oxidative stress. Thus, detoxifying reactive oxygen species would decrease oxidative stress and reduce the influx of immune cells into the pancreatic isle
APICAM, a peptide mimicking the cytoplasmic domain of ICAM1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule1) that has been shown to increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, regulates endothelial
manner. In this investigation, firm adhesion and rolling interactions between monocytes and pancreatic islet endothelial cells were measured using an in vitro parallel plate flow chamber. Fluoresc
across a confluent layer of endothelial cells, and the interactions were recorded with an inverted camera and microscope. Videos of treatment groups were watched and analyzed in real time with
peptide inhibited firm adhesion between the monocytes and stimulated endothelium. When APICAM treated cells were also treated with BSO, which stops GSH production, the inhibition of inflam
velocities of the monocytes were not affected by APICAM and/or BSO treatment. These data suggest a novel regulatory pathway that could be used in treatment of T1D.
Alternate for trip American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science
2013 BI009
COPPER CHELATION AS A POSSIBLE ATHEROSCLEROSIS TREATMENT
Mashad Arora
Science Academy of South Texas, Mercedes, TX
Heart disease and atherosclerosis cause many deaths to US citizens annually. Copper is known to be associated with atherosclerosis, so it was postulated that chelation of copper would be effec
chelation involves adding certain compounds, called chelators, to the blood to form complexes with copper and prevent it from reacting. Three known chelators (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (E
acid (CDTA), and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)) were tested for their effectiveness in chelating two forms of copper: (1) copper ions in solution and (2) copper ions bound to bovine s
that the multipurpose chelator EDTA would be most effective in chelating copper since it is effective against many other metals inside and out of the blood, including iron. The results showed tha
DTPA (4 mM) are effective in chelating unbound copper ions in solution. Although an initial test showed that EDTA is effective in chelating copper bound to BSA at 12.5 mM100 mM concentratio
of copper in the presence of BSA at .03125 mM.25 mM chelator concentrations did not indicate significant copper chelation by any chelator. A bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay showed that coppe
chelators at .125 mM.25 mM concentrations. The research suggested that EDTA was the most effective in chelating unbound copper. However, conflicting results regarding chelators’ effectivene
the DDC and/or BCA assays might not be entirely reliable.
2014 BI009
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE ANTINEOPLASTIC EFFECTS OF LENTINUS EDODES ON LUNG CANCER(PC9) CELL LINE AND TRACHIALBRONCHIAL EPITHELIAL (AALE) CELLS, PH
Elijah D. English
South Sumter High School, Bushnell, FL, United States of America
The purpose of this researcher's project is to determine the antineoplastic effects of Lentinus Edodes(an all natural Shiitake mushroom extract) toward cultured lung cancer (PC9) cell line as well
exhibit any cytotoxic activity towards tracheal bronchial (AALE) cell line. This researcher hypothesized that the Shiitake mushroom would not bind to any toxic antigens during the Enzyme Linke
Lentinus Edodes would not only cause apoptosis of the lung cancer cells but also exhibit no significant cytotoxic effects toward human tracheal bronchial cells. To begin experimentation, the EL
toxic agents. In test 2, 11 different concentrations ranging from 1ul to 512ul of the Lentinus Edodes was injected into each of the lung cancer PC9 cell wells. The same injection methods were co
cell line. They were given 24 hours of incubation and then a Trypan Blue Dye Exclusion assay was performed to assess cell viability on both cell lines to determine a percentage of cell death. A s
concentration of Lentinus Edodes, and a decrease in viable cell count was determined, and an applicable therapeutic window ranging from 2ul to 32ul was obtained. This researcher was able to su
Edodes showed significant cytotoxic effects toward the lung cancer PC9 cell line starting at 2ul, and showed no significant cytotoxic effects toward the trachealbronchial (AALE) cell line until 32u
therapeutic window ranging from 2ul to 32ul.
2011 BI009
UNUSUAL COLD DENATURATION OF THE SMALL PROTEIN DOMAIN
Natalie Melinda Shih
Laramie Senior High School, Laramie, WY
Currently, it is not possible to predict the protein structure from its amino acid sequence and experimental determination of structure is difficult. Therefore, it is important to understand the mechan
simpler models to study but they are often thermally unstable and make poor models for larger proteins. The small ubiquitinassociated (UBA) domain was used to study because previous data su
protein was chemically synthesized using automated solid phase peptide synthesis. The crude peptide was purified by high performance liquid chromatography to obtain the pure protein used for
chemical denaturations of UBA were studied using circular dichroism and fluorescence. The experimental data was fit into a model with a single set of thermodynamic parameters. Unexpectedly,
to shift the cold denaturation to measureable temperatures, higher concentrations of urea were added to the solution. Small proteins exhibiting this trait are highly unusual because it requires a lar
larger proteins. Heat capacity is associated with hydrophobic effects. UBA domains can bind to other proteins and these proteinprotein interactions are mainly due to hydrophobic forces. Since U
denaturation can be observed. As a small protein domain, UBA can be used as a model for protein folding studies that exhibit cold denaturation and would be an interesting model for future therm
folding.
2012 BI009
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY BIONANOSYSTEM FROM WATER IN SUNLIGHT
Arif Anar Bayramov
"Young Talents" Lyceum of Baku State University, Baku, AZERBAIJAN
The main idea of the work was to ensure stable operation of the photocatalytic system of photosynthesis decomposing water into O2 and hydrogen ions, as a system for biotechnological product
the organelle performing the function of photosynthesis and containing bionanoelements performing various parts of photosynthetic process. It begins from photodecomposition of water and ends
The research was performed on wateroxidizing complex. Wateroxidizing complex was isolated by centrifugation. Firstly, I destroyed chloroplast into small membrane particles by using special c
absorption spectral analysis showed that in the isolated state the chlorophyll of the reaction centre, the least stable element of wateroxidizing complex during the lighting system in order to start
harvesting chlorophyll and reaction centre of photosystem I. Based on the measurement of delayed fluorescence of chlorophyll, found that Mn4OxCa cluster, is also the most sensitive element o
from Danae racemosa L to wateroxidizing complex increased stability of bionanosystem – wateroxidizing complex. In my opinion the best way is the creation of effective protection of native wat
efficiency of the process. So, (i) it evidences that in principal there is possibility to increase the stability of bionanosystem. (ii) I think that antioxidant and some free radicals quenchers c
increase the stability of my bionanosystem. The results of my experiments show that my idea to use native bionanosystem is real.
2007 BI009
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WOOL BIOPOLISHING ENZYMES WHEN VARYING TIME AND TEMPERATURE
St. Mary's High School, Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, United States of America
The reason I chose this project was to learn more about enzymes and their effect on the wool fiber. I wanted to find an environmentally safe and reusable enzyme. I also wanted to enhance my k
myself with my own sheep. The process of biopolishing includes a bleaching and enzyme treatment. First, add the wool to the bleaching solution, agitating it in the pretreatment.
the time and temperature. When the process is complete, repeat it again using two other enzymes. The wool samples treated at the lowest temperature for various time increments and e
recommended time and temperature of the first enzyme had an unsurpassed effect on removing the scales from the fiber, not completely destroying them. The wool samples that were in the enzy
average temperature had less destruction than the samples tested at higher temperatures. The other biopolishing enzymes had little effect on the fiber, smoothening only a few scales. 
biopolished wool because the material will not melt to your skin. This experiment is beneficial in finding a durable material. To continue this experiment I could test the wool using the Bradford Pro
identify the protein levels of the wool after biopolishing.
2004 BI009
RELATIVE AMOUNTS OF VITAMIN C
WILLIAM PURVIS GREEN
JONESBORO HIGH SCHOOL, JONESBORO, ARKANSAS, UNITED STATES
 The purpose of this project was to measure and compare the relative amounts of Vitamin C in generic and name brand juices using an iodinestarch solution as an indicator. After introdu
solution and recording the data, I compared and determined a relative amount of Vitamin C for the five different types of juices and their name brand counterparts. The results supported t
(Sam's) brand would have more Vitamin C than the name (Ocean Spray) brand. The second hypothesis that stated that the more opaque juices would have more Vitamin C was incorrect.
 From this project you can see that the generic, transparent brands of juices have relatively more Vitamin C.
2003 BI009
MT3 AND METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN MOUSE BRAIN TISSUE THAT EXHIBITS ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Brendan Stephen Doms
Breck School, Minneapolis, MN, USA
The question addressed in this project was whether there were significant variations in levels of metallothionein3 (MT3) and concentrations of the metals Zn, Cu, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, and Mn present
that had been genetically altered for another study. The first hypothesis of this project was that transgenic positive mice, which had exhibited AD, would have significantly less MT3 in t
negative mice, which had not inherited the AD gene. The validity of this hypothesis could not be determined because results produced no quantifiable data, however gels strongly suggest the pres
transgenic negative, and control mice. The second hypothesis was that the concentrations of the Zn and Cu analyzed would be significantly less in the brains of transgenic positive mice
mice. The data showed no correlation between the two transgenic genotypes for any metal, but the two transgenic genotypes had significantly less Al when compared to control mice. Whether thi
cause, or a symptom of AD could not be determined, because both the transgenic genotypes inherited this lowered level of Al. 
2005 BI009
UNDERSTANDING THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PATHWAY OF HOMOCYSTEINE
Rafi Ridwan Kazi
Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
Elevated levels of plasma homocysteine (Hcy) have been implicated as an independent risk factor for coronary, cerebral, and peripheral arterial occlusive diseases and accelerated atherosclerosi
thrombosis. In addition, elevated levels of plasma Hcy is attributed to recurrent restenosis and blockage of the lumen following vascular surgical procedures. This study was designed to better un
homocysteine utilizes in order to initiate vascular disease. The hypothesis was that elevated Hcy initiates peripheral arterial disease by crossing the endothelium cell membranes and is then meta
betasynthase (CBS), a hepatic Hcy metabolizing enzyme. This study involved 1) determination of Hcyinduced endothelial cell proliferation in cell cultures of rat aortic endothelial cells (RAEC) by
induced vascular smooth muscle cell (A7r5) proliferation using Hthymidine incorporation, 3) the detection of Hcy in cellular fractions using slot blotting, and 4) examination of hepatic tissue from
of CBS activity. The results suggest that Hcy; 1) is involved in inducing both RAEC and A7r5 cellular proliferation, 2) and/or its components cross the endothelial cellular membrane and is localiz
CBS activity. The mechanisms which Hcy utilizes to produce these results are not yet fully understood. Understanding these mechanisms may provide useful information in the prevention and/or
effects attributable to elevated Hcy.
2008 BI009
PROTEOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX USING SONICATIONASSISTED DIGESTION
Aarthi Shankar
Rampart High School, Colorado Springs, CO
The proteomic composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) influences the growth and motility of cancer cells. The identification of differences between healthy and cancerous ECM can provide a
be validated as tumor suppressors or promoters. However, the traditional approach of overnight protein digestion using enzymes (a key step in ECM analysis) does not work well for EC
required to address the digestive resistant properties of ECM. Sonication, the application of ultrasound energy, has proven to accelerate protein digestion in cellular protein samples. It is hypothes
ECM samples. Four variables were evaluated to maximize the efficiency of digestion: sonication time, intensity, sample temperature and reagent concentrations. Experimental results s
improved ECM digestion. However, the 1D gel electrophoresis showed that for sonicationassisted digestion, degradation occurred with many protein samples, possibly due to the liquid cavitation
using free radical scavengers to counter ECM protein fragmentation showed that sonication efficiently digested proteins while preventing degradation. This research makes three importa
approximately 30 proteins had been identified in Matrigel (due to the difficulty of analyzing ECM samples) – this research has identified 200+ proteins, b) it demonstrates the novel application of s
samples, and c) it accelerates protein digestion from overnight to a few minutes. These results are expected to significantly enhance the ability of researchers to explore the impact of ECM on ca
Fourth Award $250 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2010 BI009
INULIN VS. CELLULOSE IN ETHANOL FERMENTATION
Apurv Suman
Oak Hall School, Gainesville, FL
Inulin and Kluyveromyces marxianus provide a system that eliminates use of commercial enzymes in ethanol production (unlike cellulosic fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae). This provi
expense in ethanol production. Cellulosic fermentation was run using Saccharomyces cerevisiae, cellulase [50µL/g cellulose], and cellulose [1%, 2%, 5%, and 10%] at 37ºC. Inulin [1%,
fermented by Kluyveromyces marxianus at 42ºC. Results of experimentation showed that inulin fermentation produced, on an average, 98.5% more ethanol within 24 hours. Cellulose fer
inulin fermentation after a full 120 hours (at which point inulin fermentation had reached plateaus several hours beforehand). In comparing the initial rates of both systems with regard to s
inulin fermentation remained linear while the efficiency of cellulose fermentation began to level off. Thereby, inulin has greater potential with higher substrate concentrations as well. Inulin
concentrations of ethanol at a faster rate without diminishing performance at higher concentrations of substrate. Considering that inulin fermentation accomplished all this without the addition of co
part of production), it was concluded that inulin has greater potential than cellulose as a substrate in ethanol fermentation.
Second Award $1,000 CACO Pharmaceutical & BioScience Society
2008 BI009
PROTEOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX USING SONICATIONASSISTED DIGESTION
Aarthi Shankar
be validated as tumor suppressors or promoters. However, the traditional approach of overnight protein digestion using enzymes (a key step in ECM analysis) does not work well for EC
required to address the digestive resistant properties of ECM. Sonication, the application of ultrasound energy, has proven to accelerate protein digestion in cellular protein samples. It is hypothes
ECM samples. Four variables were evaluated to maximize the efficiency of digestion: sonication time, intensity, sample temperature and reagent concentrations. Experimental results s
improved ECM digestion. However, the 1D gel electrophoresis showed that for sonicationassisted digestion, degradation occurred with many protein samples, possibly due to the liquid cavitation
using free radical scavengers to counter ECM protein fragmentation showed that sonication efficiently digested proteins while preventing degradation. This research makes three importa
approximately 30 proteins had been identified in Matrigel (due to the difficulty of analyzing ECM samples) – this research has identified 200+ proteins, b) it demonstrates the novel application of s
samples, and c) it accelerates protein digestion from overnight to a few minutes. These results are expected to significantly enhance the ability of researchers to explore the impact of ECM on ca
2006 BI009
THE FUNCTION OF A NOVEL APOPTOSIS REGULATING PROTEIN, XAF1C, IN BREAST CANCER CELLS
Charles William Dyer
Caddo Parish Magnet High School, Shreveport, LA, USA
XAF1 (Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis associated factor 1) is a protein that indirectly regulates caspase activity and promotes apoptosis. A novel splice variant of XAF1(A), termed XAF1C, has b
in apoptosis. Many cancer cells express low levels of XAF1(A) and XAF1C, partially accounting for their resistance to extracellular inducers of apoptosis released by the body’s immune system
by the body’s natural killer (NK) cells and selectively induces apoptosis in cancerous cells. Low XAF1 expression could be a factor in TRAIL resistance among cancer cell lines. To dete
breast cancer cells were stably transfected with XAF1(A) and XAF1C to compare their apoptotic response. Transfected cells were pretreated with etoposide, a cancer chemotherapeutic drug, an
Apoptotic response was calculated as a measure of percent inhibition of cell viability. Also, the cell cycle profiles of the stable transfectants were measured by FACS and compared to wild type a
caused a significant increase in sensitization to apoptosis when compared to XAF1(A) and the control cell lines. This increase was seen in cells pretreated with both etoposide and IFN and in ce
expression also caused an altered cell cycle profile, suggesting a proliferative effect by the protein. These results show that XAF1C expression results in a greater sensitization of cells
suggests that the delivery of the XAF1C protein or gene could cause cancer cells to be more vulnerable to combination treatment. Also, the FACS results indicate that XAF1C may play a prolife
research. 
2009 BI009
PROTEOMIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM) TO IDENTIFY TUMOR ASSOCIATED BIOMOLECULES PART 2
Aarthi Shankar
be validated as tumor suppressors or promoters. The proteomic composition of a sample is obtained using an optimized protein digestion protocol followed by chromatographic separatio
using tandem mass spectrometry. The number of peptides for a given protein sequence are used to determine the proteomic composition and estimate protein abundances. Three ECM
characterized using the above procedure: virgin, involution, and involution treated with ibuprofen. Virgin mammary matrix supports normal mammary epithelial growth and was used as a control. In
occurs following pregnancy and promotes tumor cell dissemination. Involution matrix from animals treated with ibuprofen appears to behave functionally closer to the virgin ECM. 
proteins with biological significance (e.g., decorin, agrin, biglycan). Twoway ANOVA showed statistically significant differences in the abundances of proteins between the samples. The proteins
the difference and their biological significance, thereby providing a prioritized list of candidate tumor promoters and suppressors. Independent research has confirmed that one of the proteins iden
metastasis of tumors. This research has applications to the development of new breast cancer detection methods and drugs to treat cancer based on ECM protein imbalances.
2006 BI009
THE FUNCTION OF A NOVEL APOPTOSIS REGULATING PROTEIN, XAF1C, IN BREAST CANCER CELLS
Charles William Dyer
XAF1 (Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis associated factor 1) is a protein that indirectly regulates caspase activity and promotes apoptosis. A novel splice variant of XAF1(A), termed XAF1C, has b
in apoptosis. Many cancer cells express low levels of XAF1(A) and XAF1C, partially accounting for their resistance to extracellular inducers of apoptosis released by the body’s immune system
by the body’s natural killer (NK) cells and selectively induces apoptosis in cancerous cells. Low XAF1 expression could be a factor in TRAIL resistance among cancer cell lines. To dete
breast cancer cells were stably transfected with XAF1(A) and XAF1C to compare their apoptotic response. Transfected cells were pretreated with etoposide, a cancer chemotherapeutic drug, an
Apoptotic response was calculated as a measure of percent inhibition of cell viability. Also, the cell cycle profiles of the stable transfectants were measured by FACS and compared to wild type a
caused a significant increase in sensitization to apoptosis when compared to XAF1(A) and the control cell lines. This increase was seen in cells pretreated with both etoposide and IFN and in ce
expression also caused an altered cell cycle profile, suggesting a proliferative effect by the protein. These results show that XAF1C expression results in a greater sensitization of cells
suggests that the delivery of the XAF1C protein or gene could cause cancer cells to be more vulnerable to combination treatment. Also, the FACS results indicate that XAF1C may play a prolife
research. 
Alternate for trip American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science
2005 BI010
DANGERS OF DRINKING: THE EFFECTS OF ALCOHOL IN PC12 CULTURED CELLS
Heather Kay Ali
Fayetteville Christian Academy, Fayetteville, Arkansas, United States of America
Alcohol (ethanol) is one of the most abused drugs in the United States. Millions of dollars are spent on rehabilitation and detoxification programs annually. This study demonstrates some of ethan
cells are cultured from a transplantable rat adrenal pheochromocytoma cell line. Cultured PC12 cells share similar neurochemical properties, with brain cells. PC12 cells were exposed to varying
for 24 hours, after which the effects were recorded. Tests included HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) to measure neurotransmitter content, RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) extraction to de
Fluorescent Microscopy with Hoechst 33258 staining and Tunel staining to evaluate alterations in cell structure. The results of the study demonstrated evidence of cellular dysfunction and morph
dosage. Dose dependent decreases in Dopamine, DOPAC (3,4 Dihydroxyphenyl Acetic Acid), and HVA (Homovanillic Acid) were observed with exposures to higher concentrations of ethanol. Tot
ethanol exposure in a dose dependent relationship. Cell morphology is disrupted with DNA fragmentation and condensation as evidence by Hoechst 33258 Staining, and apoptotic cell changes on
ethanol produces a neurotoxic effect in PC12 cells.
2006 BI010
SHATTERED SUGAR
Laura Ann Willig
Cornerstone Christian School, San Angelo, Texas, United States
This project was conducted to determine the best temperature for cooking sugar to increase the strength of sugar structures. In the culinary world, chefs spend hours making sugar sculptures, on
cooked to various temperatures, starting at 144 degrees Celsius, and poured into bars. After the bars cooled, they were tested, and their strengths were calculated. Then the average strength, the
deviation were calculated and compared. The experiment showed that the strength of the sugar increased as the cooking temperature increased, to a point. The highest temperature tested, 160 d
at 154 degrees. Two different groups were made and tested. The second set of tests was stronger, at the same temperature, than the first set, indicating that the humidity may have had an effec
second day was six times greater than it was on the first testing day.
2003 BI010
ARE THE ALPHA AND BETA CHAINS OF THE INTERLEUKIN2 RECEPTOR PRESENT ON THE SURFACE OF C1498?
Benjamin Kahn Boxer
Nicolet High School, Milwauke, Wisconsin, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether cells from a natural killer T cell (NKT) leukemia, C1498, expressed the receptor for the growth factor interleukin2 (IL2) on its cell membr
a multistep project that will eventually prove or disprove the hypothesis that C1498 leukemia cells proliferate through an autocrine circuit. If it is discovered that C1498 goes through an autocrine
autocrine circuit will be explored. The goal of this experiment is to discover if the alpha and the beta chains of the interleukin2 receptor are present on the surface of C1498. Antibodies
the interleukin2 receptor were added to the C1498 leukemia cells. The antibodies were tagged with the fluorochrome phycoerythrin so that they could be detected in a flow cytometer. When the C
cytometer, it was discovered that both the beta and alpha chains of the IL2 receptor were present on the surface of C1498. This experiment proved for the first time that C1498 expresse
membrane. Thus, C1498 leukemia may be proliferating through an autocrine circuit in which it produces its own growth factor (interleukin2). Without the receptor for the growth factor interleukin2
operate through an autocrine circuit. Future experiments will determine whether the C1498 leukemia cells are producing the growth factor interleukin2. 
2007 BI010
DON'T EAT THAT
Stedmond Danzel Ware
Greenwood High School, Greenwood, MS, U.S.A.
Which meal is most nutritionally sound? This is the question that this project is based on. Analysis was made using the same procedure that is used in food science. Food menus used consisted
meals, fresh foods prepared using the Atkins diet, fresh foods prepared using the South Beach Diet, and fresh food prepared the "soul food" way. I hypothesized that the store bought meals woul
My procedure included Vitamin C testing, Starch testing, Protein testing, and Fat testing. Each test involves the liquidation of the food in all the menus,the testing of food based on the chemical r
observed and measured were based on the discoloration of the chemical substances being used. The Vitamin C testing is the only testing that I was able to give an accurate account for. All the r
test, the Protein test, and the Fat test, were only able to give me an acknowledgement of the presence of or tell the circumference of the allotted amount of starch, protein and fat in each diet.
even though the store bought menu didn't contain the most fat and starch, unfortunately, it did not contain the least amount. The Atkins and the South Beach dietary menus were the ones that co
but they contained the least amount of starches and fat. Hence, proving my hypothesis wrong.
2010 BI010
CAN SECRETED PROTEINS FROM WHOLECELL MYCOBACTERIA BE DIRECTLY DETECTED USING MALDITOF MASS SPECTROMETRY?
Timothy Dillon Trippel
Marian High School, Mishawaka, IN
Tuberculosis is an infectious disease, caused by the Mycobacteria tuberculosis bacteria, which kills nearly 2 million people each year. The treatments that exist today consist of complex antibiot
have low compliance. Like most bacteria, Mycobacteria secrete proteins. One way proteins are secreted is via the ESX1 secretion machine. It is known that when the ESX1 secretion machine
tuberculosis can no longer infect humans. Being able to detect specific proteins that are known to be secreted via the ESX1 secretion machine allows the status of the machine to be determined
to develop a new, highly efficient process for screening wholecell Mycobacteria for the secretion of proteins using MALDITOF mass spectrometry. I hypothesized that secreted proteins from wh
detected using MALDITOF mass spectrometry. To develop the assay, positive and negative controls of Mycobacterium marinum, a close relative of M. tuberculosis, were screened for ESX1 pr
spectrometry to detect protein secretion in wholecell bacteria will eventually make it possible to scan the thousands of mutated bacterial cells necessary to make conclusions on which genes are
the first step in a process that will eventually provide new gene targets for future antibiotics or currently existing ones.
2014 BI010
PNA FOR USE IN SMALLMOLECULE LIBRARIES DERIVED BY COMBINATORIAL SOLIDPHASE SYNTHESIS: REACTION OPTIMIZATION
Richik Neogi
Merlo Station School of Science and Technology, Beaverton, OR, United States of America
Peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) are highly resilient molecules that are resistant to nucleases and proteases. As formidable nucleic acid mimics, peptide nucleic acids can hybridize with complemen
DNA and RNA, PNAs are supported by a polyamide backbone held together by peptide bonds. Here, a streamlined process for constructing and assembling peptide nucleic acids is optimized for
for small molecule libraries that are synthesized through combinatorial solid phase synthesis (SPS). Combinatorial SPS allows for the facile construction of a diverse small molecule library. Howe
mixture of compounds that is difficult to separate. PNAs provide a means for encoding each unique small molecule to give a mixture that is separated with far greater ease. Currently, the synthes
employ in library encoding, so optimization is necessary to maximize yield and purity while simultaneously promoting ease of synthesis. In the current work, optimization for yield, purity, and dive
PNA oligomers that could be coupled with one another with a single coupling step to produce larger oligomers suited for tagging purposes. A preliminary synthesis of a threemembered collection
validated using mass spectrometry. This indicates the feasibility of constructing a library of PNA codons. Thus, this project puts forth a facile scheme for synthesizing versatile, modular tags for
potential applications in medical research.
2012 BI010
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUND IN FOXGLOVE
Peiyan Duan
No. 2 Secondary School Attached to East China Normal University, Shanghai, CHINA
Foxglove is a plant with sweet taste and refreshing fragrance. The purpose of this study is to investigate its active compound, antidiabetic effect and mechanisms of action. Firstly, I used compu
antidiabetic compounds in foxglove. Docking result shows that 12 compounds in foxglove could nicely bind with 32 protein targets related to diabetes. Of all the 12 active compounds, aucubin, a
highest normalized fit score (79.2%) with its protein target, glycogen phosphorylasea (GPa), an important enzyme controlling the process of glycogenolysis. Pharmacological inhibition of GPa is
glucose and hence limit the pathogenic consequences of hyperglycaemia. Next, I did an enzymatic experiment to test the result of computer docking. The result showed that aucubin exhibited in
concentrations. It reaches an inhibition rate of 83% at 100 microMOLES. In cell experiment, I found that aucubin can increase the content of glycogen in human hepatocytes, which confirmed the
level. Besides, Investigation on inhibition effect of aucubin on GPa at various glucose concentrations showed that the IC50 of aucubin decreased with the increase of glucose concentration, indic
active at high glucose level. This is really meaningful because it showed the selectivity of aucubin and avoid the side effect of hypoglycemia of most clinical agents. Finally, the result of in vivo e
significant antidiabetic effect compared to metformin.
Second Award of $1,000 American Physiological Society
2013 BI010
IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES VIA CONCENTRIC NAFION/CELLULASE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Alicia Danielle D'Souza
Clark High School, Plano, TX
Cellulase is an enzyme that converts the most abundant biomass (cellulose) to glucose, which can then be transformed to the biofuel ethanol. A significant challenge in biocatalysis is to immobil
discusses a way to immobilize cellulase in the form of nonwoven fiber mats by electrospinning to improve bioethanol production from cellulose. Electrospinning is a versatile process to create na
drawn towards a grounded collector within an electric field. Though not electrospinnable itself, cellulase can be spun into fibers using concentric electrospinning. Cellulase fibers were electrospun
oxide (PEO) solution as the outer shell, and cellulase as the inner core. The enzyme fibers were washed to remove the PEO leaving only porous Nafion as the outer shell. Nafion is a superacid p
fashion with cellulose to hydrolyze. The enzymes were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, which immobilizes and imparts enhanced stability to the enzymes. The Nafion/enzyme fiber activity was
substrate. While the activity of free enzymes in solution declines rapidly, the Nafion/enzyme fibers maintained activity even after 2 days of continuous use. The Nafion/enzyme fibers were 3 time
glucose, compared to only Nafion fibers. The Nafion/enzyme fibers were more active when incubated at higher temperatures (up to 60°C). These enzyme fibers have great potential as membrane
for efficient largescale conversion of cellulose into glucose for bioethanol. 
2009 BI010
AN INNOVATIVE STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMOTOXICITY AND RADIATION POISONING
Preeti Singhal
Arlington High School, Arlington, TX
Cancer, a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, kills millions of people worldwide every year. Because cancer cells get resistant to most treatments, I chose to observe
(RalInteracting protein), a stressdefense protein that is found ubiquitously from drosophila to humans. My purpose was to observe the expression of RLIP and to see the cytotoxic effe
types. I also wanted to see whether introducing RLIP liposomes would prevent radiation toxicity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as in lung and breast cancer cells. In order to observe the
blot and immuno cytochemistry. The cytotoxic affect of the RLIP antibody was determined using a MTT assay and TUNEL apoptosis assay. The protective effect of RLIP liposomes against chem
through liposomal delivery, followed by radiation exposure. After seven days, the cells were stained with methylene blue, and colonies were counted. Surprisingly, I found that RLIP is u
inhibiting RLIP with the RLIP antibody, I noticed that cancer cells underwent apoptosis while normal cells were spared. In the MEFs, I observed that the RLIP knockout cells were most sensitive
RLIP liposomes, I saw a remarkable improvement in cell survival. Nevertheless, RLIP containing cells were the most radioresistant. These finding are of fundamental significance because they p
chemotherapy and radiation. RLIP plays a pivotal role in defending normal cells from a variety of poisons and stresses and cancer cells from apoptosis. My results indicate that normal cells do no
cells cannot survive without it.
First Award of $1,000 U.S. savings bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty (AVASC) Foundation
2012 BI010
COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUND IN FOXGLOVE
Peiyan Duan
No. 2 Secondary School Attached to East China Normal University, Shanghai, CHINA
Foxglove is a plant with sweet taste and refreshing fragrance. The purpose of this study is to investigate its active compound, antidiabetic effect and mechanisms of action. Firstly, I used compu
antidiabetic compounds in foxglove. Docking result shows that 12 compounds in foxglove could nicely bind with 32 protein targets related to diabetes. Of all the 12 active compounds, aucubin, a
highest normalized fit score (79.2%) with its protein target, glycogen phosphorylasea (GPa), an important enzyme controlling the process of glycogenolysis. Pharmacological inhibition of GPa is
glucose and hence limit the pathogenic consequences of hyperglycaemia. Next, I did an enzymatic experiment to test the result of computer docking. The result showed that aucubin exhibited in
concentrations. It reaches an inhibition rate of 83% at 100 microMOLES. In cell experiment, I found that aucubin can increase the content of glycogen in human hepatocytes, which confirmed the
level. Besides, Investigation on inhibition effect of aucubin on GPa at various glucose concentrations showed that the IC50 of aucubin decreased with the increase of glucose concentration, indic
active at high glucose level. This is really meaningful because it showed the selectivity of aucubin and avoid the side effect of hypoglycemia of most clinical agents. Finally, the result of in vivo e
significant antidiabetic effect compared to metformin.
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2009 BI010
AN INNOVATIVE STRATEGY FOR THE PROTECTION AGAINST CHEMOTOXICITY AND RADIATION POISONING
Preeti Singhal
Cancer, a disease characterized by uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells, kills millions of people worldwide every year. Because cancer cells get resistant to most treatments, I chose to observe
(RalInteracting protein), a stressdefense protein that is found ubiquitously from drosophila to humans. My purpose was to observe the expression of RLIP and to see the cytotoxic effe
types. I also wanted to see whether introducing RLIP liposomes would prevent radiation toxicity in mouse embryonic fibroblasts as well as in lung and breast cancer cells. In order to observe the
blot and immuno cytochemistry. The cytotoxic affect of the RLIP antibody was determined using a MTT assay and TUNEL apoptosis assay. The protective effect of RLIP liposomes against chem
through liposomal delivery, followed by radiation exposure. After seven days, the cells were stained with methylene blue, and colonies were counted. Surprisingly, I found that RLIP is u
inhibiting RLIP with the RLIP antibody, I noticed that cancer cells underwent apoptosis while normal cells were spared. In the MEFs, I observed that the RLIP knockout cells were most sensitive
RLIP liposomes, I saw a remarkable improvement in cell survival. Nevertheless, RLIP containing cells were the most radioresistant. These finding are of fundamental significance because they p
chemotherapy and radiation. RLIP plays a pivotal role in defending normal cells from a variety of poisons and stresses and cancer cells from apoptosis. My results indicate that normal cells do no
cells cannot survive without it.
Second Award of $1,500 Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2008 BI010
A HIGHTHROUGHPUT, ECONOMICAL, AND HIGHLY SENSITIVE SELECTION METHOD FOR DE NOVO PROTEIN ENGINEERING
David Andrew Levary
Parkway Central High School, Chesterfield, MO
The ability to create proteins with predefined properties would revolutionize fields ranging from medicine to environmental engineering, accomplishing tasks from tissuespecific drug delivery to bio
interactions is wellsuited to the yeast surface display system due to its unique ability to process complex protein folds; however, current methods using fluorescence activated cell sorting have h
screening yeast surfacedisplayed libraries was developed utilizing multivalent cell surface interactions. Streptavidincoated paramagnetic beads were employed as the primary model for a multiva
of yeasttoligand contacts that this material afforded was shown to dramatically improve the selection of extremely low affinity binders with a greater than 30,000fold enrichment achieved from a
binders. A general strategy for the screening of naïve libraries that utilizes a negative selection with bare streptavidin beads followed by positive selection with progressively decreasing ligand den
successfully tested against a model hen egg lysozyme target. The ligandsaturated magnetic bead format allows for the rapid processing of library populations of over four billion cells at a cost of
of thousands necessary to maintain a standard flow cytometer while decreasing the necessary amount of antigen input almost a billionfold. Utilization of multivalent cell surface interactions provi
economical method for screening naïve yeastsurface displayed combinatorial protein libraries.
2004 BI010
INDOLE3CARBINOL PROTECTS NORMAL NEURONAL CELLS (HCN1) AND KILLS BRAIN CANCER CELLS (SKN) BY DOWNREGULATING CLYCLOOXYGENASE2 AND NUCLEAR FA
Lascelles Ewen LynCook
Hall High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
 Indole3carbinol (I3C), a dietary agent found naturally in cruciferous vegetables, has shown anticancer effects in a number of cancers. The present study was designed to determine if I3
Normal cortical neuronal cells (HCN1A) were treated for 24 hrs with 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 micromolar of ZnCl2. Cellular damage and toxicity was determined by induction of apoptosis and proliferati
micromolar of ZnCl2 and 100 micromolar of I3C decreased apoptosis by 42% and stimulated the growth of the HCN1A cells by a factor of 7. This was significant (p<0.005) and showed that I3C c
apoptosis. I3C also exerted anticancer effects on the SKN tumor cells by inhibiting their growth and inducing apoptosis. Cox2 and NFkappa B were recently reported to be involved in neuronal
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analyses revealed that I3C decreased expression of Cox2 in ZnCl2induced normal brain cells by 40%. NFkappa B expression was completely
I3C. Both NFkappa B and Cox2 expression was decreased in the SKN brain tumor cells by I3C. Recent studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinso
My results are novel in that I3C, a natural dietary agent significantly (p<0.005) decreased Cox2 expression in ZnCl2treated normal cells and further protected the normal brain cells from apoptos
demonstrated that I3C is a neuroprotective agent. 
2013 BI010
IMMOBILIZATION OF ENZYMES VIA CONCENTRIC NAFION/CELLULASE ELECTROSPUN FIBERS FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCTION
Alicia Danielle D'Souza
Clark High School, Plano, TX
Cellulase is an enzyme that converts the most abundant biomass (cellulose) to glucose, which can then be transformed to the biofuel ethanol. A significant challenge in biocatalysis is to immobil
discusses a way to immobilize cellulase in the form of nonwoven fiber mats by electrospinning to improve bioethanol production from cellulose. Electrospinning is a versatile process to create na
drawn towards a grounded collector within an electric field. Though not electrospinnable itself, cellulase can be spun into fibers using concentric electrospinning. Cellulase fibers were electrospun
oxide (PEO) solution as the outer shell, and cellulase as the inner core. The enzyme fibers were washed to remove the PEO leaving only porous Nafion as the outer shell. Nafion is a superacid p
fashion with cellulose to hydrolyze. The enzymes were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, which immobilizes and imparts enhanced stability to the enzymes. The Nafion/enzyme fiber activity was
substrate. While the activity of free enzymes in solution declines rapidly, the Nafion/enzyme fibers maintained activity even after 2 days of continuous use. The Nafion/enzyme fibers were 3 time
glucose, compared to only Nafion fibers. The Nafion/enzyme fibers were more active when incubated at higher temperatures (up to 60°C). These enzyme fibers have great potential as membrane
for efficient largescale conversion of cellulose into glucose for bioethanol. 
2011 BI010
HOW SILICA NANOPARTICLES DAMAGE FUNGI?
Diana Galautdinova
Gymnasium 7, Kazan, Russian Federation, Kazan, RUSSIA
The goal of my research is a directed modification of silica nanoparticles to obtain enzyme inhibitors that function inside the fungus tissue. Mycotic infections are particularly dangerous, as they r
to the propagation of diseases, being the cause of death in case of HIV as well. The secretory asparaginic proteinases of the Candida albicans fungus, SAP4 and SAP2, were selected as subjec
the membrane permeability and can deliver a component for the proteinases’ inactivation into a fungus cell. I modified silica spheres by amino groups and by zinc ions consecutively and
measured the SAP2 and SAP4 activity in relation to a specific substrate – hemoglobin. The particles’ size was identified by dynamic light scattering method. 7 sets of tests were carried out, 5 tim
modified over the surface by amino groups and zinc ions led to inactivation of both enzymes 100.0±0.1%. This combination can bind with active site (amine fragments), with the metal site (zinc io
explain the achievable effect by formation of a polynuclear Zn(II) complex with nanoparticles, with nitrogen coordination of Zn(II) of aminogroups fixed on the surface of silica particles. T
directed modification of silica nanoparticles allows us to effectively control the fungus enzymes’ activity. So these nanoparticles can be used in developing nextgeneration drugs against mycotic
Third Award of $500 Medprin Biotech, LLC
2004 BI010
INDOLE3CARBINOL PROTECTS NORMAL NEURONAL CELLS (HCN1) AND KILLS BRAIN CANCER CELLS (SKN) BY DOWNREGULATING CLYCLOOXYGENASE2 AND NUCLEAR FA
Lascelles Ewen LynCook
Hall High School, Little Rock, Arkansas, United States
 Indole3carbinol (I3C), a dietary agent found naturally in cruciferous vegetables, has shown anticancer effects in a number of cancers. The present study was designed to determine if I3
Normal cortical neuronal cells (HCN1A) were treated for 24 hrs with 0.1, 1, 10, and 100 micromolar of ZnCl2. Cellular damage and toxicity was determined by induction of apoptosis and proliferati
micromolar of ZnCl2 and 100 micromolar of I3C decreased apoptosis by 42% and stimulated the growth of the HCN1A cells by a factor of 7. This was significant (p<0.005) and showed that I3C c
apoptosis. I3C also exerted anticancer effects on the SKN tumor cells by inhibiting their growth and inducing apoptosis. Cox2 and NFkappa B were recently reported to be involved in neuronal
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR) analyses revealed that I3C decreased expression of Cox2 in ZnCl2induced normal brain cells by 40%. NFkappa B expression was completely
I3C. Both NFkappa B and Cox2 expression was decreased in the SKN brain tumor cells by I3C. Recent studies have shown that neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinso
My results are novel in that I3C, a natural dietary agent significantly (p<0.005) decreased Cox2 expression in ZnCl2treated normal cells and further protected the normal brain cells from apoptos
demonstrated that I3C is a neuroprotective agent. 
Scholarship award of $2,000 National AntiVivisection Society
2010 BI011
MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF GRAMICIDIN A AT EXTREME TEMPERATURES
Ravi Uday Sheth
Sycamore High School, Cincinnati, OH
Gramicidin A is a linear antibiotic peptide found naturally in the bacterial species Baccilius brevis. When dimerized, gramicidin acts as a cation selective transmembrane channel. Recent experim
to occur in gramicidin at unexpectedly high temperatures. These findings have large implications; gramicidin has many high temperature applications, most notably as a membrane in proton exch
molecular mechanisms and structural behaviors of the channel at these extreme temperatures have not been previously examined. Molecular dynamics simulations use known physics t
system of atoms. To determine the effects of extreme temperatures on the channel, gramicidin systems were examined using allatom molecular dynamics simulations on supercomputers. The t
the headtohead helical dimer and the intertwined double helix, were simulated at both 300K and 360K. High temperatures were found to decrease hydrogen bonding and the pore radius
these high temperatures, the channel’s overall structure was retained. Additionally, a gating transition, which has never previously been reported, was observed in the double helix conformation at
suggest the viability of gramicidin as a high temperature membrane, and as a future model for gating studies.
2012 BI011
SYNTHESIS, VIRTUAL SCREENING AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY STUDIES OF 3,4DIHYDROISOCOUMARIN DERIVATIVES
Mykhaylo Rimel
Lvivs'ka Szosh No. 45, Lviv, UKRAINE
Biological activity of the 150 3,4dihydroisocoumarin3carboxamides was investigated in silico using onlineservice PASS (Prediction of Activity Spectra for Substances) Results revealed a predi
probability of antimicrobial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antiischemic and cardioprotective biological activity. These compounds showed high probability to be active index (Pa) in one or more types o
low Pa in toxicity as well as low probability to be inactive index (Pi<0.01). Selected compounds were synthesized by coppercatalyzed arylation reaction, with following intramolecular cyclization o
acrylate and methyl methacrylate with orthomethoxycarbonylarenediazonium bromides, obtained from the corresponding substituted methyl anthranilates. Arylation of unsaturated compounds wit
yielded 3,4dihydroisocoumarin derivatives. Implemented synthesis scheme is a simple, onestep process that does not require complex reactions conditions and is cheaper than other m
synthesis. Obtained compounds were sent for in vitro screening studies to investigate their antimicrobial properties. We have also tested for the first time the reaction of 2,5dimethoxyca
methyl/ethyl acrylate and styrenes in the presence of Copper(I) bromide. It was found that the arylation of unsaturated compounds with a simultaneous intramolecular cyclization occurred and 3,4
obtained as a result of the reaction.
2007 BI011
SHATTERED SUGAR
Laura Ann Willig
Cornerstone Christian School, San Angelo, Texas, United States of America
This project was conducted to explore the possibilities of using other boiled sugar formulas to produce sugar pieces that were not yellow. Previous experiments showed that as the temperature wa
syrup, the bars turned a darker yellow. These tests were conducted by boiling different sugar formulas to the same temperature, pouring them into bars, testing their strengths, and observing their
sugar formula was calculated and compared as well. Formulas using glucose and isomalt were compared to the basic boiled sugar method that uses corn syrup. The glucose bars were stronger a
corn syrup. The isomalt bars were clear, but they were 25% weaker than the corn syrup bars; they were also twentynine times more expensive to produce as the bars made with corn syrup.
2003 BI011
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOUR TASTEMODIFYING PROTEIN, MIRACULIN, FROM RICHADELLA DULCIFICA
PeiShan Wu
National Taichung Girls' Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan
Richadella dulcifica, a native plant in tropical West Africa, bears red berries which contain protein assigned as miraculin and has the unusual property of modifying a sour taste into a sweet taste.
sodium chloride solution, and purified from the extracts by 50% ammonium sulfate fractionation, sulfopropyl ionexchange column chromatography, and concanavalin ASepharose affinity column
primary structure of miraculin deduced from nucleotide sequence of cDNA revealed that it consists of 191 amino acid residues with 7 cysteine residues and was found to be a basic protein with a
protein, miraculin, is also a glycoprotein with Asnlinked oligosaccharide moieties located at Asn42 and Asn186. It is interesting to find out that, while the M.W. of a previously reported
nucleotide sequence analysis, the M.W. of miraculin obtained in the present investigation is 55,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamiade gel electrophoresis. By reduction of the miraculin w
miraculin was reduced to 28,000, and it suggests that miraculin is a homodimer linked by disulfide bond(s). To investigate whether the dimeric form is essential to its function of modifying the sou
reduced with ƒÒƒ{mercaptoethanol and then alkylated with iodoacetate to address this issue. Furthermore, in order to study whether the carbohydrate moieties of miraculin are essential
cloned into pGEX2T vector and expressed in E. coli. 
2004 BI011
A COMPUTATIONAL STUDY OF DNA INTRONS: EVIDENCE FOR VARYING STAGES OF COMPLEXITY AMONG HUMAN CHROMOSOMES
Benjamin Albert Schwank
James Madison High School, Vienna, Virginia, USA
The purpose of this study was to calculate and analyze statistical data associated with human gene introns at the chromosome level. Nucleotide data for human genes (1.2GB) was downloaded f
were written to calculate statistics such as average intron length and percentages of each of the four DNA nucleotides. Initial processing showed that about fifteen percent of the genes included u
excluded from the final statistics. Analysis of the results indicated that there is a large spread in average intron length between human chromosomes. This result was unexpected becau
organisms have longer introns. Therefore, the findings seem to indicate that some human chromosomes are more "complex" than others. This variation also indicates that additional intron researc
species, such as at the chromosome and gene levels. Genbank115, which includes a large sample of nonhuman genes from less complex species, such as flies and worms, was also downloade
chromosome. After comparing the data, Chromosome 19 was found to be less complex, like the nonhuman genes, based on average intron length. Chromosomes Y and 13 appeared to be the mo
adenine was also found to increase with the more complex chromosomes. Common, serious genetic diseases appear to be associated with chromosomes of moderate complexity, and n
2005 BI011
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF E. COLI O157:H7 TOXIN GENES BY NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCEBASED AMPLIFICATION
Jennifer Jing Huang
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, MS 39402
Escherichia coli O157:H7 food poisoning is an international health concern. Early, rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection is essential to the prevention and containment of outbreaks as well as th
Many conventional techniques such as culture methods can identify E. coli O157:H7. However, they take tens of hours to complete analyses. On the other hand, nucleic acid sequencebased am
molecular beacons, is a fast, accurate, and highly sensitive realtime method of simultaneous E. coli gene detection. In brief, the NASBA reaction solution contains a buffer, nucleotides, primers,
polymerase, fluorescent molecular beacons, and target RNA/DNA. Through reverse transcriptase, each RNA/DNA molecule becomes a RNAcDNA heteroduplex. Afterward, RNase H digests the
cDNA. The cDNA is used as a template to make doublestranded DNA that contains a T7 promoter. Transcription by T7 RNA polymerase generates RNA. Each amplification cycle can make 100
fluorescent molecular beacons shine when they bind to their complementary target RNA. The more copies of RNA, the brighter the fluorescence will be, and the color of the fluorescence indicates
amplification, the sample is read for fluorescence output every minute. The results show that NASBA is a fast, efficient, sensitive, and accurate method of detecting E. coli O157H7 toxin genes.
much faster, has less opportunity for contamination, and does not need expensive PCR machines.
Honorable Mention Award $50 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2008 BI011
ISOLATION OF THE ROLE OF EARTHWORMS IN THE CHEMICAL ALTERATION TRAJECTORY OF LIGNIN IN OLD AND YOUNG FOREST SYSTEMS
Russell B. Conard
William Henry Harrison High School, West Lafayette, IN
Invasive earthworm activity has been shown to shift forest ecology by altering the rate of litter decomposition, organic carbon content of soil, and impact of fungi and bacteria. A microscale chem
litter decomposition in forest ecosystems is lacking and may provide insight into the macroscale role of forests in the global carbon cycle. This research suggests a direct correlation between inv
alteration trajectory of forest litter undergoing decomposition. The analysis of lignin decay in forest floor litter was determined using an isotopetagging chemolysis mass spectrometry technique w
automated data extraction and analysis method with direct graphical export developed during the course of this research. The influence of earthworms can be studied by analyzing samples from f
invasive species. Also, earthworm activity was isolated from other factors by analyzing open air samples (which permit earthworm decay) and samples in litter bags (which eliminate the influence
earthworm activity inhibits lignin decomposition by fungi, causing it to accumulate with respect to low earthworm sites. Background microbial activity assessed by litter bag studies demonstrated
earthworm sites; however, the major litter alteration trajectories were related to earthworm activity. These findings suggest that invasive earthworms are altering the rate and nature of litter decay
organic carbon cycling pathways in these forests. Long term implications are yet to be determined.
Third Award of $2,000 American Chemical Society
2013 BI011
ANALYSIS OF FEL D 1 ALLERGEN TRANSCRIPTS IN FELIS CATUS SALIVA USING REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION QUANTITATIVE POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (RTQPCR)
Savannah Joy Tobin
In this study a diagnostic technique was created to measure mRNA transcripts of the major cat allergen Felis domesticus 1 (Fel d 1) in cat saliva using a variation of Reverse Transcription quanti
qPCR). The purpose of this research was to determine the existence of hypoallergenic cats and to develop a methodology capable of comparing Fel d 1 levels among multiple cats. This study do
reverse transcription that allows analysis of mRNA transcripts in as little as 4 µl of feline whole saliva. The methodology was then optimized by trialing both GAPDH and RPS7 endogenous contro
technique. The Russian Blue cat is anecdotally referred to as hypoallergenic, and this research attests to the breed’s lower expression of the Fel d 1 allergen. Using ∆∆CT calculations to compare
multiple cats, preliminary results indicated that the hypoallergenic cat expressed significantly lower levels of Fel d 1 when compared to the other test subjects. As an ongoing investigation, future
conclusions, but the main objective was achieved by developing and optimizing a methodology for future use. The saliva based RTqPCR developed in this research offers an inexpensive, time e
alternative to blood diagnostics that can be utilized as a viable tool in future veterinary diagnostics.
2014 BI011
YOU MISSED A SPOT: ACCURACY OF LUMINOL CHEMILUMINESCENCE TO DETECT BLOOD AT A CRIME SCENE USING CONCEALMENT TECHNIQUES AND MEASUREMENTS OF F
Alexia Dean Benson
Grove High School, Grove, OK, United States of America
The purpose of this project is to find what circumstances and substances could luminol give a false positive result at a crime scene? Additionally, can blood residue be concealed, cleaned, or wa
hypothesized that luminol will show a false positive reaction on substances, metals, and surfaces containing iron. Also, that surfaces sprayed with blood then cleaned or concealed will still test p
Additionally, that fabrics sprayed with blood then washed and dried will not test positive with luminol chemeluminscene. Various types of substances, metals, and surfaces were each sprayed wit
After concealing and cleaning synthetic blood with various products, they were sprayed with luminol to test for luminol chemiluminescence. Lastly, synthetic blood was applied to cotton samples
washed 1 time, 2 times, 3 times, or not washed at all. They were sprayed with luminol to test for luminol chemiluminescence. All luminol test were based on a scale of 05 of light emitted from the
first hypothesis was supported. Turnip pulp, parsnip pulp, horseradish pulp, and bleach were all found to be false positives. As well as copper, steel, black iron, and the unfinished edge of drywall
Clean, Oxy Clean, Kilz, and enamel gloss were able to hide blood from luminol. The third hypothesis was rejected. After all attempts of washing blood away, luminol chemiluminescence still took

2011 BI011
DETERMINATION OF ESTROGEN AS A TRIGGER OF PROTANDRIC COLONY FORMATION OF AMPHIPRION OCELLARIS
Emily Marie Crisp
Loudoun County Academy of Science, Sterling, VA
Amphiprion ocellaris form colonies of only one female and one mature male. All A. ocellaris are born nonfunctional males, and change sex to become a functional male and then the female as th
of the colony. This experiment has been used to find the triggers behind the formation of the dominance structure within the colony. The hypothesis for this experiment is that estrogen is respons
Water samples were taken and run through HPLC to look for forms of estrogen, as well as a change in concentration of estrogen throughout colony formation. A chi square test was used to analy
chromatographs, with samples as the observed values, and the negative control as the expected. Research shows that the change in the estradiol level read at 200 nm on the chromatographs is
2013 BI011
Savannah Joy Tobin
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Biochemistry
2008 BI011
Russell B. Conard
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2013 BI011
Savannah Joy Tobin
2011 BI011
DETERMINATION OF ESTROGEN AS A TRIGGER OF PROTANDRIC COLONY FORMATION OF AMPHIPRION OCELLARIS
Emily Marie Crisp
Amphiprion ocellaris form colonies of only one female and one mature male. All A. ocellaris are born nonfunctional males, and change sex to become a functional male and then the female as th
of the colony. This experiment has been used to find the triggers behind the formation of the dominance structure within the colony. The hypothesis for this experiment is that estrogen is respons
Water samples were taken and run through HPLC to look for forms of estrogen, as well as a change in concentration of estrogen throughout colony formation. A chi square test was used to analy
chromatographs, with samples as the observed values, and the negative control as the expected. Research shows that the change in the estradiol level read at 200 nm on the chromatographs is
2009 BI011
MECHANISMS OF TUMOR CELL INVASION: THE ROLE OF STAT3 IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Kendall Marie Hughes
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a central regulator of proliferation, survival, and cell motility, and is elevated in many cancers, including skin squamous cell carcino
the role of Stat3 in the invasive behavior of skin SCC, a clinically aggressive form of skin cancer. An MTT [3(4,5dimethylthiazol2yl)2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cell viabilitybase
determine Stat3 regulation of the adhesive properties of SRB12p9 cells (P9WT), a human skin SCC cell line, along with SRB12p9 cells engineered to have reduced Stat3 activity (S3DN2 and S3
(SCID) mice were injected subcutaneously with P9WT and S3DN cells and tumors were measured twice weekly. Extracted tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting,
enzymes, MMP2 and MMP9. The suppression of Stat3 in S3DN cell lines resulted in a less invasive phenotype. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting indicated higher levels of
localization towards the outer perimeter of the tumors. This data suggests that Stat3 does play a role in skin SCC invasion and better understanding of Stat3 function could lead to improved treatm
2006 BI011
GLUCOSE UPTAKE INHIBITORS AND T CELL SURVIVAL: A SECOND YEAR STUDY IN AUTOIMMUNITY
Rebecca Joy Vitale
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, KY, United States
Over 50 million Americans suffer from autoimmune diseases. Many of these are caused by T lymphocytes attacking necessary body cells. Previous research has shown that glucose analogs are
viability. This study was designed to determine if glucose transport inhibitors are more effective than glucose analogs. Glucose transport inhibitors were hypothesized to be a more effective treatm
compared: one (treated with an antigen and natural adjuvant) modeled a normal immune response; the other (treated with only antigen) an abortive response. Cells were treated with increasing con
100 µM) or phloretin (050 µM), two glucose transport inhibitors. After a 20 hour incubation, viability was analyzed using flow cytometry. Statistical analyses were performed using Student Ttests
compound, cytochalasin B, showed that it does limit the viability of both sets of cells. It also, however, limits the viability of nonactivated resting cells to an extent that would be considered dang
50 µM concentration of phloretin completely eliminated the survival advantage afforded by adjuvant treatment. The effect on nonactivated resting cells was much lower with phloretin, and did not
summary, glucose transport inhibitors are much more effective than glucose analogs at limiting T cell viability. With further research, these compounds, especially phloretin, could be explored as
autoimmune disease. 
2005 BI011
SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF E. COLI O157:H7 TOXIN GENES BY NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCEBASED AMPLIFICATION
Jennifer Jing Huang
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, MS 39402
Escherichia coli O157:H7 food poisoning is an international health concern. Early, rapid, sensitive, and accurate detection is essential to the prevention and containment of outbreaks as well as th
Many conventional techniques such as culture methods can identify E. coli O157:H7. However, they take tens of hours to complete analyses. On the other hand, nucleic acid sequencebased am
molecular beacons, is a fast, accurate, and highly sensitive realtime method of simultaneous E. coli gene detection. In brief, the NASBA reaction solution contains a buffer, nucleotides, primers,
polymerase, fluorescent molecular beacons, and target RNA/DNA. Through reverse transcriptase, each RNA/DNA molecule becomes a RNAcDNA heteroduplex. Afterward, RNase H digests the
cDNA. The cDNA is used as a template to make doublestranded DNA that contains a T7 promoter. Transcription by T7 RNA polymerase generates RNA. Each amplification cycle can make 100
fluorescent molecular beacons shine when they bind to their complementary target RNA. The more copies of RNA, the brighter the fluorescence will be, and the color of the fluorescence indicates
amplification, the sample is read for fluorescence output every minute. The results show that NASBA is a fast, efficient, sensitive, and accurate method of detecting E. coli O157H7 toxin genes.
much faster, has less opportunity for contamination, and does not need expensive PCR machines.
2013 BI011
Savannah Joy Tobin
First Award of $5,000 National AntiVivisection Society
press conferences, learn more about Sweden and experience the extravagance of the Nobel festivities. Valid passport required for travel. Dudley R. Herschbach SIYSS Award
2009 BI011
MECHANISMS OF TUMOR CELL INVASION: THE ROLE OF STAT3 IN SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Kendall Marie Hughes
The signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) is a central regulator of proliferation, survival, and cell motility, and is elevated in many cancers, including skin squamous cell carcino
the role of Stat3 in the invasive behavior of skin SCC, a clinically aggressive form of skin cancer. An MTT [3(4,5dimethylthiazol2yl)2,5diphenyltetrazolium bromide] cell viabilitybase
determine Stat3 regulation of the adhesive properties of SRB12p9 cells (P9WT), a human skin SCC cell line, along with SRB12p9 cells engineered to have reduced Stat3 activity (S3DN2 and S3
(SCID) mice were injected subcutaneously with P9WT and S3DN cells and tumors were measured twice weekly. Extracted tumors were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting,
enzymes, MMP2 and MMP9. The suppression of Stat3 in S3DN cell lines resulted in a less invasive phenotype. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting indicated higher levels of
localization towards the outer perimeter of the tumors. This data suggests that Stat3 does play a role in skin SCC invasion and better understanding of Stat3 function could lead to improved treatm
Trip to attend the Taiwan International Science Fair. National Taiwan Science Education Center
2008 BI011
Russell B. Conard
2003 BI012
NATURAL PLANT ANTIOXIDANTS IN APOPTOSIS OF OVIS ARIES CELLS
Megan Marie Nash
Free radical production, a natural occurrence in cells, is known to cause various diseases. When allowed to do so, these free radicals cause damage to cell walls, cell structures, and the cell's ge
aging and certain diseases such as cancer. Antioxidants are molecules, which can safely interact with free radicals and terminate the chain reaction before vital molecules are damaged.
attack on the cells. The purpose of my project is to determine if various plant antioxidants reduce the damage inflicted upon the cells by free radicals. I introduced a free radical (tBOOH)
distributed the extracted antioxidants into each sample. After periods of incubation, the cells were stained to detect apoptotic and necrotic cells. In order to do this a FACS machine was used.
cells such as viable cells, apoptotic cells, and necrotic cells. This information was used to analyze the results to determine the effectiveness of the antioxidants from the native plants.
antioxidant activity in each of the samples. After experimenting I found that the agastachi root did extremely well in neutralizing the free radicals, while the agastachi leaf and sage perfor
study is entirely possible to see if these plants hold promise in finding a solution to various diseases caused by free radicals.
2006 BI012
INSULIN REGULATED INTRACELLULAR TRAFFICKING MRNAS IN SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS
Nina Oiyen Wong
Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School, Miami, Florida, United States of America
Insulin regulates the glucose intake of cells by employing membrane vesicles containing GLUT4 glucose transporters from the interior of cells to the cell surface, where they admit glucose into ce
attempts to determine the molecular mechanisms by which the glucose transporter GLUT4 moves within Rattus norvegicus (rat) L6 skeletal myoblast cells to allow an increased entry of glucose
microarrays. Cells were grown to confluence in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM) containing 10% Fetal Bovine Serum, 1% by volume PenicillinStreptomycin, and 1% AmphotericinB
supplemented with 2% horse serum instead of FBS to allow for differentiating fusion of cells into myotubes. Comparisons were done between the mRNAs isolated from the cells in serumfree me
mRNAs from the cells in the serumfree media vehicle control, after 6 hours. Microarray analysis was used to determine if the mRNAs steadystate level corresponding to these genes a
fold changes in the following intracellular trafficking proteins with insulinresponsive mRNAs: ArpBP2 (+2.15), BIN1 (+2.3), Caveolin3 (+2.85), and Kinesinrelated protein1 (3.15). RealTime PC
currently being performed. Biological efficiency implies that mRNAs regulated by insulin are important for insulin action. Their trafficking roles may be important in trafficking GLUT4 within the cell
therapies for type II diabetes, a disease in which cells have a decreased response to insulin stimulation and are starved of energy. 
2005 BI012
A STUDY OF THE MEDICIANL VALUE OF SYMPHYTUM OFFICINALE (COMFREY ROOT) ON THE GROWTH OF LUMBRICULUS VARIEGATES
Alix Beth Stelly
Catholic High School, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
This project is a study of the medicinal value of Symphytum officinale (comfrey root) on the growth of Lumbriculus variegates. The purpose was to determine if the topical application of comfrey r
would result in faster growth and to determine if the growth rate would be affected by increasing the concentration of comfrey root applied to California Blackworms. An experiment was d
treating regenerating California Blackworms with comfrey root would increase the growth rate. Comfrey root was purchased and made into a tea. 400ml of each solution strength was made.
100%, 75%, 50%, and 25%. 12 worms were cut into 10mm segments for each test group and a control group. Each bisected worm was placed in a petri dish with 25ml of solution. 12 were placed
25ml of spring water (the control). The experiment spanned 4 weeks. The worms were measured weekly for growth. The results supported the hypothesis. California Blackworms treated
measuring 1.91 times longer than the control. Worms in 50% solution grew 2.52 times longer, 75% solution grew 3.31 times longer, and 100% solution grew 4.65 times longer. A statistical analys
showed the results to be significant at p<.001 level. It was concluded that comfrey root does have an effect on the growth of California Blackworms. Furthermore, increasing the concentration cau
Thus, Symphytum officinale does have medicinal value. Recommendation for further research includes specification of the component (allontoin, etc.)responsibile for prompting the accelerated gr
2008 BI012
GIMME SOME SUGAR! YEAR TWO
Brittany Michelle Roe
The purpose of this experiment involving pears and carrots was to determine how the sugar content of carrots before and after baking compared to pears, after testing the sugar content of apples
after baking. Organic, conventionally grown carrots, Green Anjou, and Bosc pears were used. The hypothesis was: the sugar content in vegetables will increase after baking, Bosc pears will have
Anjou before and after baking, and organic carrots will contain more sugar than regular. The procedure was like last year’s. There were three pears of each type that were juiced with a ju
the oven at 350º for 30 minutes. The other pieces were juiced. The juice was placed on the Refractometer and viewed using a graph that measured sugar in Brix. All data was recorded.
juiced. The experiment continued the same way with each pear and carrots. Both organic and regular carrots had to be placed in the microwave for 45 seconds and then tested. After each reading
each test object was juiced, baked, and recorded, the experiment concluded. The results concluded that sugar content in carrots decreases. Bosc pears had a greater sugar content ave
and the regular carrots scarcely differed in sugar content. Overall, the project was successful, even if the hypothesis was partly incorrect.
2009 BI012
SCREENING FOR NOVEL DRUGS TO PREVENT LUNG INFLAMMATION
Christine Ivey Hoyle
Ballard High School, Louisville, KY
The purpose of this project was to find a drug that inhibits lung inflammation. Inflammation is caused by tissue injury or the fighting of infection by white blood cells. However, the white blood cells
kill the infection. Although in some cases inflammation can be helpful, with some chronic lung conditions it can make the disease worse. A drug that inhibits inflammation would be very helpful fo
diseases. A search for inhibitors was done by screening a library of 446 drugs for antiinflammatory effects. Interleukin 8 (IL8) was used as a marker of inflammation in this experiment because i
in the lungs. The hypothesis was that if a collection of 446 chemicals is tested for inhibition of IL8 production, then novel inhibitors will be found. Test compounds were added to human lung epith
(SP), a neuropeptide that triggers the production of IL8 in these cells. The amount of IL8 released into the cell growth media in response to SP treatment was measured using an enzymelinked
series of tests, the hypothesis was supported because 23 compounds were found that reproducibly inhibited IL8 production yet did not affect cell viability. The drugs were also tested to see if the
protein, TNF, or if the inhibitory effects were specific to SP. It was found that all of the compounds showed inhibition of TNF, so none were SP specific. A dose response experiment was perform
The IC50 (the concentration at which 50% inhibition would occur) for the inhibition of IL8 production by Triptolide was 2.3x108 M. The 23 drugs that were found could potentially be helpful in trea
diseases such as asthma, pulmonary fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
2010 BI012
CAN DISTILLATION BE USED AS A METABOLIC QUANTIFIER?
Amber Rose Gardner
Home School, Dayton, TN
The purpose of this investigation was to determine if distillation could be used as a metabolic quantifier. It was estimated that 400g of glucose would be burned per day. This rate was b
(REE) of 1,600 calories for minimal activity of an average sized human. The distillation apparatus condensed the water from the subject's exhaled air into a collecting flask. By condens
by the subject, it was expected that the amount of the water could be measured and then calculated using stoichiometry to find out how many grams of glucose and how many calories were burn
average for 15 minutes of respiration was 2.1 grams of water. After the application of stoichiometry for calculated results, there was 10% error compared to research. However, the most represen
group with an average of 2.4 grams, which resulted in 0% error compared to research. The evidence suggests that this distillation apparatus can be used to analyze the respiration of an
variance in data, a more detailed analysis of a person’s precondition may show evidence that dehydration and other aspects may cause significant error.
2011 BI012
CRYSTALLIZATION OF A NOVEL MALARIAL PROTEIN, CELTOS, FOR XRAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE DETERMINATION AND ANTIMALARIAL DEVELOPMENT
Venkat Arunkumar Iyer
The celltraversal protein for ookinetes and sporozoites (CelTOS) is a novel malarial protein involved in the movement of the parasite through singlecell epithelial layers of the mosquito gut and th
humans. CelTOS is localized to motility organelles called micronemes, which translocate micronemal contents from an apical pore along the surface of the parasitic cell. Research studies have s
diminished parasite infectivity in mosquitoes and in liver. In order to examine the druggability of CelTOS, it is proposed that the Xray crystal structure of the protein is elucidated. By determining
crystallographic techniques, subsequent research can be conducted to aid in the development of antimalarials that target the mosquito vector as well as humans. In this research study, lyophiliz
exchanged, and concentrated for crystallization experiments. In preliminary crystallization trials, needle crystals and rectangular prism crystals were grown; however, these crystals were not repro
will be continued in future studies by varying standard conditions including protein storage buffer conditions, protein concentration, and experimental temperature, and such studies are currently u
2013 BI012
INVESTIGATION OF AROMATIC ENDOPEROXIDES FOR O2 DELIVERY TO PROMOTE WOUND HEALING
William Gregory Lawler
Northside Health Careers High School, San Antonio, TX
The purpose of this research study was to determine the feasibility of using endoperoxideforming aromatic compounds such as Rubrene and Dimethyl Napthalene to compose a solid system to
according to temperature. This compound could then be integrated into a biodegradable scaffolding material that might be either inserted into internal wounds to promote healing or integrated into
with an antibiotic to encourage wound healing on the surface of the body. A dental curing light was used to convert the Rubrene and Dimethyl Naphthalene (used in conjunction with a photosensit
acetone solution, which was evaporated away at the same time. The color of the solution was then measured in a spectrophotometer designed to measure the percent conversion of the endopero
the solution was determined directly with a fluorescent oxygen probe, which gives an inverse measure of oxygen concentration. In addition, an oxygen concentration probe was used as a direct m
the engineering goals of the experiment were met, with a change in oxygen concentration of about 23% obtained from a 2 milligram sample of Rubrene.
2014 BI012
A DRUG DISCOVERY PROJECT: ALLOSTERIC INHIBITION OF INDOLETHYLAMINE NMETHYL TRANSFERASE
Sevahn Kayaneh Vorperian
West High School, Madison, WI, United States of America
Indolethylamine NMethyl Transferase (INMT), an enzyme known for its production of N,Ndimethyltryptamine (DMT) via endogenous substrates tryptamine and SAdenosyl LMethionine (SAM), c
(S1R) in spinal cord motoneurons; DMT is a known positive regulator of the S1R. A possible proteinprotein interaction between INMT and the S1R may increase DMT production and reduce the c
Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Because the biochemical mechanisms for INMT’s regulation remains greatly unknown, experiments were performed to assess the precise kinetic details for DMT’s inhibit
Menten and Lineweaver Burk analyses for inhibition, DMT was found to be a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor when measured against tryptamine. Additionally, a novel tryptamine derivative, N(2(1
1,3diamine (Propyl Dimethyl Amino Tryptamine, PDAT), was shown to effectively inhibit rabbit INMT (rINMT) by a noncompetitive mechanism when measured against tryptamine (Ki = 83.4 uM).
mechanisms for INMT inhibition implies the discovery of an inhibitory allosteric site (also supported by in silico analysis), which provides important new knowledge on INMT regulation. Future exp
allosteric site could illuminate new biochemical pathway(s) for control of the motoneuron INMT/S1R axis and possibly promote longevity in ALS patients.
Second Award of $1,500 Biochemistry
2012 BI012
DETERMINATION OF BINDING ENERGY HOTSPOTS ON A BROADLY NEUTRALIZING ANTIBODY AGAINST HIV1
Nina Jessica Lu
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD
VRC01 is a recently isolated human monoclonal antibody from an HIV infected patient that is a promising template for antiHIV therapeutics and vaccines due to its ability to potently neutralize ov
crystallographic analysis reveals that VRC01 targets the functionallyconserved CD4binding site on HIV glycoprotein120 through thirtytwo contact residues. However, the individual contribution
remains unknown. Here, I apply a systematic alaninemutagenesis strategy to evaluate the influence of these residues on overall binding energy of VRC01 to a stabilized HIV gp120 core (RSC3).
fold increases in KD and >2kcal/mol changes in Gibbs Free Energy compared to the wild type, forming hotspots of binding energy on the antibody contact interface. Unexpectedly, a single mutat
Determining Region 3 (CDRH3) knocked out binding. The same effect was observed when the analogous structural positions on two other VRC01like antibodies, VRC03 and VRC04, were mutate
V(D)J recombination in the previously overlooked CDRH3 region in eliciting this class of broadly neutralizing CD4binding site antibodies. This study identifies a single residue as a major contribut
hierarchy of significant contact residues and suggests structural mechanisms underlying their contributions. Results have implications on the rational design of potent nextgeneration antiHIV the
insight into how scientists can elicit the successful development of this potent and broadlyneutralizing class of VRC01like antibodies in the human body.
Second Award of $1,500 Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2007 BI012
PREVENTING DEGRADATION OF DNA AND CELLS BY RUTILE TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES, A COMMON SUNSCREEN INGREDIENT
Matthew Samuel Wieder
SAR High School, Riverdale N.Y. 10471, USA
The rutile form of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an ingredient commonly found in sunscreens because of its ability to reflect UV radiation and thus protect skin from sunburn, aging and some forms of
reported, however, that the very same TiO2 generates hydroxyl radicals in the presence of UV radiation, which can damage or destroy DNA and cells, making its continued use in sunscreens que
study was to assess the extent of damage that photoactivated untreated rutile TiO2 causes to DNA and cells, and to find a way to prevent these adverse effects from occurring. The hypothesis w
TiO2, including the addition of an antioxidant, would prevent the TiO2 from entering cells and also scavenge any hydroxyl radicals that are produced by irradiation of the TiO2, thus preventing bot
 A surface modified TiO2 nanoparticle with grape seed extract added as an antioxidant, was tested to assess its ability to protect DNA and cells from damage due to exposure to UV ray
revealed that the surface modified TiO2 was effective in scavenging hydroxyl radicals produced by irradiation of the TiO2, as well as in preventing degradation of DNA and cells due to UV radiatio
of TiO2 in sunscreens. 
First Award of $200 Patent and Trademark Office Society
2004 BI012
MACROSCALE TO NANOSCALE: KINETICS OF THE MYOSINACTIN MOLECULAR BIOMOTOR SYSTEM
Divya Nettimi
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science & Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
A model for the movement of the myosin biomotor protein is developed and used to determine the rate at which a single myosin molecule moves along an actin filament in the process that drives
bulk rate of the myosinATP reaction is derived and parameterized using MichaelisMenten kinetics, experimental data, and a combination of thermodynamic and kinetic quantitative techniques.
ATP reaction is used to establish a relationship between the bulk kinetic rate of the reaction and the nanoscale translational rate of myosin. Converting the macroscale reaction kinetics into the
that a single myosin molecule moves along an actin filament at 2.5 x 10^7 nanometers/second. Further, it is determined that the muscle contraction reaction is driven primarily by the concentratio
previous belief. This shows that an increase in food intake to obtain more ATP molecules will not be effective in increasing muscular activity, without the addition of more muscle tissue to produc
body. These results provide new insight into how the myosin biomotor drives muscle contraction and controls almost all largescale biological motion. Furthermore, this research may aid the deve
nanosystems since molecular biomotors are examples of natural nanoscale systems that have worked successfully for billions of years.
Winners receive an all expense paid trip to Operation Cherry Blossom in Tokyo, Japan. Each trip winner will also receive $3,000 in savings bonds, $300 from the Association of the United States
of achievement. U.S. Army
2007 BI012
PREVENTING DEGRADATION OF DNA AND CELLS BY RUTILE TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES, A COMMON SUNSCREEN INGREDIENT
SAR High School, Riverdale N.Y. 10471, USA
The rutile form of titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an ingredient commonly found in sunscreens because of its ability to reflect UV radiation and thus protect skin from sunburn, aging and some forms of
reported, however, that the very same TiO2 generates hydroxyl radicals in the presence of UV radiation, which can damage or destroy DNA and cells, making its continued use in sunscreens que
study was to assess the extent of damage that photoactivated untreated rutile TiO2 causes to DNA and cells, and to find a way to prevent these adverse effects from occurring. The hypothesis w
TiO2, including the addition of an antioxidant, would prevent the TiO2 from entering cells and also scavenge any hydroxyl radicals that are produced by irradiation of the TiO2, thus preventing bot
 A surface modified TiO2 nanoparticle with grape seed extract added as an antioxidant, was tested to assess its ability to protect DNA and cells from damage due to exposure to UV ray
revealed that the surface modified TiO2 was effective in scavenging hydroxyl radicals produced by irradiation of the TiO2, as well as in preventing degradation of DNA and cells due to UV radiatio
of TiO2 in sunscreens. 
2011 BI013
AN INVESTIGATION OF FLAVONOID EXTRACTION FROM SUGAR BEETS AND SOYBEANS ON NONSMALL LUNG CANCER
Candace Dayle Rastedt
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States and the world. The National Cancer Institute reports that in 2010 there were 222,520 new cases of lung cancer and 157,300 death
(NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer. Over 80% of primary lung cancers are NSCLC and while there are a number of clinical trials focused on this disease, there remains less than a 10% fiveyear
fruits and vegetables, flavonoids are substances that have various and valuable biochemical and antioxidant effects. A flavonoid is a polyphonic compound that is found in nature, which has prob
project was to treat the nonsmall cell lung cancer cell line, H1299 with sugar beet and soybean flavonoid extracts, to determine the effects on cell growth, morphology, and cellular viability. It was
would reduce cellular growth and change cellular morphology due to the antioxidant properties of flavonoids. With the treatment of flavonoids from both sugar beets and soybeans, cellular growth
flavonoid increased. In both cases cell number and confluency decreased when compared to the controls after being treated for 48 hours. Furthermore, the live dead assay established cellular via
the flavonoids extracts. This research shows a potential method which flavonoids can be extracted from soybeans and sugar beets, to help reduce the growth of cancer cells.
2010 BI013
ASSESSING THE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH P2Y1RECEPTOR STIMULATION OF ASTROCYTES AS A TREATMENT FOR STROKE
Carolina D. LopezTrevino
John Jay Science & Engineering Academy, San Antonio, TX
Stroke is the third leading cause of death in America and a leading cause of adult disability. Stroke is characterized by clogged blood vessels in the brain, which inhibits blood and nutrient flow to
address damaged tissue recovery. Stimulation of the P2Y1Purinergic receptor in astrocytes is an innovative treatment for stroke being researched that reduces the size of the lesion caused by s
in turn increases the rate at which astrocytes replicate. This treatment is currently being explored in mice by researchers. The implications of tissue recovery suggest potential for rehabilitation af
effects of the P2Y1Receptor agonist, 2meSADP, on other potential cell types present in the brain has not been explored. This experiment investigated the safety of P2Y1Receptor stim
which models tumor growth. It was hypothesized that ligand 2meSADP would increase Glioma cell replication rate and colony formation. Glioma cancer cells were cultured and treated with 100uM
seven days (chronic), thereafter cell growth and anchorage independence assays were performed. Results indicated that the addition of 2meSADP to the media of the Glioma cancer cells, increa
formation. In conclusion, the hypotheses were accepted, which indicates that when treated with 2meSADP the Glioma tumor may be enhanced. This research can be applied to medical sciences
side effects or hazards associated with P2Y1Receptor stimulation as a treatment for stroke.
2012 BI013
NOVEL POLYMERIC NANOPARTICLES AS CARRIER FOR CURCUMIN IN CHEMOTHERAPY OF NEUROBLASTOMA
Sulabh S. Singhal
Purpose: To develop novel nanoparticulate drug formulation, we assessed the efficacy of curcumin encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles in neuroblastomas. Procedures: The nanoparticle
by dynamic light scattering and confocal microscopy respectively. Cell survival was performed by MTT assay. Cell cycle analysis was demonstrated by Flow cytometry. The expressions of prote
 Results: Cell uptake studies revealed that nanocurcumin (curcumin encapsulating PLGA nanoparticles) are efficiently taken up by neuroblastoma cells and are predominantly distributed in th
to control curcumin alone treatment groups. Nanocurcumin formulation was more effective than curcumin alone in decreasing the survival of neuroblastoma cells. Nanocurcumin caused G0/G1 ce
compared to curcumin at similar doses. Nanocurcumin was more effective in inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition, in decreasing the levels of antiapoptotic Bcl2 and increasing the expr
collectively reflects superior efficacy of nanocurcumin formulation in inducing apoptosis compared to curcumin treatment alone. Conclusions: The development and validation of targeted
flavonoids like curcumin will facilitate to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy in cancer. This system could be translated in childhood tumors like neuroblastomas, where the use of safe and effe
potential clinical benefits.
2009 BI013
DETERMINATION OF MECHANISM OF ACTION OF ROR2 IN SKELETOGENESIS AND BRACHYDACTYLY
Lingzi Ouyang
Ror2 is a receptor tyrosine kinase that plays a crucial role in skeletogenesis. Mutations in Ror2 give rise to two severe genetic inherited diseases: Dominant Brachydactyly B (BDB) and Recessiv
research in our lab demonstrated that Ror2 interacts with WTIP and Scribble. Interestingly, Vangl2 also interacts with Scribble; however its involvement in Ror2 signaling via Scribble (and WTIP)
biochemical techniques, such as Plasmid Transfection, CoImmunoprecipitation, SDS Polyacrolymide Gel Electrophoresis (SDSPAGE) and Western Blot analysis, this study attempted to determ
proteins in the Ror2 signaling pathway. Ultimately, we will use similar biochemical techniques to search for novel proteins involved in Ror2 signaling. Here, we transfected 293 cells with Ror2, WT
Western Blot analysis confirmed the expression of proteins from the transfected plasmids. Next, using a monoclonal antibody to Ror2, we successfully immunoprecipitated Ror2 and coimmunop
lysates. These results illustrated the interaction between Ror2 and Vangl2. Unexpectedly, this evidence suggested a direct interaction between Ror2 and Vangl2 that is independent of WTIP and S
2008 BI013
THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF RIBOSWITCHES: POTENTIAL TARGETS FOR ANTIBIOTICS
Artem Alexander Serganov
The Bronx High School of Science, New York, NY
Alarming expansion of antibiotic resistance necessitates the development of novel classes of antibiotics specific for new sites. Riboswitches, evolutionary conserved RNA elements recently foun
essential for microbial viability and, therefore, represent potential targets for novel types of antibiotics. Riboswitches function through highly specific interactions with small metabolites, which ran
amino acids. These natural metabolites could be utilized for the design of novel metabolitelike antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals that are capable of interacting with the threedimensional stru
the synthesis of vital proteins. Since crystallization is an obligatory step in determination of threedimensional structures, extensive trialanderror crystallization screenings have been performed f
riboswitches bound to cellular metabolites Sadenosylmethionine and prequeuosine1. The major finding of the crystallization trials, guided by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, was the
riboswitchmetabolite complexes. RNA modifications and optimizations of crystallization conditions produced crystals of the prequeuosine1riboswitch complex diffracting up to 3.1 Å. This level
resolution crystal structure of this riboswitch. Given the atypical secondary structures of the studied riboswitches, the crystal structures may reveal novel riboswitch conformations and modes of
important for the design of future antimicrobial drugs.
2005 BI013
AUTOPHAGIC MEDIATED CELL DEATH IN GLIOBLASTOMAS
Shreya Gundavaram Rao
Lecanto High School, Lecanto FL, U.S.A
Autophagy plays a critical role in the recycling of amino acids and degradation of intracellular macromolecules. It is important for normal growth control and is involved in various pathological cond
known about its role in tumor development. Because glucose and amino acids are principal physiological regulators of mammalian autophagy, we analyzed the effect of nutrient deprivation on U8
viability, cell death phenotype and caspase3 activation were analyzed and compared in U87MG cells treated with serum free medium (control) or nutrient deprived medium (EBSS). Starvation re
lactate dehydrogenase release. Cell death was observed as early as 6hrs after starvation compared to control cells. To determine if starvation leads to autophagic death we used the autofluoresc
specific autophagolysosme marker. Results show that MDC accumulation was induced in starved cells compared to control and was inhibited by 3methlyadenine, a classical inhibitor of the autop
vacuoles were labeled with LC3, one of the mammalian homologues of the yeast protein that plays an important role in autophagosome formation. Western blot analysis showed a shift of LC3 ba
monoautophagic, cytosolic (LC3I) form to membrane associated LC3II form. These results strongly suggest that nutrient deprivation results in autophagic death. Our results also indicate that nu
caspase independent. The data suggests that nutrient deprivation autophagic cell death may be effective therapy for inhibition of malignant brain tumors.
2006 BI013
DEVELOPING A FLOWCYTOMETRIC TECHNIQUE TO IDENTIFY AND TRACK MIGRATING LEUKOCYTE SUBPOPULATIONS DURING INFLAMMATION
Marie Q. Baylon
Divine Savior Holy Angels High School, Milwaukee, WI, USA
Leukocytes migrate to sites of inflammation, a process facilitated by different leukocyte mechanisms called adhesion molecules. Bred to be deficient in an adhesion molecule, the immune respon
compared to the immune response of a wildtype mouse, so researchers can infer the role of the missing mechanism. In inflammation research, leukocytes from a gene knockout and a wildtype
mouse. The leukocytes from each source are stained with different fluorescent stains before injection. After leukocyte migration, leukocytes from immune system organs including the spleen and
cytometer, a machine in which lasers pass through individual cells to determine their size, shape, and the presence of fluorescent stains. Antibody stains, designed to bind to an antigen on a spe
populations within leukocyte populations. Distinguishing the cell populations into many subpopulations using antibody stains creates a more accurate and insightful analysis; in order to apply mo
fluorescent stain are needed, but the standard flow cytometer only detects three or four stain colors. This project streamlines the leukocyte identification and tracking procedure by employing a no
concentrations of a single fluorescent color instead of separate colors. This method decreases experimental error while increasing the number of antibody stains and thus the depth of analysis.
concentrations of CFSE can effectively identify up to four leukocyte populations with sufficient separation. 
 
2003 BI013
GENE THERAPY TRANSFECTION OF RPLASMIDS UTILIZING POTASSIUM INFUSED LIPOSOMES
Sarah Kathleen Fayad
Piedra Vista High School, Farmington, New Mexico, United States of America
 This experiment will compare the transfection ability of two liposomes; one composed of phosphatidylcholine (a naturally occurring phospholipid) and one composed of phosphatidylchol
cationic transfection agent, mineral potassium (K). Each method will be employed alongside multiple controls to determine which is most effective in the transplantation of resistance plasmids (rp
aeruginosa(P. aeruginosa) into nonresistant Escherichia coli (E. coli). It is hypothesized that (1) the potassium infused phosphatidylcholine will be most effective in the transfection of resistance
that (2) The second most effective method will be the phosphatidylcholineencapsulated plasmid having neutral charge and that (3) the naked DNA will have the lowest transfection ability.
of P. aeruginosa is extracted and purified using a mini prep. This purified DNA will be added to cultures of E. coli both naked, and enveloped in lipids. When it is added to the liquid solution of DNA
plasmids. Liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine alone will be compared in their transfection ability to those infused with mineral potassium. All hypotheses were supported. Most important
the inhibition zones of the potassium infused liposomes. The transfection ability of these liposomes was 97.861 percent greater than the natural lipid, and more than 100percent of this ability in na
statistically significant. 
2004 BI013
THE EFFECTS OF MÜLLERIANINHIBITING SUBSTANCE (MIS) AND INSULIN ON STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN (STAR) EXPRESSION
Rebecca Joy Vitale
duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Insulin and MIS are hormones that affect steroid production. MIS has been shown to decrease steroid synthesis while insulin has been shown to increase steroid expression. StAR is a protein tha
the mitochondria where it is transformed into steroids. This experiment tests to see if these two hormones work through the StAR pathway to influence steroid production. It was hypothesized tha
insulin will enhance it; and 3) when the hormones are used together, they will prevent one another’s effects. In order to test these hypotheses, MA10 cells were cultured on 96well plate
incubated with either insulin, MIS, or insulin and MIS. The cells were harvested, the RNA was converted into cDNA through reverse transcription, and then the cDNA was amplified through a poly
analyzed with ANOVA with posthoc Bonferroni test. The insulin, as predicted, increased StAR production 3.71fold plus or minus 0.5. MIS had no significant effect on StAR production,
cells were treated with both MIS and insulin, the two substances inhibited one another’s effects. While there was no significant change in StAR production in comparison with control, there was a
alone, which proves that MIS did change insulin’s effect. These data provide a foundation for further research that could lead to the investigation of new treatments for people afflicted with steroid
2014 BI013
NOVEL INORGANIC METALLACARBORANE INHIBITORS OF HIV1 PROTEASE
Robin Krystufek
Gymnazium Na Vitezne Plani, Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
Protease inhibitors used in clinical practice can be denoted as highly potent weapons against HIV. Unfortunately, the virus easily mutates and becomes more and more resistant. This is the main
antivirals overcoming the raising viral resistance. Recently, a new class of potential protease inhibitors (metallacarborane derivatives) was discovered. In this project, a series of new cob
were designed and synthetized considering the current knowledge about impacts of structural changes on the inhibition properties. Selected inhibitors were subjected to further biochemical assay
mutated strains of HIV1 protease. I identified three from totally eight inhibitors as mixed inhibitors; the others were competitive, with IC50 values ranging from 40 to 320 nM. Several inh
inhibitor and the lead drug of the series (GB273 and uracilbisCOSANdioxanate) showed Ki = 5,92 ± 0,82 nM. The mode of inhibition was verified using Xray diffraction spectroscopy. S
exhibited a correlation of the inhibition constants, e.g. derivatives of L and D enantiomers of tyrosine and phenylalanine. In contrast to protease inhibitors currently used in clinical practice, the ma
can be seen in their stable Ki values and vitality upon treatment with mutated strains of the HIV protease.
Second Award of $1,000 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
2007 BI013
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE INACTIVE FORM OF INDOLEAMINE 2,3DIOXYGENASE
Ling Zhang
The NightingaleBamford School, New York, New York
Indoleamine 2,3dioxygenase (IDO) is a hemoprotein, which catalyzes the ratelimiting step of LTryptophan metabolism. It plays an important role in immune responses to pathogen and cancer in
and fetal tolerance during pregnancy. Since IDO expression leads to the depletion of the essential amino acid, LTryptophan, and the production of cytotoxic metabolites, the activity of IDO has t
produced as an inactive form in several cell types, although it remains unclear as to how it is reactivated. Despite its importance, no structural information is available for this inactive form of IDO
investigate this inactive derivative of IDO with spectroscopic methods. IDO possesses a heme group with an iron in the center, where O2 is bound and inserted into Trp. Under certain co
residue of the protein, possibly a Cysteine may coordinate to the heme iron to form a miscoordinated species. I postulated that it’s the Cysteine miscoordination that converts IDO to its inactive
energy required for the conversion by systematically perturbing its structure with a denaturant, Guanidine Hydrochloride, and identify the Cysteine residue by sitedirected mutagenesis. I conclude
energy for IDO to convert to the miscoordinated form; (2) the conversion is reversible and can be inhibited by the substrate, LTryptophan; and (3) a Cysteine residue, other than Cysteine129, is
Tuition Scholarship of $7,000 per year for four, five or six years, depending upon the degree program. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2004 BI013
THE EFFECTS OF MÜLLERIANINHIBITING SUBSTANCE (MIS) AND INSULIN ON STEROIDOGENIC ACUTE REGULATORY PROTEIN (STAR) EXPRESSION
Rebecca Joy Vitale
duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Insulin and MIS are hormones that affect steroid production. MIS has been shown to decrease steroid synthesis while insulin has been shown to increase steroid expression. StAR is a protein tha
the mitochondria where it is transformed into steroids. This experiment tests to see if these two hormones work through the StAR pathway to influence steroid production. It was hypothesized tha
insulin will enhance it; and 3) when the hormones are used together, they will prevent one another’s effects. In order to test these hypotheses, MA10 cells were cultured on 96well plate
incubated with either insulin, MIS, or insulin and MIS. The cells were harvested, the RNA was converted into cDNA through reverse transcription, and then the cDNA was amplified through a poly
analyzed with ANOVA with posthoc Bonferroni test. The insulin, as predicted, increased StAR production 3.71fold plus or minus 0.5. MIS had no significant effect on StAR production,
cells were treated with both MIS and insulin, the two substances inhibited one another’s effects. While there was no significant change in StAR production in comparison with control, there was a
alone, which proves that MIS did change insulin’s effect. These data provide a foundation for further research that could lead to the investigation of new treatments for people afflicted with steroid
2014 BI013
NOVEL INORGANIC METALLACARBORANE INHIBITORS OF HIV1 PROTEASE
Robin Krystufek
Gymnazium Na Vitezne Plani, Prague 4, Prague, Czech Republic
Protease inhibitors used in clinical practice can be denoted as highly potent weapons against HIV. Unfortunately, the virus easily mutates and becomes more and more resistant. This is the main
antivirals overcoming the raising viral resistance. Recently, a new class of potential protease inhibitors (metallacarborane derivatives) was discovered. In this project, a series of new cob
were designed and synthetized considering the current knowledge about impacts of structural changes on the inhibition properties. Selected inhibitors were subjected to further biochemical assay
mutated strains of HIV1 protease. I identified three from totally eight inhibitors as mixed inhibitors; the others were competitive, with IC50 values ranging from 40 to 320 nM. Several inh
inhibitor and the lead drug of the series (GB273 and uracilbisCOSANdioxanate) showed Ki = 5,92 ± 0,82 nM. The mode of inhibition was verified using Xray diffraction spectroscopy. S
exhibited a correlation of the inhibition constants, e.g. derivatives of L and D enantiomers of tyrosine and phenylalanine. In contrast to protease inhibitors currently used in clinical practice, the ma
can be seen in their stable Ki values and vitality upon treatment with mutated strains of the HIV protease.
2013 BI013
MINING ACTIVE NATURAL PRODUCTS AND POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANTS BY USING MOLECULAR POSITIONING SYSTEM
Yuxi Jiang
No.2 High School Attached to East China Normal University, Shanghai, CHINA
Discovering active natural products and medicinal plants is of most significance for human health, but it is a formidable task to the present methods and technologies. In this study, I developed a
molecular positioning system (MPS) by combing molecular similarity search, natural product chemistry and bioassay. MPS is much more effective than the traditional approaches (e.g. extraction
natural products and potential medicinal plants. By employing MPS, I took the antilung cancer drug Iressa(TM ) as the template molecule to search two natural product databases contai
identified 27 natural products with similar structures to Iressa. Notably, 6 natural products were proven by enzymatic assays to have potent inhibitory activities against the lung cancer target cMe
inhibit cMet with an IC50 value of 91.4 nM. Meanwhile, all the alcohol extractions of the five medicinal plants containing these active compounds also showed inhibitory activities against cMet. R
Premna microphylla Turcz has anticancer effect and its alcohol extraction of 0.25 mg/mL could inhibit cMet with an inhibitory ratio of 80.7%. Moreover, this plant has been used as traditional me
food in China, thus it is safe enough and worth to be developed further. Guided by MPS, I only tested five plants rather than thousands of plants and discovered a new potential medicinal plant. A
an effective method in discovering natural medicines and can be widely applicable in discovering new medicinal plants based on the knowledge of existing drugs.
2007 BI013
STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF THE INACTIVE FORM OF INDOLEAMINE 2,3DIOXYGENASE
Ling Zhang
The NightingaleBamford School, New York, New York
Indoleamine 2,3dioxygenase (IDO) is a hemoprotein, which catalyzes the ratelimiting step of LTryptophan metabolism. It plays an important role in immune responses to pathogen and cancer in
and fetal tolerance during pregnancy. Since IDO expression leads to the depletion of the essential amino acid, LTryptophan, and the production of cytotoxic metabolites, the activity of IDO has t
produced as an inactive form in several cell types, although it remains unclear as to how it is reactivated. Despite its importance, no structural information is available for this inactive form of IDO
investigate this inactive derivative of IDO with spectroscopic methods. IDO possesses a heme group with an iron in the center, where O2 is bound and inserted into Trp. Under certain co
residue of the protein, possibly a Cysteine may coordinate to the heme iron to form a miscoordinated species. I postulated that it’s the Cysteine miscoordination that converts IDO to its inactive
energy required for the conversion by systematically perturbing its structure with a denaturant, Guanidine Hydrochloride, and identify the Cysteine residue by sitedirected mutagenesis. I conclude
energy for IDO to convert to the miscoordinated form; (2) the conversion is reversible and can be inhibited by the substrate, LTryptophan; and (3) a Cysteine residue, other than Cysteine129, is
2004 BI014
DOES CELL PHONE RADIATION AFFECT THE METABOLIC RATE OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER?
Zachary Carter Strickland
Christian Academy of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether cell phone radiation would affect the metabolic rate of Drosophila melanogaster. Twenty Drosophila of each sex (male and female) were
Two vials were used as the control groups and the other two vials were attached to a cell phone that was turned on for the entire time. The experimental vials were exposed to cell phone radiation
Drosophila were anesthetized and placed in a Warburg apparatus to measure oxygen consumption. Numbers from this measurement were then used to calculate the metabolic rate. This experime
total of three growth periods. The results showed that the Drosophila that were exposed to the cell phone radiation had an average change in metabolic rate of 11.63% higher for males a
the 15day period. Therefore, the experimental group had an average metabolic rate change 12.88% higher than the control group. The results showed that cell phone radiation does affect the met
2006 BI014
THE EFFECTS OF BIOPOLISHING AND DYE ADHESION ON WOOL
St. Mary's High School, Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, United States of America
The purpose of this project is to learn how biopolishing affects the wool fiber and its ability to dye. I chose this project because I wanted to expand my knowledge of wool and how it is being impro
I wanted to learn more about wool and the woolen industry. Safety precautions need to be taken before starting. Biopolishing involves two treatments which include a bleaching process a
wool in the pretreatment and rinse it in cold water. Next, agitate the wool for thirty minutes in the enzyme. Rinse the wool in delicate fabric wash and allow it to dry. Dye the wool and compare the
wool fibers. Finally, properly dispose of all chemicals. Biopolishing shows a great difference when comparing the raw wool fiber to the pretreated wool and finally to the biopolished wool.
scales slowly being removed throughout the process. Biopolishing makes the wool feel smooth without taking away from any of the positive aspects of wool such as its ability to be fire resistant.
biopolishing allows the fiber to dye with greater color intensity. In fact, organizations are very interested in biopolished material. Biopolished woolen material is used for underwear to pre
fire. Wool has not been used prior to this due to its itchy fibers that can now be removed.
2009 BI014
THE EFFECT OF ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON SCYTONEMIN IN CYANOBACTERIA PART II
Zachary Sherman Truman
Roanoke Valley Governor's School for Science and Technology, Roanoke, VA
The purpose of this experiment was to examine which environmental conditions produce oxidized and reduced scytonemin. Scytonemin is the sheath protective pigment for cyanobacteria.
various types of UV radiation. The two groups of cyanobacteria being tested consisted of Anabaena variabilis and Nostoc punctiforme. After the cyanobacteria were exposed to UV radiation for th
separate growing conditions. These conditions consisted of light aerobic, light anaerobic, dark aerobic, and dark anaerobic. The hypothesis formulated for this experiment was that the scytonemin
conditions. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that the scytonemin would be oxidized under the light aerobic conditions. In this experiment, the various growing conditions served as the i
scytonemin was oxidized or reduced was the dependent variable. Anabaena variabilis served as the control group because it tested positive for scytonemin production. A combination o
Desorption Ionization TimeofFlight) and TLC (Thin Layer Chromatography) was used in order to test whether the scytonemin had been oxidized or reduced. The results of TLC were compared to
conditions caused oxidation and reduction. The data for the different post UV radiation environments it was found that both light aerobic and light anaerobic conditions produced oxidized
and dark anaerobic conditions caused reduced scytonemin. This led the researcher to believe that under dark conditions, where photosynthesis can not take place, scytonemin could be the final
2012 BI014
A DIET SUPPLEMENTED WITH BETACAROTENE INCREASES CHOLESTEROL LEVEL IN CHICKEN EGGS
Antonia Leigh Busch
Hillsdale Academy, Hillsdale, MI
In recent years, cholesterol has been proven to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and the possibility of suffering a heart attack or stroke. A diet that is high in cholesterol can greatly inc
consequences later in life. Eggs are one of the most common foods that are high in cholesterol. If one has more than one egg per day, the chances of having high cholesterol increases.
humans is a naturally occurring carotenoid called betacarotene. In this project, it was tested whether or not chickens put on a diet supplemented with betacarotene would lay eggs that had lower
normal diet were tested for the level of cholesterol present in them. Then, the chickens’ diet was supplemented with betacarotene and this set of eggs was tested for the level of cholesterol.
increased the level of cholesterol in the eggs instead of reducing it, as happened in the study of humans. Therefore, it was concluded that it is not beneficial to eat eggs from chickens that have b
presented a new question of whether or not the level of cholesterol in chickens’ bodies had been reduced.
2010 BI014
EFFECTS OF UV IRRADIATION ON EMBRYONIC LETHALITY IN C. ELEGANS JUN1 AND XPF1 DELETION MUTANT WORMS
Carissa Janine Pekny
West Lafayette JuniorSenior High School, West Lafayette, IN
C. elegans is a freeliving nematode that resides in many temperate climates. Though C. elegans only measures about 1mm long, it is used as a model organism because its entire genome is ma
to that of humans and other organisms. The purpose of this experiment is to measure how many eggs are affected by UV light that don't have jun1 or xpf1two genes that code for their respecti
effects of UV light in worms as well as humans. Three young adult C. elegans worms with jun1 deletion, xpf1 deletion, and jun1 deletion fed xpf1 RNAi were subjected to 0J/m², 60J/m², and 12
on 2 sets of plates, one from 08 hours after UV exposure and one from 824 hours after UV exposure. Embryonic lethality rates were higher in the 08 hour time frame than in the 824 hour time f
cep1 (a protein regulating apoptosis) to weed out damaged eggs that would be laid in the 824 hour time frame. There was more survival in the jun1 deletion worms fed xpf1 RNAi than in the xpf
the 08 hour time frame, possibly due to xpf1 and not jun1. Experiments like this can help shed light onto functions of proteins that help repair UV damage in C. elegans as well as functions of th
2013 BI014
EFFECTS OF VITAMIN C ON HELIANTHIS ANNUUS: A POSSIBLE TREATMENT FOR CROWN GALL DISEASE
Naiya Patel
Melbourne High School, Melbourne, FL
The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of Vitamin C on Helianthus annuus as a treatment for crown gall disease, which is caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Vitamin C w
serves an important role in photosynthesis as an electron donor, in defense against oxidative stress as an antioxidant, as well as in cell division and expansion. To assess the effect of
hydroponically, were administered vitamin C weekly. The effect of Vitamin C was evaluated through photosynthetic rate, root length and cell structure observations. The rate of photosyn
spectrophotometer through the loss of color by DPIP. Vitamin C showed no significant effect (p>0.05). For the length of the main taproot, Vitamin C significantly increased the length (p<0.05) Cel
observed to be thicker than that of the control (p<0.05). Though additional research is necessary on the effects of Vitamin C on photosynthetic rates, this research suggests that weekly
as an effective treatment for crown gall disease.
2014 BI014
BIOFUELS FROM PLANT CELL BIOMASS: CHARACTERIZATION OF A NOVEL ENZYME
Noa Shulami
Misgav High School, Misgav, Israel
Purpose of the Experiment: Plant biomass is a renewable energy source, which can be converted into biofuels for transportation. Biofuels are more environmentally friendly than conventional foss
emissions. However, the main challenge in converting biomass to biofuels is to develop an efficient degradation process of plant cell polysaccharides to monosaccharides that can be fermented t
nature, microorganisms degrade the plant cell polysaccharides by using specific enzymes Glycoside Hydrolases (GH). Identification of new and uncharacterized GH’s is a key step toward an ef
biomass to fermentable sugars. Procedures Used: An uncharacterized gene, araN, from a thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus stearothermophilus was over expressed in Escherichia coli
a twostep process: heat treatment and nickel affinity chromatography. The purity of the protein was inspected using SDSPAGE. Purified Enzyme activity was tested on different synthetic subst
 Results: Following the purification process the enzyme was above 90% pure and activity screening revealed that the enzyme specifically cleaved pNP Larabinofuranoside. The activity wa
catalytic mechanism for glycoside hydrolases. The purified enzyme was suitable for crystallization and currently the crystal structure is being solved. Conclusions: The characterized enz
between arabinofuranose units, thereby it can be used to liberate arabinose sugars from the plant cell polysaccharides and participate in transforming biomass to fermentable sugars.
2011 BI014
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN THE SMN TUDOR DOMAIN
Dianna Hu
Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY
The neuromuscular disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality, resulting from mutations in the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The S
crucial component in uridinerich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U snRNP) assembly that functions in spliceosomal removal of introns from premRNA. The SMN Tudor domain, a highly conserv
binds Sm proteins to form the U snRNP core. Certain SMAcausing missense mutations are known to severely reduce this binding interaction, but exact mechanistic details remain unclear. Thoro
and several pathogenic mutants were completed via molecular dynamics simulations to provide atomic insight into the behavior of the Tudor domain and the structural discrepancies resulting from
mutations. Although energies stabilized and root mean square deviation (RSMD) remained relatively low for all equilibrations, analysis of several peaks in the RMSD graphs revealed distortions of
which were compensated through modification of structural topology. Extension of the subsequent simulations for these converged structures could possibly introduce a dynamic mechanism con
SMA.
Second Award of $3,000 American Chemical Society
2007 BI014
INSULINLIKE GROWTH FACTOR I MEDIATED CELL PROLIFERATION VIA THE INSULIN RECEPTOR
Laila Areen Wahedi
School of Science and Tech, Beaverton OR, USA
The Insulin Receptor (IR) acts through two cell transduction pathways, the MAPK pathway and PI3K pathway. It was recently shown that Insulinlike Growth Factor I (IGFI) acts on the IR. <b
utilized for what, growth was measured while cells were treated with physiological levels of IGFI or Insulin and different components to either pathway were inhibited. Cells were mouse fibroblasts
human IR. UO126 inhibited Mek in the MAPK pathway, Wortmannin inhibited PI3K, and Rapamycin inhibited mTOR, previously believed to be in the PI3K pathway. In most experiments, Rapamy
inhibited. It is possible that mTOR is more closely associated with the MAPK pathway. Growth was measured at 0 hours, 24 hours, and 48 hours. Death was measured at 0 hours and 48 hours. P
The mitogenic actions of insulin are found to be through the MAPK pathway. IGFI stimulates growth through both pathways. Proliferation is promoted via the MAPK pathway, and cell survival is
2011 BI014
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC MISSENSE MUTATIONS IN THE SMN TUDOR DOMAIN
Dianna Hu
Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, NY
The neuromuscular disease Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is the most common genetic cause of infant mortality, resulting from mutations in the Survival of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. The S
crucial component in uridinerich small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (U snRNP) assembly that functions in spliceosomal removal of introns from premRNA. The SMN Tudor domain, a highly conserv
binds Sm proteins to form the U snRNP core. Certain SMAcausing missense mutations are known to severely reduce this binding interaction, but exact mechanistic details remain unclear. Thoro
and several pathogenic mutants were completed via molecular dynamics simulations to provide atomic insight into the behavior of the Tudor domain and the structural discrepancies resulting from
mutations. Although energies stabilized and root mean square deviation (RSMD) remained relatively low for all equilibrations, analysis of several peaks in the RMSD graphs revealed distortions of
which were compensated through modification of structural topology. Extension of the subsequent simulations for these converged structures could possibly introduce a dynamic mechanism con
SMA.
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2008 BI014
A STUDY ON THE NEUROPROTECTIVE PROPERTIES OF EPIGALLOCATECHIN3GALLATE (EGCG) IN RELATION TO P25ACTIVATED CYCLINDEPENDENT KINASE 5 (CDK5): IMPLI
Shivani Brinda Agarwal
Spring Valley High School, Columbia, SC
Accumulating evidence has shown that the main constituent of green tea may inhibit the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Epigallocatechin3gallate (EGCG) is a complex molecule that has an
Previous research conducted by the researcher showed that EGCG was able to protect cos7 kidney cells from cell death induced by p25activated cyclindependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), which is hig
The purpose of the current study was to determine first whether EGCG when applied at the time of transfection blocked transient lipidmediated transfection or expression. This was tested by usin
method. The cos7 cells that were transfected using the calciumphosphate method and were treated with 10 μM EGCG at that time as well were able to express eGFP along with the other DNA.
study was to determine which property of EGCG caused it to be protective when applied after transfection. It was then hypothesized that EGCG was protective in this system due to a combinatio
properties. This hypothesis was tested with an MTT cell proliferation assay on cells that were expressing the p25Cdk5 pathway and were either treated with 10 μM EGCG, 10 μM epigallocatechin
(DFO), or 10 μM EGC with 1 μM DFO. The oneway ANOVA test and the several Tukey tests conducted on the data supported the hypothesis, for the healthiest cells were those treated with EGC
and DFO together were the only other cells that were statistically equally healthy.
2005 BI014
ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLY MOULD RETARDANT (ANCIENT CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINE IN MODERN LIFE)
Ka Yan Man
S.K.H. Li Ping Secondary School, Hong Kong SAR, China
Mould propagation is a disgusting problem in our daily life. The purpose of this project is to find out a natural material that can combat mould effectively. With reference to the literature o
garlic, gingko and cinnamon were chosen as samples for the tests of mould inhibition. In the experiment different concentrations of the samples¡¦ extracts were mixed with the agar in sterilized an
streakcultures of yeast were applied on to the agar plates respectively. A control experiment was also performed. The time duration measured in days for the commencement of the mould growth
similar experiment was conducted by using bread mould as the fungous source instead of yeast. The results of the experiment showed that cinnamon is the most powerful inhibitor for bo
weak inhibiting power and gingko does not show inhibition at all. Finally the quantities of the active ingredients (cinnamic acid and cinnamic aldehyde) in cinnamon were also found by the method
(HPLC). These results led to two methods for making environmentfriendly mould retardants in DIY approach. These are antimould wax coating and antimould PVOH film. Initial tests o
household items from mould for a long period. Moreover, the process of making the product is easy and price is not expensive. Marketability is high. 
2003 BI014
A NOVEL MEANS OF STABILIZING THE HUMAN ESTROGEN RECEPTOR DURING INDUCTION IN A YEAST EXPRESSION SYSTEM
Sheena Marie Hayes
Eastern High School, Pekin, Indiana, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine any correlation between a compound’s chemical structure and its effect on the growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the binding capacity of the com
alpha (rhER alpha), the affinity of the compound to the receptor, and the molecular weight of the rhER alpha after inoculation with an estrogen mimic. It was hypothesized that if yeast cells contai
specific estrogen mimics with similar chemical structures, then a correlation would be shown between the similar chemical structures and the growth of the yeast cells, the binding capacity and a
and the molecular weight of the receptor. Estrogen mimics were chosen based on similar chemical structures (tamoxifen and 4hydroxytamoxifen, alphazearalanol and betazearalanol) using a na
control (estrone). The estrogen mimics were added to yeast cultures containing the rhER alpha. The growth of the yeast was unaffected by the addition of the estrogen mimics. A titration assay (
that tamoxifen and betazearalanol increased the binding capacities of the radioactive isotopes compared to the control. 4hydroxytamoxifen, estrone, and alphazearalanol decreased the binding
stabilizing the estrogen receptor, as revealed by the low binding capacities and the Western Blot assay. The molecular weight of the extracts was unaltered by the estrogen mimics; however, the
binding capacities to be significant. Based on the data collected, the hypothesis was not supported.
2014 BI015
USING NANO TECHNOLOGY AS AN ANTICANCER AGENT: ANTICANCER EFFECT OF CATECHINCOATED IRON OXIDE NANO PARTICLES ON LEUKEMIC MONOCYTES
Rakitha Rakitha Dilshan Malewana
Nalanda College, Colombo, Western, Sri Lanka
Cancer is a major cause of mortality in most developed and underdeveloped countries of the world, and is now considered to be secondary only to that of myocardial infarction. It is a growing pub
million new cases of cancer are reported every year. With the emergence of Nano technology, most of research groups are interested on targeted cancer therapies in order to minimize the side ef
the drug to predetermined targets located in transformed cells. In this research the effects of Catechin coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (CCIONP) were evaluated on an established cell line, Hum
ATCC TIB – 202). Catechin is a flavonoid found in tea; Camellia sinensis and it was coated into 25 nanometer diameter of Neat Iron Oxide Nano particles (NIONP). Subsequently, its effect was e
points and three different concentrations have been used. Groups were divided as; (G1=THP1 treated with CCIONP, G2= THP1 treated with NIONP, G3= THP1 treated with pure Catechin,). At th
above cell viability and morphology were studied by (a) trypan blue dye exclusion assay, and (b) direct microscopy. Results were analyzed using standard Student T test by compared with the co
it was given a Statistically Significance value (Cell viability p<0.0001). On these facts it can be speculate that there is a significant effect of CCIONP on reduction of human leukemic cancerous c
2011 BI015
ALLATOM MOLECULAR DYNAMICS SIMULATIONS OF STAPLED P53/HDM2 INTERACTIONS: MODELING A NOVEL CANCER THERAPEUTIC AGENT
Jan Gong
Garden City High School, Garden City, NY
An important tumor suppressor, p53 plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. One of its inhibitors, hDM2, is overexpressed in a majority of cancers; an hDM2 inhibitor could suppress tumor
peptide SAHp538 kills cancer cells through hDM2 inhibition. However, the conformation and stability of SAHp538 bound to hDM2 remain poorly understood. Here we investigated the conformat
using allatom molecular dynamics simulations. We found that the helicity of SAHp538 in the bound state was 21% higher than that of wild type p53. In the unbound states, the helicity of the SA
and 3fold higher than that of wild type p53 at 300 K, 305 K, and 310 K, respectively. This increased helicity suggests that SAHp538 has a higher binding affinity to hDM2 than wild type p53 doe
contacts was greater in SAHp538 than in wild type p53, further indicating that SAHp538 is more stable than wild type p53. These findings demonstrate that SAHp538 is a potential cancer the
development of effective targeted treatments for human cancers.
2012 BI015
THE EFFECT OF TYRAMINE ON AMYLOIDBETA PLAQUE LEVELS IN CAENORHABDITIS ELEGANS
Katherine Rita Kamis
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative disorder that attacks the brain’s neurons. It causes behavioral changes and loss of memory, thinking, and language skills. One characteristic of Alzheimer’s
plaque within the brain. A study by Heneka et al. concluded that increasing norepinephrine levels enhances amyloidbeta plaque phagocytosis. Tyramine, a trace amine found in the nervous syste
norepinephrine, synthesize the invertebrate analog of norepinephrine, octopamine, and inhibit the βsite amyloid precursor protein cleavage enzyme 1 (BACE1) . Therefore, increasing the concen
level of amyloidbeta plaque. Experiments were conducted in Caenorhabditis elegans strain CL2006, a model system for Alzheimer’s disease. The strain CL2006 expresses the human amyloidbe
plaque accumulation in the worm’s body wall muscle cells. CL2006 worms were exposed to approximately zero, three, and six percent tyramine solution for four days. The amount of amyloidbeta
worms with Thioflavin S, a fluorescent dye that binds to amyloidbeta plaque. The amount of amyloidbeta plaque was quantified in a ratio of fluorescence area to the total area of the worm. Worm
statistically significant (pvalue<0.05) reduction in amyloidbeta plaque. However, the higher percentage did not have the highest reduction in amyloidbeta plaques. One reason for this may be the
octopamine as substrates for monoamine oxidaseB. These results suggest tyramine can be used to prevent amyloidbeta plaques within humans.
2008 BI015
THE EFFECTS OF ABETA ON NEURONAL RECEPTORS IN THE BRAIN
Eleanor Meaghan Reilly
Saint Francis Preparatory School, Fresh Meadows, NY
Abeta, a neurotoxic plaque, accumulates in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and interferes with synaptic transmission. Spines, protrusions off the sides of neurons that change shape as memories are s
This study found fewer spines in transgenic neurons when compared with wildtype. Glycine, a neurotransmitter found to prompt synaptic activity was tested in the transgenic model to see if this
increase spine changes in the presence of Abeta. The results showed that glycine recovers spine changes in the transgenic model, suggesting that AD patients could recover brain function. Here
the brain, were shown to colocalize with Abeta, suggesting that the two are directly related. Both AMPA receptors and proteins necessary for spine morphological changes are trafficked through t
the presence of Abeta. This suggests the possibility that Abeta inhibits recycling endosomal action. However, when Abeta stimulated neurons were compared with stimulated neurons treated with
different, suggesting Abeta does not directly inhibit recycling endosomes. Next, the multivesicular body portion of the late endosomal/lysosomal system was examined, and found to colocalize w
shows that the three are directly interrelated, suggesting that Abeta interferes with the degradative pathway and the proteins that aren’t degraded in turn interrupt the action of the recycling endoso
mechanism which accounts for the depletion of AMPARs and spine proteins at the plasma membrane.
2006 BI015
PREVENTING AMYLOID AGGREGATION WITH OSMOLYTES IN VITRO AND IN VIVO
Luis LaferSousa
Keystone School, San Antonio, Texas, U.S.A.
Certain neurodegenerative diseases, such as ALS, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's, are on the rise. These are all caused by a similar mechanism, amyloid aggregation. Amyloid aggregates (prions)
sheet proteins. Certain osmolytes are naturally synthesized to stabilize proteins. Last year, some of these osmolytes were used to inhibit aggregation in two model proteins. The purpose of the st
amyloid aggregation. The aim was to use these to inhibit SOD (Superoxide Dismutase) amyloid aggregation, the protein responsible for Familial ALS. The conditions under which SOD formed am
protein was then setup with the addition of all the osmolytes being studied. The experiment was analyzed, and repeated using the most successful osmolytes at varying concentrations.
in E. coli. E. coli were heat shocked to induce aggregation, with and without the presence of the osmolytes, and then plated to see the effects. The researcher then lysed open the E. coli and use
the osmolytes were in fact inhibiting aggregation in the E. coli. The results indicated that TMAO and Glycerol were effective inhibitors of SOD aggregation, even at lower concentrations.
E. coli death due to heat shock by inhibiting aggregation in the cell. In conclusion, this research suggests that TMAO or Trehalose could potentially be developed into treatments for these disease
2005 BI015
THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ANTIOXIDANTS ON LONGEVITY AND OXIDATIVE STRESS RESPONSE IN GENETICALLY SUPPRESSED C. ELEGANS
Jasdeep Singh Mangat
Keystone School, San Antonio Texas, United States
According to the free radical theory of aging, oxidative free radicals and decreased antioxidant levels represent one of the major causes of shortened lifespan in aerobic organisms. However, the e
countered naturally by the production of cellular proteins or antioxidant intake, which enhances an organism’s defenses against free radicals. This project’s purpose is to determine whether or not
carotene, can effectively supplement the protein products and extend the lifespan of genetically suppressed Caenorhabditis elegans under the stressed conditions of a hyperoxic environment.
different combinations of the following three variables: a hyperoxic environment of 88.8% oxygen, different natural antioxidants, and a sod2 suppressing plasmid. It is predicted that, in a hyperox
given antioxidants and a sod2 suppressing gene will experience an extended lifespan. Worms in a control environment, exposed to the VitaminE antioxidant and the sod2 plasmid, had the longe
including the electrophoresis gels, proved that antioxidants effectively supplemented the stress proteins produced by the sod2 gene. Antioxidant administration on C. elegans could be a method
diseases like cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Gene suppression in humans could also prove a valuable agent of life extension because,
longer translates proteins, thus saving energy for the body to use elsewhere and increasing lifespan.
2004 BI015
THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH: A NEW AGE OF PLANTS
Justin Andrew Townley
OkaloosaWalton Community College Collegiate High School, Niceville, Florida,USA
Antioxidants have been noted to reduce the free radicals that affect aging. Slowing the aging process would provide for an extended productivity time for plants. The antioxidants Alpha Lipoic, Bil
of Glutathione and Vitamin E were applied to pinto bean plants. To measure the effects of these antioxidants on the plants, the pH was periodically measured to see if they were continuing to sta
leaves have a range of ph 6.3 to 6.5, where living leaves range from 5.74 to 6.09. The visual observations also indicated the mixture of the Glutathione and Vitamin E were most effective on the p
oxidants, yet pH testing indicates that all the antioxidants were effective on slowing the aging rate.
2003 BI015
CARBON DIOXIDE'S EFFECTS ON EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF STAGE II CARROT CLONES
Brian Wesley Hanes
South Oldham High School, Crestwood, Kentucky, USA
Carrot callus cells developed under in vitro conditions can be used to create a Stage II clone. This experiment will test the effects of carbon dioxide on the growth of Stage II clones that have bee
 The problem this experiment is addressing is the time required for Stage II clone development from callus. The hypothesis is, if the level of carbon dioxide is raised then the rate of growth of
experiment will be carried out by placing callus cultures on differentiation medium and then placing them at three levels of carbon dioxide tension at higher than atmospheric, at atmospheric, and
The results of this experiment determine the optimal carbon dioxide levels for developing callus into Stage II clones. This information would be particularly helpful to the farming industry because
containing genetic material that carry positive traits, such as larger yield per plant, increased growing speeds, or even increased nutritional content. The results from this experiment supp
placed at the higher carbon dioxide levels did grow a much larger stage II clone than those placed at atmospheric level of carbon dioxide. The culture that was placed at atmospheric carbon dioxid
much growth as the culture that was placed at decreased carbon dioxide levels. 
2007 BI015
A NOVEL CYCLODIPEPTIDE WITH A SIGNIFICANT ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY FROM A MARINE BACILLUS
Heng Jiao
Shanghai Yanan High School, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China
A novel cyclodipeptide [3methyl6(2methylbutyl)piperazine2, 5dione] was isolated from a marine bacillus in my previous works, and it showed a potent antifungal activity in vitro. The purpose
tumor activity as well as the possible mechanisms involved in. Cytotoxicity was tested against tumor cell lines in vitro, tumor growth inhibition was observed on tumorbearing mice model transpla
The mechanisms on cellular apoptosis contributing to its antitumor activity were revealed by electronic microscopy, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, and caspases activation. The results sho
cytotoxicity against tumor cells including P338, S180 and A1990 with the IC50 of 0.10, 0.98 and 5.20 microgram/ml, respectively. It elicited also a strong antitumor activity in S180bearing mice
The antitumor effect of the compound was identified through the induction of the apoptosis in tumor cells. The typical appearances including chromatin condensation, mitochondrial swelling, and
under the electronic microscopy. An apoptotic rate of 53.04% was achieved at the concentration of 2.0 microgram/ml by flow cytometry with annexin V/PI double staining. DNA fragmentation was
electrophoresis, and it was demonstrated that it was a potent activator for caspase 3, 7 and 8. Furthermore, the compound did not affect the behaviors and activities of our mice in the experiment
(40fold ED50). The novel cyclodipeptide may serve as a lead compound for further development of the novel antitumor agent.
Award of $500 American Dental Association Foundation
Paid Summer Internship Agilent Technologies
2010 BI015
MODIFICATION OF FIBRINOGEN CLOTTING IN THE ABSENCE OF THROMBIN: A NOVEL SURFACE CHEMISTRY APPROACH WITH BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Pooja Rambhia
Structural alterations between the surfaces of implantable biomedical devices and blood proteins (fibrinogen and fibrin) can be controlled through the use of two distinct surface chemistries. These
controlled through interactions between specific domains of the fibrinogen molecule. The purpose of this study was to employ the use of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to alter the conform
clay, organo clay, polystyrene, and poly (styrenerandom4vinylphenol) (PSrP4VPh) with 13 mol% of vinylphenol. Fibrinogen conformations on varied polymer surfaces determined the induction
mol% of vinylphenol), a hydrophilic polymer, inhibited fibrinogen clot formation while polystyrene, a hydrophobic polymer, induced clot formation. Experimental outcomes were due to the interactio
knob of the fibrinogen molecule, as well as interactions between its' alphaC domains. A secondary purpose included using the induction and inhibition of fibrinogen clotting to induce thrombin defi
unwanted thromboses on endovascular stents. Confocal microscopy showed the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells on polystyrene surfaces. Addition
inhibition of fibrinogen clotting on an endovascular stent coated with PSrP4VPh (13 mol% of vinylphenol). In the future this process may be used develop wound healing grafts for individuals suf
as well as eliminate detrimental thrombosis on implantable biomedical devices.
2007 BI015
A NOVEL CYCLODIPEPTIDE WITH A SIGNIFICANT ANTITUMOR ACTIVITY FROM A MARINE BACILLUS
Heng Jiao
Shanghai Yanan High School, Shanghai 200433, P.R.China
A novel cyclodipeptide [3methyl6(2methylbutyl)piperazine2, 5dione] was isolated from a marine bacillus in my previous works, and it showed a potent antifungal activity in vitro. The purpose
tumor activity as well as the possible mechanisms involved in. Cytotoxicity was tested against tumor cell lines in vitro, tumor growth inhibition was observed on tumorbearing mice model transpla
The mechanisms on cellular apoptosis contributing to its antitumor activity were revealed by electronic microscopy, flow cytometry, DNA fragmentation, and caspases activation. The results sho
cytotoxicity against tumor cells including P338, S180 and A1990 with the IC50 of 0.10, 0.98 and 5.20 microgram/ml, respectively. It elicited also a strong antitumor activity in S180bearing mice
The antitumor effect of the compound was identified through the induction of the apoptosis in tumor cells. The typical appearances including chromatin condensation, mitochondrial swelling, and
under the electronic microscopy. An apoptotic rate of 53.04% was achieved at the concentration of 2.0 microgram/ml by flow cytometry with annexin V/PI double staining. DNA fragmentation was
electrophoresis, and it was demonstrated that it was a potent activator for caspase 3, 7 and 8. Furthermore, the compound did not affect the behaviors and activities of our mice in the experiment
(40fold ED50). The novel cyclodipeptide may serve as a lead compound for further development of the novel antitumor agent.
2009 BI015
EXPLORING THE EFFECTS OF NICOTINE ON THE EXPRESSION OF MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS ASSOCIATED WITH ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: A NOVEL MECHANISM IN NEUROPRO
Steven Ham
Herricks Senior High School, New Hyde Park, NY
Studies regarding nicotine’s effect on molecular compounds associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) prompted this experiment to explore a possible neuroprotective mechanism of nicotine. It w
its neuroprotective manner via induced morphine release to regulate betaamyloid metabolism. Cultured neuroblastoma cell lines (SYSY5Y and HTB11) were treated with nicotine. Genes associa
isolation, RTPCR, and gel electrophoresis. SHSY5Y cells were also treated with naloxone and LNAME, antagonists of nitric oxide production, to confirm nicotine’s modulation of betaamyloid a
release. Heat shock protein70 (HSP70), a chaperone protein associated with amyloid precursor protein, was observed using an ELISA assay. Cell viability assays were employed to observe nic
with rotenone, a compound used to mimic AD. Results showed nicotine downregulated proteases associated with increased betaamyloid metabolism, such as betasecretase1, while upregulati
such as betasecretase2 and alphasecretase. In cells treated with naloxone and LNAME in addition to nicotine, no modulation of these protesases occurred. Cells also demonstrated increased
nicotine, while naloxone and LNAME inhibited this upregulation in protein concentrations. Furthermore, viability assays showed nicotine inhibited cell death and inactivity in cells treated with rote
demonstrated nicotine’s neuroprotectivity via induced morphine release. Future studies include delving into the possibility of coupling nicotine, or a molecular compound with similar chemical effe
system to directly target nicotinic receptors in the brain.
2010 BI015
MODIFICATION OF FIBRINOGEN CLOTTING IN THE ABSENCE OF THROMBIN: A NOVEL SURFACE CHEMISTRY APPROACH WITH BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS
Pooja Rambhia
Structural alterations between the surfaces of implantable biomedical devices and blood proteins (fibrinogen and fibrin) can be controlled through the use of two distinct surface chemistries. These
controlled through interactions between specific domains of the fibrinogen molecule. The purpose of this study was to employ the use of hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces to alter the conform
clay, organo clay, polystyrene, and poly (styrenerandom4vinylphenol) (PSrP4VPh) with 13 mol% of vinylphenol. Fibrinogen conformations on varied polymer surfaces determined the induction
mol% of vinylphenol), a hydrophilic polymer, inhibited fibrinogen clot formation while polystyrene, a hydrophobic polymer, induced clot formation. Experimental outcomes were due to the interactio
knob of the fibrinogen molecule, as well as interactions between its' alphaC domains. A secondary purpose included using the induction and inhibition of fibrinogen clotting to induce thrombin defi
unwanted thromboses on endovascular stents. Confocal microscopy showed the migration, adhesion, and proliferation of dermal fibroblasts and endothelial cells on polystyrene surfaces. Addition
inhibition of fibrinogen clotting on an endovascular stent coated with PSrP4VPh (13 mol% of vinylphenol). In the future this process may be used develop wound healing grafts for individuals suf
as well as eliminate detrimental thrombosis on implantable biomedical devices.
2005 BI016
MULTIPLEX TAGGING TO UNDERSTAND RIBOSOMAL BIOGENESIS
Mary Katherine Germino
Immaculata High School, Somerville, New Jersey, USA
The composition of large protein complexes can change under various environmental conditions and according to the cell cycle. However, tracking the changes in individual proteins in the comple
research was to test the feasibility of a novel multiplex tagging scheme in yeast for an analysis of the role of proteins in a complex involved in the biogenesis of the 60S ribosome which consists
proteins in the complex were tagged with two epitope tags: a tag common to all the proteins (HA1) and a specific tag (different for each protein). Each double tag was inserted in the proper chrom
selectable kanamycin marker. The utilization of a CreloxPkanamycin cassette allowed the kanamycin marker to be recycled for each successive tag. The introduction of each tag at the proper c
through PCR, and the expression of each tagged protein was confirmed by Western blot analysis. Interestingly, the tagging process slowed the growth of the yeast cells, suggesting an impairmen
with these tagged proteins were cultured, colonies of cells with an abnormal phenotype were discovered. These abnormal cells were unusually large and appeared to have a defect in cytokinesis.
division and ribosome biogenesis. The tagging scheme developed in this project was shown to be viable and useful for the identification of individual proteins of a large complex, and may offer ins
cell growth and ribosome biogenesis. The "tagged" cell lines, because of their slower growth, also might be useful for selecting mutants which overcome this slower growth, thereby allowing gene
formation.
2008 BI016
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PH ON ENZYME ACTIVITY
Christine Ivey Hoyle
Ballard High School, Louisville, KY
The purpose of this project was to discover under what conditions an enzyme will catalyze most efficiently. The enzyme chosen for this study was potato catalase. Catalase converts hydrogen p
of hydrogen peroxide were prepared at different temperatures and pHs. Filter paper disks were dipped into a crude extract of potato catalase. The disks were submerged into the different hydrogen
created caused the disks to eventually float to the surface. The time it took for the disks to rise to the top was recorded. The time required was an indirect measurement of the enzyme's rate of a
temperature was raised, the enzyme catalyzed faster up to 39 degrees Celsius, but then the reaction rate dropped at higher temperatures. However, for pH, the enzyme worked well over a range f
optimal. These results are consistent with scientific understanding that enzymes have optimal temperature and pH conditions at which they work the fastest.
2010 BI016
NO MORE STING PAIN AND TOOTHACHE THANKS TO THE SODIUM BICARBONATE
Elalim Zen Vukovic
Liceo Scienifico Lorenzo Mossa, Olbia OT, Sardinia, ITALY
The main purpose of the study was to analyze some of the many effects that the sodium bicarbonate has. The hypothesis was that it can neutralize the acids that come after insects’ stings. The
changes after eating or drinking different kinds of food and if the sodium bicarbonate helps cleaning our teeth. The pH of the different substances was shown, after many measurements,
 Mosquitoes and other insects inject a special liquid in our blood to prevent coagulation or other reasons. The acidity of the liquid breaks the delicate blood’s balance and cause
bicarbonate of soda on the bite, it will enter through the pores until the interested zone where it will neutralize the acidity and pain will finish. After eating food our saliva becomes more ac
proliferation of bacteria. If we brush our teeth with sodium bicarbonate we will make our saliva basic again so we will prevent the arrival of bacteria, maintaining our mouth clean. <br
everyday life and bicarbonate of soda is really a great substance because it solves the problem immediately and once for all, but the most important characteristics are that it is without collateral
form a child to a pregnant woman to an ill person.
2013 BI016
WASTE TO WATTS: EXAMINING THE EFFICIENCIES OF MEDIATOR AND MEDIATORLESS MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS
Patrick Austin Myers
Carlisle High School, Carlisle, PA
The purpose of this experiment was to examine the comparative efficiencies of mediator and mediatorless MFCs, with the aim of increasing MFC power output. The procedure was constructed to
mediatorless, 0.1M methylene blue (MB)mediated, and 0.1M neutral red (NR)mediated anode mixtures. The hypothesis was that NR would outperform other mixtures because it possesses a fa
This allows NR to facilitate more electron transfers than MB and the mediatorless mixture, which suffered from a lack of any catalysts to aid in facilitating electron transfers. To evaluate this proj
constructed, with plastic containers housing an anaerobic anode, aerobic cathode, and a carbon rod electrode in each. The containers were separated by an agarbased PEM and connected by al
copper wires of the carbon rod electrodes in each container. Three trials of five days each were conducted and measurements were taken twice a day. Analysis revealed that NR clearly outperfor
test results, NR produced up to three times the voltage of the MB and mediatorless mixtures. The findings thus supported the conclusion that NR mediation produced the most efficient MFC and
MFCs are more efficient than mediatorless MFCs.
2012 BI016
WEAVING HEALTH: THE WEAVING OF NEW DRUGS FROM THE WEB SILK OF SPIDERS, III
In the first two years of my research I worked with one type of websilk called otheca, searching new antimicrobial substances. I found some and characterized one as an antifungal peptide. This t
that the spider deposits on the websilk substances able to protect prays, eggs and itself, I decided to look for different activities: antiviral and antitumor. For that, I searched for more bioactive mo
the hunt one. Besides, I tested the cytotoxic of the antimicrobial fractions and worked on their characterization. Diseases, infectious or cancers cause 20000 deaths per year worldwide. Resistant
accessible treatments for cancer or viral diseases almost do not exist. Based on it, I started the laboratorial step. I used again the HPLC for purifications. I also repeated antimicrobial tests but, m
antiviral and antitumor tests. For characterization I used not only QTof but Quadrupole for nonpeptide fractions. I concluded that, the peptide I characterized during the first two years of my rese
against five lines of cells. However, it showed activity against oxidant bacteria which survives in gasoline. I found a low molecular weight and a simple acetyl polyamine, easy synthesizable with
activity but, most important: also no cytotoxicity, which is the main issue of drugs. I also found a bioactive molecule that showed antitumor activity. Antiviral tests are still in progress.
Agilent offers paid summer internships at an Agilent site that aligns with the student and his/her background. Agilent Technologies
2007 BI016
NONINVASIVE TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
Shruthi Baskaran
Kennewick High School, Kennewick, Washington
There is a critical need for timely, rapid and noninvasive methods of delivering drugs and proteins in response to chemical or biological attack. Simple injection of drug compounds is generally m
injecting drugs requires expertise, and injections also do not allow for steady introduction of remedial drugs over long periods of time. Noninvasive electricallydriven patches are an attra
called “iontophoresis”. Mass casualties could be prevented by the development of noninvasive “electrical” patches that capitalize on the skin’s electrochemical and physiochemical properties to d
bloodstream. Research is needed to learn how to optimize the parameters for delivery of complex molecules through skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of lo
function as detergents can help drive drugs and proteins through the skin into the bloodstream. A model drug delivery system was studied in which the diffusion of model drug (dye) molecules wa
electric field, the drug size and charge, and the medium of transport. Acetylcholine is a protein in the body that controls the signals between neurons. When people are exposed to nerve
acetylcholinesterase is modified and therefore the body breaks down. This problem can be solved with inducing foreign proteins into the body via the skin. In cases of mass exposure to nerve ga
for everybody. 
Scholarship Award of $5,000 per year for four years, plus a summer internship and a $1,000 stipend Albany College of Pharmacy of Union University
Tuition Scholarship of $120,000 Drexel University
2006 BI016
THE EFFECTS OF THE IRON SPECIFIC CHELATOR, SALICYLALDEHYDE ISONICOTINOYL HYDRAZONE, IN PROVIDING PROTECTION TO PC3 CELLS EXPOSED TO CESIUM RADIAT
Zachary Carter Strickland
Christian Academy of Louisville
The purpose of this experiment was to see whether the iron specific chelator, salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), would provide protection to PC3 cells exposed to radiation. PC3 cells
Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The cells were transferred to well plates and 5ìM of hemin was added to one half of the wells. The plates were cultured for twentyfour hours. Then 2ìM of SI
20ìM of SIH was added to second group, 50ìM of SIH was added to third group, and the fourth group was held as the control group. After two hours, cells were exposed to 5 gray of cesium radiat
seventytwo hours, the cells were examined using a spectrofluorometer and results recorded. A second test was conducted as above using a cloning density of 1 x 103 cells per well and MTS as
cell kill. The results showed that the SIH had a significant impact on the viability of the cells. The cells with 2ìM SIH concentration had a 16% greater viability than the control group.
31% greater cell viability than the control group and the cells with 50ìM SIH concentration had 56% greater cell viability than the control group. Therefore, SIH, when coupled with radiation therapy
alternative for patients suffering from cancer. 
2014 BI016
INTERROGATING SGK3 FUNCTION IN CANCER
Ken Aizawa
Jericho Senior High School, Jericho, NY, United States of America
PI3K signaling regulates cell cycle progression, growth, and survival and is dysregulated in many cancers, including the majority of breast cancers. Activated PI3K transduces signals to AGC kin
(AKT1, AKT2, AKT3) are best characterized in cancer. SGK kinases are also AGC kinases with 55% structural homology to AKT and SGK3 showed increased activity in PIK3CAmutated breast
To further understand the functions of SGK3 in PIK3CAmutated cancers, SGK3, AKT, and downstream substrate activation were studied using western blot under different conditions of PI3K pa
promoted initial downregulation of SGK3 T320 phosphorylation followed by hyperinduction of its phosphorylation at later timepoints. By contrast, PI3K inhibition led to initial downregulation without
function of induced SGK3, SGK3 function was downregulated using ATPcompetitive SGK inhibition, ATPcompetitive PDK1 inhibition, or SGK3 knockdown to identify potential substrates of SGK
respectively may be useful for rapid SGK3 inhibition in order to better understand its functions. In addition, the present findings implicate NDRG1, NEDD4L, mTORC1, PRAS40, and GSK3 as d
SGK3dependent, AKTindependent signaling pathway in downstream PI3K signaling and the rescue of PIK3CAmutated breast tumors from AKT inhibition.

Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 Biochemistry
2012 BI016
WEAVING HEALTH: THE WEAVING OF NEW DRUGS FROM THE WEB SILK OF SPIDERS, III
In the first two years of my research I worked with one type of websilk called otheca, searching new antimicrobial substances. I found some and characterized one as an antifungal peptide. This t
that the spider deposits on the websilk substances able to protect prays, eggs and itself, I decided to look for different activities: antiviral and antitumor. For that, I searched for more bioactive mo
the hunt one. Besides, I tested the cytotoxic of the antimicrobial fractions and worked on their characterization. Diseases, infectious or cancers cause 20000 deaths per year worldwide. Resistant
accessible treatments for cancer or viral diseases almost do not exist. Based on it, I started the laboratorial step. I used again the HPLC for purifications. I also repeated antimicrobial tests but, m
antiviral and antitumor tests. For characterization I used not only QTof but Quadrupole for nonpeptide fractions. I concluded that, the peptide I characterized during the first two years of my rese
against five lines of cells. However, it showed activity against oxidant bacteria which survives in gasoline. I found a low molecular weight and a simple acetyl polyamine, easy synthesizable with
activity but, most important: also no cytotoxicity, which is the main issue of drugs. I also found a bioactive molecule that showed antitumor activity. Antiviral tests are still in progress.
2004 BI016
SCREENING HIV REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE(RT) INHIBITORS FROM EDIBLE AND MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS
Jianbin Wang
High School Attached to Peking University, Beijing, P.R.China
Twelve species of mushrooms, including both edible and medicinal mushrooms, were screened for HIV1 reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitory activity. Polysaccharides and glycoproteins were pre
mushrooms and their HIV1 RT inhibitory activities were assayed using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay kit from Boehringer Mannheim Company (Germany). Polysaccharideenriched pre
Trametes suaveolens, Sparassis crispa, Pleurotus sajorcaju, and Russula paludosa elicited over 50% inhibition when tested at the concentration of 1 mg/ml. The glycoprotein fraction from Russ
inhibitory activity on HIV1 RT (97.6%). Fraction SU2, purified from Russula paludosa glycoprotein fraction by anion exchange chromatography on DEAEcellulose and gel filtration on Superdex 7
HIV1 RT. At the concentrations of 1 mg/ml, 0.2 mg/ml and 0.04 mg/ml, the inhibition ratios were 99.2%, 89.3% and 41.8%, respectively. The molecular mass of SU2 was 4.5 kDa and its Nterm
to be KREHGQHCEF.
2009 BI016
IS AUTISM BOTH A GENETIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISORDER?
Alexander Scott Caldwell
Saint Pius X High School, Albuquerque, NM
Complex diseases like autism are likely the result of an interaction between genetic susceptibilities and environmental triggers. Folate plays a critical role in a number of biochemical pathways inv
Methyl groups play key roles in metabolism of metals, reduction of toxic metabolic byproducts (e.g. homocysteine), and DNA transcription. The amount of folate in the body depends not only on d
involved in folate metabolism. There are many polymorphisms within the folate metabolic pathway and most of these variants display a reduced level of enzyme activity which would result in a de
toxins, and decrease the generation of methyl donor groups for DNA. Reduced activity of one of these enzymes, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), would likely result in toxic elevate
the levels of methionine and sadenosylmethione (SAM). In this study, saliva samples from 8 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and 10 normal children were measured for two common MTHFR po
Children diagnosed with autism displayed the minor allele for the MTHFR genes more often than controls. Hair samples showed less excretion of sulhydryl reactive metals suggesting lower levels
suggest that folate enzymatic activity may be lower in autistic children and may contribute to a depletion of methyl groups needed to metabolize metals and other toxins as well as methylate DNA
2003 BI016
FATS THAT KILL CANCER
Alexander Edmund Blank
Lower Canada College, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Most anticancer agents are extremely toxic. Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), a fatty acid which occurs naturally in the milk and meat of ruminant animals, is safe and nontoxic. This project invest
human hepatoma cell line (HepG2), an exceedingly virulent cancer, by hypothesizing that CLA kills HepG2 cells in a dose dependant way. HepG2 cells were grown in serum free Minima
100 uM or 200 uM CLA was added and the cells were divided into two groups: 1) 24 hour and 2) 48 hour incubation. To eliminate the possibility that CLA’s effect was due to a nonspecific effect o
a negative control. CLA’s toxicity was determined using the CytoTox 96 cytotoxicity assay. The percentage cell death after 24 hours were: 12.8% for 200 uM CLA, 10.5% for 100 uM CL
200 uM CLA killed 6.6%, 100 uM CLA killed 4.9% and 50 uM CLA killed 1.4% of the HepG2 cells. These results show that CLA kills HepG2 cells in a dose dependant manner. Therefore
chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of early liver cancer by safely killing isolated cancer cells before they multiply. If CLA proves clinically useful, dairy products could be fortified with higher
nontoxic, cancer preventative agent that helps eliminate precancerous cells through apoptosis. 
2011 BI016
A QUEST FOR A STRONGER HOMEMADE BIOPLASTIC: THE EFFECT OF NATURAL ADDITIVES ON THE TENSILE STRENGTH OF HOMEMADE BIOPLASTICS
Erica Budina
Medford High School, Medford, MA
Regardless of the progress made in recent years, the improvement of the properties of bioplastics remains an issue open to creative solutions. This study provides methods to improve the ultima
bioplastics using natural additives. Three experiments were conducted to accomplish this goal. Experiment 1 investigated the effect of different bioploymers (corn starch, agar powder, p
starch, agar powder, and gelatin) on the tensile strength of homemade bioplastics. Experiment 2 studied the role of eggshell powder as a natural additive. Experiment 3 sought to identify whether
clamshell powder, sawdust, or a combination of clamshell powder, eggshell powder, coconut shell powder, and gelatin would further improve the tensile strength. A device was built to measure th
bioplastic specimen. The results of these experiments indicated that the use of agar powder as a biopolymer yielded a bioplastic with a higher tensile strength than the specimens made
combination of potato starch, agar powder, and gelatin. The use of eggshell powder as an additive in an amount up to 16.7% of the amount of biopolymer increased the tensile strength by 87%. T
clamshell, coconut shell, and gelatin resulted in the bioplastic with the highest tensile strength. This combination of natural additives created a new bioplastic with an ultimate tensile strength of 8
companies can use this material as packaging for their products. With slight improvements, this product can be used to replace petroleumbased plastics in other applications.
2007 BI016
NONINVASIVE TRANSDERMAL DRUG DELIVERY
Shruthi Baskaran
Kennewick High School, Kennewick, Washington
There is a critical need for timely, rapid and noninvasive methods of delivering drugs and proteins in response to chemical or biological attack. Simple injection of drug compounds is generally m
injecting drugs requires expertise, and injections also do not allow for steady introduction of remedial drugs over long periods of time. Noninvasive electricallydriven patches are an attra
called “iontophoresis”. Mass casualties could be prevented by the development of noninvasive “electrical” patches that capitalize on the skin’s electrochemical and physiochemical properties to d
bloodstream. Research is needed to learn how to optimize the parameters for delivery of complex molecules through skin. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of lo
function as detergents can help drive drugs and proteins through the skin into the bloodstream. A model drug delivery system was studied in which the diffusion of model drug (dye) molecules wa
electric field, the drug size and charge, and the medium of transport. Acetylcholine is a protein in the body that controls the signals between neurons. When people are exposed to nerve
acetylcholinesterase is modified and therefore the body breaks down. This problem can be solved with inducing foreign proteins into the body via the skin. In cases of mass exposure to nerve ga
for everybody. 
2014 BI017
THE EFFECTS OF ACTIVE SITE MUTATION IN ANOPHELES GAMBIAE TRANGLUTAMINASE 3(AGTG3)
MinhQuan D. Pham
Ocean Lakes High School, Virginia Beach, VA, United States of America
Wildtype (WT) AgTG3 produced by the male accessory glands (MAGs) of the malaria mosquito Anopheles gambiae catalyzes crosslinking of a substrate called Plugin. The resulting coagulated
female mosquito during mating. Formation of the mating plug via WT AgTG3 is necessary for efficient sperm storage by the female mosquito, which has a direct consequence on fertility.
could diminish its catalytic activity, thereby suppressing Plugin crosslinking. This study hypothesized that a mutation at Cys323 in WT AgTG3 would abolish crosslinking catalytic activity in the
hypothesis, a C323A mutant AgTG3 protein was expressed, purified, and assayed for enzymatic activity using two orthogonal methods: crosslinking SDSPAGE and platebased fluorescence de
control was expressed, purified, and assayed by the same methods. Assays yielded average fluorescence intensities of 17.5, 39.125, 17.375, 17.74, and 18.5, for Bufferonly, WT AgTG3 in calci
mutant in calcium, and the C323A mutant in IA respectively. With a Fvalue of 318.56 and a pvalue of <0.001, the results were significant enough to reject the null hypothesis. A Tukey Honestly
showed that WT AgTG3 with Calcium was the only treatment significantly different from the other treatments and control. Additional biophysical experiments demonstrate the behavior of the C323
AgTG3 in solution, which suggests the mutation does not affect other properties of the enzyme in solution, thus supporting the hypothesis.
2011 BI017
BIOMARKERS FOR CIN GENE(ZW10) MUTATIONS IN EARLY OVARIAN CANCER
Sierra Dominique Harris
The hypothesis for my experiment is if there are any mutations in CIN gene (ZW10), then they may be associated with the early ovarian cancer subtypes and stages, and could be used as potent
homogenizing (Tissue/DNA Extraction), amplifying (Polymerase Chain Reaction), and purifying (Gel Extraction) them. Restriction Digestion, a method using enzymes, was used to deter
samples. The four enzymes used were Enzyme 4 (Hha1), Enzyme 7 (Hae2), Enzyme 9 (Hinf1), and Enzyme 10 (Mbo1). Cycle Sequencing was also done to compare the nucleotide patterns.
see if any of the enzymes used had cut my samples. Based on my results, Enzyme 9 (Hinf1) was the only enzyme to cut any of my samples. Sample 1 (Stage 3 endometrous), Sample
(serous T of low malignant borderline), Sample 6 (serous borderline), and Sample 7 (serous papillary carcinoma) were cut. Enzyme 9 could be used as a potential biomarker for those types of ova
correct.
2012 BI017
THE ROLE OF BRADYKININ ON BREAST CANCER CELLS
David Bai
Troy High School, Troy, MI
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in women. Its primary danger comes from metastasis to other organs, especially to bone. During this metastasis, breast cancer cells destroy t
Recently, a pain mediator, bradykinin (BK) has been shown to have a possible role in promoting tumor survival and growth. Therefore, in this study, the role of BKs on human breast cancer tumor
expression of BK receptors (B1 and B2) in addition to matrix metalloprotineases (MMPs) 1, 2, 9, and 13 were investigated since MMPs aid metastasis to bone by dissolving bone extracellular ma
MB231 and MCF102A were cultured and treated with varying concentrations of BK1 and BK2, their antagonists, and a mixture of the BK and its respective antagonist; samples were collected a
western blotting, and reversetranscription with qualitative polymerase chain reaction were used to analyze the samples. The results showed a consistent and significant downregulation of MMP a
treated with BK antagonists at both time intervals. Thus, treatment of human breast cancer cells with BK antagonists may reduce their ability to destroy the extracellular matrix of bone and be a t
of bone metastasis.
2008 BI017
IN VITRO ENZYMECATALYZED CONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO METHANOL
Dayton Thomas Horvath
Newtown High School, Sandy Hook, CT
As nations around the world develop and grow, pollutants levels are increasing in the atmosphere far beyond controllable levels. The emission of carbon dioxide may be causing the warming of Ea
carbon dioxide produced every year from combusted fuels needs to be captured and controlled. There are multiple methods available to collect newly produced carbon dioxide but no simple way t
equilibrium between three enzymes and reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NADH), one carbon dioxide molecule can be converted through a series of intermediates into one methanol m
from a previously reported sol gel carbon dioxide conversion method and a recent silicafilm coated alginate bead setup. Encapsulating each dehydrogenase enzyme into silicafilm coated alginat
previously described methods. The NADH functioned as an electron donor and allows for the reactions to take place. The reverse mechanisms of each enzyme were utilized to convert carbon dio
consuming six molecules of NADH in the process. A fluorimeter was employed to analyze NADH levels over time to ascertain the reaction rate of the system. Gas Chromatography was used to q
indicate that enzymeenhanced alginate beads successfully convert carbon dioxide to methanol. The electric current was applied in an attempt to recycle NAD+ electrochemically. This may help
method of recycling carbon dioxide.
2009 BI017
GOLD DUST: AN ALTERNATIVE TO COMMERCIAL SUNSCREENS A SPECTROMETRIC AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT STUDY USING LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS
Kelly Sabrina Lynn
Wetumpka High School, Wetumpka, AL
My project proposes using gold in sunscreen to eliminate harmful chemicals and utilize gold’s reflectivity and elemental stability. My goal was to develop a gold based, light absorbing so
absorb Vitamin D. The solutions' absorbance and transmittance were measured using a spectrometer. Five solutions (Solutions B, C, D, E, and F) with concentrations ranging from 0.0150.125%
(Lumbricus terrestris). Eight groups were tested under fluorescent sunshine light and eight groups under black light for fifteen minutes over five days. Each light group tested either control, baby o
solution. After exposure, worms were examined and physical changes noted. Spectrometric tests indicated baby oil would make a good agent and that Solutions B, C, D, E, and F would
tests indicated that the commercial sunscreens had the highest percent area affected in both light groups, and the highest fatality rate. Of the gold solutions, Solution B had the highest percent a
E the lowest percent area affected, and Solution F the highest combined fatality rate. My hypothesis was correct. Spectrometer readings indicate that gold dust does in fact absorb light.
gold concentration of 0.09375% (Solution E) can provide protection from both visible and ultraviolet light . The cost is $0.05 per milliliter, approximately $0.01 more than commercial sunscreen (C
2006 BI017
A BIOCHEMICAL, QUALITATIVE, SEMIQUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE ENZYME SUPPLEMENT VITALZYME
Michelle Chandra Baker
Baker Preparatory Academy: Festus, MO USA
In view of the PCSPES scandal concerning an alternative cancer therapy for prostate cancer and the lack of FDA regulation of nutritional supplements, the accuracy of the labeling on an enzyme
ingredients of the vitalzyme capsule include protease, serrapeptase, papain, bromelain, amylase, lipase, rutin, amla. Amylase was primarily investigated because the testing methods are readily
amylase present, and (b)since there are over 6000 types of amylase and some are carcinogenic, which types are present? It was hypothesized that amylase would be present and that s
derived from the Bacillus lichenformis organism, a common source of industrial amylase. To determine the presence of amylase, a lugol test was performed, indicating the presence of
temperature and pH assays were performed. Since each enzyme has its own specific optimum pH and temperature, if the optimum pH and temperature were found, the type of amylase
the protein database BRENDA. Unfortunately, the database lacked a corresponding optimal pH and temperature values and no definite conclusion was drawn. More research must be completed t
based on the research completed, the investigated amylase's optimal pH does not correspond with any of the pHs in the body and thus may not function well if ingested for nutritional and health b
for nutritional supplements.
2007 BI017
IDENTIFYING ANTICANCER DRUG TARGETS THROUGH A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF RNAI AND MICROARRAY TECHNOLOGY
Leah Anthony Libresco
The Wheatley School, Old Westbury NY, USA
The two central problems in developing anticancer drugs are finding targets for drugs and minimizing the damage done to noncancerous cells. RNAi screens expedite this process by allowing res
quickly to find targets that kill cancerous cells. My screen explored the synergistic effects of rapamycin on prostate cancer when combined with the shRNA’s. Two probable synthetic lethal comb
rapamycin and tarceva and rapamycin and velcade. These paired treatments may help treat prostate cancer more effectively.
2005 BI017
RESVERATROL INDUCES APOPTOSIS AND INHIBITS THE CELL GROWTH OF NEUROBLASTOMA, ENDOMETRIAL AND HUMAN LEUKEMIA CELLS
Quintisha Marie Walker
SASA, Saginaw, MI, USA
Resveratrol is a phytoalexin, a natural plant product, which has the ability to fight cancer at initiation, promotion, and progression. It has been shown to act as an antioxidant, antiplatelet, antiinfla
Research shows that resveratrol inhibits the growth of and induces apoptosis in many cancer cell types. This research studied its apoptotic and inhibitory effects on Neuroblastoma, Endometrial,
Neuroblastoma is an aggressive childhood cancer with limited treatment options. Endometrial cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissues of the endometrium. Leukemia is a c
 To test the effects of resveratrol on neuroblastoma cells, the neuroblastoma cell lines SKNAS, SY5Y, and NGP were treated with 10µM, 50uM, 100uM, and 200uM of resveratrol. The Endom
50uM, 100µM, and 200uM resveratrol. The Human Leukemia cell line MOLT4 25uM, 50uM, 100µM, and 200uM resveratrol. Cells were analyzed for cell viability, and apoptosis was measured by
degradative enzymes caspase 3/7 and 9. Resveratrol was found to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of Neuroblastoma, Endometrial, and Human Leukemia cancer cells.
dependent and these effects of resveratrol were associated with the induction of apoptosis. An increased number of apoptotic cells were observed which coincided with increased caspase activity
dependent manner. The effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations, and with longer time of drug exposure. The data suggests that Neuroblastoma, Endometrial, and Human Leukemia
further animal experiments are warranted. 
2004 BI017
RICE ETHYLENE RECEPTOR GENE: CONSTRUCTION OF THE EXPRESSION VECTOR AND PROTEIN LOCALIZATION
Dinghao Tang
No.166 High School, No.3, Dongfujiadao, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100006,China
Drought and high soil salinity are the major factors related with reduced plant growth and productivity. Approximately, a quarter of the cultivated lands and half of the overall lands are affected by
worsening. Therefore, the research of stresstolerance¡¯s molecular mechanisms is important to help in improving the quality of new paddy rice varieties. Ethylene is a gaseous hormone
growth, development and stress responses. In the previous studies, a new ethylene receptor gene, OSPK1, have been cloned from rice cDNA. Its expression may be induced by adversities. The
by sequencing and after comparing it with published genome sequences, an intron was found. Through structural analysis of OSPK1 protein, it can be anticipated that a signal peptide existed in t
transmembrane regions, a GAF domain, a putative kinase domain and a receptor domain. Using in vivo DNA recombination technique, the OSPK1 plant expression vector was constructed throug
OSPK1 carrier Teasy vector with designed primers and inserting the sequence into pBIN438 plant expression vector by restriction enzyme reactions and ligations, which will be of use for the nex
Furthermore, I also created the OSPK1GFP fusion protein expression vector. By instant expression of OSPK1GFP fusion protein in the rice protoplast, the OSPK1 protein was localized to the c
act as a signal transducer there.
2003 BI017
COCONUT FLOWER EXTRACT AS A POSSIBLE REMEDY IN STOPPING EXCESSIVE UTERINE HAEMOR
Maithili Prafulla Dalvi
Smt. Sulochanadevi Singhania school, Thane city, Maharashtra, India.
Basic Objective : To do biochemical analytical study of coconut flower extract and to find out its possible usage in controlling abnormal and excessive uterine bleeding. The Procedure involved pr
the first step. Microscopic analysis of the extract and estimation of solid components by centrifugation, was done. Then High Performance Liquid Chromatography ( HPLC ) was done to
in the extract. Peaks closely matching to Progesterone and its derivative Hydroxy Progesterone Caproate , were obtained. Elements like calcium, iron, zinc,sodium, potassium and magnesium ,
uterine bleeding , were also detected. Compounds closely matching with Progesterone and its derivative , were detected by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ( LCMS ) also. Even Chem
)showed the presence of Progesterone –like compound. Culture of extract did not show any pathogens. Clinical trials were carried out on humans after obtaining proper consent and permission.
Award of $500 U.S. Savings Bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty (AVASC) Foundation
2010 BI017
ETHANOL PRODUCTION YIELD IMPROVEMENT BY STERILIZATION OF THE SUGAR CANE JUICE (GARAPA) VIA MICROWAVE
Alejandro Mariano Scaffa
Escola Americana de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
The purpose of this experiment was to find a less expensive, than the already existent, way to get rid of the lactobacillus contamination in the sugar cane juice. These lactobacillus diminish the e
the fluid. One way to possibly solve this was to expose the lactobacillus filled solution to microwaves. As the hypothesis the lactobacillus were to be eliminated, and in a much cheaper way. The
two smaller experiments: doing it the conventional heating way, and doing it with microwave exposure. The microwave exposure was done by exposing the samples of the sugar cane juice into a
power from 0 to 9 seconds. Each sample would remain one second more exposed than the other. The conventional way had samples heated conventionally for 10 minutes having each sample at
samples temperature in the microwave. The results showed that after nine seconds of microwave exposure all the lactobacillus died (results got by petri dish incubation) differently than in the con
that it is much more expensive to sterilize it the regular way, by using the microwave exposure the price of sterilization drops and most probably so would the price of the ethanol when reaching th
combustible a better option monetary wise. Another unexpected result is that by using this process, the production of ethanol, from the same amount of sample, increases from 5 to 8%.
2013 BI017
INHIBITION OF THE FABI ENOYLACP REDUCTASE FROM BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI
Minah Kim
Paul D. Schreiber High School, Port Washington, NY
Burkholderia pseudomallei is a multidrug resistant pathogen that is the causative agent of melioidosis. Triclosan and its class of diphenyl ethers have been shown to inhibit FabI, the enoyl ACPr
demonstrate slowonset binding capabilities. Due to glucuronidation, the hydroxyl group on the Aring of diphenyl ethers is easily metabolized, so a fluoro group was added to the Aring to stabilize
preliminary step in lead optimization, the ability of four fluorodiphenyl ethers to inhibit FabI of B. pseudomallei (bpFabI) was assessed and compared. A plasmid carrying the bpFabI gene was use
Escherichia coli. Subsequently, the E. coli cells were harvested, lysed, and the protein was purified. The molecular weight of the purified protein on SDSPAGE gel was consistent with the calcula
was determined by measuring initial velocities of the reaction at varying substrate concentrations with trans2octenoylCoA as the substrate. The kcat, Km, and kcat/Km values of 2273 ± 100 mi
1min1 respectively were comparable to previous findings. Subsequently, kinetic assays determined the IC50 values for the inhibition of bpFabI by PT400, PT401, PT415 and PT417. The IC50 w
µM, 3.1 ± 1.2 µM and 2.1 ± 0.2 µM respectively, and three of the four inhibitors were found to exhibit slowonset inhibition. PT400, which lacked a substituent at the orthoposition of the Bring, did
accordance with previous work, the group on the orthoposition of the Bring may influence inhibitor efficacy.
2014 BI018
DIETBASED INHIBITION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AS A TREATMENT FOR MYASTHENIA GRAVIS AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE
Elishama Michel
Loudoun County Academy of Science, Sterling, VA, United States of America
Myasthenia Gravis (MG) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder characterized by disturbances in nervemuscle communication caused by autoimmune system complications. Antibod
receptors as foreign invaders and block the binding of acetylcholine (ACh) thereby preventing the signal for muscle activation. Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is characterized by a decreased productio
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) normally degrades ACh in order to turn off its signal. Current treatments for MG and AD involve synthetic AChEinhibitors such as Pyridostigmine. These drugs incre
slowing its degradation, effectively increasing the chances of successful nervemuscle communication. The goal of this research is to find additional AChEinhibitors in foods that may help to sup
of various fruits and vegetables were made and tested in a spectrophotometric based AChEinhibition assay. Concentrations of each extract required for 50% inhibition (IC50 values) and rates of
quantitatively compare their AChEinhibiting properties. Preliminary data analysis suggests that brussel sprouts, broccoli, pear, pomegranate, and bok choy are the most potent natural inhibitors.
inhibition is underway. These findings demonstrate that natural AChEinhibitors exist in foods and a structured diet could be used to augment MG and AD treatment.
2013 BI018
USING LASER REFRACTION TO DETERMINE SUGAR CONSUMPTION BY YEAST
Achal James FernandoPeiris
Mount Vernon High School, Mount Vernon, OH
By incubating yeast cells in vials filled with sugar solutions, their sugar consumption was measured as a function of temperature, time, and availability of oxygen. A special method was develope
involving refraction of two lasers beams (green and red) obeying Snell’s law. The refraction angle changed with the sugar concentration inside water because the index of refraction changed with t
The incubated solution was centrifuged to remove the yeast cells and then poured inside an equilateral prism constructed from epoxying microscopic glass slides. The refraction angle of the solu
the amount of sugar remaining inside the solution which when compared with the starting amount told us how much sugar was consumed by yeast. As for the temperature dependent measuremen
more sugar as temperature increased. The yeast kept at 40 °C hardly consumed any sugar. The time dependent measurements for aerobic respiration were puzzling because they showed an incr
incubation. Upon analyzing this further, the results indicate that this is probably because of the Crabtree effect, where yeast cells undergo fermentation even if oxygen is available. So the larger re
due to the presence of ethyl alcohol even though the sugar concentration has probably gone down. To reach this conclusion, another calibration curve was obtained for various concentrations of e
2010 BI018
BIOCHEMICAL AND STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ICMRICMQ COMPLEX, DOTA, AND DOTF OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA
Abhishek Chintapalli
Homestead High School, Fort Wayne, IN
Legionella pneumophila (Lp) is a gramnegative bacterium that is the causative agent of Legionnaire’s disease. Once endocytosed by alveolar macrophages, Lp subverts the endosomelysosome
Remodeling of the endocytic pathway depends on protein effectors that are translocated into the host cell by a type IVb secretion system. These effectors are involved in increasing the bacteria’s
interfering with fusion of the Legionellacontaining vacuole with the host’s degradation endosomes. In this study, I examine the properties of four proteins directly involved in the T4bSS: 1) the Icm
membrane protein DotA, and 3) a core translocase component DotF. Crystals of the QnRm interacting domain have been solved previously and recently, I’ve obtained crystals of the entire IcmQ
~2.6 Å. In order to phase these crystals, several leucine residues were replaced with methionine in both IcmQ and IcmR. This will allow for incorporation of selenomethionine and subsequent pha
dispersion (MAD phasing). Crystals of this selenomethionine (SeMet) incorporated IcmQIcmR complex have been grown and are now being improved to maximize diffraction. Moreover, the DotF
respectively from the Lp genome and inserted into a pET24 expression vector. Expression in a specialized E. coli strain was successful and subsequent experiments will be performed to determ
expressing the entire core T4bSS.
2007 BI018
THE EFFICIENCY OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS IN FACILITATING THE FERMENTATION OF DENTAL BACTERIA
Heidi Racquel Senst
Central High School, Aberdeen, South Dakota
This experiment was conducted to determine the production of lactic acid by dental bacteria, specifically Streptococcus salivarius and Streptococcus mutans, when utilizing artificial sweeteners a
Low®, and Splenda® were compared against Dextrose to evaluate the difference in lactic acid production between artificial sweeteners and simple sugars. A significant reduction in the production
sweeteners are a positive substitution for sugar when looking to support oral hygiene. The artificial sweeteners were also compared against each other. To perform the experiment, bacter
Streptococcus salivarius were grown in Tryptic Soy Broth overnight. Then one drop of the bacteria was added to test tubes containing solutions of either Equal®, Sweet ‘N Low®, Splenda®, dext
Next the bacteria were incubated for twentyfour hours. The test tubes were then autoclaved and the lactic acid produced was titrated using 0.01 molar sodium hydroxide. Phenolphthalein and a p
experiment was repeated three times to verify results. Ttests and an ANOVA were used to determine the significance of the data. The results showed that it may be possible to improve
sweeteners Equal®, Sweet ‘N Low®, and Splenda® for sugar. Even though there is no significant difference in the production of lactic acid by Streptococcus mutans, without the initial dental dec
Streptococcus salivarius it is more difficult to develop dental cavities. 
2009 BI018
WASTE NOT – WANT NOT
Alec Philip Stansbery
Upper Sandusky Exempted Village High School, Upper Sandusky, OH
Microbial Fuel Cells utilizes the catalytic metabolism of bacteria to yield electricity. The fuel cell is able to do this by simply intercepting electrons transferred during the redox reaction that natura
hydrocarbons. i.e. glucose and oxygen yields carbon dioxide and water The problem addressed is the world’s energy crisis and waste surplus. The world needs economical sources of en
fuel cell that utilized animal waste as fuel to produce functional electricity. The prototype built used animal waste as fuel, bacteria as a catalyst, hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant, and a
was constructed out of PVC pipe. The resulting was produced: 0.25V, 3.60A, and 0.90W. This supports electric production from MFCs, but is still in need of improvement for functional e
2008 BI018
EFFECT OF DRUGS IN THE SURVIVAL RATE OF DAPHNIA
Christiana Obeng
Western High School, Baltimore, MD
The purpose of the project was to investigate the effect of nicotine, aspirin, caffeine, alcohol and sleeping pills on the heart rates of Daphnia. The hypothesis of this experiment was that caffeine,
will reduce the survival rate of Daphnia. This is an observational study examining the survival rate of Daphnia receiving caffeine, aspirin, nicotine, ethanol and sleeping pills. The Daphnia
catalog and kept in the laboratory for 48 hours for them to adjust to their new environment. Caffeine solution was obtained by dissolving six tablets of NoDoz (overthecounter) in 300ml of water.
300ml of water to obtain the aspirin solution. 10ml of denatured alcohol was diluted with water to 300ml for the ethanol solution. Two pieces of chewing tobacco were soaked for eight hours and th
the nicotine solution. The Daphnia were placed in six different Petri dishes and a drop of pond water was placed around each of them. The heart beat of the Daphnia per 10 seconds was recorded
placed respectively in the Petri dishes with one as the control.The heart beat per 10 seconds was recorded again after 30 seconds. The results were tabulated and analyzed graphically. I
experiment that the species on caffeine, nicotine and ethanol had increased heart beats. Whereas, the species on aspirin and sleeping pills had decreased heart beat. Since increase or decrease
is a health risk, it was concluded that these drugs would reduce the survival rate of Daphnia.
2006 BI018
EFFECT OF DIETARY SUGARS (GLUCOSE AND FRUCTOSE) ON THE PRODUCTION OF REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES IN FAT CELLS
Yevgen Yuri Sautin
Eastside High School Gainesville Florida, United States
Worldwide epidemic of obesity and associated diseases (type II diabetes, atherosclerosis, and hypertension) are a major medical challenge of 21st century. Fat tissue and its predominant cell typ
for excessive fat, it is also an important endocrine organ which controls energy homeostasis. Derangements in fat cells play an important role in obesityrelated diseases. Recently, it was discove
in obesityrelated disorders. Modern diet is rich in carbohydrates, especially carbohydrates containing abnormally high amounts of fructose. We hypothesized that high levels of dietary sugars ma
tissue. In experiments on mouse adipocytes 3T3L1 I studied the effect of glucose and fructose on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS were measured using fluorescent probe
producing enzyme NAPDH oxidase using lucigenin luminescent assay. I successfully differentiated 3T3L1 cells into mature adipocytes and confirmed this staining with Oil Red stain. High glucos
production, while both high and low amounts of fructose caused a dramatic increase in ROS production, which was blocked by NAC, general antioxidant, MnTMPyP, superoxide scavenger, and a
Lucigenin assay confirmed activation of NADPH oxides in response to fructose. Thus, abnormal amounts of fructose induces production of ROS by NADPH oxidase in adipocytes, which might le
obesity related derangements. Take home message: sweets and soft drinks are harmful to your health! 
2012 BI018
LIFE IS SHORT WHEN SWEET: DIETARY FRUCTOSE DECREASES LIFESPAN AND FERTILITY
Alexandra Andreevna Sourakov
There is accumulating evidence that increased consumption of added sugars may have a pathogenic role in the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiorenal disease. Due to increased intak
has increased significantly in the last two centuries. Fructose has the same chemical formula as glucose (C6H12O6), but its metabolism differs notably from that of glucose. This study investiga
and physiology of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and how they differed from those of glucose. A longevity assay was conducted, in which the addition of fructose or glucose to
lifespan. Fructose reduced lifespan at both low (10mM) and high (40mM) concentrations, while glucose only produced an effect at the higher concentration. Additionally, fructose significantly redu
whether reduced longevity and fertility were associated with oxidative stress in these nematodes, transgenic C. elegans were used to evaluate Pgst4::GFP levels, as an indicator of oxidative stre
the amount of Pgst4::GFP as the control, whereas fructosefed showed no significant difference, suggesting that glucose caused oxidative stress while fructose did not and it is not the mechanis
in lifespan and fertility. Fructose, at both low and high concentrations, significantly depleted intracellular ATP levels. My results indicate that the ingestion of fructose has different physio
of glucose. Fructose, once thought to be a better alternative to glucose, was shown to be more detrimenta
2011 BI018
THE EFFECT OF METHYL JASMONATE ON CROWN GALL REGRESSION AND PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM
Chad Lawrence Harris
Palm Bay High School, Melbourne, FL
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if Methyl Jasmonate (MJ) will induce crown gall regression and protein production in tomato plants. If MJ induces gall regression and protein produc
anticancer agent, an agricultural disease fighting agent, or used in agriculture to maintain and/or boost immunity against disease. It was hypothesized that higher concentrations of injected MJ w
production and gall regression when compared to the control and spray treatments. In order to collect data, tomato plants were infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. After 3 weeks of
were made. 96 plants were divided into 6 groups. Each group received either MJ spray/injection (low concentration), MJ spray/injection (high concentration), or ethanol spray/injection (control). To
gall, Vernier calipers were used to measure height, width, and thickness. A Bradford protein assay was conducted every day for each individual group to determine if protein concentrations increa
shows that higher concentrations of MJ caused a smaller decrease in average gall size in injection and mist when compared to low concentrations. Injection of MJ caused a larger decrease in av
Ethanol injection and mist caused no decrease in crown gall size or increase in protein production. Since the control (ethanol) groups caused no gall regression or protein concentration increase, i
regression and protein concentration increase.
2012 BI018
LIFE IS SHORT WHEN SWEET: DIETARY FRUCTOSE DECREASES LIFESPAN AND FERTILITY
Alexandra Andreevna Sourakov
There is accumulating evidence that increased consumption of added sugars may have a pathogenic role in the development of obesity, diabetes, and cardiorenal disease. Due to increased intak
has increased significantly in the last two centuries. Fructose has the same chemical formula as glucose (C6H12O6), but its metabolism differs notably from that of glucose. This study investiga
and physiology of the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and how they differed from those of glucose. A longevity assay was conducted, in which the addition of fructose or glucose to
lifespan. Fructose reduced lifespan at both low (10mM) and high (40mM) concentrations, while glucose only produced an effect at the higher concentration. Additionally, fructose significantly redu
whether reduced longevity and fertility were associated with oxidative stress in these nematodes, transgenic C. elegans were used to evaluate Pgst4::GFP levels, as an indicator of oxidative stre
the amount of Pgst4::GFP as the control, whereas fructosefed showed no significant difference, suggesting that glucose caused oxidative stress while fructose did not and it is not the mechanis
in lifespan and fertility. Fructose, at both low and high concentrations, significantly depleted intracellular ATP levels. My results indicate that the ingestion of fructose has different physio
of glucose. Fructose, once thought to be a better alternative to glucose, was shown to be more detrimenta
2004 BI018
URIDINE PHOSPHORYLASE SUBSTRATE SPECIFICITY: NEW METHODS AND PROSPECTS
Alexandra N. Zakharova
Moscow Chemical Lyceum #1303, Moscow, Russia
Uridine phosphorylase (UPase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible phosphorolysis of natural nucleoside uridine, as well as a number of synthetic pyrimidine nucleosides, to the free base a
in important intracellular biochemical processes. Nucleoside analogues are a mainstream in the treatment of many viral infections and are used in medicine as antitumour drugs. That is why UPas
interest. The main purpose of this investigation was to find out how the substrate specificity of UPase from E. coli depends on the structure of substrate. In this project three nuc
methyluridine) were examined as substrates of UPase. Kinetics and equilibrium properties were studied with spectrophotometry and chromatography. As a result an alternative spectroph
UPase activity has been developed. The assay is based on the usage of 4thiouridine. This substrate has an absorbance maximum at 330 nm on phosphorolysis and, as we have found out, it is
substrate. The proposed method can be used in biological and chemical systems and in medical analyses. It has been also discovered that the phosphorolysis is essentially irreversible
prospects for the improvements in methodology of drug enzyme synthesis and for decreasing the costs of such drugs production and development. This investigation marks a step towa
substrate complex structure and catalytic mechanism of UPase. 
2003 BI018
PBMCS AS AN IN VITRO MODEL FOR THE IMMUNE RESPONSE
Kenneth Richard Ott
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
Human butyrylcholinesterase (HuBChE) is the most suitable future generation antidote for nerve agent poisoning. A dose of 200 mg of HuBChE is envisioned as a prophylactic treatment in human
2 x LD50 of soman. If the protective enzyme would be used more than once, then knowledge of the immunologic consequences, or the lack thereof, is essential. Since it is almost impossible to c
evaluate and validate an in vitro model that can be predictive of in vivo immunologic response to antigens in humans. Freshly isolated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are use
PBMCs were isolated from human blood by centrifugation with Isolymph. The treatment of PBMCs and cytokine ELISA conditions were standardized using phytohemagglutinin (PHAL), a known
overnight in 24 well plates (5 x 10^5 cells/well) and treated with either HuBChE or equine BChE (EqBChE) (5 ng to 10 ug/ml) for 24 hr. The cell supernatants were harvested and analyzed for cyto
using commercially available ELISA kits. Treatment of PBMCs with up to 10 ug/ml HuBChE (a dose 5000 times higher than that proposed for soldiers) did not induce any measurable secretion of
treatment with 10 ug/ml EqBChE did not result in the secretion of IL6, Il12 p40 or TNFa, but a significant increase in the levels of IL8 (300 pg/ml) was observed. These results are promising bu
the use of PBMCs as an in vitro model to study immune response.
2005 BI018
BIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE FIRE RETARDANT PROPERTIES OF MEDICAGO SATIVA (ALFALFA): AN ALTERNATIVE TO AN ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE DEVE
Maria Del Mar TorresAviles
De La Salle School Bayamón PR
It is attributed to the plant of alfalfa, Medicago sativa the property of being antipyretic. Tests were made using extracts of alfalfa sprouts to determine possible effect as fire retardant in commerci
potential of alfalfa to reduce the action of fabric softeners that accelerate the flammability in children’s sleepwear. In combustion tests with known flammables materials the dry alfalfa demonstrat
vertical flammability of "film" the paintings with alfalfa additives were more effective in slowing down the ignition compared with commercial paintings without additive. The painting samples with a
and wood and placed to test horizontal flammability. In both cases, ignition time of the samples was slower than control. In tests of vertical flammability with fabric softeners, fabrics treated with
resistance and nonflammable action versus the tests with fabric softeners alone. Fabric softeners samples do not resist fire having greater char length. The hypotheses were sustained since the
fire retardant and heat insulator in commercial paintings. Also the data showed that M. sativa reduced fabric softeners accelerating flammability property. Results of biochemical characterization o
tests, tends to indicate that chlorine and/or inorganic compounds may be base of the fire retardant property exhibited in tests conducted. In aqueous and ethanol solution of alfalfa a high concentr
 
Honorable Mention Award Certificates for International students and students under the age of 16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2014 BI019
EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON TUMOR CELL PROTEINS
Andrea N. Peterson
Mayo High School, Rochester, MN, United States of America
Culturing cancer cells in an incubator makes it easy for scientists to study them, but this technique does not exactly mimic the environment that the tumor cells grow in when the tumor is inside a
starved or hypoxic. The goal of my project is to study a human brain cancer cell line that is grown in an incubator containing 21% oxygen (normoxia) and compare this to the same cell line grown
oxygen (hypoxia). I hypothesized that hypoxia will cause changes in tumor proteins. For this study I used a glioblastoma cell line that I cultured in normoxic and hypoxic conditions for 96
membrane receptors (EGFR, ErbB2 and IL13R2a) and three intracellular proteins (PCNA, HSP90 and caveolin1) using Western Blot analysis. Since hypoxia may also cause proteins to move i
regions of the cell called “lipid rafts”, I also isolated lipid rafts from normal and hypoxic cells and also compared the protein content in these special membrane regions using Western Blot analysis
significant change in the protein composition of total cell lysates and that this change was also found at the subcellular level in lipid rafts. This data may demonstrate the importance of studying t
the testing of new experimental drugs aimed at killing tumor cells in humans.
2013 BI019
THE EFFECTS OF FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY MUTATIONS ON THE POTENTIAL BINDING SITES BETWEEN MYOSIN AND MYOSIN BINDING PROTEINC: A COMP
Jennifer Julia Zhang
Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science, Denton, TX
Familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC), a potentially fatal heart disease in which a patient can suffer from serious arrhythmias, heart failure, and sudden death, is one of the leading causes o
usually caused by genetic mutations in the myosin and the cardiac isoform of myosin binding proteinC (cMyBPC) that create complications in myosinactin interactions and muscle contraction a
use computational methods such as molecular mechanics and dynamics to simulate the interaction between the subfragment 2 (S2) of the myosin and the cMyBPC, a heavily debated binding si
interaction is favorable. Furthermore, two FCMrelated mutations (R870H on the S2 and E301Q on the cC2) were applied in this study, and the effects of these mutations on the structure
analyzed. In conclusion, the R870H seemed to greatly reduce the interaction between the S2 and cC2 while the E301Q mutation did not. From these findings, two suggestions can be made: (1) a
region is a likely possibility and (2) FHC mutations could drastically change this interaction.
2011 BI019
HOW DO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE LEVELS AFFECT THE CATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF ENZYME CATALASE? YEAR II OF A STUDY
Paul William Johannes
Fleming Island High School, Orange Park, FL
The purpose of my experiment was to answer the question: “How do different temperature levels affect the catalytic activity of enzyme catalase?” I hypothesized that the catalytic activity of enzy
temperature of 37C, as opposed to the other temperatures, and that the increase in catalytic activity is varies directly with the temperature. I tested each temperature in three test tubes to give m
control group at room temperature (20C) with no distilled water. The amount of distilled water, mass of chicken liver, and the location of the experiment were kept constant to maintain control over
elapsed time of the reaction and recorded it for each trial. I then averaged the times according to group. My results showed that on average the catalytic activity was highest in the group tested a
rate of reaction as opposed to the slower reaction rates of the groups tested at other temperatures. I concluded that the catalytic activity of enzyme catalase was highest in the group tested at 37
groups. Though some variations in cooling occurred in the temperature I still find my results to be valid. I hypothesized that the catalytic activity of enzyme catalase would be at its greatest at a t
other temperatures, and that the increase in catalytic activity is varies directly with the temperature. My results have led to my confirmation of my hypothesis. Under most conditions the catalytic
directly with temperature through 37C; then the catalytic activity decreases rapidly until no reaction occurs.
2008 BI019
A FLUORESCENT PROTEIN MARKER WHICH CAN SPECIFICALLY TAG PROTEINS OF YOUR INTERESTENGINEERING STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SORTASE A TO IMPROVE PRO
Erin Kim
Mathematics and Science High School at Clover Hill, Midlothian, VA
Proteins serve as catalysts that maintain metabolic processes in the cell. Because of its important roles, new methods to characterize protein localization and trafficking are required to better und
pathways. Current technologies rely heavily upon Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP), a bulky fluorescent protein with a propensity to polymerize within a cell, and a chemical coloring method which
these two primary methods have problems: GFP is limited in its utility because of its size, which interferes with proteins’ regular movement or pathways, and the chemical coloring method lacks s
this experiment, the researcher alternatively combined a fluorescent substrate with Staphylococcus aureus Sortase A (Srt A) to create a better tool for protein detection and localization. The resu
substrate could be used as a protein marker. However, in vitro studies using the preferred fluorescent substrate have verified limited use of Srt A. To increase Srt A’s efficiency, it was put into su
prone PCR was used to create random mutagenesis and it will allow the researcher to screen for active mutated enzyme with the researcher’s desired specificity and properties. The result from th
a better tool in which to study any protein of interest when tagged with the specificity marker.
2006 BI019
THE EFFECTS OF ASPARTAMECONTAINING SWEETENERS ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Alexandra Berger Valente
Escola Americana de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
The purpose of this experiment was to see the effects that Aspartame could cause to the Drosophila Melanogaster (fruit flies). Aspartame is a chemical that sometimes is added to the artificial s
been several different ideas about the side effects of Aspartame. In order to make sure that the results were reliable, the Drosophila’s were divided into three groups, all of them with the
was the control, and the other two received different dosages of Aspartame in their diet. Each testing group had 180 flies, although not all of them survived until the end of the experiment. After th
an Incubator where they stayed for 19 days. During this time period the larvas developed and became flies. After they were flies, they were killed and observations were made such as the size of
survived. After the observations were made, statistical applications were done in order to truly find the effects of the Aspartame on the fly’s metabolism. Most noteworthy, there was a d
when compared with females of the 1x group and of the Control. The flies that received a higher dosage of Aspartame did not survive the testing, eliminating this third group from the analysis. <b
2004 BI019
THE CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRIC QUANTIFICATION OF TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANTS UTILIZING A PHYSIOLOGICAL ANALYTE AT DIFFERENT PH READINGS
Priscilla Yvette Mendoza
Americas High School, El Paso, TX, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine the ideal pH to quantify the tricyclic antidepressant drugs Imipramine, Desipramine, and Trimipramine in a phosphate buffer solution. The working
attached to the voltammeter and then were placed in the electrolyte solution. Phosphate buffers 1:4 at a pH of 3.8, pH 7.6, and pH 9.1 were utilized. Four hundred µl of each analyte (antidepressa
solution for each pH reading. Controls were prepared for each pH reading, and the results were scanned to the voltammograph after the settings were adjusted. From the results of this e
tricyclic antidepressants Desipramine, Imipramine, and Trimipramine were best quantified in a phosphate buffer solution at a pH of 9.1 using cyclic voltammetry techniques. The mode of action fo
and the development of any possible side effects depends upon their concentration in physiological body fluids. Chemical reactions in the human body are very pH specific; therefore, cyclic volta
inexpensive, and highly sensitive technique for the quantification of drugs to be used as medications. The specific pH at which optimal quantification is achieved is a very significant factor in dete
in order to avoid potential side effects and in determining exactly how much of the medication is actually being delivered to the physiological body fluids based on the specific pH. 
2007 BI019
THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY INHIBITORS
Stacy Gail Feinsot
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst New York, USA
A critical shortage of organ donors necessitates scientists to consider xenotransplantation, the art of transplanting organs of other species into humans. Xenotransplantation, however, triggers “hy
by the complement system. Compstatin, a cyclic 13amino acid peptide, was created to inhibit the C3 cascade of the complement system, but 152 ìM for 50% inhibition makes use costly. <b
Compstatin by substituting 1methyltryptophan (1MeW) into position 4 of the peptide, increasing the hydrophobicity just outside the âturn, the binding site to C3. The seventhposition tryptophan
fluorotryptophan (5fW) in the hope of increasing binding ability to C3. A second analog only substituted 1MeW into position 4. Synthesized analogs were cyclized, cleaved of side chains
verified by mass spectroscopy; Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) measured activity. Activity for analog 4(1MeW)7(5fW) was 220x greater than original Compstatin [IC50 of 0.70 ìM
greater [IC50 of 0.34 ìM (SD 0.014)], creating highly effective complement inhibitors. 
2005 BI019
THE EFFECTS OF AS2O5 ON THE DNA OF EQUUS CABALLUS A SECOND YEAR STUDAY
Jennifer Erin Gutman
Mount de Chantal Visitation Academy, Wheeling, WV USA
The effect of various levels of pentavalent arsenic on the DNA of horses was investigated. Pentavalent arsenic is the form of arsenic in CCA treated lumber (copper, chromium, arsenic). This lum
projects, such as fencing and barns. Past research demonstrated arsenic leached into soil at high levels and was absorbed into the surrounding grass. This raised concerns about the possible da
the DNA of horses. Cheek cells were collected from three horses, divided into five groups for each horse one control sample, and (four test samples) exposed to 12.5, 25, 50, 100 ppm of arseni
and placed on slides. The slides were incubated in three different buffers that separated the DNA, unwound the DNA, and cleaned and neutralized the slides. The cells were electrophoresed, dried
microscope. Multiple images were taken of slides of each concentration and analyzed. The results indicated that 100ppm of arsenic shattered an average of 82% of the cell nuclei and then the re
more than 60%. The greatest difference in the cellular nuclei was seen between samples at 25ppm and 50ppm.
2009 BI019
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES: ANALYZING COPPER 2+ BINDING IN THE OCTREPEAT REGION OF THE INFECTIOUS PRION PROTEIN
Marie Nielsen
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are unique. These diseases are contractible genetically, sporadically, or infectiously. This experiment deals with diseasebearing prion proteins that a
deterioration of the brain. Today, all prion diseases are incurable, resulting in death of the patient. Proteins are organic, dynamic molecules that constantly move and flex. To analyze th
was employed. Molecular dynamics is a form of computer simulation which allows molecules to interact based on approximations of known physics. Energy simulations let atom and amino acid r
simulating weights connected by springs, parameters were input to take into account molecular mass and significant molecular forces. This experiment modeled the interactions betwee
octarepeat region of the infectious prion protein. Misfolded prions have a high denaturing temperature, more octarepeat regions, and a higher affinity for Cu2+. It is difficult to render the diseased p
suggested that the Cu2+ plays a role in making the infected prion harder to denature, and this may vary with temperature. Results showed that the presence of Cu2+ showed greater mo
further evidence that presence of Cu2+ may be a cause of misfolded prions being more easily transferred from animal to animal in the food chain. Followon work will compare behavior of a disea
Understanding the octarepeat region may lead to a method for stopping transmission of TSEs.
2003 BI019
A NOVEL APPROACH FOR DETERMINING NUCLEIC ACID STRUCTURE
Alexander Chow Mittal
Greenwich High School, Greenwich, Connecticut, USA
The recent development of nucleic acid analogues has been prompted by the promise of therapeutic applications and uses in biotechnology and nanotechnology. Before these molecules can be i
must be established. The novel technique presented here provides a means of determining nucleic acid structure. The method employs AFM (atomic force microscopy) to image a series of doubl
array designed assuming a different number of base pairs per turn in the nucleic acid structure under investigation. Ordered array formation only occurs in the system that assumes the correct he
system was created using a natural and a nonnatural nucleic acid: DNA and PNA (peptide nucleic acid), respectively. With the method, a DNADNA duplex was observed to have ~10.5 base pair
observed to have ~14 base pairs per turn, with both values closely matching structural data previously obtained using established techniques. The existing methods of structure determination—N
spectroscopy and Xray crystallography—can be costly and timeconsuming. The method of the current study can be used to determine the number of residues per turn of any WatsonCrick base
additional method for obtaining a better understanding of nucleic acid structure.
Honorable Mention Award of $250 Eastman Kodak Company
Second Award of $1,500 Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2012 BI019
DNA REPAIR MECHANISMS: INVESTIGATIONS OF BASE EXCISION REPAIR PATHWAY IN DIFFERENTIATED AND PROLIFERATIVE NEURONAL CAD CELLS
April Pun
Increased oxidative DNA damage in neuronal cells and deficiencies in DNA repair mechanisms are contributing factors to neurological disease development. The base excision repair (BER) pathw
damage hallmark in neurological diseases. Understanding the precise protein interactions and mechanisms of the BER pathway in nuclear (n) and mitochondrial (mt) DNA of differentiated neurons
can accumulate to cause disease. Cath.A. Differentiated mouse neuroblastoma cells were used to examine DNA repair characteristics by comparing the degree of DNA protection and repair rate
mtDNA and nDNA via PCR. Significantly higher PCR product in DNA of differentiated neurons indicate decreased oxidative damage and faster repair rate than in DNA of proliferative cells, sugges
initially present more efficient repair mechanisms. mtDNA was found to be less resistant to oxidative damage as seen by the overall decrease of PCR product, possibly due to the lack of efficien
An accumulation of oxidative damage in mtDNA may therefore play an essential role in the progression of neurological diseases. Increased band intensity in activity assays indicate increased FE
differentiated cells, demonstrating that LPBER, rather than SPBER, may be the chief repair pathway for oxidative DNA damage in differentiated neurons as FEN1 solely functions in LPBER. Fu
protein activity associated with repair mechanisms in aged differentiated cells and in cells of neurological disease patients. 
2010 BI019
BRAIN LEUCINE SENSING MODULATES THE RATE OF HEPATIC TRIGLYCERIDE SECRETION IN VIVO
Florence Xavia Kuhl
Hypertriglyceridemia is a critical component of metabolic disorders including diabetes and obesity. This study investigated the regulation of hepatic triglyceride secretion by leucine in the medioba
the biochemical mechanism(s) activated by this amino acid to modulate TG metabolism. Previous results showed that the hypothalamicsensing of leucine lowers circulating triglyceride (TG) leve
possible: 1) mTOR pathway activation by leucine, or 2) leucine metabolic flow. Intrahypothalamic leucine caused a decrease in circulating triglycerides as well as in the rate of VLDLTG secretio
leucine caused a decrease in hepatic triglyceride concentrations. Coinfusion of rapamycin with leucine did not prevent the decrease in either plasma TG or the rate of VLDLTG secretion (pvalue=
leucine and aminooxyacetic acid (AOAA), a potent inhibitor of leucine metabolism, blocked the inhibitory effects of leucine on the rate of triglyceride secretion and on hepatic TG content. Taken t
leucine’s effects on triglyceride metabolism are dependent on its own metabolism in the MBH and do not require mTOR activation. Overall these studies further our understanding of the regulation
and allow for further insight into the pathophysiology of dyslipidemia. Furthermore, molecular components of the mechanism delineated above constitute potential targets in the development of dru
2007 BI019
THE SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF INNATE IMMUNITY INHIBITORS
Stacy Gail Feinsot
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst New York, USA
A critical shortage of organ donors necessitates scientists to consider xenotransplantation, the art of transplanting organs of other species into humans. Xenotransplantation, however, triggers “hy
by the complement system. Compstatin, a cyclic 13amino acid peptide, was created to inhibit the C3 cascade of the complement system, but 152 ìM for 50% inhibition makes use costly. <b
Compstatin by substituting 1methyltryptophan (1MeW) into position 4 of the peptide, increasing the hydrophobicity just outside the âturn, the binding site to C3. The seventhposition tryptophan
fluorotryptophan (5fW) in the hope of increasing binding ability to C3. A second analog only substituted 1MeW into position 4. Synthesized analogs were cyclized, cleaved of side chains
verified by mass spectroscopy; Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA) measured activity. Activity for analog 4(1MeW)7(5fW) was 220x greater than original Compstatin [IC50 of 0.70 ìM
greater [IC50 of 0.34 ìM (SD 0.014)], creating highly effective complement inhibitors. 
2009 BI019
TRANSMISSIBLE SPONGIFORM ENCEPHALOPATHIES: ANALYZING COPPER 2+ BINDING IN THE OCTREPEAT REGION OF THE INFECTIOUS PRION PROTEIN
Marie Nielsen
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies are unique. These diseases are contractible genetically, sporadically, or infectiously. This experiment deals with diseasebearing prion proteins that a
deterioration of the brain. Today, all prion diseases are incurable, resulting in death of the patient. Proteins are organic, dynamic molecules that constantly move and flex. To analyze th
was employed. Molecular dynamics is a form of computer simulation which allows molecules to interact based on approximations of known physics. Energy simulations let atom and amino acid r
simulating weights connected by springs, parameters were input to take into account molecular mass and significant molecular forces. This experiment modeled the interactions betwee
octarepeat region of the infectious prion protein. Misfolded prions have a high denaturing temperature, more octarepeat regions, and a higher affinity for Cu2+. It is difficult to render the diseased p
suggested that the Cu2+ plays a role in making the infected prion harder to denature, and this may vary with temperature. Results showed that the presence of Cu2+ showed greater mo
further evidence that presence of Cu2+ may be a cause of misfolded prions being more easily transferred from animal to animal in the food chain. Followon work will compare behavior of a disea
Understanding the octarepeat region may lead to a method for stopping transmission of TSEs.
2014 BI020
CELL CYCLE SUPPRESSION IN BREAST DUCTAL CARCINOMA BY ANTICYCLIN E ANTIBODY
Sachindra Nath Sanam Venkata
Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions, Houston, TX, United States of America
Targeting cyclin E: The application of an antibody that targets cyclin E seems like a viable option in this approach. To utilize anticyclin E antibodies to target the cyclin E expressed in cancerous
purpose of this experiment. Perhaps this will cause a suppression of the cell cycle and in turn reduce the cancer cellcount. Cyclin E is overexpressed in breast cancers, neuroblastomas, and no
facts that seem to relate to each other in some way or other, such as how cyclin E is expressed in breast cancers and there are antibodies that target cyclin E, it seems very likely that this appro
 By utilizing natural acquisition of antibodies by cells, treatment of cancer cells is conducted by placing 13 microliters of antibody with cells ranging from initial counts of 50,000 to 100,000 ce
count (untreated cells). There are three trials for each initial cell count: 50000, 75000, and 100000. The proliferation of breast cancer cells decreased under treatment, thus the results po
cancers that overexpress cyclin E. The addition of antibody to cancer cells creates a significant disparity which proves successful progress. In this way, future plans to develop antibody carriers
liposomes or aptamers can now be developed. This project has less effects than chemo or radiation and provides subjects or patients a longer prognosis.
2003 BI020
THE ROLE OF HSP27 IN THE PROTECTION OF NA,KATPASE DURING SUBLETHAL ISCHEMIC INJURY AND SUBSEQUENT RECOVERY
Emily Frances Cersonsky
Sacred Heart Academy, Hamden, CT, U.S.A.
Sublethal ischemia in the porcine epithelial cells of the proximal tubule causes cytoskeletal damage which disrupts the cells’ crucial polar structure, causing displacement of membrane proteins. O
insoluble, activetransport pump which, during ischemia, becomes partiallysolubilized in detergent and thus ineffectual as a transporter. This experiment explored the hypothesis that hum
shown protective effects during sublethal ischemia in human epithelial cells, could lessen cytoskeletal disruption and Na,KATPase solubilization during and after ischemia when transfected into p
and one vectortransfected (control) cell lines were subjected to ischemia via a respirationinhibiting injurymedium for two or four hours. Some samples were given injurymedium for two hours an
regular medium. A comparable controlmedium was used in a control setup. Cells were harvested in detergentcontaining buffer and the supernatants (containing the solubilized Na,KATPase) we
electrophoresis, Western blot analysis showed that in both the injury and recovery setups, there were much lighter bands for Na,KATPase in the supernatants of the HSP27transfected cell lines
27 was the only variable condition between the cell lines, these results evidenced that HSP27 was the cause of the lessened solubilized Na,KATPase. Renalpathology applications of t
specific level of HSP27 is found to be protective in vivo during ischemic injury, the protein may lend valuable assistance to porcine (and perhaps human) epithelial cells during renalfailureinduce
2005 BI020
EFFECT OF HYPOXIA ON VIABILITY OF CULTURED CELLS OF THE RENAL TUBULAR EPITHELIUM
yevgen yuri sautin
Eastside High School, Gainesville Florida United States of America
Purpose: Hypoxia is associated with many human diseases (cardiovasular disease, stroke, renal failure). I addressed the question how hypoxic conditions affect cell viability of cultured p
 Procedures: Experiments were performed in vitro using porcine renal epithelial cell line LLCPK1. Cell viability was determined quantitatively using MTT assay. Hypoxic conditions w
system. Apoptotic cell death was detected using live fluorescent probes, YOPRO1 and propidium iodide. Cells were examined under fluorescent microscope Results: Hypoxia
apoptosis (programmed cell death). Presence of glucose and growth factors decreased hypoxic injury. Glucose and growth factors play a major role in the process of determining cell fate; whethe
prevail. 
2009 BI020
THE APPLICATION OF FOENICULUM VULGARE, GLYCYRRHIZA GLABRA, MATRICARIA RECUTITA, ULMUS RUBRA, AND ZINGIBER OFFICINALE, WITH RESPECT TO PREVACID AN
AMALGAMATION OF AN ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE
Tonia Ann Gooden
Algonac High School, Algonac, MI
This experiment in its current structure investigates the creation of a biologically efficient environment through the usage of five different herbs, CaCO3, and Prevacid. The creation of the environm
emissions, and pepsin activity, to provide a theoretically effective treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). The research was carried out by mixing each substance indivi
pepsin. Once mixed, the new solution's pH was measured again after 24 hours and compared to its original pH. CO2 emissions were measured to establish the efficiency of the breakdown of eac
was determined through the ranked combination of average pH change and average CO2 emissions. Contributing to the conclusions was also the known data that pepsin denatures at a pH of six.
highest pHfpHi and CO2, 3.810 pH and 1634.5 ppm respectively. But because it denatured the pepsin, it was deemed inefficient. Thus the Ulmus rubra provided the most efficient biological envir
pH and an average CO2 of 1397.3 ppm, which rose above the other substances tested. The herb infused the acid with carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen, which in turn produced byproducts of CO2 a
the acidity of the acid. Thus, my data suggests that while CaCO3 is not conducive to a gastrointestinal tract, Ulmus rubra would provide a theoretical treatment for gastroesophageal refl
2004 BI020
AN EXAMINATION OF THE MEDICINAL VALUE OF ALOE BARBADENSIS MILLER (ALOE VERA) ON CELL POLIFERATION
Alix Beth Stelly
Catholic High School, New Iberia, LA 70560, USA
This project is an examination of the medicinal value of Aloe barbadensis miller (Aloe Vera) on cell proliferation. The purpose of this project was to determine if the topical application of Aloe Vera
regeneration of the lost body part and to determine if the regeneration rate would be affected by increasing the concentration of Aloe Vera applied to the planaria. An experiment was des
regenerating planaria with Aloe Vera would increase the speed of regeneration. Aloe Vera was extracted directly from the plant leaves and made into solutions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% strengt
bisected for each group and six for a control group. Each planaria half was placed in a petri dish and treated: 12 halves were placed in 25ml of 5% solution, 12 in 10% solution, 12 in 15% solution
planaria were placed in 25mL of spring water. The experiment spanned 15 days. The planaria were checked daily for development. The results of the experiment supported the hypothesi
treated with 5% solution regenerated 7% faster than the control. Planaria treated with 10% solution regenerated 20% faster, those in a 15% solution regenerated 34% faster, and those in a 20% re
analysis consisting of ANOVA and tTests showed the results of the experiment to be significant at p<.001 level. It was concluded that Aloe Vera does have an effect on cell proliferation, and tha
planaria to regenerate at a faster rate. Aloe barbadensis miller does have medicinal value. Aloe Vera's wellknown natural antiinflammatory and antimicrobial action combined with its nut
cell growth and therefore healing.
2012 BI020
THE MEMBRANE MUTATIONAL EFFECT CLASSIFIER (MMEC): A NOVEL STRUCTUREBASED APPROACH TO PREDICTING THE FUNCTIONAL EFFECTS OF MUTATIONS IN MEMBRA
Rebecca Faye Alford
The study of how proteins fold and function is key to understanding the molecular basis of traits (phenotypes) in various genetic disorders. However, determining the effects of genetic variation on
challenging due to a large possible conformational search space protein structures explore when they fold. Proteins that are bound to the cell membrane are especially difficult to understand, as c
are not yet adapted to account for the membrane environment. Nonetheless, membrane proteins are critical to various cellular processes as well as to understanding the connection between prote
This work describes the Membrane Mutational Effects Classifier (MMEC): a new computational method that predicts lossoffunction and silent phenotypes due to mutations in membrane proteins
a membrane protein structure model and optional list of mutations to classify. Using sequence and protein structurebased features from the Rosetta Molecular Modeling Software, MMEC uses s
resulting phenotype of a given mutation. Testing against a leaveout set demonstrated that MMEC consistently generates predictions with 93% accuracy at best. Therefore, by providing access t
predictions, MMEC can further current research by improving understanding of the connection between protein structure, function and disease.
2013 BI020
TARGETING LUNG MUTAGENESIS: MYCOSPORINELIKE AMINO ACIDS AS SCAVENGERS OF PAH OQUINONE DERIVED ROS FOR THE REDUCTION OF P53 STRAND SCISSION AN
CANCER
Ailis Clare Dooner
Carmel High School, Carmel, CA
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), potent procarcinogens in human lung cancer, are ubiquitous atmospheric pollutants found in tobacco smoke and incomplete combustion products. The a
PAH generates redoxcycling oquinones, BPQ, BAQ, and PNQ, and induces mutation in the p53 tumor suppressor gene. p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in lung cancer, and its mutation
pulmonary malignancies. This study assesses the capacity of mycosporinelike amino acids (MAAs) Shinorine (SH) and Porphyra334 (P334), metabolites synthesized by macro and microalgae
oxygen species and reduce p53 mutation and strand scission. In algae, MAAs function as antioxidants by scavenging superoxide radicals and inhibiting lipid peroxidation. The efficacy of SH and
mutagenesis assay, a yeast transcriptional reporter system; and a gelelectrophoresis strand scission assay. In the p53 mutagenesis assay, a yeast reporter strain was transfected with p53 plas
vitro. Wildtype p53 binds to the p21 promoter, activates an adenine reporter, and turns colonies white, while p53 mutated in the binding domain turns colonies red, allowing for quantification of
lowered mutational frequency by 59% with BPQ at 0.5 uM and 24% with BPQ at 0.25 uM, and significantly reduced shearing with oquinones in the strand scission assay, supporting initial hypoth
biomedical application of MAAs in lung cancer pharmacology; based on my results, MAAs could be applied as a critical active ingredient in a pharmacological agent.
2011 BI020
GROW ME SOME GREEN!
Brooke Suzanne Conley
Hardee Senior High School, Wauchula, FL
This project was an experimentation of the effect of different stimulants on the growth of algae injected into plastic bubble wrap as a replica of the algae being processed into biofuel to make the e
is one of the fastest growing plants in the world, and about 50% of algae weight is oil. The lipid oil can be used to make biofuel for motor vehicles. The researcher collected data from the algae th
bags also known as Vertigro. The designated supervisor handled a needle and injected the algae into 25 bubbles that the researcher assigned for the algae to be placed in. The algae was left to g
day 1ml of the bubble was ejected from each of the 25 bubbles to be looked at under a microscope. After looking at the algae under a microscope and counting the number of algae cells on each
most growth of algae. The remaining algae was left to grow another 5 days before getting the final results by counting the algae cells again. On the 10th day all the algae was observed under the
the 10th day the cow manure produced the most algae.
2007 BI020
THE IDENTIFICATION OF A MYOSTATIN SIGNALING PATHWAY: AN IN VITRO STUDY OF MYOTUBE AND MYOBLAST RESPONSE
Marc Andrew Egerman
Ossining High School, Ossining, New York, United States
Myostatin is a secreted protein that negatively regulates skeletal muscle growth. Blockade of myostatin by genetic inactivation or injection of myostatin antibodies results in a significant increase
myostatin's receptors on a target cell leads to the phosphorylation and activation of the signaling proteins Smad 2 and 3, which translocate to the nucleus, activating target genes. However, other
to be discovered. Utilizing murine C2C12 myoblasts and myotubes, we examined gene transcriptional changes induced by myostatin treatment. Cells treated with myostatin for 24 hours at 37 deg
for RNA extraction and microarray transcriptional analysis. Twenty new genes were found to be regulated by myostatin. Among the transcriptional changes produced, myostatin induced a 1.83 fol
protein phosphatase 1 (PP1), 1.63 fold upregulation of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and 1.61 fold downregulation of proliferin 2 (PLF 2). This was of particular interest as PLF2 was pr
1 induced hypertrophy. While IGF1 and myostatin have opposite phenotypic effects, we found no evidence of crossinhibition between the principal pathways activated by either factor; however o
were seen in the phosphorylation of Jun Nterminal Kinase (JNK). The inhibition of the myostatin signaling pathway by chemically regulating certain genes identified in this study could lead to the
medications against muscle loss.
2008 BI020
UNRAVELING THE FUNCTIONAL INTERACTION OF DJ1, PINK1 AND PARKIN, MUTATED PROTEINS LINKED TO FAMILIAL FORMS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE AND SETUP OF A CE
MUTANT TOXICITY
Jessica Marie May
Northport High School, Northport, NY
In recent years mutations in genes, such as DJ1, PINK1 and Parkin, have been identified that can be linked to neurodegeneration in both sporadic and familial cases of Parkinson’s disease (PD)
to elucidate the exact function of these genes and gain a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. It has been suggested that these genes
mitochondrial activity and that the interaction between PINK1, a mitochondrial kinase, and Parkin, an ubiquitin ligase, produces mitochondrial clustering in SHSY5Y human neuroblastoma cells.
that this mitochondrial clustering only occurs exclusively from the interaction of PINK1 and Parkin. However, the results also indicate the colocalization of Parkin and DJ1 and of PINK1 and DJ
between these genes. In parallel to these experiments, the second aim of this project was to establish an in vitro model of familial PD to study how the PINK1 mutations: Dead Kinase, L347P, A2
neuronal death and neuron susceptibility to PD associated environmental toxins. This investigation will further the understanding of these genes’ function and determine if they are linked in a com
2010 BI020
METAL ION PREVENTION OF INSULIN FIBRIL FORMATION
Frances Loren Hubley
Woods Cross High School, Woods Cross, UT
Insulin stability is critical for diabetics. Fiber formation degrades therapeutic insulin. Single insulin molecules are not stable and combine into small sheets that stack into fibers called Fib
together into hexamers of six molecule groups that are more stable. Because insulin is a folded protein molecule, the size of the ion might be responsible for fitting into the fold
hypothesized that Co2+ and Ni2+ ions might also provide protection to insulin as they are the same relative size as Zn2+ ions. I designed an experiment using the same molari
solutions of Co2+ and Ni2+ ions. One problem is that insulin for human use comes in vials with Zn2+ ions to stabilize it. I needed to chelate these added Zn2+ ions be
Ni2+ ions would also provide protection. A series of EDTA titrations using Murexide and Eriochrome BlackT, was used to determine the chelation solution strength to “cloak” the
of 3 and an incubation temperature of 68°C for 90 minutes was used to form fibrils. Turbidimetric and fluourometric methods were used to assay fibril formation. Thioflavin T in a 15 molar excess
fluorescence. The results of my experiment supported my hypothesis: Cobalt and Nickel ions prevent insulin fibril formation. Designing an improved shelf life
2009 BI021
INVESTIGATION OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE THERMOSTABILITY OF ALPHAAMYLASE
James Nan Zhang
Protein thermostability is important in the study of protein function. The mechanisms that drive the folding and maintenance of the folded structure of polypeptide chains are only generally unders
Understanding the specific molecular interactions and factors governing protein stability will have a great impact on protein engineering and the development of powerful molecular biology tools an
 Homologous proteins from organisms growing in different temperature ranges provide good examples for studying protein thermostability. Proteins from cold, temperate, and hot temperature
In this study, the interatomic distances within each of four homologous alphaamylases were analyzed to explore their relationship with thermostability. It was hypothesized that protein interatom
and thus are a determining factor of folded structural stability. The crystal structural data of these selected proteins was used to conduct these analyses. Atomatom interactions were ca
atom interactions within the same amino acid residue for all residues in the protein (‘XX’ interactions), second, the atomatom interactions between immediate neighboring residues in the primary
remaining interactions (‘AX’ interactions), which involve atoms between nonneighboring residues. It was found that atomatom distances correlate well with protein thermostability. The
best, and XX interactions also showed significant correlations with thermostability. However, XY interactions showed little correlation. The strong AX and XX trends demonstrate that atomatom
relative thermostability among homologous proteins.
2006 BI021
PERCENT CONSERVATION OF THE HUMAN INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY VS. CNS DEVELOPMENT IN LOWER ORGANISMS (CONTINUED)
Kathleen Curley Clement
Langley High School, McLean VA, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to study and to better understand the relationship between the evolution of the human insulin signaling pathway and the evolution of the Central Nervous Syste
conservation of the selected peptides in the insulin signaling pathway would model the same gradientlike loss of percent conservation as the average percent conservation of the peptides predom
revolutionary aspect of this project is that it was all completed online using protein knowledgebases and pairwise sequence alignment tools. First, I found the human protein sequence and its hom
protein knowledgebase. Then, I found the percent conservation using LALIGN, an online pairwise sequence alignment tool. I proved my hypothesis valid, because all of the selected insulin signal
of percent conservation modeled by the CNSlinked peptides except for Akt13 and the Insulin Receptor. The peptides AKT13 were irregular, but that can easily be explained because AKT 13 ar
major role in many other signaling pathways that are independent of insulin action. Also I proved that there was a significant difference in the gradientloss of percent conservation between the no
peptides. In this experiment I concluded that the insulin signaling pathway did evolve with the Central Nervous System, and the evolution of the insulin signaling cascade might have been a prere
2007 BI021
ASSESSING GLYXIN13 AS A NEUROPROTECTANT IN ORGANOTYPIC HIPPOCAMPAL CELL CULTURES
Jenny Isabel Aguilar
The NmethylDaspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptor plays a central role in gating influx of Ca2+ into neurons, longterm activitydependent synaptic plasticity and excitoxicity in the c
Ca2+ at differing magnitudes through the NMDA channel is critical for the induction of longterm potentiation (LTP), longterm depression (LTD) and many forms of learning. Excessive Ca2+ influx
leading to reductions in plasticity and loss of neurons, which could be responsible for the progressive cognitive dysfunction that is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and other neurodegener
intact slices of rodent hippocampus that retain in vitro a network of connections and cellular environment similar to the whole animal, testing the ability of Glyxin13 to protect hippocampal neuron
induced delayed neuronal death. I hypothesized that Glyxin13, a tetrapeptide (TPPTamide) that acts as a partial agonist at the glycine site of the NMDA receptor, could effectively support a mo
that is essential for learning and memory, while simultaneously protecting neurons from damage. I found that Glyxin13 is able to protect neurons from delayed neuronal death induced by OGD, a
binding to the NMDA receptor at the glycine site. 
2005 BI021
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS DETERMINED BY RADICAL SCAVENGING AND CATALASE ACITIVITY
Megan Elizabeth McKay
South Pemiscot, Steele Missouri, USA
Recently, natural foods and foodderived antioxidants such as Selenium, Pycogenol, Green tea, Green tea extract, Grapeseed extract, and CoQ10 have received attention because they are know
against oxidative damage. The purpose of this project was to investigate the effects of antioxidants on the activity of the oxidative enzyme catalase from calf liver peroxisomes and explore antiox
through radical scavenging. If antioxidants are increased then the activity of the catalase enzyme will increase. The catalase can then breakdown more hydrogen peroxide and prevent cell damag
production of reactive compounds that cause cellular damage. This study was designed to measure the enzyme activity with elevated levels of antioxidants. Calf liver was homogenized and used
were added to the reactants and the activity rate of the enzyme compared for each antioxidant tested. Antioxidant assay using ABTS(2,2’azinodi(3ethybenzthiazoline sulphonate)) was used to
ability to protect against attack by reactive oxygen. The assay measured the ability of the antioxidants to inhibit the oxidation of ABTS(2,2’azinodi(3ethylbenzthiazoline sulphonate)) to ABTS+b
and expressed as vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacities(VCEAC).The antioxidants tested increased the activity of the Catalase enzyme. Selenium increased the activity by 39%, green tea
activity by 26%. There was a 0.839 correlation coefficient between antioxidant activity and Catalase increase. The results indicate that catalase oxidative enzyme activity can be increased with s
hydrogen peroxide levels in the cells thus protecting the cell against damage from free radicals.
2004 BI021
A COMPARISION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE AS A FUEL SOURCE FOR A MICROBIAL FUEL CELL
Wesley Randel Hargraves
South Pemiscot High School, Steele, MO, U.S.A.
A (MFC) converts the energy produced by the metabolism of an organism’s food into electrical current. The organisms store electrons as intermediates which will become reduced, and in this sta
provide a cell with energy. The electrons may be diverted by an oxidationreduction reaction mediator that transports the electrons to an electrode that will become the negative electrode.
positive electrode. When this circuit is complete the cell can produce electricity. The length of time that a biological fuel cell can generate electricity is dependent only on the amount of fuel availa
project was to create and compare the fuel cells with mixtures of fuel (glucose, sucrose, or levulose); methylene blue, and yeast or Escherichia coli was put in one side of the fuel cell. Separated
potassium hexacyanoferrate (III) was put in the other side. Two alligator clips are attached to the electrodes and were hooked to a Vernier Logger Pro/Voltage Probe to measure the voltage and g
capability of E.Coli and yeast to produce energy each was put into the fuel cell with each sugar (glucose, sucrose, or levulose). The results were then graphed and compared. The voltage produce
that produced by yeast. The voltage produced varied from .25 volts to .54 volts. With these results, a usable amount of electricity could be produced by connecting a series of cells together. MFC
technology upon which to base food energy conversions. Many challenges remain to be addressed in the development of the MFC and the ways it is used in technology. 
2014 BI021
WILL COMBINED BTK INHIBITORS DECREASE GROWTH OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA CANCER CELLS?
Lauren Mirelle Strickland
San Angelo Central High School, San Angelo, TX,
The purpose of this experiment was to test the combination of two different inhibitors on the 8266 Multiple Myeloma cell line. While conducting this experiment, all of the materials, procedures, an
a qualified scientist who was an assistant professor at M.D. Anderson Medical Research Center. While conducting this experiment, the lab and materials used for this experiment were s
Myeloma cancer cells were tested, a media was created to neutralize the cells being tested, and the cells were tested by viewing the reaction that two different types of inhibitors had on the cells
media, cancer cells, and BTK Inhibitors were transferred into the various 6 well and 96 well plates. After the cells, media, and drugs were mixed into the wells by their designated Concentrations,
incubator to incubate for 48 hours. After the plates cancer cells decreased with the combination of drugs and high concentration level. Upon receiving the data and obtaining the results, t
concentration of the combination of both inhibitors with the cancer cells, the cancer cells decreased. In conclusion, my hypothesis was correct, the higher the concentration and use of both inhibi
did decrease the life of cancer cells.
2013 BI021
THE EFFICIENCY OF BIODIESEL AND BIOMETHANE FROM OIL AND SUGAR SOURCES
Navin Haresh Buxani
If Biodiesel is Created from Safflower Oil, then it will be the most Efficient, Reliable. If Biomethane is made from Cow Manure and Fruit, then it will Produce the Most Gas. 1. P
Alcohol, stir bar; stir; add oil, Phenolphthalein Solution 2. Add lye till color of solution changes/stays pink15 seconds; amount of lye added + base= total amount required 3. Add
swirl; add water; shake; separatory funnel; drain glycerin; washwarm water till separation; empty water; Repeat 4. Storeroom temperature 5. Experiment: Empty soda can; cut in
on top of wick; top half over bottom 6. Pour water into flask; put it on ring stand; measure temp. of water in flask=initial temperature; soda can below flask; light wick; fuel burn for 10 min
extinguish wick; find mass left/ temperature increased; convert to heat value 7. Biomethane Add manure, water to flasks; label flasks; balloon; hose stoppers; Weigh flask; record; shake
Anaerobic digester two barrels, PVC pipe, hot/cold valve Data: Safflower Oil357 J/g; 21 cents/lb; low cloud /pour points Conclusion: Based on experiment, Safflower Oil Biodies
value and lowest cloud/pour points (indicator for how it will work in an engine);also costs the least =costefficient; part of hypothesis is correct; biomethane sugar worked better than fruit, part of h
oils; analyze water left after fermented
2011 BI021
FOOD DYES
Victoria Thanh Nhan
Taconic High School, Pittsfield, MA
Colorful foods, whether created naturally or synthetically, are attractive to consumers. However inviting, synthetic food dyes may cause health problems in humans such as cancer and ADHD. Th
effects synthetic food dyes and extracted natural food dyes have on Daphnia magna heart rate. It was thought that synthetic food dyes would increase the heart rate, where as natural food dyes w
pond water, were extracted from beets, yellow squash, blueberries, and spinach. A spectrophotometer was set to a specific wavelength to analyze the concentrations of synthetic and extracted d
determined by placing Daphnia in specific concentrations of dye for one minute and then counting the beats per minute. The 10% synthetic yellow dye solution produced the highest average hear
green dye produced the lowest average (160.4 beats/minute), similar to the pond water control (164 beats/ minute). All solutions of synthetic dyes increased the average beats/minute compared t
 In a Lethal Dose 50 (LD50) test, Daphnia were placed in beakers of the natural and synthetic food dyes for 24 hours. The Daphnia from the beakers of synthetic dye had 60% to 100% m
beakers of the natural food dye had 0% to 30% mortality. The concentrations with the lowest percentages of deaths are the 100%, 10% and 1% natural greens. The concentration with the highest
synthetic red. To further this study, testing of synthetic versus natural food dyes could be conducted on another type of organism.
2012 BI021
STRUCTURAL INTEGRITY OF THE CYTOSKELETON IN RESPONSE TO MYOSIN INHIBITORS
Cynthia Yin
Westlake High School, Westlake Village, CA
For cancer, diabetes, neurodegeneration, and other diseases, myosin inhibitors offer potential prevention and treatment by blocking cell migration. Myosin inhibitors reduce signaling by nonmusc
kinase (MLCK), and Rhoassociated protein kinase (ROCK). These signaling pathways play significant roles in disease development. Cytoskeletal structure is regulated by NMII, MLCK
experiment included Blebbistatin, ML7, and Y27632. Blebbistatin inhibits NMII and bleb formation by lowering the affinity of myosin with actin, and altering contractile forces that impinge on the
and Y27632 inhibit MLCK and ROCK, respectively. MLCK and ROCK phosphorylate myosin light chain in order to bind myosin to actin filaments as well as induce muscle contraction. ROCK als
Y27632 was hypothesized to be the most effective in reducing cytoskeletal integrity, because it affects central stress fibers. I also hypothesized that higher drug concentrations would weaken th
increase inhibition of tubulin and actin expression. In my experiments to evaluate the effects of myosin inhibitors on cytoskeletons, vascular endothelial cells (ATCC CRL1733) were treated with
were immunostained with antibodies. Thereafter, cytoskeletal integrity was analyzed with fluorescence microscopy. My results support my hypothesis that Y27632 is the most effective
my hypothesis that high drug concentrations weakened cytoskeletons was partially supported. This indicates that the optimal drug concentration to reduce cytoskeletal integrity may be a combina
2008 BI021
THE APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETRIC RESPONSE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOSENSOR FOR ANTHRAXCAUSING BACILLUS ANTHRACIS SPORES
Shirin Bajaj
Syosset High School, Syosset, NY
After September 11th 2001 and the Anthraxattacks later that month, the value of an accurate biosensor able to detect biological and chemical agents has burgeoned. Although biosensors are co
expensive, or require sophisticated, relatively timeconsuming, and often extensive analysis procedures. The experimental goal was to create a biosensor that could potentially detect harmful pat
interactions between antibody and antigen. By monitoring the change in net charge upon the combination of an antibody and antigen using potentiometric response, a highly effective immunosens
first, the system was optimized to detect a model antigen (using antibody Chrompure rabbit IgG and antigen Fluorescein Affinipure Goat AntiRabbit). The biosensor was able to detect antigen in
antibody to antigen concentration was as low as 1:1000. Finally the biosensor was tested and was accurately able to detect both Bacillus Anthracis and closelyrelated Bacillus Cereus spores. Fu
system to being able to detect smaller concentrations of these spores, and testing the system with various other pathogens. This biosensor has the leading edge over others on the market becau
is extremely rapid (taking a split second), inexpensive, and highly sensitive.
First Award of $1,500 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2010 BI021
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CYCLINDEPENDENT KINASE SUBSTRATES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE LEADS TO A NOVEL COMPUTATIONAL IDENTIFICATION MECHAN
Manjinder Singh Kandola
Queens High School for the Sciences at York College, Jamaica, NY
Understanding the cell cycle is crucial to advances in fields such as cancer therapy, stem cell replication, and embryonic development. The cell cycle is governed by cyclins, which activate cycli
guide the cell cycle through proper substrate phosphorylation. Despite their importance, Cdk substrates likely remain unidentified. This study creates novel computational methods for Cdk1 subst
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. First, computational software was used to analyze previously predicted substrates of Cdk1 to determine significant structural patterns. Extensive analysis of data su
binding sites found on the surface of a protein. To manipulate this characteristic, an original computer program was written using Perl scripting language to apply all 6736 protein sequences in bud
score proteins based on consensus motif clustering. Results were validated through comparison with an identically scored mock proteome consisting of randomly generated protein sequences. In
aligned across taxa, most clusters were conserved, suggesting a functional mechanism underlying consensus motif clustering. Finally, comparison with previous studies indicated that high scorin
substrates. This study advances Cdk1 substrate analysis by computationally predicting Cdk1 substrates which can be verified experimentally in the future and indicates broader applications for fu
2003 BI021
MAMMALIAN CELL PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES IN SIMULATED MICROGRAVITY
Joia Ramchandani, Greenwich High School
Greenwich CT, U.S.A.
This investigation explored the effects of simulated microgravity (SMG) on mammalian cell production of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). Objectives included a) gaining insight into the feasibility o
production, and b) addressing the concern that the human immune system, particularly its capacity for antibody production, might be inhibited by the microgravity conditions of space. A rotary ce
microgravity was used to culture hybridoma cells producing Immunoglobulin G (IgG). The RCCS was rotated at three different angles to the gravity vector (0°, 30°, and 90°). At 0° and 90°, the RC
microgravity, respectively. Each culture was continued for 8 days. Cell growth and MAb production were monitored daily via trypan blue cell exclusion and HPLC. Maximum viable cell de
cells/mL at 0°, 30°, and 90°respectively. Specific (per cell) MAb production rates averaged 0.80, 0.61, and 1.03 pg/cellh at 0°, 30°, and 90°. The specific MAb production rate witnessed under SM
under normal gravity. These results suggest that microgravity has a negative effect on cell growth, but a positive effect on specific antibody production. These findings are promising bec
potential to improve current methods of antibody production. Additionally, findings demonstrate that immune system cell growth could be depressed in the microgravity environment of space, und
that will strengthen the immune system for extended space travel. 
2008 BI021
THE APPLICATION OF POTENTIOMETRIC RESPONSE TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF A BIOSENSOR FOR ANTHRAXCAUSING BACILLUS ANTHRACIS SPORES
Shirin Bajaj
Syosset High School, Syosset, NY
After September 11th 2001 and the Anthraxattacks later that month, the value of an accurate biosensor able to detect biological and chemical agents has burgeoned. Although biosensors are co
expensive, or require sophisticated, relatively timeconsuming, and often extensive analysis procedures. The experimental goal was to create a biosensor that could potentially detect harmful pat
interactions between antibody and antigen. By monitoring the change in net charge upon the combination of an antibody and antigen using potentiometric response, a highly effective immunosens
first, the system was optimized to detect a model antigen (using antibody Chrompure rabbit IgG and antigen Fluorescein Affinipure Goat AntiRabbit). The biosensor was able to detect antigen in
antibody to antigen concentration was as low as 1:1000. Finally the biosensor was tested and was accurately able to detect both Bacillus Anthracis and closelyrelated Bacillus Cereus spores. Fu
system to being able to detect smaller concentrations of these spores, and testing the system with various other pathogens. This biosensor has the leading edge over others on the market becau
is extremely rapid (taking a split second), inexpensive, and highly sensitive.
2014 BI022
USING CHEMICAL BIOLOGY TO TARGET THE INHIBITORS OF APOPTOSIS
Kelsey Mackenzie Barter
University High School, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
The inhibitors of apoptosis (IAP) are a group of eight human proteins thought to inhibit apoptosis (programmed cell death), promoting cellular immortality characteristic of cancer cells. The IAPs, w
one or more baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. The third BIR domain of XIAP, for which an inhibitor exists, was used as a control in identifying smallmolecule modulators of survivin, for whic
XIAP BIR3 domain for both onebeadonecompound and functional chromatography natural product screening was developed that is applicable to all IAPs. BIR3 was cloned into DH5a
coli cells, and purified with ion metal affinity chromatography. An unnatural amino acid with a bioorthogonal chemical handle was sitespecifically incorporated into BIR3, however cysteinebased
largescale. A glutathioneagarosebased binding assay has been designed to determine functionality of labeled BIR3 based on binding to GSTtagged caspase9. BIR3 and survivin were linked to
chromatographic screen with four natural product extracts and several unique peaks were identified for further analysis. Conducting a onebeadonecompound screen of BIR3 will serve a
success of an eventual screen against survivin. Additional natural product extracts will be screened against BIR3 and survivin to identify potential binders. Smallmolecule hits from both screens
chemistry, biochemical, and biophysical investigations and evaluated as cancer therapeutics that disable survivin and the other IAPs.
2013 BI022
WHICH KIND OF YOGURT,COMMERCIAL COW YOGURT, COMMERCIAL GOAT YOGURT, HOMEMADE COW MILK YOGURT, HOMEMADE GOAT MILK YOGURT, OR GOAT MILK YOGU
DIRECTLY HAS THE BEST SHELF LIFE AND STABILITY ACCORDING TO PROTEOLYSIS AND LIPOLYSIS?
Namrata Sabrina Buxani
If I test homemade goat and cow yogurt, commercial cow and goat yogurt, and consumed yogurt from goats, for proteolysis and lipolysis, then the Dannon yogurt will have the best stability, brea
 1)Make yogurt using correct method 2)Calculate Acid Degree value:Place 20mL of yogurt in each Babcock bottle;Add 10mL of BDI reagant and mix;Place bottles in boiling water and mix
1 minute; Add methyl alcohol to bring fat column down;centrifuge again;Place in waterbath;Transfer 1mL of fat from each test bottle to a flask and add fat solvent.Titrate to first color change with
titration;Calculate ADV 3)Babcock test:Adujst sample to right temperature an pipette 17.6mL of sample of milk in a bottle;After active flow has ceased, blow out all drops;Hold the bottle at an ang
mechanical shaker;Place in centrifuge;Stop and add deionized water until liquid column comes to the top of the scale;Transfer to waterbath;Remove and measure fat column4)Calculate pH5)Do d
7)WSN: Measure 10gms of sample and add 40ml of water and mix in shaker;Pour into bottle;Place in waterbath;Transfer to centrifuge for 30min;Filter and freeze;Calculate protein breakdown. <br
because of the ADV value results.Dannon and goat broke down easier than the other yogurts.With texture commercial products has a higher firmness but at the end of the project, the firmness of
commercial products weren't really better.The commercial products had less dry matter meaning they had more water content which is a bad thing.The home yogurts had less ash matter,so less
2003 BI022
CAFFEINE: WHAT'S IN YOUR DRUGS? AN ANALYSIS OF CAFFEINE CONCENTRATION IN OVER THE COUNTER PAIN RELIEVERS
Jennifer Lee Nagel
Dekalb High School, Auburn IN, United States of America
This experiment is the product of quantitative experimentation regarding the caffeine concentration in over the counter pain relievers. It was designed to explore the probability of correctly determi
the medications. This experiment involves creating a standard curve to compare with unknown concentrations. A solution of caffeine dissolved in methanol (10,000 ppm), diluted into 10
created the standard solutions. One tablet of each sample, with unknown caffeine concentration, is ground and then dissolved in methanol and filtered. Each sample is then brought to a 10ml volu
GCMS system accompanied with data analysis software creates a calibration curve. After a calibration curve is formatted, the unknown samples are then run to determine the caffeine concentra
experiment found the caffeine concentration at 24.4ppm per Anacin tablet, 58.2ppm per Excedrin tablets, 34.91ppm per Vanquish tablet, and .5ppm per Tylenol tablet. The Aleve tablet contained
different from the concentrations listed by the drug manufacturers. This margin of error has given new possibilities to experiment again with more accurate results. This experiment has created an
concentration: therefore allowing further experimentation regarding unknown caffeine concentrations and also the possibility studying caffeine’s effect on the body, including possible alterations in
2005 BI022
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PICOGREEN AND HOECHST 33258 BINDING DISCREPANCIES TO ANIMAL, PHAGE AND PLANT DNA
Kristina Yifei Yang
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring MD, USA
With genetically modified crops becoming increasingly important in the worldwide agricultural industry, the need for an accurate method of quantitating plantbased DNA has become apparent. Cu
PicoGreen and Hoechst 33258 are frequently used to quantitate DNA samples. PicoGreen uses lambdaphage DNA as a standard, while Hoechst uses calf thymus DNA as a standard.
can be used to accurately quantify other animal and phagebased DNA samples, but the accuracy of these standards in quantitating plantbased DNA is unknown. This study compared the bindi
33258 to calf thymus, lambdaphage, corn, and soybean DNA samples. It found that both fluorophores bind up to twice as strongly to calf thymus or phage standard DNA as to corn or soy DNA o
indicates that using calf thymus or phage DNA as a standard for fluorophorebased quantitation of plantbased DNA greatly underestimates the amount of DNA in the plant sample, and the develo
standard is recommended to ensure the accurate quantitation of plant DNA in the future.
2007 BI022
MORE THAN A KERNEL OF TRUTH: CORRELATION OF EFFECTS OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE ON STARCH AND SUGAR IN SWEET CORN
Rachel Leigh Siegel
Cedar Crest High School, Lebanon, PA, USA
Quality and freshness of sweet corn is of major concern to consumers and commercial growers, warranting scientific scrutiny. The effects of time and temperature on starch and glucose levels in
emphasis was placed on the correlation between glucose and starch levels. Conditions were created to simulate storage in exceptionally hot conditions, in refrigerated conditions, and in room tem
as a control to which the three treatments were compared. It was hypothesized that glucose levels would be highest after a longer time in high temperatures while starch levels would be low. In co
be high, while glucose levels are low. As time goes on at low temperatures, the amount of glucose will increase more slowly than the rapid increase occurring in warmer temperatures. Nevertheles
glucose and the relative amount of starch should be in an inverse relationship, whatever the temperature of storage treatment. In general, the experimental data support the hypothesis.
lower the amount of starch and the higher amount of glucose were found in the treated sample as compared to the control. ANOVA tests revealed that only oven treatment produces statistically s
do not, regardless of time of treatment. No identifiable numerical correlation was found; one may exist between starch and other corn sugars. Practical applications for the consumer, the commer
 
2008 BI022
DOG GONE POOP
Amber Samantha Marie Harris
Franklin High School, El Paso, TX
The purpose of my experiment is to see which enzymes: anylase, maltase, papain, xylanase, and bromelain, will degrade dog feces the best and fastest, as well as what the end result is in order
degrade dog feces. The category of my experiment is biological chemistry. The hypothesis of my experiment is that maltase will degrade the dog feces the least. Both papain and bromelain will b
being slightly better. Xylanase will come in behind the two enzymes. The digestive enzyme amylase will be least effective, next to maltase. I tested my hypothesis by taking feces sam
and placing them in water enzyme solutions. After a week I compared the weight of the solution to the original weight and then I burned the solution and compared the burned weight to both the pr
results both agreed and disagreed with my hypothesis. All the enzymes did degrade the feces, with papain degrading them the most, but anylase wound up degrading the feces the least not malta
weight of the solutions but after they were burned the weight increased, weighing more than they did before being burned, but still weighing less than their original weights. My experiment yielded
which to create my feces degrading solution.
2011 BI022
DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF POINT MUTATIONS OF THE OXIDATIVE VARIETY IN THE KRAS GENE
Charles Preston Blakemore
Academy for Math, Engineering and Science, Salt Lake City, UT
Mutations around codon 12 of the human Kras gene are linked to forms of epithelial lung and pancreatic cancer. This study analyzed quantification, through standard additions, of mutations in a
around codon 12. It was hypothesized that some mutated portion of a population of DNA could be quantified by comparing binding frequencies of both mutated and wildtype biotinylated DNAStre
hemolysin, a protein pore. A lipid bilayer was created across a glass nanopore (~1000 nm radius). Alphahemolysin channels were inserted into this bilayer and DNAStreptavidin complexes were
Applied potential forced strands of DNA into alphahemolysin and the BiotinStreptavidin anchor immobilized DNA within the pore. Ionic current past the immobilized DNA was measured and displ
identity of the base, either G or Gh, at the w14 position which is a very specific constriction point within the barrel of alphahemolysin. Standard additions were then used to analyze the binding be
to concentration, as well as detect and quantify mutated strands in a population of DNA. Standard additions proved successful in creating very linear calibration curves for use in predicting, throug
DNA in a system by plotting number of binding events against the residual current through a blocked alphahemolysin channel. Initial "unknown" presence of two strands was also determined thro
curves in an experiment with both mutated and wildtype strands. Such a quantification method could be used to diagnose specific cancers or other diseases.
Certificate of Honorable Mention American Chemical Society
2012 BI022
ANTIGENBINDING EFFICIENCY IN BOVINE CD1B3: COMPUTATIONAL LIGAND DOCKING OF PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM GLYCOSYLPHOSPHATIDYLINOSITOL FOR MALARIAL INT
Rosalie Shinwei Doerksen
Malaria, a devastating disease transmitted to victims through mosquitoes by Plasmodium parasites, runs rampant in tropical regions of the world. The eradication of malaria in England at the end
attributed to the expansion of cattle herding in the country’s fertile pasturelands. Mosquitoes preferentially fed on cattle, but Plasmodium sporozoites were unable to survive the bovine immune sy
the Plasmodium life cycle. This study examined lipidantigen binding capabilities of the protein CD1B3, a complement antigenpresenting protein present in the immune system, albeit wi
cattle versus humans. The differing compositions of bovine CD1b3 and human CD1b3 may explain how cattle defeat the protozoal infection. The published crystal structure of boCD1B3
removed phosphatidylcholine and in its place docked a lipid antigen produced by P. falciparum with a similar structure to PC, glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI). This required drawing its structure
minimization with MacroModel, and docking with Glide software. After running 30 different docking calculations, I was successfully able to position GPI into the C’ terminus of boCD1b3. 
boCD1b3 proves under the specified computational conditions my hypothesis that a bovine protein is able to detect the presence of malariacarrying parasites in the bovine body.
Tuition Scholarship of $15,000 per year for four years. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2009 BI022
CURCUMIN INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN CANCER CELLS BY INHIBITING NFKB
Anartya Mandal
Boston Latin School, Boston, MA
The purpose of this study is to uncover the cancertherapeutic potential and molecular mechanism(s) of action of curcumin, a natural, nontoxic, antiinflammatory compound of an Indian spice, tu
from epidemiological studies to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Curcumin was shown to inhibit the activation of NFkB, a transcription factor found activated in response to inflammation and
drives cancer cell proliferation and resists apoptosis. Mice, deficient in p65 subunit of NFkB, die at embryonic stage due to massive apoptosis. Therefore, it was hypothesized that curcumin indu
NFkB. To test this hypothesis in vitro, various established cancer cell lines were simultaneously treated with varying concentrations of curcumin for 24 hours and their nuclei were staine
curcumininduced nuclear condensation or fragmentation by fluorescence microscopy. To examine the effect of curcumin on NFkB activation, endogenous constitutive and lipopolysaccharideind
and protein levels were compared between curcumin or NFkBspecific inhibitor (PDTC)treated and untreated cancer and normal cells using RTPCR, QPCR and immunoblotting techniques. Inte
similar results in inducing apoptosis only in cancer cells but not in normal macrophages. Both curcumin and PDTC inhibited constitutive and inducible COX2 gene expression. Therefore
cells is most likely due to the inhibition of NFkB activation that awaits further confirmation.
2006 BI022
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA PLSP11 AND PLSP12 LINES: TOC75 SUGGESTS A NOVEL PROTEIN TARGETING PATHWAY
Vinay Tripuraneni
Clovis West High School, Fresno, CA, USA
Toc75 forms the only known protein translocation channel in the chloroplast outer envelope membrane, and is thus crucial to plastid biogenesis. Toc75 is an unusual transmembrane protein in tha
membrane targeted proteins have none. A type 1 signal peptidase, Plsp1, is proposed to cleave the second transit peptide. When PLSP1 is disrupted/knocked out with a tDNA insertion in the fou
exhibit a pale phenotype with underdeveloped chloroplasts. However, when the same gene is disrupted with a tDNA insertion in the first exon, plants of the line, plsp12, exhibit a phenotype simila
insertion portion of plsp12 was sequenced, and found to be immediately after the first methionine of the Plsp1 sequence. Because the beginning of Plsp1 has more than one methionine, interrupt
knockout of PLSP1. This was examined by reversetranscriptase mediated PCR, which revealed that the plsp12 plants homozygous for the tDNA insertion are transcribing PLSP1. Immunoblottin
savitum of Toc75 suggests that Plsp1 is the protease responsible for cleaving the second transit peptide of Toc75. This evidence suggests a novel protein targeting pathway where Toc75 enters
membrane from the inside of the organelle. This pathway has great ramifications; it may serve as a model for more sensitive tests for genetic illnesses, and may also help with understanding var
biogenesis disorders.
2010 BI022
PROTEIN ASSAY ALTERNATIVES
Philippe Alexandre Chlenski
Purpose: Melamine’s ability to falsify results of a standard protein assay was exploited to manipulate quality of milk products with disastrous consequences for public health. The purpose of this
activity of a milk enzyme, Xanthine Oxidase, can be measured as a more reliable alternative to a standard protein assay. Procedure: Xanthine Oxidase activity in milk was measured at d
conditions of measurement. Different dilutions of milk were probed to determine sensitivity of the assay. Melamine and structurally similar compounds, Glycine, Urea, Pyridine, Pyrimidine and Tri
Enzyme activity and protein concentration were determined with Xanthine Oxidase and BCA protein assays. Specific activity of Xanthine Oxidase was calculated as a ratio of enzyme activity to
assay. All experiments were done in triplicates and evaluated by ttest. Data: Xanthine Oxidase activity accurately measured milk dilutions up to tenfold, and was not affected by Melami
concentrations determined by a standard protein assay were affected by Melamine, but not other nitrogenrich chemicals. Specific activity of Xanthine Oxidase was dramatically reduced when Me
(Melamine) vs. 3.9 ± 0.26 (Control), P = 0.01). Conclusions: Xanthine Oxidase activity measurements were proven accurate and more reliable than protein concentration measurements.
recommended for the food industry for most accurate results.
2011 BI022
DETECTION AND ANALYSIS OF POINT MUTATIONS OF THE OXIDATIVE VARIETY IN THE KRAS GENE
Mutations around codon 12 of the human Kras gene are linked to forms of epithelial lung and pancreatic cancer. This study analyzed quantification, through standard additions, of mutations in a
around codon 12. It was hypothesized that some mutated portion of a population of DNA could be quantified by comparing binding frequencies of both mutated and wildtype biotinylated DNAStre
hemolysin, a protein pore. A lipid bilayer was created across a glass nanopore (~1000 nm radius). Alphahemolysin channels were inserted into this bilayer and DNAStreptavidin complexes were
Applied potential forced strands of DNA into alphahemolysin and the BiotinStreptavidin anchor immobilized DNA within the pore. Ionic current past the immobilized DNA was measured and displ
identity of the base, either G or Gh, at the w14 position which is a very specific constriction point within the barrel of alphahemolysin. Standard additions were then used to analyze the binding be
to concentration, as well as detect and quantify mutated strands in a population of DNA. Standard additions proved successful in creating very linear calibration curves for use in predicting, throug
DNA in a system by plotting number of binding events against the residual current through a blocked alphahemolysin channel. Initial "unknown" presence of two strands was also determined thro
curves in an experiment with both mutated and wildtype strands. Such a quantification method could be used to diagnose specific cancers or other diseases.
2004 BI022
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE INCREASE AND HIGH ENERGY PHOTON BEAMS ON DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Parijata Desiree Mackey
Dr Michael M Krop Sr High, Miami, FL, USA
The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of increased temperature (25°C to 29°C) and exposure to XRays (999 rads, 4 minutes) on gene expression (observable mutant phenotypes)
female ratio, and viability (number of offspring) of Drosophila melanogaster strains CantonS and 674. It is hypothesized that both increased temperature and XRay radiation will increase chromos
expression, and reduce viability of both Drosophila strains, decreasing the maletofemale ratio, and increasing mutation rate. To test the hypothesis, six Drosophila subcultures were pre
containing 674. One subculture per strain was placed, for 1012 days, in a 25°C incubator, a 29°C incubator, and exposed to 999 rads of XRay radiation in 4 minutes. The viability, maletofemale
recorded. Three trials were performed. At 25°C (the control), the results were similar for both strains. The maletofemale ratio was 1:1 for both. The mutation rate was 1% for CantonS, 0
both strains. The maletofemale ratio was 2:3 for CantonS, and 3:4 for 674. The average mutation rate was 2% for each. The Xray study resulted in increased viability, and an average maletof
The mutation rate was 4% for CantonS, and 5% for 674. The results partially supported the hypothesis; for both strains, increased temperature and XRay exposure decreased the male
translocation, and altered gene expression. Viability, however, increased with temperature and XRay exposure.
2009 BI022
CURCUMIN INDUCES APOPTOSIS IN CANCER CELLS BY INHIBITING NFKB
Anartya Mandal
The purpose of this study is to uncover the cancertherapeutic potential and molecular mechanism(s) of action of curcumin, a natural, nontoxic, antiinflammatory compound of an Indian spice, tu
from epidemiological studies to reduce the risk of developing cancer. Curcumin was shown to inhibit the activation of NFkB, a transcription factor found activated in response to inflammation and
drives cancer cell proliferation and resists apoptosis. Mice, deficient in p65 subunit of NFkB, die at embryonic stage due to massive apoptosis. Therefore, it was hypothesized that curcumin indu
NFkB. To test this hypothesis in vitro, various established cancer cell lines were simultaneously treated with varying concentrations of curcumin for 24 hours and their nuclei were staine
curcumininduced nuclear condensation or fragmentation by fluorescence microscopy. To examine the effect of curcumin on NFkB activation, endogenous constitutive and lipopolysaccharideind
and protein levels were compared between curcumin or NFkBspecific inhibitor (PDTC)treated and untreated cancer and normal cells using RTPCR, QPCR and immunoblotting techniques. Inte
similar results in inducing apoptosis only in cancer cells but not in normal macrophages. Both curcumin and PDTC inhibited constitutive and inducible COX2 gene expression. Therefore
cells is most likely due to the inhibition of NFkB activation that awaits further confirmation.
Trip to attend the Taiwan International Science Fair. National Taiwan Science Education Center
2008 BI023
THE STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF A POSSIBLE 3COORDINATE INTERMEDIATE DURING COPPER TRANSFER BETWEEN COPPER CHAPERONE (HAH1) AND WILSON DOM
Kush Jay Sharma
Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center, Kalamazoo, MI
Copper has an integral function within the overall functions of the body. Copper homeostasis is regulated very tightly by a series of proteins that shuttle copper around the cell to be either inserted
excreted. One specific protein involved in copper regulation within the cells is the wilson disease protein (WLN). This protein is important to the removal of excess copper from the cell; improper r
damage eventually leading to a possible case of Alzheimer’s. Specifically, a copper chaperone, human Atx1 (HAH1), acquires the copper in the cytosol and delivers it to a specific domain on the
protein; where it finally gets transferred into the appropriate vesicle. The interaction between HAH1 and WD4 involves two specific cysteines on each protein that become bound to the copper.
coordination states of the copper that ensure proper transfer. The coordination state of interest was a presumed 3coordinate copper thiolate intermediate that would exist during the shuttling proc
elusive intermediate was to mutate each of the pertinent cysteines individually to alanine. Titrations were done with both native copper protein and each mutated apoprotein to construct the prop
structure. The nature of these newly formed structures was monitored and found by specific increases in the uvvisible and fluorescence spectroscopy indicative of copper thiolate bonds, as well
absorption spectroscopy.
2009 BI023
THE EFFECTS OF MUTATED HSC20
Falin Bhupendra Patel
Eleanor Roosevelt High School, Greenbelt, MD
This project focused on ironsulfur cluster biogenesis, the process the body undergoes to produce ironsulfur clusters. These clusters are vital cofactors needed by the body for various biological
cluster biogenesis includes cochaperone proteins which assist the clusters in moving to the target protein. A particular Jdomain cochaperone protein is Hsc20. In contrast to bacterial and funga
by an unusual domain. This domain is classified by two highly conserved twin cysteine motifs. The function of this domain is unknown, but it may in fact have an affect on ironsulfur cluster mac
this domain, the protein was mutated to create several different versions of Hsc20. These versions of Hsc20 mutated the cysteine to serines because they are biochemically similar amino acids
the proteins were transfected into a stable line of mammalian cells. Analysis from Western Blots and confocal microscopy was taken to study the effects the mutated protein had. The re
localize within the mitochondria just as the wild type versions do, its expression levels were significantly lowered. This suggested that the once stable protein becomes unstable because of the m
domain plays a key role in the stability of the protein.
2007 BI023
THE IDEAL CONDITIONS FOR CATALASE CATALYSIS: CONTEMPORARY TREATMENT METHODS FOR ACATALASEMIA
Christopher Allen Zimmerman
Muhlenberg Senior High School, Laureldale, PA, USA
The catalase enzyme, which is present in human peroxisomes, is necessary for the maintenance of homeostasis because it decomposes hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a toxic compound that resul
performing a bioassay of catalase, the ideal conditions for catalysis were determined; these conditions were then used, in combination with modern medical concepts, to formulate contemporary t
catalase deficiency, known as acatalasemia. By utilizing a specially developed apparatus, termed the enzyme bioassometer, the rate of reaction for catalase catalysis was measured as
was isolated from potato tubers. Enzyme temperature was varied by using a hot plate, whereas pH was altered by supplementing small (~800 picoliters) volumes of buffer, either sodium hydroxid
hydrochloric acid (HCl) to create an acidic solution. To modify the salt concentration, various amounts of sodium chloride (NaCl) were added. The substrate concentration was tested by changing
the reactant. Based on experimental data analysis, the ideal conditions for catalase catalysis are 37°C (310K), pH 7.23, 2.36 M NaCl (salt), and 2.94 M H2O2 (substrate). The establishe
correspond to those of several bodily organs, through which catalase deficiency may be treated. These “hot spots” include the kidneys, liver, and duodenum, where treatment may be possible eith
injections to alter catalase production or through small enzyme supplements to treat acatalasemia and prevent further complications. 
2005 BI023
A STUDY OF TOTAL PHENOLIC CONTENT AND ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTY OF CAMELLIA SINENSIS
JooHye "Christine" Park
The purpose of this project was to study the correlation between total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant property in teas derived from Camellia Sinensis, to compare TPC and antioxidant pro
and to compare those of green tea and black tea. Sample extracts were prepared from four samples: three different brands of green tea and one black tea. Three replicates of each samp
Content Assay, water, FolinDenis reagent, and saturated sodium carbonate were added to a vial with each sample extract, and a spectrophotometer was used to note absorbance at 730 nm. The
to concentration measured in mg/mL by using a tannic acid standard/calibration curve equation. For the Antioxidant Activity Assay, DPPH solution was added to a vial with each sample extract,
the spectrophotometer. Then an antioxidant activity percentage values were obtained using an antioxidant activity equation. Data analysis showed that there was a negative correlation be
antioxidant activity. Also, all green tea, although of varying brand, possessed similar TPS concentrations and antioxidant activity percentages. On the other hand, black tea had a significantly low
high antioxidant activity percentage similar to that of green tea. This and the negative correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity indicates that there are other factors in ad
contribute to Camellia Sinensis' antioxidant properties. 
2013 BI023
A BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF THE RIBOSOME THROUGH PERL PROGRAMMING
Jordan Robert Tick
City Honors School, Buffalo, NY
Because the ribosome is a complex and essential organelle, it is unlikely that Horizontal Gene Transfer has affected it since any significant mutations would destroy its functionality and lead to c
one could illustrate the conservancy of such a complex organelle and align a clear pathway of evolution through the ribosomal proteins. My project is an secondyear addendum to a proj
interactions with S3 and S10. Further analysis of these proteins shows this interaction maintains conservation and is found in every existing organism. By aligning these proteins from more than 6
possible to confirm the endosymbiotic theories that Alphaproteobacteria and Cyanobacteria led to mitochondria and chloroplasts (respectively) of Eukaryotes. This data was found by creating reg
33 million entries in the UniProtKB database, maximizing the number of accurate hits. It was also discovered that cytosolic ribosomal proteins in Eukaryotes have high similarity to Archaeal equiv
model of evolution. By aligning all members of three protein families, the congruent data is irrefutable: ribosomes are highly conserved and can be used to trace evolution. The idea of ali
has clear applications that can be seen through the prospects of completing an accurate, rooted tree of life, creating drugs that inhibit the ribosome, and studying every member of a protein family
2014 BI023
THE EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CHANGE ON THE BIOLUMINESCENCE OF DINOFLAGELLATES (PYROCYSTIS FUSIFORMIS).
Cameron Nicholas Connolly
North Point High School for Science, Technology, and Industry, Waldorf, MD, United States of America
This project was undertaken to examine how climatic change may affect the bioluminescence of dinoflagellates. In a world where both global cooling and warming cycles are imminent, it is essen
affects Pyrocystis fusiformis, a keystone species. The emission of light in these organisms, bioluminescence, is a result of a chemical reaction in the internal structure of the dinoflagellate cell.
experiments that dinoflagellates are affected by environmental factors including changes in humic acid levels, copper sulfate concentration, and circadian rhythm alterations. Changes in climatic
bioluminescence is a topic that has not been researched very much. This investigation was constructed to observe whether changes in temperature do indeed have an impact on dinofla
was conducted over a two and a half month period with five levels of temperature used: 13°C, 18°C, 23°C, 28°C, and 33°C. Bioluminescent output was quantifiably measured using a handmade p
chamber is able to successfully convert emitted photons into measurable electrical energy. At thirtythree degrees Celsius, the bioluminescence of dinoflagellates was measured as high as thirty
well above natural habitat level output. Global warming would have a clear impact on dinoflagellates, rapidly increasing their bioluminescence at first, but denaturing them within several days.
Pyrocystis fusiformis, would justifiably decrease over time in the presence of global warming if adaptions were not made quickly.
2012 BI023
ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN AFRICAN NIGHTSHADE
Sarah Marie Cox
Zane Trace High School, Chillicothe, OH
Phytochemicals are mostly secondary metabolites in plants considered nonessential nutrients regarding human health. There is a need to investigate phytonutrients in African nightshade, particu
their nutritional contribution and potentially negative effect. Glycoalkaloids are a group of phytochemicals accounting for poisoning or even death. The objective was to establish a method to ident
focusing on glycoalkaloids, and quantify. 40 African night shade samples were collected from Kenya, Cameroon, and Tanzania and grown in a test plot in Taiwan. All samples were nutritionally ev
40C. Three samples were profiled to establish their phytochemical profile. The samples were extracted using a methanol/ethanol extraction method. These samples were extracted further for the
glycoalkaloids, using a methanolbased extraction then solidphase extraction, also using methanol as the primary solvent. For the profiling, the samples were evaluated through UPLCMS analys
and B: 0.1% Formic Acid in Acetonitrile as solvents in the mobile phase. For the glycoalkaloid analysis, the samples were also evaluated through the UPLCMS using A:10mM of ammonia aceta
20% methanol in water, with an isogradient of 70%A/30%B for 20 minutes. Mass spectroscopy was used to further identify and quantify for profiling and glycoalkaloid analysis. Alkaloids in the po
were identified, and preliminary data were collected for the nightshade cultivars. Methodology was established, but needs to be improved for better resolution.
2011 BI023
THE EFFECT OF CARBOHYDRATE COMPOSITION (SUCROSE/HEXOSE RATIO) OF NECTAR ON THE TYPE OF POLLINATORS THAT MIGHT POLLINATE TWO SPECIES OF BRASSIC
Cassandra Lynn Roy
Cloquet Senior High School, Cloquet, MN
Nectar is a floral reward secreted by plant organs to attract pollinators (Pacini, Nepi, and Vesprini, 2003). The question was what effect does the carbohydrate composition of nectar have on the ty
species of Brassicaceae (B. juncea and B. rapa)? The hypothesis was if the carbohydrate composition is different, then the types of pollinators that might visit two species of Brassicaceae will b
rapa (brown mustard) plants were obtained from the local university and tested for carbohydrate composition. The nectar was collected from fiftyfive flowers from the thirtysix plants. An Ampliflu
length of 560 nanometers, a nanodrop spectrophotometer read each samples absorption level. The differences in absorption between the samples with invertase (CWINV4) added and without CW
the sucrose/hexose ratio of each sample. The hypothesis was partially supported; there was a significant difference between the sucrose/hexose concentration (ug/ml) and ratio. B. juncea had a
and hexose) concentration (142.97 ug/ml) when compared to B. rapa (36.89 ug/ml). B. juncea also had a significantly higher overall sucrose/hexose ratio (.924) when compared to B. rapa (.797), u
the ratio was significantly different, according to Baker and Baker (1983), a ratio between .500 to .999 indicates a sucrose rich nectar. Therefore, both plants fall within the sucrose rich range and
2010 BI023
INHIBITION OF HISTONE DEACETYLASES
Neeli Mishra
West WindsorPlainsboro High School South, Princeton Junction, NJ
Heritable changes in gene expression occurring without alterations in gene sequence are referred to as “epigenetic”, and dysregulation of this signaling underlies several human biological processe
mechanisms are critical chromatin regulatory networks such as DNA methylation and posttranslational modifications (PTMs). Histone PTMs have been linked to both gene activation an
modification site. Decreased histone acetylation has been linked to various diseases such as cancer. Towards this end, many different small molecule drugs have been developed to inhibit histon
responsible for removing the acetylation modifications from histones, and many of these drugs are currently in clinical trials for treating different cancers. Nevertheless, the exact mechanism of a
understood, and the acetylation sites on histones affected by these drugs remain elusive. This experiment indicates that a highthroughput quantitative mass spectrometry based platform
kinetics of histone deacetylation patterns to solve part of this research problem. In this work, I have begun to identify which sites are affected by HDAC inhibiting drugs and the rates of this inhibi
considered a disease of both genetic and epigenetic changes. While genetic factors have been correlated with progression of many different types of cancers, epigenetic factors related to histone
believed that comprehension of these epigenetic modification mechanisms at the Histone Code level may lead to enhanced diagnostics or development of epigenetic therapy beneficial for human
2003 BI023
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE REMEDIATION OF BERKELEY PIT WATER USING GENETICALLY MODIFIED EXTREMOPHILIC ORGANISMS:PHASE IV
Alexandra Hope Antonioli, Butte High School, Butte, MT, 58701 USA
This project is an expansion of previous years’ studies of the effects of a nonnative transgenic strain of alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang, and its’ capability of binding heavy metals found i
with a metallothionein (MT) II gene and results suggested that the alga decreased metal concentration in Berkeley Pit water. However, due to the alga’s slow growth in Berkeley Pit water, a native
using this MTII gene to alter a native organism to increase its’ metal binding capabilities was examined. Pichia anomala Hansen was chosen as a potential genetic system. The purpose of this p
gene clone containing the mouse MTII gene. A YEp352 E.coli/S. cerevisiae shuttle vector was selected and mouse MTII was acquired. Alkaline lysis treatment was used to purify plasmid DNA
then simultaneously digested using EcoRI and KpnI. Samples were then gel purified and the MTII insert was ligated into YEp352. The new plasmid, which was named YEMTII, was used to tran
experimental model for insertion of the gene clone into the native Berkeley Pit yeast. Miniplasmid purification procedures were used to screen for colonies with YEMTII. All colonies screened we
opened new opportunities for the advancement of this research leading to the ultimate goal of the detoxification of municipal and industrial waste streams using genetically modified organisms.<b
First Award of $500 and matching grant to winner's school Bureau of Reclamation/U.S. Department of the Interior
2006 BI023
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF QUANTUM DOT NANOTECHNOLOGY AND STANDARD FLUOROPHORES
Zane Sami Hatahet
Divine Child High School, Dearborn, Michigan, United States of America
Quantum Dots and standard fluorophores are fluorescent dyes used in subcellular imaging. Photobleaching is the gradual loss of fluorescent signal from fluorophores during imaging, and Quantum
purported to resist this. The problem pursued through this investigation was: are Quantum Dots more effective than standard fluorophores in fluorescent imaging, in terms of brightness and resista
sensory neurons from mouse tissue were dyed with standard fluorophores and Quantum Dots. Next, the slides with the dyed mouse tissue were placed under a confocal laser microscope, and ini
in a scan. After this scan, the clusters were put through a 45minute zseries scan of a low laser power to capture images at various focal planes. Once completed, a final scan capturing images
step process was then repeated, replacing the zseries scan with a 2minute 100% laser blast scan that focused on single subregions of the cell clusters. Using MetaMorph software, the pixel de
image subregions were quantified. The photobleaching percentages and numerical statistics were then calculated in Microsoft Excel and plotted using Prism graphing software. The data indicated
as the standard fluorophores. In terms of photobleaching, the Quantum Dots outperformed the standard fluorophores in the 2minute laser blast scans, while they performed similarly to the standa
scans.
2003 BI023
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE REMEDIATION OF BERKELEY PIT WATER USING GENETICALLY MODIFIED EXTREMOPHILIC ORGANISMS:PHASE IV
Alexandra Hope Antonioli, Butte High School, Butte, MT, 58701 USA
This project is an expansion of previous years’ studies of the effects of a nonnative transgenic strain of alga, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Dang, and its’ capability of binding heavy metals found i
with a metallothionein (MT) II gene and results suggested that the alga decreased metal concentration in Berkeley Pit water. However, due to the alga’s slow growth in Berkeley Pit water, a native
using this MTII gene to alter a native organism to increase its’ metal binding capabilities was examined. Pichia anomala Hansen was chosen as a potential genetic system. The purpose of this p
gene clone containing the mouse MTII gene. A YEp352 E.coli/S. cerevisiae shuttle vector was selected and mouse MTII was acquired. Alkaline lysis treatment was used to purify plasmid DNA
then simultaneously digested using EcoRI and KpnI. Samples were then gel purified and the MTII insert was ligated into YEp352. The new plasmid, which was named YEMTII, was used to tran
experimental model for insertion of the gene clone into the native Berkeley Pit yeast. Miniplasmid purification procedures were used to screen for colonies with YEMTII. All colonies screened we
opened new opportunities for the advancement of this research leading to the ultimate goal of the detoxification of municipal and industrial waste streams using genetically modified organisms.<b
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2004 BI023
PREEMERGENT STRESS ON SORGHUM HALEPENSE SEED
Adam Kenneth Judy
Moorefield High School, Moorefield, West Virginia, United States
A. To determine if herbicide resistant Sorghum halepense seed (Johnson grass) can remain viable once it has been exposed to extreme circumstances: 1) passage through the digestive process
process, 3) a combination of both. B. Collect herbicideresistant Sorghum halepense seed. Place onethird of seed in a silo between layers of silage and seal silo for nine weeks.
first layer, place 25% of seed (ensilage test) into a bag, mix the remaining 75% into ensilage, and feed to three cattle. After 25 hours, obtain manure samples from the cattle’s rectum. Filter seeds
cheesecloth. Feed cattle cracked corn that has been saturated with unaltered seed (digestive test). Repeat the seed recollection process. To test seeds, place one media into each of the 44 petri
solution onto the media. Place twenty seeds that have not been altered (control) into each of eleven petri dishes. Repeat this process for the remaining petri dishes using the ensiling, digestive, a
petri dishes and place in incubator at 35*C for fifty days. Record number of seed germinations every two to three days. C. Variables Total Seeds Number of Seeds Germinated
220 Digestive Test 5 220 Control 66 220 Digestive & Ensiling Test 0 220 D. In the event that cattle consume herbicide resistant seed, the seed may remain v
numerous regions nationwide. 
2014 BI024
THE MAPT H1 HAPLOTYPE IS ASSOCIATED WITH AN INCREASED CLINICAL AND NEUROPATHOLOGICAL SEVERITY OF CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY
Adam Z. Illowsky
Postmortem examination of brains from patients with chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) reveals massive accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) throughout the brain. Mild yet repeti
concussive or subconcussive blows, currently stands as the primary factor linked to CTE. The microtubule associated protein tau (MAPT) gene encompasses two haplotypes, H1 and H2, resultin
inversion. Despite numerous genetic associations between the MAPT gene and other tauopathies, extensive exploration of the role of MAPT in the onset or severity of CTE has yet to be conduct
association between the MAPT gene and the severity of clinical and neuropathological features of CTE. MAPT genotyping was conducted on 39 CTE brain samples from professional football play
professional wrestlers, military Veterans, and 52 controls. The MAPT H2 haplotype was found to be associated with increased disease duration amongst CTE patients in this study (p=0.015). Age
study was found to be lower amongst MAPT H1 homozygotes than MAPT H2 carriers by approximately 9.2 years, but this was not a statistically significant difference (p=0.137). The stage/age ra
significantly lower than that of the homozygous H1 carriers, indicating a much slower progression of neurodegeneration amongst MAPT H2 carriers (p=0.0184). Caucasian ancestry was not asso
onset. Thus, the MAPT H1 haplotype seems to lead to a more severe and faster progression of CTE and highlights a potential role for genetic factors in the development of CTE.
2010 BI024
DER TEIL UND DAS GANZE : A STUDY ON THE CHARACTER OF ABETA FRAGMENT (928)
Ji Hye Kim
Chungnam Science High School, Gongjusi, SOUTH KOREA
Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder which is a common cause of senile dementia. In the human brain, there's an amyloid precursor protein called APP. If the enzyme, memapsin
an amyloid peptide consisting of alphahelix. If denaturation occurs, conformation of the amyloid peptide is changed into betasheet, which is insoluble in water, instead of alphahelix. If betashee
the human brain. Many previous studies focused on aggregation of Abeta alone. However, this study focused on the secondary structure aggregation of 928 Abeta fragment, which has a higher c
than full peptide. To estimate the secondary structure of the aggregated peptide, circular dichroism spectrometer(CD) was used. The Abeta fragment samples were observed at different temperatu
 The conformational change of fresh Abeta fragment were observed at 30, 37 and 45 celsius degree. Following an increase in temperature, the negative peak moved from 197nm to 218n
structure estimation imply that fibril formation is accelerated by increasing temperature. This tendency was very similar with Abeta full peptide. Also, Abeta fragments were observed at pH 5.8 an
structural change is decelerated by increasing pH. This tendency was also very similar with Abeta full peptide. Furthermore, this study showed how significant conditions surrounding the
breaker's inhibition mechanism. In this experiment, it was confirmed that following surrounded condition, the efficacy difference of iAbeta5 is the maximum 57% compared with previous study.
2005 BI024
DETECTION OF TRANSGENIC PEPTIDE CECROPIN B IN A MODEL PLANT ARABIDOPSIS
Sarah Elizabeth Bertrand
St. Joseph's Academy, Baton Rouge LA, United States of America
This experiment was designed to test whether the peptide Cecropin B, when inserted into the genome of an Arabidopsis model plant, would be passed to the offspring of the plant. Futhermore, the
containing the Cecropin peptide exhibited higher levels of pathogen resistance than those plants that did not contain the gene. Many farmers are now using genetic engineering as a method of dis
therefore, if Cecropin B aids plants in pathogen resistance, it may have a future in agricultural biotechnology. Standard lab procedures were used for this experiment which included seed sterilizat
and Electrophoresis. The genes were, in fact, detected in all Arabidopsis offspring as could be seen after electrophoresis. Because the Cecropin B was detected in all plants during testing, the re
Furthermore, the plants containing the peptide Cecropin B exhibited improved resistance to the fungal pathogen Fusarium oxysporum.
2003 BI024
IS ARTIFICIAL BACTERIAL TRANSFORMATION EFFICIENCY AFFECTED BY THE CATION CHARGE IN THE COMPETENCY INDUCTION SOLUTION?
Jessica Rochelle Evans
Mustang High School, Mustang, Oklahoma, United States
Artificial bacterial transformation is a valuable amplification tool used in microbiology, medicine, and taxonomy. Because the mechanisms are still unknown, improvements of efficiency can be m
experiment serves to decide whether the charge of the cation in the chloride solution used to induce competency significantly effects the transformation efficiency. In the experiment thr
into competency with a solution (either potassium chloride, calcium chloride, or a mixed solution of magnesium, rubidium, and calcium chlorides). Half were then introduced to pBR322, a plasmid
resistance. Cells that were transformed assimilated the DNA and exhibited the phenotypic trait of antibiotic resistance. Half were plated on ampicillincontaining agar and half on plates without am
sensitive to the antibiotic, all growth on ampicillin plates are cells that have been successfully transformed, allowing for the calculation of transformation efficiency for each type of competency in
controls.) No cells were transformed with either the potassium or the calcium chlorides; no conclusion could be made concerning the capability of either solution. The mixed solution pro
transformed in each trial. Thus, a combination of +1 and +2 cations is effective for inducing bacterial transformation.
2007 BI024
THE ENZYME EFFECT ON ANAEROBIC DECOMPOSITION
Hannah Lee Weber
Big Spring High School, Big Spring, Texas USA
Many people pour RidX down toilets, believing it will break up organic materials in septic tanks. RidX contains lipase, protease, amylase, cellulase. This information led me to study the enzyme
 Wore gloves. Cooked turkey 180 degrees. Added corn, apples, cottage cheese, potatoes. Put ingredients into food processor until materials became granulated. Weighed mixture on gram sc
containers. Added 12 grams toilet paper to each container. Added gallon of water to each container. Labeled each container, Test 1, Test 2, Test 3, and Control 1, Control 2, Control 3 respectively
only. Placed lids, valves on containers, filled valves with water. Put all containers in incubator for 21 days. Recorded observations. After 21 days, strained each container’s mixture through fine m
container’s material on baking sheet, baked at 170 degrees to remove excess liquid. Let mixture dry further in controlled area for 7 days, weighed each on gram scale. Test Container:
size small, looked like wet gravel (BB gun shot size), organic material compacted together, 54 grams ending weight. Control: Mold growth, very foulsour smell, particulate size very large
ending weight. Per observational data: RidX worked, particulate size was smaller and smell was better than control which did not have RidX added. Proof that enzymes added to model
anaerobic decomposition of organic material. 
2009 BI024
EFFECTS OF ETHANOL & GLUCOSE ON LIVER ENZYME FUNCTION AS TESTED THROUGH CATALASE OXIDATION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Katie Joan Nix
The purpose of this study was to test the effects that varying amounts of glucose and ethanol have on the enzymatic oxidation rate of hydrogen peroxide while using catalase enzyme. C
adjusted to 0.05 absorbance at 340nm for consistency. 10mL of catalase solution was added to 10mL of 3% hydrogen peroxide. The oxygen output was measured for 10 minutes. Ethan
catalase solutions as follows: 0.05mL/dL, 0.10mL/dL, 0.20mL/dL, 0.30mL/dL & 0.4mL/dL. These concentrations were chosen according to blood alcohol levels. 0.05 being just below legal limit an
alcohol toxicity. Glucose concentrations were mixed in concentrations that correlate with blood glucose levels: 100mg/dL, 200mg/dL, 300mg/dL, 400mg/dL and 500mg/dL. These concent
blood glucose level of 100mg/dL to the dangerously high blood glucose level of 500mg/dL. Differing combinations of glucose and ethanol were also used as a third test group. A fourth tes
glucose solutions were used with differing amounts of ethanol. It was found that all levels of ethanol & glucose lowered the oxygen output of the reaction. When glucose and ethanol were
effect was not as dramatic as either substance alone. In the fourth test with high glucose, all trials produced an increase in oxygen output.
2004 BI024
GENETIC VARIATION IN THE ABIES PROCERA ABIES MAGNIFICA COMPLEX
Holland Marie MacLaurie
Gold Beach High School, Gold Beach, Oregon, United States of America
Noble fir and California red fir form an important complex of western conifers. Noble fir is the northern member of this complex and occurs in the Cascade Range from Washington to central Orego
member and occurs in the central and northern Sierra Nevada Range. Between the two species is an intermediate form named Shasta fir. Shasta fir occurs in northern California and in the southe
purposes, Shasta fir is considered a variety of California red fir. Distinctions among the three taxa have been based on cone and needle morphology, monoterpenes, and geographic distr
ecotype of noble or California red fir, part of a hybrid swarm or a variable hybrid. The purpose of this study was to observe the genetic relationships within the complex and determine if Shasta fir
California red fir. Bud samples were collected from 20 trees of each type. Extraction of DNA was done using a commercial kit. PCR was run using RAPD analysis. Gel electrophoresis o
for comparison and evaluation 
Scholarship award of $5,000 per year for four years Oregon State University
2006 BI024
PREVENTING THE EFFECTS OF PHOTOACTIVATED TITANIUM DIOXIDE ON CHROMOSOMAL DNA
SAR High School, Bronx, N.Y. 10471, USA
Many sunscreens contain titanium dioxide (TiO2), because of its ability to reflect and absorb damaging ultraviolet (UV) rays efficiently. However, in the presence of UV rays, TiO2 generates hydro
damage or destroy DNA, making its safety questionable. The purpose of this study was first, to quantify the extent of DNA damage resulting from exposure to TiO2 and second, to determine if th
or eliminated by coating the TiO2 with the antioxidant green tea extract. Samples of chromosomal and lambda DNA were prepared and observed in order to assess whether damage resu
greater when the DNA was coated with TiO2, and whether the DNA damage was reduced when the TiO2 was coated with an antioxidant green tea extract. Samples were examined under a confoc
electrophoresis to determine and measure the extent of DNA damage. Results revealed that the combination of TiO2 and UV rays caused the greatest DNA damage, and that the addition of green
significantly. These findings suggest that the hydroxyl radicals generated by TiO2 exposed to UV rays are captured by the antioxidant green tea. By coating the TiO2 with the antioxidant green te
eliminate the damage to DNA caused by the production of hydroxyl radicals and continue to safely utilize TiO2 in sunscreens. 
Tuition Scholarship of $7,000 per year for four, five or six years, depending upon the degree program. University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2004 BI024
GENETIC VARIATION IN THE ABIES PROCERA ABIES MAGNIFICA COMPLEX
Holland Marie MacLaurie
Gold Beach High School, Gold Beach, Oregon, United States of America
Noble fir and California red fir form an important complex of western conifers. Noble fir is the northern member of this complex and occurs in the Cascade Range from Washington to central Orego
member and occurs in the central and northern Sierra Nevada Range. Between the two species is an intermediate form named Shasta fir. Shasta fir occurs in northern California and in the southe
purposes, Shasta fir is considered a variety of California red fir. Distinctions among the three taxa have been based on cone and needle morphology, monoterpenes, and geographic distr
ecotype of noble or California red fir, part of a hybrid swarm or a variable hybrid. The purpose of this study was to observe the genetic relationships within the complex and determine if Shasta fir
California red fir. Bud samples were collected from 20 trees of each type. Extraction of DNA was done using a commercial kit. PCR was run using RAPD analysis. Gel electrophoresis o
for comparison and evaluation 
Scholarship award Western Oregon University
2012 BI024
A COMPARISON OF THE ENDOCRINE DISRUPTING POTENTIAL EXHIBITED BY ENVIRONMENTALLY RELEVANT DOSES OF BISPHENOL A AND BISPHENOL S IN VITRO IN T47D BR
Sarina Mikayla Farb
Ahimsa Homeschool, Lecompton, KS
Bisphenol A (BPA), an endocrine disruptor (EDC), has been detected leaching from plastics, food cans, and receipts, and exposure to it has been linked with numerous adverse health effects, in
that the new replacement compound, bisphenol S (BPS), may also exhibit endocrine disruption, though the effects of low dose exposure have been vastly under researched. This study aimed to
relevant doses of BPA and BPS in vitro in T47D malignant breast cells with 17Bestradiol (E2), a carcinogen. It was hypothesized that treatments of BPA and BPS would result in similar endocri
treated with several environmentally relevant low doses (derived from dermal exposure from touching receipts) of BPA, BPS, and E2, and proliferation and immmunofluorescence analyses were p
disruption. Results indicate that low doses of BPA induce endocrine disrupting effects, though not comparable to E2, while low doses of BPS induce greater endocrine disrupting effects than BPA
results suggest that BPS may be a more powerful EDC than BPA, and exposure may pose health risks that make BPS a poor replacement to BPA.
2011 BI024
MILKFISH (CHANOS CHANOS FORSSKAL) SERUM AS AN ALTERNATIVE MEDIA SUPPLEMENT FOR CULTURE OF A549 (HUMAN LUNG) AND HCT 116 (COLON) CARCINOMAS
Angeli Joyce Yap Dy
Capiz National High School, Roxas, Capiz Province, PHILIPPINES
Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) is rich in proteins and utilized as media supplement in cell culture, but its extraction is considered expensive and invasive. Milkfish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) sera are
alternative media supplement for FBS. The milkfish sera were obtained from the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources and were subjected to protein quantification using Bradford
characterization by 10% reducing SDSPAGE, and purification by affinity column chromatography of albumin and mannosebinding proteins. Using methyl thiazol tetrazolium (MTT) cell p
serum, mannosebinding proteins and albumin were evaluated for the growth of A549 (human lung) and HCT 116 (colon) carcinomas compared to FBS at a constant 10% concentration. Results w
492nm – 630nm. Protein content ranged from 70.1 to 86.1µg/µL while silver stained six protein bands have molecular weights of 44.67kDa – 96.73kDa. Proliferation o
values: A549 grows well in milkfish crude serum (0.325), mannosebinding proteins (0.296), and albumin (0.241) better than FBS (0.242) and no serum (0.171). HCT 116 grows well in FBS (0.552)
(0.523) and milkfish crude serum (0.491) and least in albumin (0.344) and no serum (0.205). Consistently, cell adhesion and conversion of yellow MTT dye to light brown confirmed the results.<br
mannosebinding proteins and albumin is a potential alternative media supplement for FBS in the cell proliferation of human lung and colon carcinomas.
2009 BI025
DNA SEQUENCING OF THE LARGE SUBUNIT OF CHLOROPLAST ENZYME RIBULOSEBISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE IN NATIVE PLANTS
Charlotte Sophia Kirk
Westville High School, Westville, OK
The purpose of this experiment is to discover the DNA sequences of seven plant species native to Eastern Oklahoma that are food sources for the Cherokee American Indian tribe and to use tho
relationship among the native plants and the relationship between the native plants and plants that are widely used as major food sources today. DNA was extracted from the leaves of th
homogenizer. The DNA was then suspended in double distilled water and combined with oligonucleotide primers. It was put in a thermocycler in order to complete polymerase chain reaction (PCR
plants. A gel electrophoresis device was used to test the amplification of the PCR reactions. When a strand of more than 200 base pairs was found, the PCR reaction was reproduced an
and then resuspended in a buffer. The solutions were then sequenced by a DNA sequencing apparatus. The DNA sequences of the indigenous plants as well as the sequences of plants
organized into a cladogram to show their genetic relationships.
2008 BI025
ETHANOL PRODUCTION: AMYLASE VS. CELLULASE
Ka Man Lee
This project is designed to compare the efficiency of two enzymatic ethanol production methods using amylase and cellulase. Analysis was done to determine which enzyme has a higher sugar c
Ethanol was produced by mixing crushed oatmeal with a pH 6.0 solution made from hydrochloric acid. Alphaamylase and glucoamylase enzymes were added to convert starch into glucose and
fermentation. The slurry mixture was fermented for 24 hours. The mixture was then filtered. The final filtrate was collected and the volume of each sample was recorded. A similar proce
experiment. The only alterations were that a pH 5.0 solution was used and cellulase was used to convert cellulose to glucose. Ethanol samples were then analyzed using gas chromatog
curve was created from standard ethanol solutions. The ethanol concentration of each sample was determined and then the volume of ethanol produced was calculated. Based on the d
that there was a significant difference between the two enzymatic ethanol production methods because the pvalue was less than 0.05 (pvalue = 0.0419). This rejected the initial null hypothesis a
more ethanol when compared to cellulase in oatmeal. The average sugar conversion efficiency rate was 55 milliliter of ethanol per kilogram of insoluble fiber while the average sugar conversion ra
of ethanol per kilogram of starch.
2003 BI025
NONVIRAL GENE THERAPY USING CATIONIC LIPIDDNA LIPOPLEXES FOR BRAIN TUMOR TREATMENT
Stefan Vitorovic
Blanche Ely High, Pompano Beach Florida, USA
Nonviral gene therapy research has not developed an effective delivery mechanism for the localization of therapeutic genes. The purpose of this experimentation was to ascertain if cationic lipid
DOTAP:DOPE were efficient gene delivery systems. Secondary objectives were to determine the optimal dosage and compare intravenous with intraarterial administration. Fisher rats,
scientist at the university with rat glioblastoma (RG2) cells, served as the test subjects. The two DNAlipid complexes, which contain the reporter gene interleukin12 (IL12), were then injected i.a
tail vein for comparison. The amount of reporter gene product was measured using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The level of gene expression in the tissues investigated was
antitumor response; however, the spleen tissue exhibited the most IL12 expression. Cationic lipid DOTAP did not form a stable lipoplex, and it is likely that DNA supercoiling was not sufficient. A
was not achieved in the target tissue, both cationic lipids indicated some transfection, therefore demonstrating that either the means of administration or dosages resulted in the low expression.<b
2005 BI025
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN ASSOCIATED POLLEN PROTEINS FROM LOCAL BEE (APIS MELLIFERA) HONEY.
Cody J Falgoust
St. James High School, St. James, LA, USA
Earlier research suggests local honey can reduce allergic symptoms due to local pollen. Protein in honey and pollen grains was analyzed using gel electrophoreses and UVVis spectrophotometry
from local honey bees and flowers using cloth swabs and/or agitation. Honey samples were collected from honey bee hives raised for honey production by the high school agriculture department.
concentrated protein solutions were needed for employing the analytical technique used in this study. Analyses were supervised and conducted at Nicholls State University in the Department of P
findings indicate similar proteins found in local honey produced during different seasons of the year. A difference in banding was noted between the major bands of local and nonlocal honey.
between bee pollen and honey, regardless of the season it was produced. Similar banding also showed up between honey (spring '05), bee pollen, and pisolette (less than 25 kDa). Findings indica
weight (greater than 225 kDa). A hypothesis has been developed during research. The high molecular weight proteins in honey may not be the same proteins found in flower pollen, but may be Im
saliva, which may be a reason for the scientifically unconfirmed claim of seasonal allergy relief obtained from consumption of local honey. Experimental procedures are being researched to invest
2010 BI025
IS THERE A GENETIC SIMILARITY BETWEEN MUTATIONS THAT CAUSE CURLY HAIR IN DOGS AND IN HUMANS?
Sarah Elizabeth Thompson
Hempfield High School, Landisville, PA
The central dogma of molecular biology explains how proteins are produced from DNA. Mutations in DNA can spread throughout the entire process of information flow, causing changes in the pro
characteristics of organisms, changes in proteins can alter their traits. Mutations in genes that create hair protein can cause different types of hair. Specifically, a gene that has recently been iden
different hair types in dogs is Fibroblast Growth Factor5 (FGF5). Recent studies have found another gene that may be linked to curly hair in humans. However, more research needs to be done to
humans. In this study, DNA samples were collected from curly haired volunteers and a straight haired negative control. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a section of th
anticipated mutation in humans would be. The amplified DNA was purified and analyzed using DNA sequencing. The expected mutation that is seen in the FGF5 gene in curly haired dogs was no
samples, rejecting the hypothesis. The gene(s) controlling curly hair in humans is different from those genes in dogs.
2011 BI025
INTRACELLULAR SIGNALING OF FOXO1 IN THE PI3K/AKT PATHWAY: PATHOGENESIS OF SKELETAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY
Saad Ahmed Khan
Lane Technical College Prep High School, Chicago, IL
Purpose Muscle atrophy is a debilitating consequence in multiple clinical settings: diabetes mellitus, heart failure, renal failure, cancer, inactivity, and AIDS, which affect approximately 5
of this experiment was to determine the role of FoxO1, a transcriptional factor, in the phosphoinositide 3kinase (PI3K)/ protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway, which is involved in the pathoge
 Procedure The tibialis anterior and soleus muscle were obtained from wildtype, FoxO1 transgenic, atrogin1 knockout, transgenic/knockout, and insulininduced mice. The sizes (cros
oxidative), type 2a (moderately fasttwitch and oxidative), and 2b (fasttwitch and glycolytic) muscle fibers were determined by immunohistochemistry. After gel electrophoresis, western blots wer
concentrations of proteins in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Conclusion Overexpression of FoxO1 decreased the type 1, 2a, and 2b muscle fiber sizes and the muscle mass
wildtype mice because FoxO1 stimulated atrogin1 which was responsible for the degradation of proteins through the ubiquitin proteasome signaling pathway. The knockout mice showed augment
In the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, levels of phosphorylated S6K, a synthase that promotes protein synthesis, increased and there was a decrease in the concentrations of 4EBP1, a DNAbindi
regulator of transcription, in the insulin induced mice. Levels of phosphorylated FoxO1 had increased promoting a decrease in muscle atrophy through the inhibition of atrogin1 and other downstre
(MuRF1).
2014 BI025
I GOT C: A STUDY OF EPIGALLOCATECHIN GALLATE ON THE STABILITY OF VITAMIN C AND QUALITY PARAMETERS IN DEAERATED AND SONICATED FRESH ORANGE JUICE US
Nirva Vassa
Seminole High School, Sanford, FL, United States of America
A novel study was designed to investigate the effect of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a natural inhibitor of pectin methylesterase, at various concentrations on Vitamin C retention and quality p
minute sonicated fresh orange juice (OJ) stored at 3.3°C and 21°C. The purpose was to study the kinetics of Ascorbic Acid (AA) degradation in OJ stored under test conditions using titration for 1
using classic starchiodine method and results were tabulated. AA deterioration ranged from 14.43% (OJ without EGCG at 21°C) to a remarkable 0.2273% (OJ with 4mg/mL EGCG at 3.3
(p=0.026 < 0.05) indicated that there is a concentrationdependent relationship between the increase of EGCG and Vitamin C retention in OJ stored under test conditions. Various concentrations o
on the pH (p=0.968) and brix (p=0.982) supported by ANOVA tests. The ttest shows that while there is no significant difference in pH values, there is a difference in brix values between containe
follows 1st order rate law; OJ with EGCG at both 3.3°C and 21°C follow zero and 1st order rate laws; 4mg/mL EGCG 3.3°C follows 1st order rate law after day 6. A direct relationship was found be
concentration of EGCG. Storage temperature and EGCG appear to have an additive effect on Vitamin C retention in deaerated and sonicated OJ. The study has processing and packagin
fortified with EGCG; introduction of a first generational juicer with a sonicator and deaerator to store fresh OJ at home for healthconscious society; and food science applications for medical and
2012 BI025
FUNGAL ENZYMES FOR BIOETHANOL
Julia Cavrell Garcez
American School of Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
The world shows a series of crucial features to understand the importance of biofuels. The increasing concern with oil supply and the negative impact of fossil fuels in the environment, particularly
society to find alternative renewable fuels.The second generation of alcohol occurs by using the remaining bagasse of the cane and leading it to either enzymatic or acid hydrolysis which will prod
glucose and xylose. The question of this project is what is the most efficient “cocktail of enzymes”, when reacting with the sugarcane bagasse, in relation to the cocktails’ efficiency of which one
hypothesis for this experiment is that if the “cocktail of enzymes” is completely able to break down the bagasse’s cell wall and therefore be able to act on it and produce reducing sugars, then the
economy, for no more money or time will be lost from breaking down each component of the bagasse separately. Different cocktails containing the enzymes xylanase, pectinase and lignanase w
(brute, no pectin, and no pectin and lignin). The best trial was the reaction between the bagasse with no pectin and lignin and the enzymes xylanase and pectinase. This experiment concludes tha
cocktail of enzymes is much more efficient, in relation to time and amount of sugar produced, than a hydrolysis that takes place with one enzyme at a time.
2004 BI025
BEAN BEACONS
Janet Michelle Freilich
Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, Vancouver BC, Canada
My experiment studied levels of chemiluminescence emitted by soybean plants. The chemiluminescence is caused by the degeneration of oxygen radicals. This process occurs in most types of
experiment was to show that soybean plants emit chemiluminescence and that chemiluminescence levels can be altered in the presence of an oxidizing/reducing agent. Thus chemiluminescence
levels of oxygen radicals. The soybean plants were soaked in a vitamin E solution (reducing agent), a hydrogen peroxide solution (oxidizing agent), and water, then their chemiluminescen
counter. The levels of light were highest after being soaked in hydrogen peroxide, followed by water, and lowest in the presence of vitamin E. The difference was statistically significant (p
were performed and showed that the effect was concentration dependent. The results demonstrated that it is indeed the oxidizing/reducing agent that is causing the effect being observed. There a
from my project such as determining plant health, assaying the carcinogenic properties of a given substance (oxygen radicals have been linked to cancer) and possibly even the diagnosis of canc
Scholarship award of at least $9,300 per year (50% of tuition) for four years Concordia University
2007 BI025
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INHIBITION MECHANISM OF A SCUTELLARIA BAICALENSIS COMPONENT
Harrison Phu Nguyen
Detroit Catholic Central, Novi, MI, United States of America
In this work, a theoretical study was conducted to determine the unique binding site of a Scutellaria Baicalensis (common name Baikal Skullcap) component on the cancer cell. Ever since the dis
Scutellaria Baicalensis has been a popular subject of scientific research. Results have shown that the compounds from the extract have a broad spectrum of anticancer activities for various canc
squamous cell carcinoma. This project focused on a component known as SBX, which has shown particular growth inhibition of squamous cancer cells. In order to produce the optimal pharmaceu
inhibition mechanism had to be fully understood. Determining the specific binding site of SBX in the cell body was one of the key steps in understanding its mechanism. To do this, a no
which a computer program, ArgusLab, was used to simulate the SBX binding to potential proteins. ArgusLab is comprised of two search engines: the ShapeDock and the Genetic Algorithm Dock.
magnitude of energy correlates to a more suitable binding site. SBX was found to bind to the enzyme AKT/PKB, which occurs on the cell pathway leading to apoptosis. With the unique binding si
and how SBX should be used in rational chemotherapeutic combination with other agents. Also, to verify the results, a biological test should be conducted. The development of a potent, pharmac
carcinoma is imminent.
Tuition Scholarship of $120,000 Drexel University
Scholarship Award New Mexico State University
2004 BI025
BEAN BEACONS
Janet Michelle Freilich
Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School, Vancouver BC, Canada
My experiment studied levels of chemiluminescence emitted by soybean plants. The chemiluminescence is caused by the degeneration of oxygen radicals. This process occurs in most types of
experiment was to show that soybean plants emit chemiluminescence and that chemiluminescence levels can be altered in the presence of an oxidizing/reducing agent. Thus chemiluminescence
levels of oxygen radicals. The soybean plants were soaked in a vitamin E solution (reducing agent), a hydrogen peroxide solution (oxidizing agent), and water, then their chemiluminescen
counter. The levels of light were highest after being soaked in hydrogen peroxide, followed by water, and lowest in the presence of vitamin E. The difference was statistically significant (p
were performed and showed that the effect was concentration dependent. The results demonstrated that it is indeed the oxidizing/reducing agent that is causing the effect being observed. There a
from my project such as determining plant health, assaying the carcinogenic properties of a given substance (oxygen radicals have been linked to cancer) and possibly even the diagnosis of canc
2006 BI025
GENEINDUCED BIOSYNTHESIS OF A CANCER THERAPEUTIC DERIVED FROM THE P53 AMINO TERMINUS ELICITS SELECTIVE APOPTOTIC DEATH OF HUMAN PANCREATIC CAN
Michael Vishnevetsky
Midwood High School at Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY 11210
The p53MDM2 interaction is a potential target in cancer therapy. Designed to perturb this complex to thereby induce apoptosis, PNC28 is a peptide derived from AA 1726 of p53’s binding doma
transport protein penetratin to allow transport into cells, PNC28 caused selective tumor cell necrosis. To develop a less financially onerous but effective PNC28based therapeutic, a mammalian
induce constitutive biosynthesis of PNC28 for the first time in human pancreatic cancer MIAPaCa2 and in untransformed pancreatic BMRPA1 cells. Peptide expression was monitored using Gr
transcribed in tandem with PNC28, examined by UV Confocal Microscopy, and by immunoblotting (IB) cell lysates for the gene products. Both analyses confirmed the expression of GFP in MIA
transcription of the newly inserted genes. While PNC28 was clearly present in MIAPaCa2, BMRPA1 cells did not show any measurable amounts of PNC28. IB showed a rapid and significant ri
subsequent to transfection with PNC28 as well as with the PNC28negative vector. While p53 fell back to within pretransfection levels in the PNC28negative transfects by 66h, p53 remained h
lines. Expression of PNC28 resulted in the death of 6080% PNC28MIAPaCa2 transfects within 66h. In contrast, only 20% of the untransformed BMRPA1 died after PNC28 vector transfection
BMRPA1 cells upon PNC28negative vector transfection. Annexin Vstaining of PNC28transfected MIAPaCa2, but not of BMRPA1 cells strongly implicates apoptosis as the selective mechan
presents evidence highlighting the potential of PNC28based gene therapy as a safe and effective cancer therapy.
2013 BI025
A NOVEL FUNCTION OF TSTXKBETA NEUROTOXIN IN THE TITYUS SERRULATUS SCORPION VENOM
Nayrob Pereira
Escola Estadual Alberto Torres, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
Scorpion venoms are complex mixtures composed of several proteins. In recent years, many antimicrobial peptides have been found in the venom of scorpions. Antimicrobial peptides are small,
defense mechanism of many organisms. The AMPs appear as an ideal alternative to a fast and efficient defense against microbes. The objective of this study was to identify new antimicrobial pe
Tityus serrulatus. The venom was obtained from 56 animals by electrical stimulation, and then dissolved with water, centrifuged, and the soluble part was dried by vacuum centrifugation and reco
0.05%). The soluble fraction was applied in RPHPLC on a column semi preparative Jupiter C18. Elution was performed using a linear gradient from 080% of acetonitrile in 60 min at a flow rate o
were determined by liquid growth inhibition assays against Gramnegative bacteria Echerichia coli SBS363, Grampositive bacteria Micrococcus luteus A270 and yeast Candida albicans. In this s
antimicrobial activity. I analyzed only one fraction that showed molecular mass of 6887.4Da. This molecule was reduced, alkylated and tripsinized and showed similarity with a neurotoxin of Tityu
molecule was active against M. luteus and C. albicans and it has no hemolytic activity. My future plans are to finish the characterization of this molecule, and I intend to make a better evaluation
2013 BI026
RESTRICTING NEUROTRANSMITTER DOPAMINE IN TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: IDENTIFYING ANTAGONISTS FOR DOPAMINE D2 AND D3 RECEPTORS
Olivia Luige
Hugo Treffner Gymnasium, Tartu, ESTONIA
Schizophrenia is one of the most burdensome mental diseases. Although it has been a research subject for over hundred years, scientists have not fully resolved the puzzle yet. Nevertheless, tr
blocking neurotransmitter dopamine. The aim of this research paper was to characterise the binding of two unknown compounds on dopamine D2 and D3 receptors using a classic method of radio
addition, nucleotide GTPgammaS to reveal their potency of blocking dopamine. Two dopamine receptor subtypes, D2 and D3 receptors, were characterised in the human embryonic kidne
known compounds, such as dopamine, 7OHPIPAT, NGB2904 and sulpiride, proved the presence of Gproteins on membranes that expressed D2 receptors and the absence of it on the membra
with this method agonists and antagonists could have been selected on D2 receptors only. Previous conclusions allowed further testing in order to characterise new compounds (the 3az
abbreviated herein as TK12 and TK27). TK12 had four times better affinity for both receptors and its binding characteristics were similar to those of a wellknown antagonist, while TK27 had very
agonist. The main conclusions are that the chosen method is reliable on D2 receptors, for some reason effects do not appear on D3 receptors, and further testing of TK12 using more sen
2011 BI026
THE INVESTIGATION OF THE BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE AYURVEDIC PLANT BACOPA MONNIERI
Michelle Deanna Nemetchek
Bacopa monnieri is an Ayurvedic medicinal plant widely used in India for its antiallergic, antistress, and memoryenhancing properties. Such a popular form of medicine in the East has now begun
project tested the antimicrobial properties of Bacopa against the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the fungi Candida albicans, and Candida
showing B. monnieri’s lack of inhibition power towards microbes. This plant was also tested for enzyme inhibition of the Caspase1, Caspase3, and MMP3 enzymes. Some extracts of B. monni
to 98%. Extracts inhibited signal transduction of Casp3 up to 93%, and signal transduction of MMP3 as high as 93% as well. Solidliquid chromatographic extractions of CHCl3MeOH inhibited C
MMP3 up to 77%. Solidliquid chromatographic extractions of CHCl3 inhibited Casp1 signal transduction as much as 100%, MMP3 up to 96%, and Casp3 up to 75%. B. monnieri, therefore, ma
the heart, arthritis, and programmed cell death.
2010 BI026
FINDING THE STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN: TESTING A NEW PARAMAGNETIC TAG ON THE E. COLI PROTEIN GB1 BY SOLUTION NMR
Manjari Randeria
Upper Arlington High School, Columbus, OH
The goal of this project was to test a new protein tag to determine the distances between the amino acid residues of GB1, a protein found in E. coli, using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The
ion was attached to a mutated residue on the protein. This tag interacted with the amino acids on the protein which were labeled with 15N. Using solution NMR, the coupling of the tag to nuclear s
measured from the heteronuclear single quantum coherence (HSQC) spectra of the two nuclei in the 15N1H bond. Chemical shift and relaxation rate measurements were used to determine the di
experimental tag was more rigid than EDTA control tag, and thus had the potential of leading to more accurate determination of distances. This experimental tag was useful to determine the dista
however, it coupled too strongly to nearby residues to obtain detectable relaxation signals. These results have implications for understanding disorders, such as Alzheimer’s and prion diseases, c
2003 BI026
THE EFFECTS OF NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY ON THE EXPRESSION OF (DELTA) ENDOTOXIN PROTEINS OF BACILLUS THURGINGIENSIS IN TRANSGENIC COTTON, GOSSYPIUM HIRS
Jack Elba Teague
Nettleton Junior High School, Jonesboro, Arkansas, U.S.A.
An experiment was done to measure the effects of nutrient deficiency on the expression of the endotoxin proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic cotton(Gossypium hirsutum).
expression of the entoxin, thus having less effective resistance against insects than cotton that is nitrogen rich. On Jan. 6, 2003, two hundred Bt cotton plants (Variety FM 989) were pla
Todd flat in a greenhouse. These were watered every day until Feb. 1, when 72 plants were transplanted into 10.16cm pots. Three treatments of 6 plants each and 4 repetitions, equaling 24 plants
treatments were plants 1) grown in sand, 2) plants grown in sand with fertilizer, and 3) plants grown in potting media with fertilizer. Every day after transplanting plants were given water in the morn
depending on the treatment. A feeding bioassay with neonate (newly hatched) bollworms (Heliocoverpa zea) was performed. Larvae were examined 3 days after exposure, and % mortality was de
determined for leaf samples using an enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Unexpectedly, larval mortality from feeding on nutrient deficient plants was higher than the caterpillar
factors besides Bt levels affected mortality. Results from this study indicate that although different nutrient levels affected Bt levels, it was insignificant in affecting pest caterpillar control. <b
2004 BI026
HARNESSING ELECTRICAL ENERGY IN BIOFUEL CELLS BY IMMOBILIZED GLUCOSE DEHYDROGENASE ENZYMES USING ACER SACCHARUM
Elizabeth D. Zerr
St. Charles West, St. Charles, MO, USA
The oxidationreduction of NADP+ to NADPH and glucose to gluconolactone by dehydrogenase enzymes on poly (methylenegreen) modified electrodes provides promising results for enzymatic
lifetime of fuel cell, enzymes were immobilized in a tetrabutylammonium bromide/Nafion membrane on the electrode’s surface. A sucrose solution was tested in comparison to a solution with the
Open circuit potentials ranging from 0.44 to 0.69V were produced from a 2% sucrose solution, whereas the 2% sucrose dilution of Maple syrup produced open circuit potentials of .37V to .60V.
2008 BI026
ALTERING SEQUENCESPECIFIC MOTIONS GUIDING PROTEINPROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Sean Michael Hendricks
Proteinprotein interactions are often facilitated by small docking domains. These domains frequently have flexible docking loops that recognize and bind the target proteins. Examples are WW do
recruited by numerous signaling proteins. The binding specificity of WW domains have been linked to the amino acid sequences of their docking loops. Understanding just how these sequences e
understanding the molecular basis of cell signaling. Recent studies of the WW domain from Pin1 show that a new property, sequencespecific dynamics of docking loops, affects binding specifici
and understanding how its WW domain recognizes other proteins can boost the molecular understanding of cancer. This project investigates, “How does loop mobility and binding preferen
acid sequence?” To answer this question, a loop mutant for the Pin1 WW domain was generated, and the consequences were observed by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Th
to increase steric bulk without changing the number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. It was hypothesized this mutation would preserve the wildtype hydrogen bond network. However, the
loop hydrogen bond network. Thus, the results emphasize how apparently conservative changes in loop sequence can lead to unexpected effects, and shed new light on how loop sequence enco
loop mobility and substrate binding.
2007 BI026
TRANSCRIPTIONAL REGULATION OF BASE EXCISION REPAIR GENES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Sanjay Vasudev Saraf
Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts, Natchitoches, LA, 71457 USA
Because of its nature as the most important molecule of the body, DNA is protected with a variety of enzymes and proteins in the cell. Even with these, free radicals sometimes damage the geno
several repair enzymes that fix specific mutations in DNA. The purpose of these experiments was to determine the importance of each of these enzymes and their interdependence among one an
with were mut M, mut Y, endonuclease III, and endonuclease VIII. I regulated the transcription of each enzyme by genetically knocking out successive enzymes and a transcription factor, arcA,
colonies on an antibiotic, rifampicin, I could measure how each gene played a part in the mutation rate. I found that that each enzyme seemed to have a varying importance in the cell.
a huge role in fixing mutations by itself, but when dually knocked out with mut M or endonuclease VIII, I saw a vast increase in the mutation rate. Each enzyme, either with the help of another en
excision repair. Because the genes in E. coli are synonymous with those in humans, this research is crucial in the area of cancer research. By understanding which genes may play a ro
prevent the disease.
2006 BI026
MOLECULAR COMPUTATION BASED ON DNA
Philip Babcock
Schottengymnasium, Vienna, Austria
This project evaluates the feasibility of a biomolecular computer utilizing nucleic acids in vitro as a data processing and storage medium and biochemical techniques of DNA manipulation as Bool
and RNA exceed conventional computers in terms of computation speed and energy efficiency, input and output still require considerable time. The project assessed exactness and speed of PCR
combinatorial fluid control as a possibility of higher efficiency. Resulting chemical parameters gained from a series of testing experiments were applied to a new model for DNA computation based
oligonucleotides followed by controlled annealing of Cy5modified test oligos, the fluorescence detection of which served as an output. The DNA computer tested was able to solve a 3v
teraoperations per second. In comparison to prior DNA computation models, the input/output rate could be cut down to half the time needed due to complete reliance on WatsonCrick base pairing
reduced significantly by discarding restriction enzyme digestion, which was commonly proposed in the literature analysed. The project contributed to science by designing a DNA compu
and base pairing, which can be applied to labonachip technology on a future biochip processing unit. 
2009 BI026
NOVEL BIOSENSOR UTILIZING A QUINONE MONOLAYER IN CONJUNCTION WITH CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY
Joy Elisabeth Lee
A new, userfriendly biosensor capable of detecting target biomolecules was successfully developed and tested. To create the biosensor, quinone molecules were first immobilized onto a gold wir
thiolated ssDNA molecules to form a second layer. This biosensor was tested through exposure to target treatment molecules and nontarget control molecules. By analyzing the resulting shifts i
voltammograms, the changes in the electrochemical characteristics of the biosensors during the testing process were observed. These changes were the result of hybridization reactions between
solution, and indicated the detection of these target molecules by the biosensor. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that the difference between the mean shifts of the treatment and contr
advantage of this biosensor is the brevity of time required for detection. Possible applications include detection of potential bioterrorism agents. Future research with different molecules is sugges
molecules.
2014 BI026
EVIDENCE OF TOLLLIKE RECEPTOR NINEMEDIATED AMELIORATION OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY IN A TGSWDI MOUSE MODEL OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Charlotte Sophia Herber
Fox Lane High School, Bedford, NY, United States of America
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and costly neurodegenerative disease, increasing in prevalence and expense annually. This study investigated a method of passive immunization t
plaques that cause AD without adverse side effects. By stimulating a nontoxic immune response via tolllike receptor nine (TLR9) using type B cytosineguanine DNA oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG
neurotoxicity and cerebral microhemorrhage observed in previous vaccination studies. Previously investigated in Tg2576 and 3xTg mouse models of AD, these compounds were histologically and
toxicity in two age cohorts of TgSwDI mice. This murine model expresses extensive vascular amyloid resembling the prevalent complication of AD called congophilic amyloid angiopathy (CAA), k
Behavioral tests and histological analysis of stained brain sections in two age groups indicated that CpG ODNs significantly improved cognitive function and reduced vascular amyloid burden by a
neuroinflammation or hemorrhage, in both age cohorts. The stimulated innate immune pathways were currently subject to mechanistic studies. This suggests that TLR9 stimulation could constitu
and ameliorate amyloidbeta AD pathology in humans.
2012 BI026
THE ROLE OF VEGFR2 REGULATION IN VEGF'S VASCULAR EFFECTS IN THE STATUS EPILEPTICUS MODEL
Maite Angela Antola
After seizures, bloodbrain barrier breakdown has been observed in the brain; which can result in changes in vascularization. These factors have been hypothesized to contribute to epileptogenes
(VEGF) plays a role in the process of angiogenesis in the brain. The vascular effects of VEGF are proposed to be detrimental to the brain post seizure. One of the primary receptors for VEGF is V
of this receptor in postseizure vasculature, brain sections from rats that received the VEGFR2 preferential, inhibitor SU5416 or antiVEGFR2 were stained for vasculature. We quantified vascula
immediately after a seizure to better understand vasculature after seizures. Stereological analysis of vascular parameters was conducted to determine the effects of VEGFR2 inhibition on vascu
pattern seen in the correlation of vascular and neuronal density when inhibited with SU5416, demonstrating a negative relationship between the densities (p=0.6989).There was a significant differe
antibody and the control (F (1, 8) = 6.890, p<0.031). In afterseizure VEGF treatment, a significant negative relationship is demonstrated between neuronal and vascular density (r = .89, p < .04).
modulating vasculature after seizures and may also have an important role in neuronal damage. This research will help towards comprehending the detrimental vascular effects mediated by VEGF
protect neuron, and the human brain from the potentially damaging properties of after seizure angiogenesis.
2005 BI026
USING ABSORBANCE DIFFERENCE SPECTROSCOPY TO STUDY INTERACTIONS OF SELECTED INHIBITORS ON BREAST CANCER MOLECULAR TARGET CYTOCHROME P450 ARO
Jonathan Lloyd Priester
William B. Murrah High School, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
Research into the initiation and progression of breast cancer has led to breakthroughs in fighting this dreaded illness. The identification of several molecular targets has resulted from this research
P450. Cytochrome P450 Aromatase is a member of the Cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. These enzymes are involved in a number of important cellular processes such as xenobiotic m
metabolism of endogenous compounds. A common feature of the Cytochrome P450s is the presence of a covalently bound heme moiety at the enzyme active site. This allows the Cytochrome P
modulate its reactivity through a series of controlled electron transfers and typically results in the insertion of one atom of molecular oxygen into the substrate. Cytochrome P450 aromatase utilize
into estrogens via a complex threestep mechanism. Breast cancer treatment regimens for postmenopausal women with estrogen receptorpositive breast cancer consist of tamoxifen i
aromatase inhibitor. Tamoxifen blocks hormone binding to the estrogen receptor while inhibition of aromatase results in decreased production of estrogens. This approach has been the most succ
use today. The goal of my investigation was to characterize the binding of Aromatase inhibitors to Aromatase. I estimated the binding affinities by measuring the changes in the spinstate of the h
site using absorbance difference spectroscopy. The results indicate that the secondgeneration steroidal inactivator Formestane binds tightly to aromatase but not as tightly as a natural substrate
incorporated into a molecular model for Aromatase.
2009 BI026
NOVEL BIOSENSOR UTILIZING A QUINONE MONOLAYER IN CONJUNCTION WITH CYCLIC VOLTAMMETRY
Joy Elisabeth Lee
A new, userfriendly biosensor capable of detecting target biomolecules was successfully developed and tested. To create the biosensor, quinone molecules were first immobilized onto a gold wir
thiolated ssDNA molecules to form a second layer. This biosensor was tested through exposure to target treatment molecules and nontarget control molecules. By analyzing the resulting shifts i
voltammograms, the changes in the electrochemical characteristics of the biosensors during the testing process were observed. These changes were the result of hybridization reactions between
solution, and indicated the detection of these target molecules by the biosensor. Statistical analysis of the results indicates that the difference between the mean shifts of the treatment and contr
advantage of this biosensor is the brevity of time required for detection. Possible applications include detection of potential bioterrorism agents. Future research with different molecules is sugges
molecules.
Second Award of $200 Patent and Trademark Office Society
Tuition Scholarship Award of $8,000 for original research in an important Navalrelevant scientific area Office of Naval Research on behalf of the United States Navy and Marine Corps
2007 BI027
PHYSIOLOGIC EFFECTS OF HBOC201 IN A HYPERTONIC SALINE CARRIER
Amanda Jane Lu
Jasper High School, Plano, TX, USA
Hemoglobinbased oxygen carriers (HBOCs) have emerged as promising alternatives to blood transfusions. However, the side effects of HBOCs include vasoconstriction and increases in blood p
saline solution has been shown to attenuate several of these effects. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment is to test the effects of HBOC201 in a hypertonic saline carrier on levels of nitric o
permeability. 7.5%, 5%, and 3% concentrations of HBOC201 were suspended in hypertonic saline solutions (HTHBOC) and added to whole blood in 10% concentrations. The samples
vasoconstrictor) and endothelin1 (a vasorelaxant) concentrations using ELISA analysis. In addition, permeability tests on human lung endothelial, lung epithelial, and umbilical vascular endothelia
total nitric oxide (NO) levels measured were elevated in the HBOC samples, HBOC201 in the saline carrier significantly decreased levels of NO compared to HBOC201 alone. Similarly, the leve
HBOC samples. However, HTHBOC decreased concentrations of endothelin1. HBOC201 also decreased the vascular permeability of cells, and the addition of a saline carrier attenuated the va
HBOC201 may possess potentially harmful side effects, but these may be mitigated through a hypertonic saline carrier. With the modulation of harmful side effects of HBOCs through future rese
scenarios where stored red blood cells are unavailable. Future studies could include testing the effects of HTHBOC on other the immunomodulatory side effects of HBOCs.
2009 BI027
EVALUATION OF THE TRANSMETALLATION OF GD DTPA BMA AND GD HPDO3A IN THE PRESENCE OF ZINC CITRATE
Jacob Troy Gibby
Springville High School, Springville, UT
To increase the efficiency of MRIs, contrast agents are used to brighten various areas of the body, such as tumors. Gadolinium is in every contrast agent used today because of its unique ability
also toxic. To prevent harming patients, chelates are bound to the gadolinium to keep it from reacting with the body. There have been reports of a deadly disease known as Nephrogenic
based contrast agents that were formerly declared safe. After significant research, I found that manufacturers creating these contrast agents tested them in an isolated environment. However, the
 My project consisted of analyzing two of the five contrast agents on the market, Gd DTPA BMA and GD HPDO3A, by injecting equimolar concentrations of a contrast agent and zinc citrate
to determine the thermodynamic and kinetic stability, and the halflife of the contrast agents in the presence of zinc citrate. I found that Gd DTPA BMA broke apart at an average of 110
Gd HPDO3A broke apart at a much slower rate. Gd DTPA BMA has the potential to cause major problems the longer it is within the body. This experiment also shows a simple and inexpensive w
accurately test the stability of their contrast agent in a bodylike environment, and therefore choose the safest agent for human use.
2013 BI027
ARE RED DRINKS SAFE FOR CHILDREN? DETERMINATION OF ALLURA RED (FD&C RED 40) IN BEVERAGES AND PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF CYTOTOXICITY
Delaney Leigh Thompson
Hellgate High School, Missoula, MT
Allura Red (AR; FD&C Red 40, Food Red 17) is a controversial additive used to colorize foods. Although it adds no nutritional value and consumption has been associated with ADHD and hyperac
in US. However, it is not easy to restrict consumption of AR because beverage labels do not indicate the amount. Moreover, there is little to no data comparing the amount of AR in drinks targete
aimed at adults. This study determined the presence and relative amount of AR in four beverages marketed for adults, young adults/teenagers and small children. Thin layer chromatography was
ICE Black Raspberry, Gatorade Fruit Punch, and TumE Yummies Fruitabulous Punch, but not in Neurosonic. Ultravioletvisible spectroscopy validated the presence of AR in these three drinks
determine the quantities of AR in Gatorade at 0.75 mg/oz, ICE at 3.07 mg/oz, and TumE Yummies at 1.03 mg/oz. AR was found to be cytotoxic to a brain tumor cell line at concentrations above
cellular metabolism and function. Future work is aimed at measuring the presence of AR in other red food products, and evaluating a possible biochemical connection between AR and hyperexcita
2014 BI027
AN INNOVATIVE RESEARCH ABOUT REYNOUTRIA JAPONICA (HOUTT.): DISTRIBUTION, BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND THERAPEUTIC PERSPECTIVES
Stefan Milosavljevic
Liceo Cantonale Lugano 1, Lugano, Switzerland
Reynoutria japonica (Houtt.) is an invasive species widespred in Europe. The aim of this research is to review the information about RJ and to identify metabolites such as phenols and flavonoids
literature and can be used therapeutically. RJ phenological phases and biochemical analysis of essential oils, phenols and flavonoids were investigated. None of RJ's seeds taken from t
germination. On the other hand, the seeds collected from the plant germinated in two types of soil, showing a preference for the acid soil, where they developed a higher stem, more leaves and a
analysis revealed that phenols concentrations were: 35.50 ± 1.69 µg AGE/mg (N=8) in roots, 35.49 ± 1.64 µg AGE/mg (N=8) in flowers, 23.88 ± 0.94 µg AGE/mg (N=8) in leaves and 2.18 ± 0.34 µ
concentrations were: 38.78 ± 1.38 µg/mg (N=10) in roots and 38.75 ± 1.36 µg/mg (N=10) in leaves. Phenols were in lower concentrations (approx. 7 times less) and flavonoids were in hig
more) compared with the results obtained by the considered Asian research. The essential oils were found only in the roots and the GCMS had to be sensitive because of the oils' low concentrat
This problem prevented the identification of particulare substances in the essential oils. On top of that, the lack of scientific publications prevented the comparison of the results.
2012 BI027
NOVEL STRATEGIES FOR THE PET IMAGING OF COLORECTAL CANCER USING THE A33 ANTIBODY
Priya Mohindra
Positron emission tomography (PET) is a highly sensitive, noninvasive technology that is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment planning of cancer. Current PET tracers, however, often targ
tumor cell biomarkers. To this end, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) labeled with radionuclides have emerged as useful devices in PET imaging of cancer cells because mAbs are known to bind to
This research explored the synthesis of an imaging agent using the A33 antibody, which targets the A33 antigen expressed on colon cancer cells, and the positronemitting radionuclide 89Zr
successfully radiolabeled with radioactive 89Zr using a chelator called desferrioxamine (DFO). Further tests meant to characterize this radiolabeled compound demonstrated that it is stable in a p
seven days, and an immunoreactivity assay showed that the initial chelator modification of the antibody did not significantly compromise the ability of the A33DFO89Zr compound to bind to its a
an imaging study of the A33DFO89Zr imaging compound in mice bearing SW1222 A33antigen expressing colorectal cancer xenografts indicated high specific uptake and localization of the com
background activity ratios. A subsequent biodistribution study confirmed these findings, showing that the tumor maintained high uptake of the imaging compound during the imaging period. The re
demonstrate the radiolabeled A33DFO89Zr compound holds promise in the field of cancer diagnostics.
Second Award of $500 U.S. savings bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty Foundation
2008 BI027
SYNTHETIC ANALOGS OF IGF1 RECEPTOR JUXTAMEMBRANE DOMAIN: POTENT INHIBITORS OF CANCER CELL GROWTH
Liv Helena Johannessen
Governor Thomas Johnson High School, Frederick, MD
The insulinlike growth factor receptor type one (IGF1R) belongs to a large class of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and plays a key role in the growth and metastasis of tumor cells, making it a
Significant effort has been made by pharmaceutical industry towards development of small molecule inhibitors and antibodies targeting the receptor. Unfortunately, most small molecule IGF1R in
Receptor, resulting in unwanted sideeffects. Juxtamembrane (JM) regions of RTKs have been shown to play a crucial autoinhibitory role in the function of receptors. I have used this property alo
IGF1R JM to construct cellpermeable synthetic analogs of the JM. Structure optimization studies allowed generation of compounds that potently inhibited growth of cancer cells. Cell toxicity wa
on MCF7 breast cancer cells. The shortest active inhibitor obtained is a palmytoilated 12 amino acid residues long peptide that inhibits growth of breast cancer cells with GI50 of 70 nM . Circular
peptides adopt a betatype conformation in aqueous solution. The retroinverso all Damino acid versions of peptides showed even higher activity and a higher degree of folding. Palmitylation has
folding of the inhibitors. Successful targeting of IGF1R pathway in cancer cells was confirmed by inhibition of IGF1dependent cell growth and AKT activation. Structural analogs of IGF1R juxtam
candidates for the treatment of many tumor types.
Scholarship Award of $3,000 China Association for Science and Technology (CAST)
2012 BI027
Priya Mohindra
2003 BI027
A NEW REGULATORY PATHWAY FOR TUMOR SUPPRESSOR P53 ACTIVITY IN CANCER CELLS
Monika Laszkowska
St. Francis Preparatory School, Fresh Meadows, New York, USA
The exact mechanisms by which the p53 gene regulates various target genes in tumor suppression are not fully understood. Acetylation is one p53 regulatory pathway that enhances p53 transac
system and acetylation mutant forms of the p53 gene, this research examined the effect of acetylation on p53mediated transcriptional activation. The p53KQ mutant (which mimics fully acetyla
transactivational activity compared to wild type p53 and the p53KR mutant (which cannot be acetylated). This was further confirmed using drug treatment analysis on endogenous p53 target gene
to regulation of p53 activity via acetylation was explored. A new technique called RNA interference (RNAi) was used to downregulate Sir2, a deacetylase of p53, thus inducing high levels of acety
provided novel and significant confirmation of the fundamental regulatory mechanisms of p53, but also developed a new method to activate p53 by down regulating Sir2 using RNAi. These finding
research and in a genetic approach to cancer therapy.
2011 BI027
LIPODYSTROPHY PROTEIN SEIPIN FUNCTIONS IN LIPID DROPLET BIOGENESIS AND MORPHOLOGY
Anita Sanjay Chandrahas
Texas Academy of Mathematics and Science, Denton, TX
The objective of this study was to elucidate the role of seipin, a protein that plays a role in human lipodystrophy, but whose function is entirely unknown. Lipodystrophy is a disorder characterized
Individuals with this disease often have higher rates of circulating triglycerides, fatty livers, and other complications similar to those found in patients with diabetes or obesity. Thus, the results ar
diseases. This investigation specifically focuses on the role of seipin in lipid droplet biogenesis and cell physiology. Lipid droplets (LDs) are the main cellular organelles within adipose tis
lipodystrophy and in a variety of other metabolic disorders. Using genomic and plasmid transformations in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, proteins in the LD pathway were tagged with fluoresce
microscope. Data was then quantified by scoring cells for colocalization. The results showed that seipin does colocalize to specific LD proteins and an absence of seipin affects LDorga
an absence of seipin leads to increased cell death as compared to wildtype cells. In conclusion, this research helps identify where the protein seipin fits in the LD biogenesis pathway.
of LD biogenesis will promote understanding of lipodystrophy as well as other metabolismrelated diseases for future drug development. The work also suggests that seipin may have much broad
applications in aging and cancer research.
2004 BI027
A RAPID IMMUNOASSAY FOR DENATURED BLACTOGLOBULIN, AN INDICATOR FOR THE QUALITY CONTROL OF PROCESSED MILK
TZU YT PENG
National Hsinchu Girls' Senior High School, Hsinchu City, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
It is always questionable whether there is a nutritional difference between raw milk and processed milk. Recent findings indicate that blactoglobulin, one of the major milk proteins that can be dire
system, may function as an agent for lowering serum cholesterol and as a free radical scavenger. In this study, I found that lactoglobulin was substantially denatured in processed milk and then d
distinguishing raw milk and all other processed milks by using a monoclonal antibody specific to denatured lactoglobulin. The method is utilizing a sandedtip of glass rods with procedures involve
reaction with a peroxidaseconjugated monoclonal antibody, and color development. The procedure can be completed within eight minutes and is highly specific. It enables us to monitor the dena
milk heated at different temperature for different durations. Moreover, I found that the level of denatured blactoglobulin was inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity in marketavailable mi
and dry milks. In summary, I developed a rapid and simple monoclonal antibodybased method for identifying denatured blactoglobulin, which was inversely correlated with the antioxidant activity
indicators on the overall quality of various milk products.
2005 BI027
PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL BY VACUUM PROCESS
Jessica Lynn Laviolette
Brandon High School, Ortonville Michigan, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine if, through the use of a scientific vacuum and a selectively permeable membrane, ethanol can be produced more efficiently and in a higher conce
producing yeast was put into a vacuum chamber and then a scientific vacuum created a perfect vacuum in its chamber. Nitrogen gas was then allowed back into the chamber via a gas inlet valve
ethanol through alcoholic fermentation because the yeast's final electron acceptor, oxygen, was not present. To determine the amount of ethanol produced, the ethanol, water, glucose, and fructo
(125.0 ml) was distilled. By determining the density of the solution collected from the final distillation (25.0 ml) and plugging in the temperature in degress Celsius at which the density of the soluti
for distillers, it was determined that the final 25.0 ml solution collected was 93.3% ethanol, which means that 23.3 ml of the 25.0 ml from the final distillation was ethanol. I then divided the 23.3 m
solution collected before distillation) to determine the ethanol concentration before distillation, which was 18.6% ethanol.
DuPont will additionally recognize Honorable Mention winners with an award of $500. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2012 BI027
Priya Mohindra
2010 BI027
HOW DOES THE EBOLA MATRIX PROTEIN, VP40, FORM VIRIONS AT THE LIPID MEMBRANE?
Michael David Hunckler
Viruses are commonly known to be the cause of many diseases, some known to be quite fatal. Fatal viruses, such as the Ebola virus, have no antiviral therapy to eradicate them. The pathogene
replication, and generation of new virions. There is a paucity of knowledge regarding how the viral proteins interact with the lipid membrane and bud to form virions to infect other cells. The circum
investigated with three procedures. The VP40 matrix protein from Ebola was used because it has been shown to induce impressive membrane curvature changes. The first procedure measured th
deformed various lipid vesicles. This showed that VP40 binds and interacts the most with phosphatidylserine (PS). The second procedure measured lipid monolayer penetration by VP40.
PS lipid affinity. The third procedure comprised of scans of fluorescently tagged viral proteins budding, interacting with, and exiting HEK 293 cells. From this data, it can be concluded that the VP
the lipid membrane. In addition to interaction with the lipid membrane, the VP40 matrix protein induces lipid membrane curvature changes. This knowledge of the matrix protein and lipid membran
antiviral therapy for the virus.
2006 BI027
COMPARING MITOCHONDRIAL DNA THROUGH ELECTROPHORESIS AND DNA TERMINATOR SEQUENCING
Isaac Michael Ketcham
Farmington High School, Farmington NM, USA
This research experiment compared a 440 base pair (BP) segment, (known as the noncoding region) of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of four generations of an extended family, tracing back to
mtDNA is always passed maternally, then all members in this maternal family line should have the same mtDNA sequence. Eighteen subjects of this family, and one control subject, pr
swishing and spitting a 0.9% NaCl solution. The mtDNA was isolated through a process of cell lysis and centrifugation. The noncoding region was amplified (copied millions of times) by a proces
MtDNA amplification was confirmed by electrophoresis. The sequence of this mtDNA segment was determined by terminator sequencing. The control sample had many (1525) conflicti
the family samples, there were two identical pairs (but different from each other by 4 BP). Cousins were compared with each other at multiple generational levels. Comparison among the 3rd gene
3rd cousins, yielded an average of 89 conflicting BP. There was no clear pattern of inheritance of these BP variations. The hypothesis that mtDNA is passed maternally was not fully s
the mtDNA throughout the family being studied. In addition, there is a trend toward increasing BP variations with the age of the subject. Potential explanation include: spontaneous point mutations
of mitochondria with cell division, and sequencing error. 
2012 BI027
Priya Mohindra
2013 BI028
LEADS FOR DRUG DISCOVERY USING CHINESE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE AND A YEAST CELL BASED BIOASSAY
Kinsey Taylor Morrison
Saint Francis School, Louisville, KY
The estrogen receptor mediated pathway is activated when naturally occurring female sex hormones, or a variety of chemically diverse compounds that mimic estrogen, bind to the ER protein. I f
plantderived estrogen mimics. My project’s purpose was to develop a yeast cellbased bioassay to test extracts of herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine, Yi Mu Cao (Leonurue heterophyllus
estrogenic mimicry. Both treat reproductive issues, so they were promising phytoestrogen candidates. Engineered yeast cells (BJ3505) were constructed using recombinant DNA technology to in
(YEpE12) and a separate reporter plasmid (YRG2) containing an ERE sequence fused to a ßgalactosidase reporter gene. When yeast cells are induced with copper sulfate and then treated with a
they produce ßgalactosidase. The activity level of the enzyme is directly related to the action of the candidate agent or extract. The intensity of the yellow colored product, onitrophenyl, may be
the reactions, which reflect the level of ßgalactosidase produced. My experiments were unable to detect significant estrogenic activities in either Yi Mu Cao (Leonurue heterophyllus) or Wedelia t
conditions of my assay. However, my results clearly and reproducibly showed extracts of YYH plants had significant estrogenic activity (65% of the 10 nM estrone control) in the yeast cellbased
be dose dependent. My observation appears to be original and is an exciting lead for identifying the active compound(s) in this plant after fractionation and testing in mammals.
2012 BI028
FOXO1 SIGNALING/AKTMEDIATED PHOSPHORYLATION AND NOVEL MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF MUSCLE FIBERS IN SKELETAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY
Saad Ahmed Khan
Lane Technical High School, Chicago, IL
Skeletal muscular atrophy is a muscle debilitating consequence in multiple clinical conditions: cancer, diabetes mellitus, AIDS, heart and renal failure, stroke, and aging (sarcopenia), affecting ov
$4.5 billion are spent annually in the U.S. for rehabilitation costs; the geriatric population is also expected to grow to be 19% of the current population by 2030, increasing the prevalence of muscle
is to determine the role of FoxO1, a transcriptional factor and forkheadbox gene, in the phosphoinositide 3kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway, which is involved in the pathogenesis o
wildtype, FoxO1 transgenic, atrogin1 knockout, and transgenic/knockout mice were tested. Through immunohistochemistry and novel morphometric analysis, the myosin heavy chain type 2a mu
(p=0.048) and by 1800 µm² (p=0.017) in the 2b muscle fibers of the tibialis anterior muscles from the wildtype to FoxO1 transgenic mice. The type 1 muscle fibers decreased by 400 µm² (p=0.009
muscle fibers of the soleus muscles in the same comparison. Immunoblots were used to identify the proteins of the PI3K/AKT pathway. Overexpression of FoxO1 decreased the type 1,
transgenic mice. Furthermore, MuscleRING finger1 and other atrogenes played a role in protein degradation, not just atrogin1 as originally hypothesized. In the PI3K/AKT pathway, FoxO1 allost
insulin and insulinlike growth factors, a very novel finding. The future directives are to explore treatment methods that can directly inhibit FoxO transcriptional factors to cure muscle atrophy. 
2009 BI028
CHARACTERIZING THE COPPER BRIDGED INTERMEDIATE OF THE COPPER TRANSFER REACTION
Kush Jayesh Sharma
Kalamazoo Area Mathematics and Science Center, Kalamazoo, MI
Copper has an integral function within the overall homeostasis of the body. Copper is regulated very tightly by a series of proteins that shuttle copper around the cell to be either inserted into prote
One specific protein involved in copper regulation within the cells is the wilson disease protein (WLN). This protein is important to the removal of excess copper from the cell; improper regulation l
leading to a possible cause of Alzheimer's. Specifically, a copper chaperone, (HAH1), acquires the copper in the cytosol and delivers it to a specific domain on the nterminal sequence (WD4) of t
transferred into the appropriate vesicle. The interaction between HAH1 and WD4 involves two specific cysteines on each protein that become bound to the copper. The transfer process requires s
that ensure proper transfer. The coordination state of interest was a presumed 3coordinate copper thiolate intermediate that would exist during the shuttling process. The strategy used to "trap" th
each of the pertinent cysteines to an alanine. Titrations were done with native copperprotein (low and high concentrations) and each mutated apoprotein to construct the proposed 3coordinate co
protein was grown in a prokaryote for this study. The nature of these newly formed structures was monitored and found by specific increases in uvvisible light and fluorescence spectroscopy indi
more definitive evidence from EXAFS and NMR. Lower and higher concentrations of copper were seen to give positive data as well as the preliminary data for the WD4WD1 copper 3coordinate c
includes confirming this 3coordinate coordination state at different places in the copper transfer process at the wilson disease protein as well as the current WD4WD1 copper interaction.
2004 BI028
GENETIC ANALYSIS FOR MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS ON 12P12 IN A LARGE NORTH AMERICAN PEDIGREE
Amina Moghul
McNair Academic High School, Jersey City, NJ, USA
Gene analysis for Multiple Sclerosis on 12p12 in a large North American pedigree was conducted, focusing on the localization of a gene(s) in the previously identified locus found to be in linkage
chain reactions (PCR) were carried out using DNA (isolated from whole blood of individuals in the pedigree examined) and primers to amplify exonic regions of the DNA, which were to be analyzed
purified and sequencing reactions were then set up for analysis on a genetic analysis and sequencing system. C1R, known to be a complement component 1, was analyzed because it fell in the
between the flanking markers D12S1715 and GATA63D01 on chromosome 12p12. Subsequently, the output for each exonic region was aligned with the known complement component 1, r subco
regions containing a possible mutation. Sequencing graphs were consulted to check for polymorphisms and mutations also. DNA samples of two patients were analyzed. No mutations were found
2003 BI028
DEVELOPMENT OF A SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE BIOASSAY: IMMOBILIZATION OF MEMBRANES CONTAINING THE HIV1 CORECEPTOR CCR5
Evan Alex Karlik
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
The CCR5 transmembrane Gprotein coupled receptor has been shown to facilitate infection by macrophagetropic HIV1; its CC chemokine ligands have implications in delaying the progression o
can be simultaneously orchestrated and studied with high sensitivity using the optical technique of surface plasmon resonance (SPR); an SPR bioassay was developed for the study of binding be
chemokine ligands. Selfassembled alkanethiol monolayers incorporating terminal biotin moieties were formed on gold films and modified with streptavidin, biotinylated secondary antibodies, and
membranes containing CCR5 receptors outfitted with the carboxylterminal nine amino acid rho 1D4 epitope from bovine opsin. A mixed monolayer of HS(CH ) O(CH CH O) CH and HS(CH )
be the most effective at facilitating avidin binding to surface biotin moieties and resisting nonspecific bovine serum albumin and fibrinogen adsorption. Following membrane immobilization via the
specific binding of rho 1D4 out of solution and the lack of nonspecific rho 4D2 adsorption indicate the presence of CCR5 on the surface. The results of this work can be applied in the continued de
and other transmembrane proteins, useful for basic biochemistry research and for the screening of drug candidates. Keywords: CCR5, CC chemokines, surface plasmon resonance (SPR
(SAM), membrane immobilization, transmembrane proteins 
2005 BI028
ANODIC STRIPPING VOLTAMMETRY FOR MERCURY IN VARIOUS FISH SAMPLES
Jason G Leung
Homestead High School, Fort Wayne, Indiana, USA
Government reports published in early 2004 identified Noble County of Indiana as the single worst concentration of mercury contamination in the nation. Indiana has twentythree coalfired power p
contribute mercury emissions into the air. These emissions are eventually deposited into water bodies through precipitation, causing environmental problems in local lakes and rivers. State health
women to limit fish consumption during pregnancy to avoid exposing their unborn children to unsafe levels of methylmercury. Current mercury detection procedures require the use of slow
usually by atomic absorption and plasma atomic emission spectroscopic methods. This project explores the use of anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) with an unmodified carbon paste electrode
quantification of mercury in water and fish tissues. Analysis using two different quantification techniques was performed on water samples from several lakes and well water in Northeastern Indian
purchased locally. Results from the research show that local lakes and locallycaught fish are indeed contaminated with various levels of mercury. This method offers an alternate and safe techni
expansion of testing facilities to smaller local towns or colleges. By further refining and conducting research on anodic stripping voltammetry, it has the potential for greater commercial and educa
Indiana’s mercury contamination problem. 
2010 BI028
NOVEL INHIBITORS OF CYTOKINES SIGNALING: DRUG CANDIDATES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER AND INFLAMMATION
Joanna RayJia Yeh
The goal of the study was to explore different approaches of inhibiting cytokine signaling. There are currently no specific inhibitors of any cytokine, though they play important roles in cancer and
gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin 10 (IL10) signaling since both are important molecular targets. Because of the similarities between IFNgamma and IL10 receptor complexes and signaling mec
of IFNgamma and IL10 in parallel. Comparison of the cytoplasmic domains of the receptors sequences from different organisms allowed for the identification of regions that were highly conserved
regions are involved in essential interactions for the receptors’ function; thus compounds mimicking them may interfere with signaling. I synthesized lipopeptides derived from these regions, beca
make peptides cellpermeable and stabilize their secondary structures, and tested their ability to interfere with growth promoting effects of IFNgamma and IL10. I identified several lead
IFNgamma signaling, and have conducted exploratory structural optimization. These compounds are powerful tools in the investigation of molecular mechanisms and biological roles of IFNgamm
of compounds is likely to result in development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. This method of mimicking conserved regions of cytokines and th
productive approach in identifying inhibitors of cytokines signaling, and is likely to be applicable to other cytokines.
Fourth of Award $250 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
First Award of $2,000 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
2006 BI028
A POTENTIAL NEW APPROACH TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN BRAIN TUMORS: DISRUPTION OF CONNEXIN 43 PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT TO INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN MALIGNANT
Yale Stern Michaels
Grant Park High School, WInnipeg Manitoba, Canada
The purpose of this project was to evaluate the importance of Gap junctions, specifically those formed by Connexin 43 (Cx43), in the survival of malignant glioma cells. The Experiment was desig
Cx43 expression on rates of apoptosis in cancer cells either treated or untreated with the chemotherapeutic agent Temozolomide. Two cell lines were used in experimentation; c6 glioma
levels of Cx43 and c613 glioma expressing very high levels of Cx43. Cells from both cell types were either treated or untreated with 2.5 mM Temozolomide, a dose established in a dose respons
programmed cell death, was measured using both Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting and Acridine Orange Analysis. Results showed much higher rates of cell death in both treated and untreated
cells. Because a decrease in Cx43 expression had such a significant affect on apoptosis, Gap junction inhibitors were tested as a potential means of killing c6 glioma cells. A small con
inhibitor 18 Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid (18âGA) was highly effective at increasing the level of apoptosis in both cell types, treated or untreated with Temozolomide. Gap junction inhibition
times more effective at causing apoptosis than chemotherapy alone. Gap junction inhibitors and chemotherapy combined caused apoptosis in more than 80% of the Glioma cells. Gap junction inh
treatment. 
2010 BI028
NOVEL INHIBITORS OF CYTOKINES SIGNALING: DRUG CANDIDATES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER AND INFLAMMATION
Joanna RayJia Yeh
The goal of the study was to explore different approaches of inhibiting cytokine signaling. There are currently no specific inhibitors of any cytokine, though they play important roles in cancer and
gamma (IFNgamma) and interleukin 10 (IL10) signaling since both are important molecular targets. Because of the similarities between IFNgamma and IL10 receptor complexes and signaling mec
of IFNgamma and IL10 in parallel. Comparison of the cytoplasmic domains of the receptors sequences from different organisms allowed for the identification of regions that were highly conserved
regions are involved in essential interactions for the receptors’ function; thus compounds mimicking them may interfere with signaling. I synthesized lipopeptides derived from these regions, beca
make peptides cellpermeable and stabilize their secondary structures, and tested their ability to interfere with growth promoting effects of IFNgamma and IL10. I identified several lead
IFNgamma signaling, and have conducted exploratory structural optimization. These compounds are powerful tools in the investigation of molecular mechanisms and biological roles of IFNgamm
of compounds is likely to result in development of new therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory diseases. This method of mimicking conserved regions of cytokines and th
productive approach in identifying inhibitors of cytokines signaling, and is likely to be applicable to other cytokines.
Second Award of $500 U.S. savings bond AVASCAshtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty Foundation
2011 BI028
FROM MODELS TO MEDICATIONS: IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICATION LEADS FOR TREATING METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION
Yamini T. Naidu
Valley Catholic High School, Beaverton, OR
Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant that interferes with dopamine signaling in the brain. In vitro METH activates human Trace AmineAssociated Receptor 1 (hTAAR1), a r
(GPCR). METHactivated TAAR1mediated signaling contributes to the drug’s addiction liability, making this receptor a novel target for medications designed to prolong abstinence from METH ab
the thesis that hTAAR1 plays a role in human METH abuse led to my formulation of three null hypotheses: (a) three binding sites will not be identified in more than one hTAAR1 model; (b) mutatin
ligandreceptor interactions; and (c) top compounds will not be identified by more than one hTAAR1 model. In the course of my experimentation, I discovered two novel, potential alloste
determined their key amino acids. This observation led me to predict that Site II and Site IIIpreferring compounds bind to their respective allosteric sites, thereby altering hTAAR1’s conformation
currently proposed by researchers to be the main site of where METH binds. Guided by the 3D structures of Sites II and III, I designed novel compounds that have promising potential b
longrange goal is to synthesize my compounds. These findings should be helpful in the rational drug design of a novel antiMETH medication lead and can potentially be applied to other diseases
Third Award $500 CACO Pharmaceutical & BioScience Society
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel
2007 BI028
BASE LESION FORMATION BY GLYCIDAMIDE ON DNA SUBSTRATES A CARCINOGENIC PATHWAY
Lindsey Marie Hubley
The Maillard “browning reaction” when starchy foods are cooked produces acrylamide (AA). AA levels in a single serving of fried potato exceed the EPA limit by five hundred fold. The liver CYP2E
glycidamide (GA). GA is very reactive with DNA. The objective of this work: Determine the stage of transcription that DNA is most susceptible to damage from glycidamide. Single stran
strand “bubble” created during transcription. Research elsewhere has focused on GA treatment of tissue, serum and whole cells, not oligonucleotides as used in this experiment. A single strand tetramer, ATGC, was treated and cle
adducts with Snake Venom Phosphodiesterase and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase. HPLC and mass spectrometry followed to determine and quantify damage. A 18mer oligo was treate
complementary strand, and duplex. The bases initial mass in the 2 single strands equaled the initial mass of bases in the duplex. Additional peaks shown through HPLC graphs for the single stra
formed with the single strands than the duplex. Validation of results proceeded with treatment of a 30mer double strand oligo containing a 6mer bubble. This work provides insig
glycidamide. Avoiding fried starchy foods is good prevention. 
2008 BI028
GEOMETRIC AND AMINO ACID COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF CYSTIC FIBROSIS PROTEINS
Jane Fomina
The chief objective in conducting this experiment is to determine the region of bonding between the Epithelial Na+ Channel (ENaC) and the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulato
the respective combining regions, it is necessary to identify the conserved domains of the amino acid sequences and determine the strongest force field regions of the structural models. <br
and ENaC proteins are studied through the synthesis of information from the Protein Data Bank and the Deep View SwissPdb Viewer of the Expert Protein Analysis System (ExPASy). The deve
proteins are used to determine each amino acid’s accessibility for interaction, polarity, acidity, hydrogen bonding, bond angles, influence of van der Waal forces, influence of electrostatic forces, a
The analysis of the gathered data isolates the most probable residues of interaction in both proteins. The proteins are also studied by their amino acid sequences. The BLAST database
in other species while the multiple sequence alignment program TCOFFEE allows for the comparing of the studied protein to the sequences of the distantly related species. Combining t
with the data of conserved amino acid sequences proves that CFTR’s most probable region of interaction is between amino acids Ser631 and Lys643 while ENaC’s most probable region of interac
Pro614.
2006 BI028
A POTENTIAL NEW APPROACH TO CHEMOTHERAPY IN BRAIN TUMORS: DISRUPTION OF CONNEXIN 43 PARTICLE ARRANGEMENT TO INDUCE APOPTOSIS IN MALIGNANT
Yale Stern Michaels
Grant Park High School, WInnipeg Manitoba, Canada
The purpose of this project was to evaluate the importance of Gap junctions, specifically those formed by Connexin 43 (Cx43), in the survival of malignant glioma cells. The Experiment was desig
Cx43 expression on rates of apoptosis in cancer cells either treated or untreated with the chemotherapeutic agent Temozolomide. Two cell lines were used in experimentation; c6 glioma
levels of Cx43 and c613 glioma expressing very high levels of Cx43. Cells from both cell types were either treated or untreated with 2.5 mM Temozolomide, a dose established in a dose respons
programmed cell death, was measured using both Fluorescent Activated Cell Sorting and Acridine Orange Analysis. Results showed much higher rates of cell death in both treated and untreated
cells. Because a decrease in Cx43 expression had such a significant affect on apoptosis, Gap junction inhibitors were tested as a potential means of killing c6 glioma cells. A small con
inhibitor 18 Beta Glycyrrhetinic Acid (18âGA) was highly effective at increasing the level of apoptosis in both cell types, treated or untreated with Temozolomide. Gap junction inhibition
times more effective at causing apoptosis than chemotherapy alone. Gap junction inhibitors and chemotherapy combined caused apoptosis in more than 80% of the Glioma cells. Gap junction inh
treatment. 
2014 BI028
ETHANOL PRODUCTION THROUGH BIOLOGICAL PRETREATMENT OF MISCANTHUS SINENSIS USING PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS
Srinath Vijay Seshadri
Village Academy, Delaware, OH, OH, United States of America
This research is a comparative study between varying pretreatment methods employed in the cellulosic bioethanol production process. The first pretreatment is a process known as biological pre
whiterot fungus, Pleurotus ostreatus, to degrade the cellulosic substrate and perennial grass, Miscanthus sinensis. After solidstate fermentation of the M. sinensis, the substrate was solubilized
was analyzed using refractive index. The ethanol concentration was calculated mathematically based on a linear regression equation derived from the refractive indices of known ethanol/water so
replication was determined by multiplying the calculated ethanol concentration times the total distillate volume. Four replications of this process were done. These values were compared to the et
The sulfuric acid pretreatment data was taken from last year’s study. Last year only one replication of the pretreatment was done. The cellulosic substrate M. sinensis was degraded by heating th
minutes at 40 degrees Celsius. The resultant hydrolysate was fermented, distilled, and analyzed using the refractive index as above. The results showed that the biological pretreatment, on avera
the sulfuric acid pretreatment produced only 5.31 mL of ethanol for an equal amount of substrate.
2011 BI028
FROM MODELS TO MEDICATIONS: IDENTIFICATION OF MEDICATION LEADS FOR TREATING METHAMPHETAMINE ADDICTION
Yamini T. Naidu
Valley Catholic High School, Beaverton, OR
Methamphetamine (METH) is an addictive psychostimulant that interferes with dopamine signaling in the brain. In vitro METH activates human Trace AmineAssociated Receptor 1 (hTAAR1), a r
(GPCR). METHactivated TAAR1mediated signaling contributes to the drug’s addiction liability, making this receptor a novel target for medications designed to prolong abstinence from METH ab
the thesis that hTAAR1 plays a role in human METH abuse led to my formulation of three null hypotheses: (a) three binding sites will not be identified in more than one hTAAR1 model; (b) mutatin
ligandreceptor interactions; and (c) top compounds will not be identified by more than one hTAAR1 model. In the course of my experimentation, I discovered two novel, potential alloste
determined their key amino acids. This observation led me to predict that Site II and Site IIIpreferring compounds bind to their respective allosteric sites, thereby altering hTAAR1’s conformation
currently proposed by researchers to be the main site of where METH binds. Guided by the 3D structures of Sites II and III, I designed novel compounds that have promising potential b
longrange goal is to synthesize my compounds. These findings should be helpful in the rational drug design of a novel antiMETH medication lead and can potentially be applied to other diseases
Third Award of $1,000 National Institute on Drug Abuse, Friends of NIDA, National Institutes of Health
2003 BI029
DEVELOPING AN INDUCIBLE, NEURAL CELL MODEL OF POLYGLUTAMINE AGGREGATION AND TOXICITY
Jeremy Gordon Price
Jericho High School, Jericho, NY, USA
The polyglutamine (polyQ) neurodegenerative diseases comprise at least nine disorders caused by expanded CAG (glutamine) repeats in the disease proteins. The polyQ diseases are characteriz
cell death. In this study, the objective was to create an inducible, neuronal cell model of polyQ disease, focusing on Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 3. Neuronal cell lines are created that ind
ataxin3 with either a normal or an expanded polyQ domain. The polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the relevant cterminal region of normal or expanded ataxin3. After amplification,
appropriate restriction sites and subcloned into the tetracyclineinducible, eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA5TO. The plasmids were then transfected into a neuronal cell line of PC63TR cells
expression of the plasmid. The cells were exposed to tetracycline and the ataxin3 constructs were expressed. Stably transfected cell lines are being expanded for analysis. Preliminary r
shown that normal and expanded ataxin3 constructs are expressed. Moreover, as anticipated, mutant ataxin3 fragments, but not normal ataxin3 fragments, form intranuclear aggregates in thes
confirm tetracycline inducibility and to assess whether mutant ataxin3 fragments cause cell death in an aggregation dependent manner. These neuronal cell lines should prove useful in ongoing l
mediated changes in gene and protein expression and to screen for possible suppressors of polyQ toxicity.
2004 BI029
IN PLANTA GENETIC MODIFICATION OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA BY AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS WITH THE GENE OF INTEREST BZO2H2
Albert Walter Souza Mülli
Escola Americana de Campinas, CampinasSão Paulo, Brazil
The objective targeted by this laboratory experiment was to effectively genetically modify seedling samples of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana with the gene Bzo2h2 from the bZIP transcripti
selection marker gene gus, through the in planta use of Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The purpose of reaching this objective is to verify the efficiency of the Agrobacterium process and in order to
would the gene be present and the implications of these results. In order to complete this experimental procedure, vectors for plant transformation (pCAMBIA 2300) were manipulated an
of enzymatic digestion of original Arabidopsis thaliana sequences (for the acquirement of the Bzoh2h2 gene) and the progenitor plasmid pBI 121 (for the acquirement of the gus selection marker g
placed within Agrobacterium. The transformed bacteria were then sprayed onto flowering sprouts of A. thaliana plants, thus allowing the bacteria to infect the seeds of the plants and integrate the
plant. The plants were then selected under a culture of antibiotic according to the surviving plants, which plants had been successfully transformed and which weren’t. In the case of this
that the roots of the plantlets became blue after a test with the XGluc acid, which in contact with the GUS protein causes the secretion of a blue pigment, which proves the success of the transfo
2007 BI029
DETERMINING THE CAUSE FOR THE EVOLUTIONARY PHENOMENON OF ADPGLUCOSE PYROPHOSPHORYLASE'S SUBUNITS
Nancy Mylan Dong
Sarasota High School, Sarasota FL, U.S.A.
Found in almost every plant, eaten by almost every person and animal; starch is a major component of our lives. Vital to the synthesis of starch, ADPglucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), con
identical small subunits, encoded in maize endosperm as shrunken2 and brittle2, respectively. AGPase catalyzes the reaction which produces the precursors for the synthesis of starch. It has b
enzyme is more conserved. To explain the different sequence divergence between the two subunits, it was hypothesized that the small subunit interacts with several large subunits. Therefore the
due to risk of a dysfunctional complex with the various large subunits. To test this hypothesis, Bt2 mutant was expressed into E.coli with the large subunits by electrotransformation. Then the co
spectrophotometer for glycogen production as representative of enzyme activity. One third of the mutants tested showed significant differences in enzyme activity between the two large
results show that the effect of the mutations in the small subunit on AGPase activity depends on the identity of the large subunit. This gives reason to the conserved nature of the small subunit.
enzyme leads to the ability of genetic manipulation to control starch production. 
2006 BI029
MUTX: MICROENVIRONMENT INDUCTION AFFECTING CELLULAR ARCHITECTURE, MIGRATION, AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Beatriz Alexandra Salvesen Von Essen
Academia del Perpetuo Socorro San Juan, Puerto Rico
C6 tumor brain cell line was used in this investigation. Purpose: Establish MuTX by light spectroscopy; compare development growth; and establish diffrences in the cellular architecture, migratio
sea cucumber mucous secretion, is extracted from the Holothurian mexicana Ludwig by epidermal tissue stimulation. Cell were grown in 2.5ml of media and 1.5ml of treatment or saline as a cont
observed every 24 hours for four days to make cell counts in previously established cell sites. Results: Experimental groups were blocked in a specific cell cycle growth stage and their count dec
Experimental groups, with a reduction in growth the MuTX may have blocked the oscillator genes causing the cell to decline its rate factor and pausing before entering Sphase making the cell en
die. (2) The MuTX, apparently, also blocked or changed the arrangement of Cyclin and Kinase into the cell thereby blocking the protein and not letting the cell go in or out of the stage into the nex
maintains an immature physical appearance, just like the one seen in the experimental growth, and soon dies. Two possible explanations can be for the experimental microenvironment treatment
that need to be controlled are the entry into the Sphase when DNA is replicated, and the entry into Mphase when mitosis occurs (Phillip McClean, 1997) this is why the main inductions of the ex
cells Sphase.
2012 BI029
APIS MELLIFERA'S HONEY AS A VACCINATION AND PREVENTION METHOD AGAINST ZUCCHINI YELLOW MOSAIC VIRUS (ZYMV) AND PAPAYA RINGSPOT VIRUS(PRSV) AFFECTI
IN PUERTO RICO
Caroline Lopez
This investigation was done for the purpose of finding a vaccination and prevention method against the Papaya ring spot virus (PRPV) and the Zucchini Yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) in the Curcub
The hypothesis was, the seeds submerged in Apis mellifera’s honey will be resistant to the viruses. The study represents the first and only successful vaccination made out of Apis mellifera’s ho
Papaya ring spot virus (PRPV) and the Zucchini Yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV) naturally treated. Several important studies reveal Curcubita is in danger of virus contaminants that reduce its produc
honey and then were planted. After germination the first 2 leaves of the young plant were mechanically inoculated with the virus. Data evidenced that submerging the seeds of Cucurbita maxima D
plant gets in contact with the viruses will create resistance to the virus. Plants exposed without this protection could not survive the virus. The plants treated survived and developed resistance to
that this process accelerates germination. Apis mellifera’s honey is an antiseptic, an antivirus in human and a germination accelerator in plants. It acts as an antivirus and as a preventive metho
were clear; since the plants of treated seeds are still alive showing no symptoms it leads to conclude that the Apis mellifera’s honey is a vaccination and prevention method against virus.
2011 BI029
SIZEDEPENDENT CYTOKINE RELEASE FROM MURINE MACROPHAGES BY GLYCOPEPTIDECOATED GOLD NANOPARTICLES
Quentin Kai Aknin
Punahou School, Honolulu, HI
Tumor cells have many carbohydrates on them which are much different than those found on normal cells. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have previously been used in medical studies as carriers o
Different sized AuNPs have their own specific properties, thus we have produced three different sized citratestabilized AuNPs (16nm, 25nm and 40nm), coated them with various ligands and stu
production in murine macrophages. AuNPs were prepared displaying 1) a peptide sequence from mucin 4 (MUC4), a mucin upregulated in certain tumors, 2) or several MUC4 peptides glycosylate
disacchride, a tumorassociated carbohydrate expressed on many tumor mucins. Details of the synthesis of each particle along with results from cytokine release experiments will be presented.
2008 BI029
A NOVEL SMART SHRNA SYSTEM FOR DISEASE DIAGNOSIS AND THERAPY
Yale Stern Michaels
Grant Park High School, Winnipeg, Manitoba, CANADA
The challenge of delivering therapy specifically to affected areas in the body has been a longstanding barrier in the effective treatment of multiple diseases. This issue is especially significant in t
drugs. In this project, I have designed a novel “Smart shRNA” system with the goal of both comprehensively detecting disease indicators and combating cancer in a cell specific manner. 
basic mRNA expression profiles characteristic of cancer and subsequently delivering a drug molecule to cells exhibiting these traits. The entire system, in its current state of design, is contained
and consists of interacting functional components. A complimentary RNA strand is used to detect disease indicating mRNA. Upon detection of the target mRNA by the system, a fluorescent bea
producing a fluorescent signal. This provides a real time visual diagnosis. The duplex created when the synthetic shRNA hybridizes with the target mRNA forms a substrate for the enzyme Dicer
created to induce cell death. This only occurs following successful disease detection. Experimental demonstration of the system was achieved when over expression of TLS, an oncoge
cells. Analysis of the therapeutic efficiency of Smart shRNA is currently ongoing. In this final proof of concept experiment Smart shRNA constructs were designed and synthesized to activate an
induce apoptosis in a cancer specific manner.
Scholarship Award of $5,000 per year for four years, plus a summer internship and a $1,000 stipend Albany College of Pharmacy of Union University
2013 BI029
THE EFFECTS OF ZINC TOXICITY ON ZN CONCENTRATIONS, GROWTH, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF BRASSICA OLERACEA
Leah Ruth Samuels
Benjamin Franklin High School, New Orleans, LA
The purpose of this experiment was to better understand the effects of Zinc toxicity in plants through studying the growth, chlorophyll, and Zn bioconcentration factors (BCF) of Brassica oleracea
was hypothesized that as the amount of Zn in soil rises, chlorophyll, height, and dry weight of B.oleracea plants will decrease, but Zn levels in the leaves will increase. It was further hypothesized
leaves will exceed human dietary limitations in plants grown in soil contaminated with 200mg/kg ZnSO4 solutions but will not display visible phytotoxicity symptoms, while plants grown in soil con
ZnSO4 solutions will exhibit visible phytotoxicity symptoms and will exceed Zn human dietary limitations in edible portions of the plant. Fifteen B.oleracea seedlings were split into five groups of t
second group received 200mg/kg ZnSO4, the third group received 300mg/kg, the fourth group received 400mg/kg, and the fifth group received 500mg/kg ZnSO4. Over a period of 40 days, chlorop
were recorded, and the number of leaves was documented weekly. After about 40 days, the plants were harvested and soil and leaf samples were obtained from each plant to be analyzed for Zn
and relative yield were calculated for each group of plants. The data indicated a decrease in chlorophyll levels, height, dry weight, and relative yield as soil Zn levels rose. There was no relationsh
contaminated plants exhibited visible phytotoxicity symptoms and the Zn concentrations in all contaminated plant leaves exceeded human dietary limitations.
2008 BI029
Yale Stern Michaels
2009 BI029
COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF THE QUANTUM MECHANICAL EXCITATIONS IN A LIGHT HARVESTING COMPLEX IN PURPLE BACTERIA
Michael Kaplan
The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY
The energy harvesting mechanism in the light harvesting complexes in purple bacteria transfers energy with 99% efficiency. Intracomplex energy transfer is accomplished by Förster Resonance E
this experiment was to show what effect disorder has on energy transfer. A C++ program was constructed to solve a Frenkel exciton Hamiltonian and simulate disorder. This was an important ste
spectroscopy which allows one to observe disorder in molecular systems. The ensemble line shapes of the gap distributions which were produced agree well with experimental data. Based on the
that relatively small disorder in the system increases the efficiency of transfer by increasing the probability that Förster Resonance Energy Transfer will occur. This disproves a preconception from
that if there is disorder, it will create a sink that will trap energy and reduce energy harvesting. Insights gained from the study of the energy harvesting mechanism in purple bacteria eventually ma
efficient inorganic energy harvesting technology.
2005 BI029
USE OF HOMOLOGY MODELING AND MOLECULAR DOCKING TO MAP RETINOID BINDING SITES ON PROTEIN KINASE C
Jijun Chow
The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY, USA
Retinol plays a pivotal role in nearly all genera. It is essential in vision, growth, reproduction, and cell differentiation. Some of its biologically active metabolites include retinoic acid, 14hydroxyre
anhydroretinol. Retinoids are found to augment redox activation of the signaling molecule protein kinase C. Binding sites are associated with the cysteinerich regions of the proteins. Observation
about where the substrates bind specifically to those regions. Knowing the precise shape and location of binding pockets on diverse PKCs, potential drug targets can be designed for novel therap
of beneficial properties of retinoids. This study constructs threedimensional models of the Cysrich regions of ten PKC isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, eta, mu, theta, iota, zeta) thr
retinol and anhydroretinol binding sites through molecular docking. Docking trials of retinol binding to PKC alpha are then validated experimentally by fluorescence enhancement measurements us
provided by the laboratory. Results indicate that the Cysrich regions conform to the same structural parameter. Additionally, two binding sites within each binding pocket of some isoforms are co
near the termini or towards the middle of the regions. Predicted contact amino acid residues that interact with retinoids at each active site are then highlighted. Lastly, results obtained from the ex
computational study, proving the significance of some listed contact residues derived from the generated models. 
2014 BI029
MECHANISM OF APOPTOTIC ACTION OF COLLOIDAL SILVER AND BROMELAIN ON PC12 CELLS
Marcelina Puc
Lane Technical College Prep High School, Chicago, IL, United States of America
Purpose: The principle of this study is to identify possible mechanism of apoptotic actions of colloidal silver and bromelain on pheochromocytoma cells (PC12). If colloidal silver and bro
(0.01 ppm colloidal silver and 0.1 g/mL bromelain) for causing oxidative stress and caspase3 activity after eight hours, than colloidal silver and bromelain will express greater amounts of nitric ox
activity. This effect is due to silver's antimicrobial effect and bromelain's proteolytic properties. Procedure: PC12 cells will be treated with optimal concentrations of colloidal silve
possibility of oxidative stress as an apoptotic mechanism will be analyzed through nitrite production, lipid peroxidation, and addition of glutathione. Caspase3 activity will be analyzed by spectrop
analyze apoptosis. Conclusion: Analysis of the data provided that, the MTT assay showed the percent viability decreased between 60%80% suggesting that the cells were unde
colloidal silver at 0.01 ppm and bromelain at 0.1 g/mL, after the addition of glutathione the cell viability increased between 30%70%. The results of lipid peroxidation showed a 20%30% increase
a percent increase between 20%70%. The first three assays support oxidative stress, however, in addition to oxidative stress, a possible mechanism of apoptosis is caspase3. Caspase3 activ
50% 230%, indicating that the protein caspase3 is initiating apoptosis. DNA isolated from colloidal silver and bromelain showed a fragmentation pattern of apoptosis.
2010 BI029
ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE 7A1 AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PYRIDOXINE DEPENDENT EPILEPSY
Conor David Freeland
Minerva High School, Minerva, OH
The purpose of this project is to determine the location and sequence of the mutation affecting the family of a patient with PDE. Common mutations associated with this disorder have been found
gene in other families, therefore these exons were first investigated in the study family. Genomic DNA mouthwash samples were taken from the patient, her mother, and her father. These sample
primers targeted to these three exons. The resulting segments of DNA were run on agarose gels to check for mutations that noticeably alter the length of the amplified product. These fragments w
were created using a plasmid vector and the eluted DNA fragments. These constructs were used to transform competent E. coli cells, and transformed cells were grown on ampicillin plates. Clon
determine any changes in exon sequence. The agarose gels indicate possible mutations of exon 10 in the family, because genomic DNA from control subjects gave consistent results, whereas e
amplify. Exon 10 also produced amplicons of two different sizes from the control subject, further suggesting that this exon is a site of heterogeneity. Exon 14 is successfully cloned, with no visib
the work continues, DNA sequencing will reveal whether the family has nonfunctioning gene variants involving these exons, and which exons are more likely to exhibit heterozygosity.
2005 BI029
USE OF HOMOLOGY MODELING AND MOLECULAR DOCKING TO MAP RETINOID BINDING SITES ON PROTEIN KINASE C
Jijun Chow
The Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY, USA
Retinol plays a pivotal role in nearly all genera. It is essential in vision, growth, reproduction, and cell differentiation. Some of its biologically active metabolites include retinoic acid, 14hydroxyre
anhydroretinol. Retinoids are found to augment redox activation of the signaling molecule protein kinase C. Binding sites are associated with the cysteinerich regions of the proteins. Observation
about where the substrates bind specifically to those regions. Knowing the precise shape and location of binding pockets on diverse PKCs, potential drug targets can be designed for novel therap
of beneficial properties of retinoids. This study constructs threedimensional models of the Cysrich regions of ten PKC isoforms (alpha, beta, gamma, delta, epsilon, eta, mu, theta, iota, zeta) thr
retinol and anhydroretinol binding sites through molecular docking. Docking trials of retinol binding to PKC alpha are then validated experimentally by fluorescence enhancement measurements us
provided by the laboratory. Results indicate that the Cysrich regions conform to the same structural parameter. Additionally, two binding sites within each binding pocket of some isoforms are co
near the termini or towards the middle of the regions. Predicted contact amino acid residues that interact with retinoids at each active site are then highlighted. Lastly, results obtained from the ex
computational study, proving the significance of some listed contact residues derived from the generated models. 
Scholarship Award of $2,000 National AntiVivisection Society
2008 BI029
Yale Stern Michaels
Second Award of $2,000 National AntiVivisection Society
2013 BI029
THE EFFECTS OF ZINC TOXICITY ON ZN CONCENTRATIONS, GROWTH, AND PHOTOSYNTHESIS OF BRASSICA OLERACEA
Leah Ruth Samuels
Benjamin Franklin High School, New Orleans, LA
The purpose of this experiment was to better understand the effects of Zinc toxicity in plants through studying the growth, chlorophyll, and Zn bioconcentration factors (BCF) of Brassica oleracea
was hypothesized that as the amount of Zn in soil rises, chlorophyll, height, and dry weight of B.oleracea plants will decrease, but Zn levels in the leaves will increase. It was further hypothesized
leaves will exceed human dietary limitations in plants grown in soil contaminated with 200mg/kg ZnSO4 solutions but will not display visible phytotoxicity symptoms, while plants grown in soil con
ZnSO4 solutions will exhibit visible phytotoxicity symptoms and will exceed Zn human dietary limitations in edible portions of the plant. Fifteen B.oleracea seedlings were split into five groups of t
second group received 200mg/kg ZnSO4, the third group received 300mg/kg, the fourth group received 400mg/kg, and the fifth group received 500mg/kg ZnSO4. Over a period of 40 days, chlorop
were recorded, and the number of leaves was documented weekly. After about 40 days, the plants were harvested and soil and leaf samples were obtained from each plant to be analyzed for Zn
and relative yield were calculated for each group of plants. The data indicated a decrease in chlorophyll levels, height, dry weight, and relative yield as soil Zn levels rose. There was no relationsh
contaminated plants exhibited visible phytotoxicity symptoms and the Zn concentrations in all contaminated plant leaves exceeded human dietary limitations.
2008 BI029
Yale Stern Michaels
Third Award $150 Patent and Trademark Office Society
2010 BI030
THE EFFECT OF LOCATION OF A DNA BASE MISMATCH ON THE STABILITY OF A HYBRIDIZED DNA DUPLEX
It has been shown that a DNA base mismatch adversely affects duplex stability and therefore its unzipping time. This study compared and analyzed binding kinetics, based on location, for variou
mismatched probes were allowed to anneal with a longer DNA strand. It was hypothesized that moving a mismatch (G:A) closer to the ends of the short DNA probe would result in a lowered trans
dynamic ends of the duplex and the area of lower stability around the mismatch would decrease the overall stability of the duplex. A protein pore (aHL) was inserted into a lipid bilayer, which was
membrane. DNA duplexes were electrically forced through this protein pore, which caused the short strand to unzip from the long strand. Translocation rates were determined by analyzing blockin
aHL pore. Duplexes with a G:A mismatch exhibited lower average translocation times than those without, even when the location of the short strand was changed. Also, when a single mismatch
complementary strand, the percent decrease in unzipping, as compared to the matched duplex, was greater than the percent decrease when a single mismatch was placed closer to the 5’ end of
Directionality of unzipping could be studied with the same method. Perfection and continued analysis of the nanopore method could ultimately lead to singlebase resolution sequencing.
2012 BI030
NOVEL SULFOXYMB CRYSTALLIZATION FOR STRUCTURE DETERMINATION
Efrain RodriguezOcasio
CROEM, Mayaguez, PUERTO RICO
To study the sulfhemoglobinemia condition and hemeprotein reactivity with Hydrogen sulfide, SulfoxyMyoglobin was synthetized and crystalized for further XRay Diffraction. The hypothesis was
produce better crystals at 20mg/mL. The protein was prepared with myoglobin from equine skeletal muscle prepared at 100mg/mL. Sodium hydrosulfite was used to change the myoglobin’s oxida
sulfide was used to obtain the Hydrogen sulfide. The UltravioletVisible Spectroscopy was used to monitor the reaction for the formation of the protein studied. After synthetized, a crystallization s
precipitant agent concentration was conducted using the MicroBatch under Oil Technique. Four precipitant agents were tested in this experiment, these were: 30% MDP, 0.1M Sodium acetate pH
Potassium sodium tartrate; 0.1M Sodium acetate, 0.1M Imidazole pH 6.5 and 0.2M Magnesium formate. Three of these precipitant agents crystallized the protein distributed into six conditions. T
protein very fast, consequently it did not crystallize. The optimal crystallization conditions for SulfoxyMb were determined. The 30%MDP, 0.1M Acetic acid pH 4.6, 0.02M Calcium chloride at a c
the ideal condition. The precipitant agent concentration proved to be the determining factor. Further XRay Diffraction studies are needed to establish the protein structure. This novel structure sho
on Hydrogen sulfide and its bonding to hemeproteins which will also help develop better treatments for sulfhemoglobinemia without the necessity of blood transfusions.
2013 BI030
COMPARING CIRCULAR AND LINEAR DNA IN CELLULAR TRANSFECTION EFFICIENCY
Savannah May Bowman
McKinley Senior High School, Canton, OH
This project compares the cellular transfection efficiency between circular and linear DNA using nonviral nanoparticles as delivery vectors. Cellular transfection occurs when the gene of interest e
membrane, where the nanoparticle degrades, releasing the DNA. The DNA then enters cells’ nuclei. My hypothesis was that linear DNA would be more successful in transfecting cells because lin
overall size, allowing it to enter the nucleus more readily. The bacterial enzyme βgalactosidase (gene LacZ) was used to determine successfully transfected cells because it can be easily locate
substrate Xgal, which turns blue when it is cleaved with βgalactosidase. Chinese hamster ovary cells were exposed to linear or circular LacZ pDNA not encapsulated in nanoparticles for three da
with linear or circular LacZ pDNA encapsulated in nanoparticles for six days. After incubation, the cells were fixed and stained with Xgal. The plate was imaged and analyzed comparing the numb
number of cells. Results showed higher transfection efficiency in CHO cells treated with nanoparticles that contained the circular pDNA, however, when the pDNA was applied without being encap
DNA produced increased numbers of transfected cells. In conclusion, the results suggest that linear DNA can more easily penetrate the cell and nuclear membranes, increasing cellular transfecti
encapsulating the pDNA within the nanoparticle, linear DNA may be more susceptible to damage than circular pDNA, therefore, decreasing the cellular transfection rate.
2014 BI030
THE EFFECTS OF LINKING MULTI DRUGS WITH SILICA NANOPARTICLES COATED WITH SILVER NANOPARTICLES TO EFFECTIVELY TREAT TUBERCULOSIS
Hassan Nezar Khdary
Manarat AlRiyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Approximately 5000 people die each day from TB and it is the greatest infectious killer of young people in t
novel compound of medication using silica nanoparticles coated silver nanoparticles to effectively treat TB in an expedient timeframe using less dosage amounts. The procedures start with produ
silica nanoparticles was functionalized using Diamine as a coupling agent to attract silver ions. This was converted to silver nanoparticles by reduction to obtain 5 nanometer silver nanoparticles
Subsequently, they were linked with di and tri purified TB drugs that included Ethambutol, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Rifampicin. The functionalization of the new compounds on nanoparticles w
Finally, the efficiency of the new compounds were tested seven times by comparing with the drugs alone on resistantTB. When applied to the resistantTB, it was confirmed that the compounds
8 times more than the drugs alone. The most effective combination was amine silica nanoparticles coated with silver linked with Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide and Rifampicin. The reason why it gave t
nanoparticles effects the bacteria plus the combination between the nanoparticles and the antibiotics. This research provides promising inroads to future nanodrug implementation methods for TB
of surviving due to a more efficient treatment by less dose and a shorter treatment time.
2006 BI030
CHARACTERIZATION OF A MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY AGAINST MARBURG VLP'S
Dipika Jairam Gopal
Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, United States of America
Marburg Virus, a level A pathogen, is the cause of a deadly hemorrhagic fever for which no vaccine is yet available. The damage and health concerns that arise from Marburg virus indicate a nec
Marburg Virus. In treatment, the monoclonal antibody could be the sole contributor to curing the disease. To accomplish this, can a monoclonal antibody be developed for treatment against the M
only? The objective of this study was to purify and characterize an already existing monoclonal antibody (MAb) against the Marburg Viruslike Particle (VLP). Purification was conducted by Protei
tested for its concentration, cross reactivity, and titer to qualitatively asses the strength and efficacy of the monoclonal antibody. The tests showed a low concentration of the antibody; however s
demonstrated as opposed to antigens of its close relative, Ebola. The specificity of the MAb to Marburg antigens only is important in this study because of its potential uses in diagnosis or clinica
specific to an antigen may not entirely treat the virus, let alone recognize the virus inside the infected body.
2009 BI030
THE DISCOVERY OF MECHANISM OF ACTION OF A SMALL ANTIHIV COMPOUND ADSJ1
Angi Guo
Entry inhibitors targeting the HIV envelope protein gp41 are major antiHIV drugs. Recently, a small molecule antiHIV1 compound, ADSJ1, has been identified as an HIV entry inhibitor, but its m
The present study was aimed to explore the action mechanism of this compound. Surface plasma resonance assay was used to characterize the kinetic interaction of ADSJ1 with the polypeptid
pocket of gp41. Circular dichroism spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of ADSJ1 on the structure of IQN17. ELISA and nativegel electrophoresis were used to examine the effect of A
between gp41 NHR and CHR peptides. I found that ADSJ1 bound to the polypeptide IQN17 with high affinity and that it induced conformational change in IQN17. Furthermore, ADSJ1 interfered
between the NHR and CHR peptides. These results suggest a novel mechanism of action of ADSJ1, i.e., it binds to the deep hydrophobic pocket in the gp41 coiledcoil domain, induces the conf
association between the viral gp41 NHR and CHR regions to form the fusionactive gp41 core, thereby inhibiting HIV1 fusion with the target cell membrane, and thus entry into the target cell.
for design of smallmolecule HIV fusion inhibitor as a novel antiHIV drug. Discovery of the action mechanism of ADSJ1 has also opened new avenues for screening other antiHIV drugs and dev
other envelope viruses.
2008 BI030
THE USE OF ALAMARBLUE ASSAY FOR QUANTITATIVE IN VITRO ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIONREDUCTION POTENTIAL (ORP) OF CAMELLIA SINESIS' EPIGALLOCATECHINGAL
MESENCHYMAL STEM CELLS OF R6/2 TRANSGENIC MICE IN A CELL CULTURE MODEL OF HUNTINGTON'S DISEASE
Nolan Ezekiel Ford
Saginaw Arts & Sciences Academy, Saginaw, MI
Due to previous study it has been found that a possible way to treat Huntington disease would be to reverse the effects it has on cell degeneration. The way to do this would be by reducing the ox
the disease’s degeneration. Currently, it has been found that green tea has an affect on the growth of cells taken from the femurs of a R6/2 mouse. This study showed that green tea possesses a
antibacterial qualities. In the present study, cultured mesenchymal stem cells (derived from the femurs of R6/2 mice) will be used. In the experiment both WT and HD cells where used to compare
potential of several different EGCG concentrations. Both the WT and HD cells where plated in a 96 cell well plate using 48 cell wells each. The fluorescence is used to measure the oxidation redu
off by each cell in the cell wells. The fluorescence of each cell well in the presence of alamarBlue was measured using spectrophotometry. The primary focus of this experiment was to further det
such as Camellia Sinesis’ ECGC could potentially be a treatment for HD by counteracting the degeneration process and reducing the oxidative stress, which causes free radical destruction in this
this experiment evidently demonstrates that EGCG is a definite treatment and a possible cure for Huntington’s disease.
2003 BI030
STRUCTURAL HOMOLOGY AND EXPERIMENTAL COMPLEMENTATION OF E. COLI AND Y. PESTIS SSRASMPB
Andrew Chang
Jericho High School, Jericho NY, USA
SsrA RNA is a tRNAmRNA hybrid that rescues stalled ribosomes and tags truncated proteins for degradation. The molecule is functionally conserved throughout eubacteria, making it an ideal an
comparison of significant regions in E. coli and Y. pestis SsrA indicate a potentially significant divergence in the two homologous molecules. However, E. coli and Y.pestis SmpB are predicted to
structural conformation. The implications of these predictions were to be compared to the results of a complementation experiment. Subcloning the Y. pestis SsrASmpB gene into an expression
has not yet been accomplished. Yet, one of the incorrect SsrASmpB clones did further confirm the general vicinity of the SsrA binding site of SmpB and SmpB binding site of SsrA.
2005 BI030
BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF THE BREAST CANCERINHIBITING PROTEIN, BRCA1, OVER HALF A BILLION YEARS.
Meaghan Alexandra Figge
Albany Academy for Girls, Albany, NY, United States of America
Inherited mutations in the tumor suppressor protein, BRCA1, predispose to breast and ovarian cancer. Missense mutations frequently perturb strongly hydrophobic amino acids conserved among
domain of BRCA1. This domain binds to BACH1, a transcriptional regulator, and is important for tumor suppression. It was hypothesized that conserved, strongly hydrophobic amino acids might
dimensional BRCT structure. Alternatively, strongly hydrophobic residues on the BRCT surface might interact with the ligand, BACH1. Primary sequences of mammalian BRCT domain
mouse) were compared to identify conserved, strongly hydrophobic positions. The human xray crystal structure was analyzed to identify those conserved, strongly hydrophobic amino acids that
dimensional homology models were developed for the mammalian species and three primitive species (chicken, frog, C. elegans). Models were evaluated for a hydrophobic internal cluster.
with BACH1 were similarly analyzed in all species. Internal hydrophobic clusters were found in all models, demonstrating a strongly conserved feature throughout 500 million years of ev
hydrophobic core is critical to stabilize the BRCT domain. A BRCTBACH1 binding domain contains a conserved hydrophobic pocket in the mammals, chicken and frog, with a partial conservation
residues are crucial for both stabilization of the BRCT structure and the binding to BACH1. Missense mutations that destabilize the hydrophobic core and/or the BACH1 binding site may predispo
2011 BI030
ACTIVATING PROCASPASE3 AS AN ANTICANCER STRATEGY
Avery Thorpe Young
Purpose: This year it is expected the 569,490 people will die from cancer, with more than 1,500 dying each day from cancer. The purpose of this research is to develop a new technique in treating
chemotherapies allow for cellular resistance which makes the drug regimen less effective. By finding a drug that directly activates procaspase3, we will eliminate drug resistance and make a mo
several types of cancer. Methods: The procedures that were used to conduct this research were protein purification, to extract the required protein, docking, to test how well each of the m
to study the crystal structure of the protein. Results: After these experiments were run and the results were collected, it was found that 3 of the 1,364 molecules tested resulted in higher
compound had a Mean Velocity score of 13,722 RFUs, a fold increase of 477.1, and a docking score of 9.2. Conclusions: The conclusions that were drawn were that if the enzyme activ
molecule then the molecule could be developed into an effective drug. Since the docking scores for the molecules did not correlate to the experimental results docking or computational prediction
molecule drug candidates for procaspase3.
2007 BI030
INHIBITION OF DIMERIZATION: FUNCTIONAL STUDIES OF HIV CO RECEPTOR CCR5
Julian Terrell Otis
Walter Payton College Preparatory High School, Chicago, IL, United States
Purpose: HIV co receptor CCR5 must be able to bind to gp120 for the entry and replication of virus. Falcon et al. (2004) showed that mutant CCR5 with two mutations (I52V & V150A) were unable
expression and functional responses of CCR5 receptors that were mutated at these specific residues was studied. Methods: Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells were transfected w
mutated at either I52V or V150A, and doubly mutated CCR5 (CCR5/I52V/V150A). CCR5 surface expression was quantified using flow cytometry. Western blotting was conducted on MIP1â stimu
activation of the MAP kinases. Results: Results obtained by flow Cytometry showed that CCR5 mutants were found to be expressed at the cell surface. ERK1/2 signals were detec
CCR5, however the single mutant CCR5 proteins showed decreased activation of ERK, and double mutant CCR5 did not show upregulation of ERK. Conclusions: These experimen
CCR5 are expressed in the outer membrane. However, a lack of activation of ERK by the dimerization deficient double mutant suggests that dimerization is necessary for CCR5 to function. <
2005 BI031
THE EFFECTS OF SQUALENE AND PRAVACHOL ON TOTAL CHOLESTEROL LEVELS IN MUS MUSCULUS
Zachary James VanWinkle
East Noble Highschool, Kendallville, IN
The medication of choice for lowering cholesterol is a statin. Statins work by limiting the liver’s ability to produce CoQ10. CoQ10 is the start of biosynthesis of cholesterol. Squalene is produced n
biosynthesis of cholesterol. (When Squalene is introduced into a body a negative feedback cycle results, reducing cholesterol amounts.) The experiment was preformed on 20 Swiss We
were divided into 4 groups. The group’s diets were as follows: group one purified basal diet with 60% energy from fat; group two high lipid diet and 17% Pravachol and water solution; the third gro
Squalene; the fourth group Pravachol solution and Squalene mixture. At the end of the experiment the animals were put under anesthesia and blood was obtained via retro orbital bleeding. The bl
cholesterol levels in a RXL Chem analyzer. The control group had a mean cholesterol level was 222. The second group had a mean of 218 with a Pvalue of .848. The third group had a
fourth group had a mean of 198 with a Pvalue of .343. Although the results are not statistically significant, there is a trend that with further testing could reveal statistically sound results.
2006 BI031
ENHANCED PRODUCTION OF ARTEMISININ, AN ANTIMALARIAL/ANTICANCER COMPOUND, FROM ARTEMISIA ANNUA PLANT CULTURES
Yun Song
Herschel V. Jenkins High School, Savannah, Georgia, USA
Artemisinin, produced by the annual herb Artemisia annua, is especially effective against both cancer and malaria, but is unavailable globally and expensive compared to other treatments. Althou
been attempted, it has proven to be even more economically burdensome than natural extraction. The purpose of this research is to develop an economically feasible method of artemisinin extrac
allow for repeated extractions from the same batch of A. annua cultures, thus increasing production. The extraction method utilizes the process of destabilizing and restabilizing cell membranes u
cultures from A. annua leaf explants were obtained on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 2.5 uM 2,4dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Several cell membrane destabilization methods w
for 20 or 30 minutes and exposing calli to various concentrations (30.0 mM to 100.0 mM) of ammonium sulfate for 30 or 60 minutes. Since artemisinin is nonpolar, the cells were also immersed in
extraction. Exposing the cells to 60.0 mM ammonium sulfate for 60 minutes and 25% ethanol for 5 minutes produced the best combination of cell viability and artemisinin concentration results. T
60.0 mM ammonium sulfate is comparable to those obtained by destructive methods used in other researches. The extraction method used in this research also yielded high amounts of artemisit
antimalarial and anticancer properties.
2008 BI031
PHYLLOSTACHYS AUREA LEAVES EXTRACT AS NATURAL FUNGICIDE
Elsa Raquel DandridgeMulero
Jose Campeche, San Lorenzo, PUERTO RICO
Studies have demonstrated that many fungi are dangerous to human health and could cause death. Until now, the only way to eliminate fungus was using hazardous chemicals that affect health
hypothesis for this research was that it is possible to create a natural fungicide with Phyllostachys aurea leaves extract that eliminate and/or inhibit the growth of different lichens found on a ceme
mold that grows on a wet shirt. To test the effectiveness of this natural, chemical free fungicide, four tests were made. The lichens were put in test tubes with Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and were in
extract. The extract eliminated 100% of the reproduced lichens. A mixture of TSB and nails fungus was inoculated into a Potato Dextrose Agar Plate and 3 mL of the extract were added. The ext
fungus in the plate. To demonstrate that it eliminates the mold caused by humidity on clothes, the extract was applied to molds on a shirt. It eliminated 62% of the mold in the shirt in 5 minutes. T
vs. three chemical agents used as cleansers was compared on a lichen affected roof. The extract satisfactory eliminated the lichen as the other three cleaners did. These results led to conclude
works as a natural fungicide and is as effective as chemical cleaners.
2009 BI031
THE EFFECTS OF THE TRANSFORMATION PROCESS ON THE ETHANOL PRODUCTION OF ENTERIC BACTERIA
Kallie Ann Kappes
Elko High School, Elko, NV
This experiment was conducted to determine if the effects of the transformation process will affect the amount of ethyl alcohol produced. The transformation process increased ethanol production
affect Serratia liquefaciens positively or negatively. The initial reason for the project was to see if there was an easier way to produce ethanol. The easier and cost efficient way to produc
planet and consumers. The bacterium Enterobacter aerogenes (E. aerogenes) was used in this experiment and is alcohol fermenting bacterium found in the human gastrointestinal tract.
(E.coli). E. coli can be transformed and it accepts the gene being transferred into it and displays the new characteristics of the gene. The reason that this project didn’t use E. coli was because E
aerogenes. Serratia liquefaciens is also similar and ferments alcohol. I predicted that the affect of the transformation process would increase the amount of ethanol produced. After perfo
E. aerogenes tested positive for the presence of ethanol as where the control untransformed didn’t. There wasn’t enough in either sample to distill into a measurable amount, but the positive resul
Serraita liquefaciens didn’t test negative as there was a slight positive outcome, but it was completely positive. There was only a miniscule amount of ethanol detected, compared to Enterobacter
amount observed.
2014 BI031
THE EFFECT OF SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON CHEMILUMINESCENCE
Kassie Jean Henry
Southeastern High School, Augusta, IL, United States of America
Purpose: Luminol testing is used by forensic scientists as a presumptive blood test at crime scenes. Because Luminol can detect the presence of blood that has been diluted 10 million times, it i
investigation was to determine how surface temperature affects the reaction rate, as well as the ability of Luminol to detect the presence of hemoglobin. Procedure: Wood test samples w
hemoglobin source, and sprayed with Luminol solution at surface temperatures of 50° C, 20° C, 10° C, and 0° C; reaction rates were timed and recorded, and a (–) was used to document negative
were also tested at these temperatures. Since all treated samples tested positive, the temperature was increased by 10° C until treated samples tested negative. All treated samples tested negat
decreased by 1° C to determine a more exact point at which the hemoglobin molecules were destroyed. Conclusion: After analyzing the results of 15 trials, it was concluded that surface
rate; an inverse relationship exists between surface temperature and the reaction rate of the Luminol test. Treated samples with surface temperatures of 50° C, 20° C, 10° C, and 0° C all tested p
negative. Standard deviations in these data sets ranged from 0.012 to 0.101. It was determined that temperatures of 107° C and higher can destroy the hemoglobin molecules, producing negative
research could include blood evidence on a metal building in a hot climate or blood evidence concealed by arson.
2013 BI031
INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENT PRETREATMENTS FOR BIOETHANOL FROM GRASS CLIPPINGS
Bovey Yang Rao
Hillcrest High School, Midvale, UT
Fossil fuel prices have increased significantly due to current energy demands. Therefore, it is crucial to identify and pursue alternative forms of energy. Pretreatments in ethanol production serve
of the fermentation process. This project investigated different pretreatment methods on Kentucky bluegrass clippings and their effect on ethanol yield. Sugar content which predicts the level of e
the dilute acid method. Two main forms of sugar compounds: glucose and fructose were quantified by using HPLC. Furthermore, other pretreatments applied to the grass clippings were hydrogen
sonication, and the combination of H2O2 and sonication. After each type of pretreatment was applied, the grass was dried and fermented with K1V1116 yeast (S. Cerevisiae) in an YPG nutrient
yield was analyzed by a Headspace GC/MS. Different H2O2 concentrations (0.5 – 2.5 ml in 50 mL water) and photolysis durations (0.58 hours) were tested as well as sonication durations (0.258
pretreatment had the best results with 9.6% ethanol yield when 2.5 ml of H2O2 was applied with 8 hours of photolysis, while sonication for 1 hour yielded the best results for the method at 7.6% e
H2O2 and sonication of 15 minutes has achieved an even higher conversion of 11.2% ethanol yield. The results indicate that H2O2 and sonication are efficient forms of pretreatment on grass clip
2010 BI031
THANK YOU FOR NOT SMOKING
Brooklynn Fayth Carney
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if nicotine affects the developmental rate of chick embryos. First the eggs will be randomly assigned to three different groups. Then the eggs will be
fifth day, Howard’s Ringer Solution will be put into one of the groups; .1 ml of nicotine and ringers solution with 25µl of nicotine in it will be put into a different group; and .1ml of nicotine and ringers
put into another group. The ringers and nicotine solutions will be put into the eggs by first candling the egg to find the embryo. Then cleaning the area where the ringers or nicotine solution will be
poked in the egg with a sterile probe. After that, the ringers or nicotine will be put in the egg, and then the hole will be taped over. The eggs will then be incubated again at 37 ͦ
C for eight days. Afte
the data, recorded. The conclusion of this experiment is that the nicotine did affect the developmental rate of the chick embryos.
2011 BI031
REGULATION OF NITRIC OXIDE EXPRESSION AS A FORM OF NEUROTRANSMITTER PLASTICITY
Vaishnavi Lakshminarasimha Rao
Neurotransmitter respecification is a recently discovered form of neuronal plasticity with enormous applications to neurodegenerative disorders including stroke, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disea
classical neurotransmitters is well understood, plasticity of nitric oxide (NO), a gaseous neurotransmitter that regulates various physiological functions, is yet to be established. Therefore my obje
expression could be respecified when electrical activity was altered through overexpression of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ion channels. I hypothesized that overexpression of K+ channel
overexpression of Na+ channels would display opposite effects. Larvae of the vertebrate Xenopus Laevis were used for experimentation and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), the enzyme that catalyz
marker of NO expression. Expression of serotonin via tryptophan hydroxylase was used as reference for validation of NO results. Fixed larvae tissues expressing Kir and Nav were obtained.
immunostained them with fluorescently tagged antiNOS antibody and imaged using confocal microscope. In brains obtained from K+ channel overexpressing larvae, I observed that NOS expres
control. Brains with enhanced Na+ channels exhibited upregulation of NOS. Interestingly, under decreased electrical activity, TPH and NOS were coexpressed, suggesting phenotype respecificat
the first to suggest that electrical activity can modulate and thus induce plasticity of nitric oxide. Applications include novel therapies targeting NO abnormality in neurodegenerative disorders.
Third Award of $500 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2004 BI031
DIRECTED EVOLUTION OF HYDROCARBON UTILIZING BACTERIA
Vladislav Igorevich Lavrovsky
Queen Elizabeth, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Directed evolution was carried out on an alkB gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A P.putida plasmid was transformed into a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain of bacteria after screening of 29 kn
alkanes isolated it as the most effective. After making a library of mutant alkB gene's by error prone PCR, the products were purified using QIAquick DNA Purification Kit and then cloned into E.C
Invitrogen. The TOPO and pUC 28T vectors were digested with EcoRI and HindIII and the ~1400bp fragment from TOPO was gelpurified and ligated into the pUC vector and transformed into P.p
reproducible platebased assay using zones of clearing was developed to screen for hydrocarbon degrading activity. Of the 29 strains selected, 12 had significant (>0.5cm/24h at 37C) activity on
using NCBI nucleotide data for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and BLAST of Alkane Monooxygenase, the first enzyme in the hydroxylation pathway. The upstream primer used was 5'GGCACC
downstream primer was 5'GTCTGAGAATTCTCCTCCC3'. With HindIII and EcoRI restrictionsites. Screening of the wild type and mutant strains was done on M9 medium, sprayed w
(0.2g/plate). Degradation was detected by the formation of zones of clearing. M9 media was used to limit the carbon source to the target substrate. Napthalene, catechol, C10C15 and C20 subst
Eicosane (C20) degrading activity was found to be in B.subtilis and P.putidaLQ16 bacteria.
Fellowship for summer research in the University of Oregon laboratories: one in chemistry, physics and biology. Fellowships include room and board on campus plus a stipend of $300/per week fo
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2011 BI031
2012 BI031
CORRECTION OF F508DELCFTR BY THE SMALL MOLECULE C18 AND ITS SYNERGY WITH OTHER CORRECTOR COMPOUNDS
Mu Xuan Zhang
Cystic fibrosis, the most common fatal genetic disease among Caucasians, is caused by the deletion of phenylalanine at position 508 (F508del) within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conducta
and trafficking defects conferred by F508del on CFTR can be partially overcome by certain small molecules, known as correctors. In this study, through assays of biosynthetic processing and fun
C18 was shown to be the most potent corrector of F508delCFTR observed to date in an academic laboratory. C18 was found to promote a more compact, degradationresistant fold in CFTR, ass
cysteine residues to modification. In silico studies also provided an atomicscale model of C18's mechanism of action, in which it acts as a molecular scaffold by binding at a crucial interdomain
cystic fibrosis academic literature, computational studies were used to suggest synergy between two small molecules, C18 and Compound C, an effect which was then observed biochemically. T
compounds alone and the combination treatment, taken with the in silico studies, implied a correction mechanism by which the initial binding of C18 allowed for the further rescue of F508delCFTR
a basis for the potency of C18, supporting future rational structurebased drug design. In addition, they identify potential target binding sites for CFTR modulators and suggest combinations of mo
treatment for cystic fibrosis disease.
2003 BI031
ISOLATION AND EXPRESSION OF AN EPINEPHRINESYNTHESIZING ENZYME (PNMT) FROM ENTAMOEBA PARASITES
David Alexander Gottesman, 38 Arbor Road, Roslyn Heights, NY 11577
Roslyn High School, Roslyn Heights, NY, USA
Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite known to cause infectious colitis and amoebic dysentery in humans. Its life cycle consists of two parts: the infectious cyst stage and the multiplyin
is released by the trophozoites during the process of cyst formation. An understanding of the molecular intricacies of epinephrineinduced encystation may allow for pharmacological manipulation
formation in vitro. Drugs that either prevent cyst formation or induce it before a large amoebic population is present would result in the release of fewer cyst forms of the parasite, reducing parasite
 Although trophozoites release epinephrine, it is not known if E. histolytica synthesizes epinephrine or extracts it from the growth medium. Phenylethanolamine Nmethyltransferase (PNM
production of epinephrine from norepinephrine. This study aims to determine the source of epinephrine by determining if E. histolytica contains a PNMTtype enzyme. PNMT amino acid
were compared to identify conserved regions of the enzyme. These conserved amino acid sequences were then used to search for similar sequences in a database containing the recently seque
was found in the E. histolytica database and cloned in bacteria. Yeast cells containing the cloned E. histolytica PNMT gene expressed PNMT enzyme activity. This suggests that E. histolytica p
most evolutionarily ancient eukaryote shown to do so. 
2004 BI031
DIRECTED EVOLUTION OF HYDROCARBON UTILIZING BACTERIA
Queen Elizabeth, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Directed evolution was carried out on an alkB gene from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A P.putida plasmid was transformed into a Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain of bacteria after screening of 29 kn
alkanes isolated it as the most effective. After making a library of mutant alkB gene's by error prone PCR, the products were purified using QIAquick DNA Purification Kit and then cloned into E.C
Invitrogen. The TOPO and pUC 28T vectors were digested with EcoRI and HindIII and the ~1400bp fragment from TOPO was gelpurified and ligated into the pUC vector and transformed into P.p
reproducible platebased assay using zones of clearing was developed to screen for hydrocarbon degrading activity. Of the 29 strains selected, 12 had significant (>0.5cm/24h at 37C) activity on
using NCBI nucleotide data for Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 and BLAST of Alkane Monooxygenase, the first enzyme in the hydroxylation pathway. The upstream primer used was 5'GGCACC
downstream primer was 5'GTCTGAGAATTCTCCTCCC3'. With HindIII and EcoRI restrictionsites. Screening of the wild type and mutant strains was done on M9 medium, sprayed w
(0.2g/plate). Degradation was detected by the formation of zones of clearing. M9 media was used to limit the carbon source to the target substrate. Napthalene, catechol, C10C15 and C20 subst
Eicosane (C20) degrading activity was found to be in B.subtilis and P.putidaLQ16 bacteria.
Honorable Mention Award Certificates for International students and students under the age of 16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2007 BI031
OZONATION AS A NOVEL CANCER THERAPEUTIC AGENT: RESULTS OF A PILOT STUDY ON AML14.3D10 (ACUTE MYELOID LEUKEMIA) CELL VIABILITY, IN VITRO
Elena Kurtz Ovaitt
West Platte High School, Weston, Missouri, United States
Scientists commonly acknowledge that human health thrives on the abundance of oxygen and dies on a deficiency of it. The use of ozone, an allotropic form of oxygen, is a nonconventional form
successfully in various medical treatments, including cancer treatments. Despite this, little is known about the immediate effects of ozone on cancer cell viability. In previous studies pe
Caco2 (colon cancer) cell proliferation. This current pilot study was designed to assess the immediate effects of ozonation on cell viability. The research evaluated the effects of ozonation on AM
viability, in vitro. In the study, varying amounts of ozone were applied to AML14.3D10 cells; ambient air was replaced with a continuous flow of medical grade ozone supplied to the cell suspensi
count was immediately evaluated using trypan blue exclusion. The data of the experiment indicates that ozone is cytotoxic to AML14.3D10 (acute myeloid leukemia) cells. At all time increments
14.3D10 cells, of which the cell number was lower than the initial cell number. The statistics applied to the data indicate ozone does have an immediate effect on cellular viability when a
suggestion, previously unexplored, may lead to insight on how ozone induces cell death. Overall, this preliminary study shows promise and should lead to further research of ozonation in complem
practices. 
2011 BI031
2014 BI032
PHTHALATES AND PHTHALATE ALTERNATIVES: EFFECTS ON PROLIFERATIVE AND ESTROGENIC TARGET GENES
Ranjani Sundar
Illinois Mathematics and Science Academy, Aurora, IL, United States of America
Phthalates are used as plasticizers in many consumer products found throughout the household. Little research has been conducted on the effects of these phthalates as potential endocrine disru
ingested, the mechanisms by which they affect the female reproductive system are largely unknown. The purpose of this study was to observe how two phthalates, dinbutyl phthalate and diison
alternatives, dioctyl terephthalate and butylated hydroxytoluene, tested in conjunction with and without estradiol, affect uterine cells (Ishikawa cells) in comparison to the control and 17βestradiol
polymerase chain reaction was used to observe changes in expression of target genes after cells were treated. The proliferation inducing target genes observed were Cmyc and Cyclin D1. The e
were Progesterone Receptor, Estrogen Receptor, WISP2, SDF1, and PS2. Significance was determined using ANOVA test followed by Tukey’s posthoc test. Results show that all chemical trea
inducing genes and also led to upregulation in the majority of estrogenmediated target genes. These results open up possibilities to classify the mechanisms of each of the phthalates and phthal
these chemicals can be classified as potential endocrine disruptors based on the upregulation of proliferationinducing and estrogen mediated genes. This supports the hypothesis that these chem
female reproductive system. The results are applicable to public health in that the use of phthalates and phthalate alternatives in manufacture of consumer products should be limited.
2013 BI032
DEVELOPMENT OF LIPOPHILIC INHIBITORS OF 1DEOXYDXYLULOSE5PHOSPHATE REDUCTOISOMERASE (DXR) FROM MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS (MTB)
Camille Merit Titzell
School Without Walls Senior High School, Washington, DC
Tuberculosis is a disease that affects every country in the world. Current treatment options leave much to be desired due to decreased efficacy, reliability, and affordability. Drug resistance tuberc
options. One avenue of research is looking at inhibiting the enzyme 1deoxydxylulose 5phosphate reductoisomerase (Dxr) which is involved in the isoprenoid biosynthesis pathway. The known
FR90098, are too polar to penetrate the cell wall and, thus, are rendered ineffective as treatment. In this project, lipophilic analogs were synthesized, purified, analyzed, biologically tested for their
their stability. Six compounds were synthesized through a variety of reactions in efforts to, one, deprotect, and, two, create a carboxylic acid/carboxylate. Purifications were preformed through m
Flash purification system, and recrystallization. Using NMR and LCMS, the compounds were analyzed for confirmation of molecular structure and purity. Compounds were shipped to other facilitie
stability test was conducted to discover how well representative compounds withstood aqueous conditions over two weeks as measured by LCMS. Whole cell biological tests showed the compou
data showed improved values compared to the more polar, phosphonate analogs. The stability test showed the lipophilic compound was quicker to degrade. Because this compound represents a
degradation could be beneficial. Enzyme testing will be required to see if the compound is active against Tb for targeting Dxr.
2009 BI032
IMAGING MITOCHONDRIAL CALCIUM DYNAMICS IN INSULIN SECRETING CELLS
Terrence Louis George
Dysregulation of mitochondrial calcium has been implicated in many diseases. Our ability to monitor mitochondrial calcium in living cells is essential to our understanding of the role of mitochondr
of this experiment is to use a virus to transfect living cells with a novel mitochondriallytargeted biosensor and establish the root of spatial and temporal coupling of cellular calcium signals in panc
research cells were transfected with the biosensor 4mtD3cpv by means of a plasmid, in a separate trial cells were transfected by a virus. 4mtD3cpv was colocalized to the mitochondria using Ds
calcium signals were measured simultaneously in living cells using 4mtD3cpv and Fura2, respectively. CGP37157, glucose, tetraethylammonium and KCl were used to further assess coupling o
using an adenovirus, transfection efficiency was improved. This is the first report to use CGP37157 to implicate the mitochondrial sodium calcium exchanger as a major component in the format
oscillations in beta cells. As calcium is implicit in a vast array of cellular signaling pathways, including those that lead to the secretion of insulin, this research may serve to establish and explain
dysfunction and diabetes thereby providing a new avenue for treatment.
2008 BI032
OLIVE DERIVATIVES
Alamir Bashir Alamir Ghazi Shehab
Sidoon National School, Saida, South, LEBANON
Olive leaves used to be chewed in some villages to prevent dental caries, which is caused by the acid produced by bacteria present in the mouth. Combining the past with the future is the result
To prove that, science was our guide. We got the extract of the olive leaf to make the tests needed to insure how right that idea is. After we got the pure extract of the olive leaf, we went to the m
done. We made the antimicrobial test to see the antimicrobial effect of the olive leaf extract on the bacteria in the mouth that cause dental caries. Toxicology test was also performed to insure the
tests were done to make sure of that hypothesis, and to provide the best quality of that olive leaf extract. The final product was the gum containing olive leaf extract, which could actually prevent
2006 BI032
CREATION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES FOR UTA AND UTB
Katie I Reese
Fernley High School, Fernley NV, United States
This research projects creates a monoclonal antibody (MoAb) for the purpose of detecting urea transporters in ruminant animals, mainly cattle. MoAb’s are created by fusing tumorous Sp2 cells w
fusion is done by a hybridoma procedure and results are tested using a spectrophotometer. The reason for detecting the presence of MoAb’s is to find out whether or not animals manage their ow
successful creation of MoAb’s specified for UTA/B that I could find record of. This research is the first step in further study of urea transporters. Understanding urea transporters will allow us to
with potential financial savings by reducing the need for those supplements. 
2007 BI032
THE EFFECTS OF METHYL GUANIDINEACETIC ACID ON THE GROWTH AND SIZE OF INVERTEBRATE ORGANISMS
Stephen T Hallet
F W Springstead High School, Spring Hill, Florida, US
The purpose of this experiment was to find out what the effects of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid are on invertebrate organisms. The researcher conducted his experiment by using Eudrillus Euge
amount of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid for the Eudrillus Eugenia differed from zero, two and four tablespoons of the Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid. The results showed that the growth of the Eud
the Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid. The factor that could have affected my experiment was that there could have been dirt or urine on the Eudrillus Eugenia. The researcher calcu
Eugenia. The Eudrillus Eugenia that used half gained about 3.1 milligrams per Eudrillus Eugenia. The Eudrillus Eugenia that used the full strength of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid grew 3.2 milligr
Eugenia not using Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid grew half of a milligram per Eudrillus Eugenia. The Drosophila Melanogaster that did not use the Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid grew abo
Melanogaster. The Drosophila Melanogaster died when they were given the dosages of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid. The researcher plans on conducting this experiment on the Droso
eighth of a tablespoon of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid on the Drosophila Melanogaster to determine if it is the amount being used or the substance being used that is killing the Drosophila Melan
recommends conducting this experiment on humans to determine the long term effects of Methyl GuanidineAcetic Acid. 
2003 BI032
A STATISTICAL COMPARISON OF THE ENZYME ACTIVITY OF BRAND NAME VERSUS GENERIC PANCREATIC ENZYME SUPPLEMENTS
Tiffany Marie Osburn
MOISD Math/Science/Technology Center, Big Rapids, MI, United States of America
The purpose of this research is to determine the differences, if any, of the protease, amylase, and lipase activities of brand name versus generic pancreatic enzyme supplements. The hypothesis
activity is related to brand name pancreatic enzyme supplements, then brand name pancreatic enzyme supplements will produce higher enzyme activity than generic enzyme supplements.
determine the protease, amylase, and lipase activity of each enzyme supplement in two different conditions: the normal conditions of the assay and in simulated gastric fluid conditions.
then compared to its generic equivalent to see which supplement had higher enzyme activity. Generally, the hypothesis was supported by the protease and amylase assays because in
supplement had higher enzyme activity than their generic equivalents, although not all of the differences were significant. The hypothesis was generally not supported in the lipase assay, as in al
condition assay, the generic supplement had higher lipase activity than its brand name supplement. 
2004 BI032
ANALYSIS OF THE PANCREATIC CANCERSPECIFIC 3C4AG USING A NOVEL DIRECTLY LABELED MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY 3C4 (FITCMAB3C4)
Ghulam Dastgir
Midwood High School, Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.
Pancreatic cancer (PaCa) is the fourth leading cause of all cancerrelated deaths in the United States. Monoclonal antibody 3C4 (mAb3C4)is specific for the 3C4 Antigen (3C4Ag) present exclusi
performed to assess the possibility of using mAb3C4 in diagnosis and therapeutic treatment of PaCa patients. MAb3C4 was purified and labeled with a fluorescent probe (FITC) for qualitative and
specificity of mAb3C4 binding to the 3C4Ag was demonstrated by epifluorescence microscopy and competition studies utilizing fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. The number of 3C4Ag
and human PaCa cells. Interestingly, the largest number of sites was present on human PaCa cells. The sensitivity of the 3C4Ag to proteolysis and its recovery was assessed in PaCa cells in a
protein synthesis inhibitor and FITCmAb3C4. It was observed that even a minute concentration of the inhibitor resulted in potent inhibition of the reexpression of the 3C4ag. These results streng
a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for PaCa patients in the future.
Third Award of $300 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2011 BI032
INHIBITION OF THE ATPASE ACTIVITY OF THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS NS3 PROTEIN BY HUMAN LACTOFERRIN
Sabrina Bouchard
Seminaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CANADA
The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million individuals worldwide. Moreover, the most common bitherapy prescribed involves many side effects, curing only 50% of patients. The objectiv
the human lactoferrin (HLf) antiHCV activity. HLf is a glycoprotein with a mechanism of action which still remains unresolved. Through experimentation, NonStructural 3 (NS3), a protein respons
was targeted. Over 50% inhibition of the NS3 ATPase in vitro activity was observed at 1 µM, with complete inhibition at 50 µM HLf. It was hypothesized that the mechanism of the HLf was to inh
interacting directly with the helicase and consequently altering its tertiary structure. A large number of kinetic and molecular assays were performed to support the initial hypothesis, excluding var
indirect inhibition by HLf: sequestration of ATP, chelation of Mg²+ and pH alteration. The NS3 ATPase activity was evaluated through a MichaelisMenten model and further mathematically transf
confirm the noncompetitive HLf mechanism of inhibition. This demonstrated that HLf binds to an allosteric site on NS3. Furthermore, the effects of HLf were assessed using cellbased assays, w
decrease of 50% at 3 µM HLf over 48 hours. These innovative results demonstrate the mechanism by which HLf inhibits the replication of HCV, and shows promise for the development of a poten
First Award of $2,000 ADA Foundation
First Award of $1,500 CACO Pharmaceutical & BioScience Society
2005 BI032
RADIATION SHIELD: USING BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES TO PREVENT OR REPAIR DNA DAMAGE CAUSED BY RADIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Dr Michael M Krop Senior High School, Miami, Florida, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine the effect of biological molecules kinetin (N6Furfuryladenine) and lectin (from Phytolacca americana) on development and DNA protection and repair
UltravioletC and High Energy Photon Beam radiation (999 rads, in Xray form). It was hypothesized that DNA damage would be reduced in Drosophila treated with kinetin and lectin when compare
development of a wildtype strain of Drosophila in kinetin, lectin, or untreated media was monitored from egg to adult The wildtype strain of Drosophila melanogaster was also split into 12 groups
beams (xray), ultravioletC, 25ppmKinetin, 100ppmKinetin, 25ppmLectin, xray with 25ppmKinetin, UV/25ppmKinetin, xray/100ppmKinetin, UV/100ppmKinetin, xray/25ppmLectin, and UV/2
and after 14 days the adults were counted, and the maletofemale ratio, mutation rates and types were recorded. Triplicates were performed. The results repeatedly supported the hypoth
ray treated flies, and 25ppmKinetin and 25ppmLectin to UV treated flies, decreased each radiation trial’s mutation rate by about 11% (from 12% (photon beams) or 13% (UVC) to approximately
maletofemale ratios to the healthy 1:1. The viability was also normal in comparison to the control, indicating natural survival rates. The data suggests that 25ppm kinetin and 25ppm lectin are ca
irradiated Drosophila melanogaster when administered to their media. In conclusion, 25ppm kinetin and lectin served as effective treatments against radiation damage as observed through maleto
viability when compared to a control. 
2011 BI032
INHIBITION OF THE ATPASE ACTIVITY OF THE HEPATITIS C VIRUS NS3 PROTEIN BY HUMAN LACTOFERRIN
Sabrina Bouchard
Seminaire de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, CANADA
The Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects over 170 million individuals worldwide. Moreover, the most common bitherapy prescribed involves many side effects, curing only 50% of patients. The objectiv
the human lactoferrin (HLf) antiHCV activity. HLf is a glycoprotein with a mechanism of action which still remains unresolved. Through experimentation, NonStructural 3 (NS3), a protein respons
was targeted. Over 50% inhibition of the NS3 ATPase in vitro activity was observed at 1 µM, with complete inhibition at 50 µM HLf. It was hypothesized that the mechanism of the HLf was to inh
interacting directly with the helicase and consequently altering its tertiary structure. A large number of kinetic and molecular assays were performed to support the initial hypothesis, excluding var
indirect inhibition by HLf: sequestration of ATP, chelation of Mg²+ and pH alteration. The NS3 ATPase activity was evaluated through a MichaelisMenten model and further mathematically transf
confirm the noncompetitive HLf mechanism of inhibition. This demonstrated that HLf binds to an allosteric site on NS3. Furthermore, the effects of HLf were assessed using cellbased assays, w
decrease of 50% at 3 µM HLf over 48 hours. These innovative results demonstrate the mechanism by which HLf inhibits the replication of HCV, and shows promise for the development of a poten
2010 BI032
HEAT STRESS REVEALS HEXOSE TRANSPORT RATES IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Stanley Palasek
Sonoran Science Academy, Tucson, AZ
The overall rate of hexose metabolism may be highly dependent on the rate at which a hexose is transported across the plasma membrane. A correlation between these processes would suggest
aspects of a carbohydrate that maximize the rate of metabolism. This knowledge would make it possible to compile these optimal properties into a synthetic molecule. This molecule could be gen
crops for both general nutrition and treatment of metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity. In this study, heat stress was utilized to disrupt plasma membrane integrity in Saccharomyces
metabolism that took place was represented by the amount of carbon dioxide in the system, measured by means of infrared absorption. Algebraic characterization and manipulation of the amount
stressed cells and high and low activity hexoses yielded the metabolic activity due to increased transport rate for hexoses of various metabolic activities. The result, strongly suggesting a strong
two cellular processes, was confirmed using graphical and statistical analysis.
2012 BI032
UNDERSTANDING THE PATHOGENESIS OF ACIDRESISTANT E. COLI: COMPUTATIONAL MODELING OF PHDEPENDENT CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES IN GADB
Hannah Schaefer Kenagy
Half Hollow Hills High School East, Dix Hills, NY
The source of toxic acidresistant E. coli in our food system has been attributed to the concentrated animal feeding operations of today's industrial agriculture system where cattle are fed a diet o
potent of the known mechanisms of acidresistance in E. coli. GadB, a protein that initiates the function of the Gad system, undergoes a conformational change into its active state when the intra
crystal structure of GadB has been solved at two pH values, little is known about the mechanism of its conformational change. This project aimed to determine the influence of altered residue pro
Using the crystal structures determined at low and neutral pH values as starting structures, four molecular dynamics simulations were run, each with a different combination of starting structure a
energy analysis indicated positional stability during the trajectory. Numerous root mean square deviation calculations were run to compare the various structures. Although the altered protonation
changes, the GadB protein did not exhibit a complete conformational change from the neutralpH structure to the lowpH structure, or viceversa. It is likely that some of the simulations reached a
factor, in addition to the altered protonation states, plays a role in the conformational change. This knowledge, along with further knowledge of the pHdriven conformational change in GadB, could
molecule that stabilizes the neutralpH conformation. This would block the effectiveness of the Gad system and thereby combat E. coli acidresistance.
2005 BI032
RADIATION SHIELD: USING BIOLOGICAL MOLECULES TO PREVENT OR REPAIR DNA DAMAGE CAUSED BY RADIATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Dr Michael M Krop Senior High School, Miami, Florida, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine the effect of biological molecules kinetin (N6Furfuryladenine) and lectin (from Phytolacca americana) on development and DNA protection and repair
UltravioletC and High Energy Photon Beam radiation (999 rads, in Xray form). It was hypothesized that DNA damage would be reduced in Drosophila treated with kinetin and lectin when compare
development of a wildtype strain of Drosophila in kinetin, lectin, or untreated media was monitored from egg to adult The wildtype strain of Drosophila melanogaster was also split into 12 groups
beams (xray), ultravioletC, 25ppmKinetin, 100ppmKinetin, 25ppmLectin, xray with 25ppmKinetin, UV/25ppmKinetin, xray/100ppmKinetin, UV/100ppmKinetin, xray/25ppmLectin, and UV/2
and after 14 days the adults were counted, and the maletofemale ratio, mutation rates and types were recorded. Triplicates were performed. The results repeatedly supported the hypoth
ray treated flies, and 25ppmKinetin and 25ppmLectin to UV treated flies, decreased each radiation trial’s mutation rate by about 11% (from 12% (photon beams) or 13% (UVC) to approximately
maletofemale ratios to the healthy 1:1. The viability was also normal in comparison to the control, indicating natural survival rates. The data suggests that 25ppm kinetin and 25ppm lectin are ca
irradiated Drosophila melanogaster when administered to their media. In conclusion, 25ppm kinetin and lectin served as effective treatments against radiation damage as observed through maleto
viability when compared to a control. 
2003 BI033
ANALYSIS ON THE SPECIFICITY OF RNA INTERFERENCE
Vaibhav Amin
William L. Dickinson High School, Jersey City, NJ, USA
This research attempts to determine the effect of RNA Interference (RNAi: suppression of specific genes) on a particular connexin and its effect on other connexins. The cell line that was used fo
cells. Connexin 43 (target gene) is the most abundant protein found in the connexon channels connecting the Sertoli cells and germ cells. The other connexins that were examined are connexin 3
synthesis dsRNA must be transfected in a cell colony. Ambion kit was used to produce a dsRNA that was specific to a particular gene. Consequently, the dsRNA was transfected into four plates
no transfection – control, no RNA transfection –control). After the RNA was extracted from the transfected cells, RTPCR was performed on it. The resulting sample was amplified on an Agarose
production of the connexin 43 in the experimental group when compared to the negative control group. While the production of connexin 43 was silenced, the production of the other connexins wa
Interference is specific and will not induce any unwanted response on the host cell. This posttranscriptional gene silencing method can be used to map the human genome at a time efficient rate.
that are caused by "renegade" genes such as cancer, malaria and various other liver diseases.
2004 BI033
CHARACTERIZING THE PRION PROPERTIES OF A TRANSLATIONAL REGULATOR EXPRESSED IN BRAIN
Yin Li
Stuyvesant High School, New York, New York, United States of America
Neurons in the central nervous system exchange information with each other via synapses. Local synthesis of proteins at specific synapses is crucial for sustained enhancement of synaptic effic
and memory. This local protein synthesis is mediated by cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding proteins (CPEBs), translational regulators, which are activated by kinases. Phosphorylation
yet ongoing protein synthesis is needed to maintain synaptic enhancement. A distinct mechanism must be involved in this maintenance of local protein synthesis. A possible clue to such mecha
class of yeast proteins that can undergo heritable and contagious conformational changes that are selfsustaining—the yeast prions. Here it is shown, by using several assays developed to chara
mouse CPEB3 has prionlike properties in yeast and in mammalian cells, including an aminoterminus enriched in glutamine and asparagine, the tendency to form aggregates, the ability to exist
capacity for its Nterminal region to impart prionlike characteristics onto a protein fused to the Nterminal region, but which is otherwise normal. The first evidence that mCPEB3 is capable of reg
CPEB is also provided. Altogether, these data indicate the exciting possibility of a novel prionbased mechanism for maintaining ongoing CPEB activity and establishing longterm memory storag
2006 BI033
PREPARATION OF "FRUIT JUICE CALCIUMS" OF HIGH WATER SOLUBILITY FROM EGGSHELLS
Li Li
Henan Experimental High School, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, China
Eggshells are green natural resources of calcium for human being. Acidic fruit juices have the ability to combine with calcium. Fruit juices also contain some components that can promote the ab
eggshells into powder of which the calcium content is about 97%. Then we react the eggshell powder with acidic fruit juices and acquire "fruit juice calciums" such as "lemon juice calcium", "oran
calcium". These products have high water solubility, high calcium content and no alkaline irritability. In the meantime, essential elements in eggshells such as magnesium and iron and beneficial
acids, vitamin C, fructose and amino acids are mostly preserved in these products. In this way, the wasted eggshells are changed into valuables, and a new value added method is found
eggshells and fruits are very abundant in China. The materials and techniques we adopt are natural and green, so the final products shall not be chemically polluted, and environmental pollutions
have the advantage of low cost. 
2008 BI033
THE ROLE OF RETINOID RECEPTORS IN SUPPRESSING MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE (MAPK) SIGNALING IN SKIN CANCER
Insun Chong
Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most prevalent form of cancer in the U.S. with more than 1,200,000 cases of the two major forms, basal cell and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), expected ann
limited success for treating SCC due to hypervitaminosis A. A better understanding of the action of retinoids is necessary to more effectively use them for cancer treatment and prevention. Alltra
formation in a mouse skin chemical carcinogenesis model. ATRA suppresses the Raf/Mek/Erk cellular signaling pathway in this model by blocking phosphorylation (activation) of these proteins b
cultured F9 embryonal carcinoma cells were used that are knocked out for the expression of retinoid receptor proteins (F9KO) to determine whether the receptors are necessary for ATRA suppres
Immunohistochemistry of mouse skin sections with antibodies for Raf, Mek, and Erk revealed that the activities of these kinases increased with TPA and decreased when cotreated with ATRA. W
to phosphorylated BRaf (pBRaf), BRaf, pMek1/2, Mek1/2, pErk1/2, and Erk1/2 revealed that BRaf and Erk1/2 regulation is receptor dependent but Mek1/2 regulation is receptor independent. T
effectively and efficiently use retinoids or to design ligandbased drugs that do not induce harmful side effects for use in cancer treatment and prevention.
2009 BI033
THE SEARCH FOR VITAMIN B12: IDENTIFYING EFFECTIVE BACTERIAL INOCULATORS FOR FERMENTED VEGETABLES
Larissa NganTrang Nguyen Pham
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient, containing cobalt, that is only produced by microorganisms (bacteria). Humans do not synthesize this vitamin and must obtain it from outside sources; as vita
products, vegans, vegetarians and people in developing countries run the risk of vitamin B12 deficiency. Previous research by has shown that fermenting vegetables with bacterial inoculants lead
B12; more so if protein is added to the mix. Containers of cabbage were inoculated with either Lactobacillus plantarum, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, or a combination of the two, and along with co
fermented for four weeks. Protein was also added to select containers of cabbage for additional comparison. Cobalt was measured using ICPMS and vitamin B12 was measured in selected sam
Raw cabbage contained ten times the amount of Co present in the fermented samples, yet B12 was only found in samples previously inoculated with Lactobacillus; this indicates that Lactobacillu
B12. However, further research is necessary to verify this conclusion.
2013 BI033
FOUR CARDIAC HORMONES ARE NOVEL POTENT INHIBITORS OF THE CANONICAL WNT/BETACATENIN SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY IN HUMAN PANCREATIC, COLORECT
Michelle Nadine Skelton
C. Leon King Senior High School, Tampa, FL
The purpose of the experiment is to determine if and at what concentrations four endogenous cardiac peptide hormones, namely Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP), vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide,
(LANP), can inhibit the canonical Wnt/Betacatenin signal transduction pathway, which is activated in cancer cells. This will be determined by testing human pancreatic carcinoma cells, human co
human renal adenocarcinoma cells. My hypothesis is that the four cardiac hormones will inhibit both Wnt as well as Betacatenin levels in the cancer cells when treated with the cardiac hormones
 After subculturing the cancer cells for 24 hours, approximately 5,000 cells of each line in 50 L of their respective media were seeded in 96well plates with 50 micro Liters of me
Molar, 100 nM, 10 nM, 1 nM, and 100 pM concentrations of each of the four cardiac hormones. The results were measured using an ELISA (Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay) read at a 540 n
 The data showed that vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, ANP, and LANP were shown to inhibit the levels of betacatenin by 4683% in human colorectal cancer cells, 4488% in
3273% in human renal cancer cells. In addition, vessel dilator, kaliuretic peptide, ANP, and LANP were shown to inhibit the levels of Wnt3a by 4953% in human colorectal cancer cells, 6268%
cells, and 3844% in human renal cancer cells. In conclusion, the four cardiac hormones have been demonstrated to significantly inhibit multiple steps of the canonical Wnt/be
suggesting that they have anticancer mechanisms of action.
2014 BI033
CROSS KINGDOM RESIDUE COMPARISON: A NEW METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING AND SEPARATING TAXONOMIC GROUPS
Nicholas Christian Sass
Canisius High School, Buffalo, NY, NY, United States of America
Abstract A new method of identifying relationships between taxonomic groups by comparing amino acid residues across wellconserved proteins has been discovered, and has potential applicati
blooms. This method, called CrossKingdom Residue Comparison, has been applied to the ribosomal protein S15 and resulted in findings supported by major, independent studies. CrossKingdom
applications both in clarifying taxonomic separation and in future drug research, especially in water purification and antibiotic research.
2010 BI033
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICE FIBROBLAST CELL ADHESION TO OSTEOPONTIN
Olive W. Tang
Osteopontin(OPN) has been implicated in several biological processes including wound healing and tissue remodeling. Many cellular interactions with osteopontin are via integrins. Previous studie
in OPN are critical for integrinbinding, namely the RGD and SVVYGLR domains. The latter is exposed with thrombin cleavage. Both cleaved and uncleaved forms exist in vivo. The purp
adhesion of integrins to OPN by examining phosphorylation and binding sites. Calceinlabeled murine fibroblasts were used in adhesion assays. The first objective was to determine if hig
binding capability for fibroblasts (via integrins), as compared to less phosphorylated forms. Varying degrees of OPN phosphorylation exist in vivo and possibly reflect a mode of regulation.
be a downregulator of OPN. Results indicate significantly less fibroblast adhesion to highlyphosphorylated milk OPN as compared to less phosphorylated forms, which suggest that phosphoryla
OPN integrin interaction. The second objective was to examine whether the RGD or SVVYGLR domain is the preferred binding site. To study this, peptides were added to compete for fib
both sites would be equally used. The RGD peptide, but not the SVVYGLR peptide, significantly decreased fibroblast adhesion to both cleaved and uncleaved OPN. In summary, signific
integrinbinding, and the RGD domain is the preferred site for integrinbinding. These results, which carry therapeutic implications, are important in better understanding biological functions of OPN
2011 BI033
THE EFFECT OF THE APIS MELLIFERA’S HONEY ON THE LEAVES OF THE WEED BRACHIARIA PURPURASCENS
Caroline Lopez
This investigation was created to find a natural way to control weed. The hypothesis was that Apis mellifera’s honey is an effective solution to weed control. There were three plants of the weed B
sprayed with water. Plant #2 was sprayed with a solution of 30 mL of Apis mellifera’s honey and 30 mL of water. Plant #3 was sprayed with a solution of 15 mL of concentrated herbicide and 450
area. Changes on plants were observed and recorded for seven days. Weed plant # 1 sprayed with water, continued growing during the seven days of investigation. Weed plant #2, treated with th
began to die on the third day of treatment and died completely by the seventh day. Weed plant # 3, sprayed with a solution of concentrated herbicide and water, began to die on the third day of tre
application it still had three dry leaves left. Weed plant #2 sprayed with the solution of bee’s honey and water was completely dead by the seventh day. After the data analysis, it was evidenced t
natural herbicide. It was also evidenced that Apis mellifera’s honey is more effective than the concentrated herbicide. In conclusion, the Apis mellifera’s honey is an effective herbicide on the wee
hypothesis was accepted.
2012 BI033
BISPHENOL A AND C. ELEGANS: ACCUMULATION AND LARVAL RECOVERY
Kathryn Marie Merkling
East Noble High School, Kendallville, IN
The objective is to see what concentration of Bisphenol A (BPA) is absorbed by C. elegans, and if larval counts will return to normal when BPA is removed from the environment. It was hypothes
BPA then it will be present in them, and if BPA exposure is eliminated then the C. elegans larval counts will return to normal. Nematode Growth Agar and BPA dosages of 1000 ppm, 500 ppm, 10
ppb were created. 1 mm by 1 mm agar squares from stock culture were transferred to 1st Generation plates and cultured for 5 days to allow C.elegans to mature. On day five, they were transferre
On day six, the 1st Generation plates were rinsed with distilled water and the rinse was stored to analyze with the GC/MS. For 4th through 6th Generation BPA free dishes where utilized and the p
number of C. elegans at each larval stage. The data showed BPA accumulates in concentrations levels ranging from 0.4 22.4 ppm per plate. It also showed when all dosages of BPA are remove
they will return to normal larval cycle counts through the course of a couple generations. So, it can be concluded that BPA could potentially get into human systems, but if exposure of BPA ceas
2007 BI033
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL DNA COMPUTER SYSTEM FOR ADVANCED GENETIC ANALYSIS
Adrian Veres
College JeandeBrebeuf, Montreal, Canada
Modification of genetic expression patterns causing cancerous tumors or increased resistance to antibiotic drugs in pathogens affect millions of people around the globe every year. Important imp
from the ability to analyze complex gene expression patterns in a time and cost efficient manner. The main objective of this project is to design and implement a novel DNA based reprogramma
elaborate gene expression profiles. The proof of concept is to be realized by creating a computer adapted to diagnose clinically important profiles related to both cancer and antibiotic resistance.<
divided into three intercommunicating modules (the input, the computation and the output) that combine DNA oligonucleotides and restriction enzymes to produce a useful diagnostic system. An
is used to compare the genetic expression levels of a target and a control gene and create a specific â€œvariableâ€
DNA strand representing the result. Molecular implementations of the basic lo
certain string of variables using the enzymatic cleavage of hairpin DNA loops. Lastly, a fluorescent signal is produced by a molecular beacon system. Microfluidic integration of the syst
enhance speed, reaction effectiveness and sensibility to create an efficient genetic expression analysis tool for the clinical setting. Both theoretical and experimental procedures aiming to demon
successfully completed and the main processes behind every module have been efficiently implemented.
Second Award of $500 IEEE Computer Society
2005 BI033
INHIBITORS MODULATE ECADHERIN NGLYCOSYLATION: STRUCTUREFUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR ANTIMETASTASIS
Xiaoyun Nong
Miami Palmetto Senior High, Pinecrest, Fl, U.S.A.
The cell adhesion protein Ecadherin is often downregulated in epithelial tumors. This effect is thought to play an important role in cancer invasion and metastasis. Recent studies have shown th
levels of Ecadherin Nglycosylation, whereas healthy cells display hypoglycosylated Ecadherin. The restoration of Ecadherin function, therefore, may be dependent on decreasing the level of E
 This study examined the effects of Ecadherin Nglycosylation inhibitors on cellcell adhesion and metastatic potential. A253 cell lines were incubated for 24 h with selected inhibitors and W
wortmannin and FTI277 lowered the amount of Ecadherin Nglycosylation. Cell aggregation assays indicated that FTI277 stimulated cell aggregation and induced strong cellcell contact in vitro.
the areal density of the cells after 24 h of incubation, showed that wortmannin treatment markedly reduced tumor cell growth and that FTI277 treatment moderately slowed tumor cell growth, com
These data demonstrate that inhibitors that lower the level of Nglycosylation can restore Ecadherinmediated adhesion, which is associated with suppression of cell metastasis. This novel appro
provides a new pathway for the characterization of therapeutic agents for antimetastatic treatments. 
2012 BI034
INHIBITION OF XANTHINE OXIDASE ACTIVITY BY XANTHINE ANALOGUE CAFFEINE
Alan Flores
Weslaco East High School, Weslaco, TX
The purpose of the project was to determine if xanthine oxidase, the enzyme that produces uric acid, could be inhibited by caffeine. Caffeine is an analogue of xanthine, which is the substrate of
oxidase reduces uric acid production and, in the human body, would reduce the amount and intensity of chronic gout attacks. Xanthine oxidase was isolated from bovine liver. An assay was perfo
measure the change in absorbance levels after xanthine oxidase enzyme was added to a mixture of potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.5 and xanthine. Absorbance levels increased with the additio
reaction occurred. To verify that the increase in absorbance was caused by reaction of the enzymesubstrate complex, absorbance levels of buffer solution, buffer solution with xanthine, and buff
compared. The absorbance levels were identical, proving that the enzyme was successfully isolated. Then absorbance levels were measured for a mixture of buffer, xanthine and caffeine. Xanthi
absorbance levels to increase half as much as in the assay, verifying that caffeine successfully inhibited xanthine oxidase.
2011 BI034
THE EXTRACT OF THE ANNONA MURICATA LEAVES (SOURSOP) CONTAINS POSSIBLE INHIBITORS OF CANCER CELLS GROWTH
Joshua Damian RuizPerez
Antonio Lucchetti Vocational High School, Arecibo, PUERTO RICO
The Annona muricata (soursop) stem and leaves has shown an active toxicity to cancer cells. This research is intended to find out the organic compounds in the leaf extract of Annona muricata (
cancer cells growth. It is for this reason that the postulated hypothesis indicates that Anonna muricata leaves extract contain organic compounds that are possible inhibitors of cancer cells growth
hypothesis were made and among them was the durability of the Annona muricata leaves to determine for how long the researcher can keep them before experimentation. Paper chromatography
done to study the pigmentation so that researcher can better recognize the peaks in the mass spectrometer. Thin layer chromatography of the Annona muricata leaves was also done to determin
compounds from the leaf were and to determine the solvent to be used for the extraction process. Masspec analysis was done to determine the specific compounds in the leaves extract that act
organic compounds that are possible inhibitors were found using the masspec analysis. A variety of peaks were observed and one of them, according to literature review, is annonacin which is a
This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted.
2010 BI034
PROSTATE CARCINOGENESIS AS ASSESSED BY THE COMET ASSAY AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY
Michelle Asha Khare
More than thirty thousand American men are affected by prostate cancer every year. Our knowledge of the prostate cancer tumorigenesis is limited. Ki67 is currently understood as a cell prolifer
continuation. In previous research, the comet assay was utilized to assess the percent of DNA left in the nucleus (“head”) after cells were exposed to an oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide; the s
Balanced Salts Solution served as controls. The results from this research showed a higher percent migration to the tail (DNA damage) in prostate tumorigenic cell lines as opposed to nontumorig
immunohistochemistry (performed by a pathologist) using the Ki67 antibody was performed on malignant and benign prostate tumor slides. A secondary part of this experiment (performed by the
the differences in the Comet Tail Assay results on nontumorigenic and tumorigenic cell lines and the differences in Ki67 expression between benign and malignant prostate glands. Ki67positive
prostate glands, showing 0% presence in all cases. However, Ki67 was expressed in all carcinogenic cases, appearing in 1%8% of the cells. Statistical analysis on this data and the quantified C
statistically significant (p<0.05). Statistical analyses from the comet assay results suggest that the DNA of the mutated cell line (tumorigenic) is more susceptible to oxidative damage from H2O2
this study. Furthermore, elevated Ki67 expression by prostate carcinoma suggests that damaged DNA might lead to an acceleration of cell replication and tumorigenesis.
2014 BI034
OMEGA3 FATTY ACIDS BENEFIT MICROGLIAL RESPONSES TO MYELIN PATHOLOGY
Songela Wenqian Chen
North Allegheny Senior High School, Wexford, PA, United States of America
Demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS), are devastating disabling neurological disorders most commonly affecting millions of young adults worldwide. Microglia represent rationa
targets for MS due to their dualfaced protective (phagocytosis, M2 phenotypic) and toxic (overproduction of inflammatory mediators, M1 phenotypic) effects on myelinating oligodendrocytes. This
omega3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3 PUFAs), specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), could benefit microglial responses to myelin pathology. A diseases
was established using primary microglial cultures treated with purified myelin and/or interferongamma (IFNgamma). Myelin phagocytosis and production of proinflammatory mediators, including
factor alpha (TNFalpha), were measured as parameters of microglial function. Multiple M1 and M2 molecular markers were measured using highthroughput PCR array, followed by verification us
PCR for specific genes. DHA and EPA dosedependently enhanced myelin phagocytosis and inhibited the release of NO and TNFalpha in response to myelin and IFNgamma stimulation. Furthe
polarization toward the beneficial M2 phenotype under physiological and pathological conditions. Thus, n3 PUFAs promote microglial responses favorable for remyelination at both functional and
diseasesimulating model. These results open new possibilities for safe and costeffective future therapies in demyelinating diseases, potentially benefiting millions of people worldwide.
2009 BI034
CANCER METASTASIS BY EXOSOMES: DO THEY HAVE A SPECIAL LIPID SIGNATURE?
SungHyun Kim
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, KY
Exosomes are vesicles excreted by cells and are believed to be intercellular messengers that may transfer different signals depending on their source. Exosomes are recently being considered a
spreads. A549 cells, exosomes from A549 cells, exosomes from patients with cancer, and exosomes from nonpatients who doesn’t have cancer were analyzed for phospholipid composition. It w
would display a unique lipid signature and a decrease in phosphatidylcholine would be observed. All the exosomes were analyzed by FTICMS via direct infusion by Nanospray. A drastic decreas
from nonpatient exosomes and A549 cells to A549 exosomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin was enriched in A549 exosomes compared to nonpatient exosomes. This was parti
which was enriched in spingomyelin but only minimally in phosphatidylethanolamine. The results demonstrate a special lipid signature for cancerous exosomes. This phenomenon can be used to
bodies, different from all the other cell membrane ‘dandruff’. The results also support the idea that cancerous exosomes contain lipid markers that makes them unique compared to exos
2008 BI034
A NOVEL ANTICANCER DRUG
Preeti Singhal
Cancer, which is the group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells, is the second leading cause of death after heart disease. After doing literature search, I
oncologists extensively use chemotherapeutic drugs such as Doxorubicin and Cisplatin, which have a lot of harmful side effects. My goal in this project was to find an inexpensive and effective t
have a significant effect on normal cells. Prior to the experiments, we grew several types of malignant cell lines such as lung, colon, prostate, pancreas, ovarian, and breast cancer, as w
as the control cells. We chose to work with RLIP, RalInteracting protein, which is known to be a stressresponsive, active drug transporter of chemotherapeutic drugs. We first measured the leve
Immunohisto chemistry, and then checked the cytotoxicity of the RLIP antibody by MTT Assay, DNA laddering, and TUNEL apoptosis assay. Our results show that the RLIP protein ex
malignant cells than in normal cells. Treatment with RLIP antibody caused RLIP depletion, which led to cell apoptosis in malignant cells. We found that RLIP is essential for cancer cells to functio
cell survival. Taken together, our results show that RLIP is a rational and promising target for cancer therapy that has a potential to affect the history of medicine and save the lives of multitudes.
2006 BI034
ASTHMATIC INHIBITION: CO LOCALIZATION AND INTERACTION OF BIOMOLECULES RGS13 AND CREB
Lecia Ashanna Moya Brown
Suncoast High School, Riviera Beach, Florida, USA
CyclicAMP Response Element Binding Protein (CREB) is a transcription factor regulating gene expression involved in cell proliferation, and survival. RGS13, a member of the Regulator of G Pro
transcriptional activity induced by activated forms of Gaq as well as Gasevoked cAMP formation. Subsequently, RGS13 inhibits CREBdependent transcription by acting on one or more targets
Therefore, the goal is to determine whether RGS13 is co localized with CREB in the nucleus to uncover the mechanism of RGS13mediated inhibition of CREBdependent gene transcription. Thes
localization of endogenous RGS13 and CREB using a human B lymphocyte cell line, Ramos, as a model system. GFPRGS13 localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of live 293T cells by fluor
with PKA, RGS13 was detected mainly in the nucleus, as determined by co localization with DAPI.By immunoblotting, endogenous RGS13 from Ramos cells was detected in the cytosolic fractio
present in the nuclear fraction only after stimulation of Bcell receptor (BCR) with antiIGM by Western Blot. Immunofluorescence revealed that in unstimulated cells endogenous RGS13 was pres
However, in contrast to Western Blot results, immunofluorescence revealed that RGS13 localized at the cell membrane after antiIGM stimulation. RGS13 localized in the cytosol in resting B cell
to translocate to both nuclear and membrane fractions. The molecular mechanism by which RGS13 shifts its cellular localization is unknown.
2003 BI034
RESISTING RESISTANCE: DETERMINATION OF SHIKIMATE ACID IN A SECOND GENERATION OF AMARANTHUS RUDIS
Erin Michelle Peterson
AdairCasey High School, Adair, Iowa 50002
Herbicide resistance is an ongoing problem in herbicide management. Each year with the repeated application of the same herbicides, weeds become more and more prone to resistance.
a major problem within agricultural economics. Will the amount of shikimate acid differ in the male and female plants of second generation, glyphosate treated Amaranthus rudis after suc
hypothesized that the male A. rudis will have less shikimate in its tissues than the female plants. Soybean fields treated with glyphosate were surveyed. Amaranthus rudis were removed
documented. The seeds were grown in a greenhouse. Consecutive applications of glyphosate were applied and survival and sex were recorded. A spectrophotometric shikimate assay was perform
shikimate acid in tissues indicates a possible resistance. It can be concluded that male Amaranthus rudis are the dominant sex in the first generation. There wasn’t a significant number
in the second generation, which is consistent with that of the control. There were more female plants surviving the herbicide applications in the second generation. Male A. rudis have les
applications of glyphosate. The Pvalue of this data was .0057. The hypothesis was supported. It has been determined that male A. rudis plants are more prone to resistance than femal
may lead to preventing resistance in other species. 
2013 BI034
KASTLEMEYER TEST: CRIME SCENE CLEANUP
Kassie Jean Henry
Southeastern High School, Augusta, IL
Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to determine if hemoglobin, detected by the KastleMeyer test, could be removed or masked using a variety of household cleaners. Interstitial beef
Meyer swab and spray tests were conducted to detect the presence of hemoglobin before and after application of cleaning products, as compared to the control with no cleaning application. <
and denim surfaces were divided into four testing areas and labeled for a control and three cleaners. Interstitial beef fluid was applied to areas. KastleMeyer swab tests were conducted on each a
Cleaning products were applied and each area was scrubbed, except the control. KastleMeyer swab tests were repeated on each area. KastleMeyer spray tests were repeated on areas producin
Twelve trials were conducted, averaged, and graphed. Conclusion: Overall the scientist’s hypothesis was correct. It was predicted that surfaces scrubbed with bleach cleaner w
results; this was proven to be true on carpet and denim. It was also hypothesized that KastleMeyer spray tests would produce positive results on all surfaces, including the negative swab tests a
in 143 out of 144 tests. It was determined that hemoglobin cannot be removed or masked.
2004 BI034
A COMPARATIVE ANATOMY OF THE EFFECT OF PERMETHRIN CONCENTRATIONS ON LUMBRICUS SP USING PHOTOMICROGRAPHY
Ryan Michael Wisnoski
Crescent City Jr/Sr High School, Crescent City, FL, United States of America
This project anatomically compared the nervous system of the Lumbricus treated with varying permethrin solutions; and, the relationship of permethrin, dopamine, and Parkinson's disease was in
concentrations were formulated. Lumbricus were divided into Control and treatment groups. They were either sprayed or injected using strong and weak solutions. Afterwards, Lumbricus were diss
chemical structural analysis was utilized to correlate permethrin, dopamine production, and Parkinson's disease. Observations and results showed permethrin concentrations significantly
system as verified by photomicrographs. It is likewise inferred, based on spasmodic reactions that permethrin has a direct effect on nerve ganglia, and subsequently, on dopamine production.<br
insecticide used in ferneries found to be effective in killing armyworms by ganglion disintegration. Vertebrate nervous systems produce dopamine. Since permethrin affected the simpler brain sys
may influence the nervous systems of higher vertebrates, particularly in dopamine production. Structural analysis indicted that permethrin attaches itself to reactive sites of dopamine. A decrease
degenerative disease Parkinson's and brains of people afflicted with Parkinson’s have little to no dopamine. The highest occurrences of Parkinson’s disease occur in agricultural areas. It can be i
toxic insecticides, such as permethrin. The shortterm exposure to these insecticides is not as harmful, but for those who live in areas exposed over extended periods of time, Parkinson's diseas
2007 BI034
ACTIVITY BASED PROTEOMIC PROFILING OF LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID TREATED CANCER CELLS
Aryeh Benjamin Hillman
Francis W. Parker School; San Diego, CA; USA
Ovarian cancer is a debilitating disease lacking effective treatments. A key feature of the disease is elevated levels of the mitogenic lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) found in the ascities fluid su
array of protumorgenic effects in cells and was recently described to stimulate the expression of a cancer associated protease, urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA). To discern whether L
activity I applied a novel proteomic technique, activitybased protein profiling (ABPP), that specifically monitors the amount of protein activity rather than abundance. I utilized ABPP to examine t
uPA activity in a human ovarian cancer cell line SKOV3. To achieve this, I first developed a new strategy for analysis of secreted proteins and then determined that treatment of SKOV3 cells w
active uPA. In addition to this finding, I also detected elevated uPA activity upon treatment of structurally distinct forms of LPA that vary in acyl chain length. This finding has not previously been
ABPP to identify changes in activity of low abundance proteins.
2005 BI034
WHAT TYPES OF BIOMASS HAVE THE GREATEST GLUCOSE YIELD THROUGH ENZYMATIC HYDROLYSIS?
Erin Marie Rosswurm
Columbus East High School, Columbus Indiana, USA
The United States faces an increased demand for energy and ever more stringent emission requirements. Ethanol is a renewable energy source that can be produced by converting cellulosic mat
examines the conversion efficiency of cellulose contained in biomass. My hypothesis was that the concentration of cellulose in different types of biomass would play the largest role in the amoun
glucose meter was calibrated and used to determine the glucose concentration during the experiments. The biomass samples were dried, ground, and added to a buffer solution. Trichoderma reas
saccrification. Results showed a glucose level of over 600 mg/dL from the microcystalline cellulose sample and lower amounts in the sawdust, corn stalks and corn leaves (mid 200mg/
attained a glucose level in the mid hundreds of mg/dL. Maple leaves started and ended with an abnormally high glucose level. With the exception of maple leaves, there was a natural logarithmic
biomass material. In conclusion, the percent yield of glucose was inversely related to the concentration of lignin in the sample. The rate of hydrolysis decreased through time due to the
inhibition. Further experimentation will be done with maple leaves to determine the apparent lack of a cellulosetoglucose reaction. Research will also be performed to determine the effects that e
hydrolysis reaction rates. 
2004 BI035
SYNTHESIS, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF LNA OLIGONUCLEOTIDES.
Lise Goltermann
Niels Steensens School, Copenhagen, Denmark
My project focuses on the chemical synthesis of LNA (Locked Nucleic Acid) oligonucleotides which are DNA analogs. I have synthesized two DNA oligonucleotides each containing LNA monome
ctg3’ Nucleotide 2: 5’AQt5gcT agT ATc ctg3’ The synthesis utilizes the knowledge of organic reaction types such as nucleophilic substitution. The general idea was to synth
which then should be purified and characterized with the intension of determining the purity and yield of this synthesis. The nucleotides were synthesized using a DNA synthesizer and s
the synthesizer or by hand either added to or removed from the nucleotide to achieve the desired product. Purification was achieved by using RPHPLC and anion exchange HPLC and manual co
sample served as a more accurate method to obtain high purity in preference to automatic collection. The difference between the retention times of the two nucleotides helped determine which nu
functional groups. Using Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionisation Mass Spectrometry and Optical Density measurements the molar mass of each nucleotide was determined. And by
measurement the purity of nucleotides could easily be calculated. Although the yield ranged from only 2%25% of the theoretical yield, the purity of the final products was as high as between 88%
measurements were carefully selected based on the evaluation of the solubility, polarity and volatility of the synthesized molecules. 
2005 BI035
MAGNETORECEPTION: THE ROLE OF MAGNETITE AND THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT.
Christopher Cody Notz
Tuscarawas Valley High School, Zoarville OH, United States
Magnetoreception is the ability of migratory animals to detect and use the earth’s magnetic field to migrate. Although the use of magnetoreception for directional information in migratory animals i
known by which biophysical mechanism magnetoreception is achieved. The purpose of this project involves investigation into the role of magnetite and the piezoelectric effect in magnetoreceptio
investigation is that magnetite, a ferromagnetic substance present in organisms, will react to the earth’s magnetic field. These particles on or near the cell membrane of the cell will apply pressure
the magnetic field. This pressure upon the phospholipids of the cell membrane sparks the piezoelectric effect, which is the ability of substances to create an electrical current when mechanical pr
is then sent to the brain telling the animal if it is going in the correct direction. The first step of the project was to show that the phospholipids of the cell membrane would allow the magn
when it was placed in a magnetic field. The second step was to test these phospholipids for any signs of piezoelectricity. The results showed that the magnetite demonstrated the ability
magnetic field. Also, pressure applied to the phospholipids did result in differences in electrical conductivity directly proportional to the pressure differences. The results of the experiments suppor
 
2006 BI035
EXAMINING THE EVOLUTION OF THE INFLUENZA VIRUS
Alfred M. Barbe High School, Lake Charles, LA, United States
The purpose of my study was to see if the human H1N1 flu could evolve into a potentially pandemic flu. To do this, I determined whether or not the virus sequence acquired differences over time,
differences over more distant regions. I compared the viruses of today with viruses that have caused or have the danger of causing pandemics, including the H5N1 avian flu. I also looked at struc
influenza that binds to the cell membrane and allows the virus to enter a cell. I conducted my experiments by using the virus databases made available to me from the Science Buddies
Biology Workbench, an online tool from the University of Illinois for sequence comparisons. Doing this, I created distance matrices on the relationships between different strains of influenza virus
with respect to time and distance. To make sure I didn't get any odd sequence, I used many sequences for each experiment. I used a program called Cn3d from the National Center for Biotechno
comparisons with the protein sequence. I saw that distance didn’t seem to have an effect on mutation, but I also saw that there was an upward trend when comparing time and mutations
the common flu and the flu pandemic of 1918, but observed a 50% difference between the common flu and the avian flu. It is known that the 1918 flu developed into our common flu, and this exp
Because of the large differences between the common flu and the avian flu, I conclude that it is not quite possible for the human flu to naturally mutate into a pandemic flu in the near future.
should exist in the creation of a pandemic virus. 
2007 BI035
USING MOLECULAR MARKERS TO FIND THE QTL OR GENE IN ASSOCIATION WITH RESISTANCE TO SOYBEAN APHIDS AND MATURITY GROUPS
Kelsey Rae Arthur
South Shore Public School, South Shore, SD, U.S.
In my experiment I characterized alleles for multiple SSR markers that could possibly have an association with aphid resistance or maturity groups. Creating an aphid resistant line of soybeans th
would eliminate the need to spray fields or introduce biological control factors in South Dakota. Crosses were made among four lines to produce two threeway crosses among three famil
up ready South Dakota lines, a plant introduction line, and the aphid resistance line Dowling. Plants from these crosses that showed antibiosis and nonpreference characteristics were selected fo
used aphid counts from this trial to determine if certain markers had an association with aphid resistance or maturity groups. PCR and electrophoresis were used to characterize markers
using different plant samples. This year, markers examined included Satt245, Satt540, Satt435, Satt463, Satt536, and Satt250. All are on chromosome M. It is already known that Satt4
flanking the aphid resistance gene Rag. Satt245 and Satt540 were chosen to be characterized because of their closeness to Rag and their allele sizes differed significantly among parents. Satt24
aphid resistance among all the families with p<.0001. Satt540 along with resistance from Satt245 showed the best aphid resistance among the first family with p<.001. Satt435 will be used in the
showed no significance for maturity groups. 
2009 BI035
UNDER THE INFLUENCE: HOW ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS AFFECT THE GROWTH OF NEURONS IN THE DEVELOPING BRAIN
Claire Louise Edgcumbe
Kitsilano High School, Vancouver, BC, CANADA
Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in children. However, there is debate whether antiepileptic drugs, like Valproate (VPA) interfere with brain development, since VPA has been f
decreased IQ in children whose mothers took VPA while pregnant and an increased suicidal risk among patients. The purpose of this project was to determine the affects of VPA on neuronal den
developing brains. Albino Xenopus laevis tadpoles were chosen as model organisms because their transparency allows in vivo study of individual neurons. Critical to this study, I have proven tha
Xenopus. Consistent with prior in vitro VPA studies, my initial results found a trend that VPA increases neuronal dendritic growth in vivo. Statistical significance was observed when the neurons w
that grew less then 5%, and 2) neurons that grew more then 20% during the control period. Group 1 increased growth by 30.8% during VPA treatment, whereas Group 2 decreased growth by 19.9
rapid growth of dynamic dendritic filopodia was analyzed by measuring changes at 5 min intervals over 1h. At each time point the filopodia of the neuron were counted and the percentage change
calculated. All three neurons tested showed significant growth during the control period and a dramatic reversal of growth during VPA treatment, yielding a statistically significant pvalue from the
2014 BI035
SYNTHESIZING PY NANOTUBES: TOWARD A PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER MODEL
Mitesh Dakshesh Bhalani
Gwinnett School of Mathematics, Science, and Technology, Lawrenceville, GA, United States of America
As more and more information is discovered about proteins, it becomes necessary to use an appropriate model for the phospholipid bilayer to study the function of intermembrane proteins. Nanot
nucleating core of the amyloid βprotein can create a phosphoprotein membrane similar in size and morphology to the phospholipid bilayer membrane with a more definable and predictable structu
were synthesized and assembled under conditions of 37º C, room temperature, and 4º C. The β sheet structure, a measure of the degree assembly, was measured over the course of a month us
images of the assembled nanotubes were taken with TEM. The images and the β sheet signal from the CD spectroscopy indicated that the assembly of the pY nanotubes at 37º C progressed mu
the assembly at 4º C, the temperature at which assembly was previously conducted. Moreover, additional tests indicated fluctuations in temperature play a minimal role degree in assembly of the
pY nanotubes can be biologically relevant as a model for the phospholipid bilayer.
2010 BI035
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PROTEINS IN DIFFERENT TYPES OF BEANS AND IN CHICKEN
Meghna P. Singh
Classen School of Advanced Studies, Oklahoma City, OK
This project was chosen because it is often said that since vegetarians do not eat meat, they do not receive an adequate amount of protein, yet others say vegetarians get plenty of protein from b
analyze and compare how the protein in chicken, kidney beans, black chick peas, garbanzo beans, and mung beans differ. Proteins are highly complex substances present in all living organisms
hypothesized that if chicken, kidney beans, black chick peas, garbanzo beans, and mung beans were tested for their amount of protein, then chicken meat would have the most protein because m
which is protein dense. Five grams of each sample were thoroughly cooked and homogenized in 12 ml of phosphate saline buffer. Each sample was then filtered and assayed with a Thermo Scie
spectrophotometer. Mung beans had the highest amount of protein (4.54 ± 0.36 mg/ml), followed by chicken (4.24 ± 0.23 mg/ml), kidney beans (3.07 ± 0.32 mg/ml), garbanzo beans (2.62 ± 0.15 m
mg/ml). In conclusion, the hypothesis was not supported by the data because mung beans (4.54 mg/ml) had approximately seven percent more protein than chicken (4.24 mg/ml).
2013 BI035
RATIONALLY DESIGNED BETACATENIN INHIBITORS AS ANTITUMOR AGENTS
Samuel Wye Pritt
Home School, Walkersville, MD
Betacatenin is a critical component of the Wnt signaling pathway, which plays a crucial role in embryonic development. In adults, the pathway activity is reduced in most tissues by a tightly cont
destruction complex composed of proteins axin, GSK3 and APC targets betacatenin for proteosomal degradation by phosphorylation. A mutation in any of these proteins can cause increased le
overexpression of Wntrelated genes and tumor development. Prior work has focused on targeting the betacatenin destruction complex using smallmolecule inhibitors, but with limited success a
project adopts a different approach, using rationally designed synthetic dominantnegative inhibitors of betacatenin. Inhibitors are structured as mimetics of the highly conserved helix C region of
fatty acids to increase cell permeability and facilitate correct folding. Structural optimization resulted in compounds that inhibit the growth of Wnt pathwaydependent cancer cells with IC50 in subm
microscopy imaging of lung cancer cells expressing GFPtagged betacatenin uncovered dramatic changes in protein localization and proteosomemediated degradation of betacatenin upon expo
thermophoresis experiments revealed that the inhibitors bind to betacatenin directly. The compounds represent a new class of Wnt pathway inhibitors that act by facilitating betacatenin degradat
for the treatment of many tumor types.
2008 BI035
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION USING PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS: A VIABLE SOLUTION FOR RENEWABLE, CLEAN ENERGY, PHASE II
Clarke Central High School, Athens, GA
Establishing a sustainable energy future is one of the most pressing tasks that mankind faces today. Enzymatic biohydrogen production presents a viable solution. Pyrococcus furiosus is a hype
highly stable and catalytically active hydrogen producing enzymes, called hydrogenases. This research has demonstrated that hydrogen can be efficiently produced using such enzymes. <br
efficient hydrogenase protein, Escherichia coli was chosen for expression due to the lack of a genetic system for the native organism. To address the need of the chaperone proteins for protein fo
completed using recombinantly expressed and purified proteins in addition to supplementary additives as well as the chaperone proteins. Via such means, a protein complex capable of producing
purified from both smallscale growths as well as largescale fermentations. Results were measured and quantified via gas chromatography analysis. In order to increase efficiency, trans
E. coli strains was conducted. A minimal media growth condition was found that enabled genetic selection for hydrogen production within E. coli. Using this growth condition in combination with fo
hydrogenase proteins and their associated chaperone proteins, it was possible to mutate E. coli to produce hydrogen natively. The increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrogen production could po
clean energy, as we know it today. As a result of this, dependency on foreign oil could be significantly reduced as well as green house gas emissions.
2003 BI035
MULTIPLE HUMAN UDPGLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASES CATALYZE THE DETOXIFICATION OF ACETAMINOPHEN: A FOURTH YEAR STUDY
Marissa Rachel Kessler
Mills E. Godwin High School, Richmond, VA, USA
Overdose with the analgesic drug acetaminophen (Tylenol ) is one of the leading causes of liver failure, resulting in 600 liver transplants and 100 deaths yearly in the United States. Recent bulleti
have lowered the recommended safe dosage for acetaminophen (APAP). UDPglucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), a Phase 2 drugmetabolizing enzyme found in the liver, are responsible for conve
compounds that the body can excrete easily, thereby preventing subsequent organ damage. To assess the contribution of individual UGT1A isoforms to the breakdown and elimination of APAP,
Embryonic Kidney (HEK) membrane fractions were treated with acetaminophen and sampled over a 72hour period. HPLC analysis of supernatants from HEK control reactions and UGT1A4 mem
formation even after 72 hours. In contrast, as early as 15 minutes after incubating APAP with UGT1A6HEK membrane fractions, glucuronide formation was detected. UGT1A1 (540 pmol), 1A6 (2
expressingHEK membrane fractions all resulted in APAPglucuronides with maximum formation occurring after 48 hours. Additionally, when the inactive isoform UGT1A4 was combined in a reac
(UGT1A6) glucuronide formation increased more than 2fold over UGT1A6 alone (5274 pmol vs. 2577 pmol). These data are the first evidence that UGT1A4/1A6 dimerization may occur and that e
dimer formation. In conclusion, this study reveals that multiply human liver UGT isoforms are responsible for detoxifying acetaminophen, which may result in new therapies being developed.
2011 BI035
PEPPER SPECIES OF CAPSICUM ANNUM AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL FOR HYPOTHENEMUS HAMPEI (COFFEE BROCA)
Veronica Burgos Villodas
Petra Mercado Bougart High School, Humacao, PUERTO RICO
There are many risks involved in the healthy production of crops. One of the most common risks are plagues. Coffee plantations can be destroyed by Hypothenemus hampei, also known as coffe
pesticides are expensive and harmful for the environment. Therefore, the creation of an organic pesticide would be helpful and friendly for both agriculture and the environment. The question is if i
pesticide that can be used as biological control for Hypothenemus hampei. The hypothesis for this investigation was that the extracts of different pepper species of Capsicum annum can be used
Hypothenemus hampei. Extracts from each of five different pepper species of Capsicum annum were prepared using a 1:1 solution of the solvents CH2Cl2 and CH3OH. One pepper was put in a c
solution was added to it. This substance was filtrated by gravity and then was placed in a rotavap machine. The Artemia salina Bioassay was done to detect the insecticidal activity of each extra
different insecticidal activity. The results were presented in LC50 (Lethal Concentration 50) graphics. The five extracts were added to some twenty Hypothenemus hampei larvae and adults togeth
pepper extract was the most effective one since it exterminated all Hypothenemus hampei larvae and adults. The hypothesis was accepted. Thin layer chromatography tests were done to each e
Third Award of $500 Medprin Biotech, LLC
2012 BI035
STABILIZING PHOSPHOTRIESTERASE USING PYROSETTA FOR NEUROTOXIN DEGRADATION
Michelle Zhang
Stuyvesant High School, New York City
Pesticides are poisonous chemicals that are annually released into the soil, the air, and the water upon use, becoming potential environmental and health hazards. Phosphotriesterase (PTE), an e
Pseudomonas diminuta, was discovered to hydrolyze the class of pesticides called organophosphates (OPs). Previous studies have yielded thermostabilized mutants with an increase in express
temporally stabilized mutant. Using PyRosetta, a python interface to the Rosetta protein modeling suite, we reengineered the homodimer interface of the enzyme using an expanded amino acid to
acids such as parafluorophenylalanine (pFF). The enzyme was systematically probed for destabilizing positions, yielding a set of mutant sequences. A key mutant (SBM) encoded additional hydr
and had a higher binding energy measured by Rosetta energy units when compared to that of the previously stabilized mutant. Designed to remain active for longer periods of time, the mutant has
when used for bioremediation in organophosphate devastated areas.
2008 BI035
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN PRODUCTION USING PYROCOCCUS FURIOSUS: A VIABLE SOLUTION FOR RENEWABLE, CLEAN ENERGY, PHASE II
Establishing a sustainable energy future is one of the most pressing tasks that mankind faces today. Enzymatic biohydrogen production presents a viable solution. Pyrococcus furiosus is a hype
highly stable and catalytically active hydrogen producing enzymes, called hydrogenases. This research has demonstrated that hydrogen can be efficiently produced using such enzymes. <br
efficient hydrogenase protein, Escherichia coli was chosen for expression due to the lack of a genetic system for the native organism. To address the need of the chaperone proteins for protein fo
completed using recombinantly expressed and purified proteins in addition to supplementary additives as well as the chaperone proteins. Via such means, a protein complex capable of producing
purified from both smallscale growths as well as largescale fermentations. Results were measured and quantified via gas chromatography analysis. In order to increase efficiency, trans
E. coli strains was conducted. A minimal media growth condition was found that enabled genetic selection for hydrogen production within E. coli. Using this growth condition in combination with fo
hydrogenase proteins and their associated chaperone proteins, it was possible to mutate E. coli to produce hydrogen natively. The increased efficiency of enzymatic hydrogen production could po
clean energy, as we know it today. As a result of this, dependency on foreign oil could be significantly reduced as well as green house gas emissions.
2014 BI036
COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION OF VACCINE POTENTIAL EPITOPES AND 3D STRUCTURE OF XAGE1B FOR NONSMALL CELL LUNG CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY
Mohamed Tarek Mansour
Salman EL Farisy High School, Cairo, Egypt
XAGE1b is highly and strongly expressed in lung adenocarcinoma and immunogenic in patients, regarded as one of the most immunogenic antigens. In this in silico study, I worked on predicting
KD Cancer /testis XAGE1b.Using computer tools and trusted databases, antigenicity prediction plots were generated showing most antigenic segments. I performed computational prediction for
XAGE1b(5765) to be an HLAA*11:01restricted nonamer as the highest binding score peptide and XAGE1b(30,38) as an HLAA*02:06restricted 9mer peptide which has the highest binding sc
suggested XAGE1b(3347) to be an HLADRB1*0405restricted 15mer peptide as the highest score and the lowest percentile rank peptide as well as XAGE1b(5468) peptide to be a DRB1*0410
peptides showed higher scores than experimentally identified peptides to the same alleles. Despite its importance in Cancer research, the 3D structure of this protein is not available and its confir
yet. I ran multiple sequence alignment to select most reliable modeling templates and homology modeling technique was performed using computerbased tool to generate 3D structure models. F
different validation tools were used showing a good quality model. The contributions of this study can be very useful for demonstrating the tertiary structure of XAGE1b which helps us to determi
peptides for epitope vaccine designing and development against NSCLC.
2010 BI036
ROLE OF TOXIC NACETYL ASPARTATE ON OLIGODENDROGLIAL CELL DEVELOPMENT IN CANAVAN DISEASE
Gazelle Meriam Zerafati
The Baldwin School, Bryn Mawr, PA
Canavan Disease (CD) is a childhood neurodegenerative disorder characterized by developmental regression, macrocephaly, and severe spastic paralysis. CD is caused by mutations in the gene
normally catalyses Nacetyl aspartate (NAA) in neurons. In CD, NAA accumulates in the brain and a degenerative process characterized by the loss of myelin ensues. Myelin is produced by oligo
presumed to evolve from the Neural Stem Cells through the intermediary Glial Progenitor Cells (GPC). We aimed to study the effects of elevated NAA levels, the major biochemical distu
GPC's into oligo's. We created an invitro model of CD by exposing rat GPC's to increasing concentrations of NAA (zero, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, and 5.0 mM) and monitored their ability to survive and diffe
staining was performed for antigens of interest representing oligo's, astrocytes, and neurons. We estimated the number of each cell type using a digital imaging software. The results were compile
ttest analysis. Although exposure to a high concentration of NAA was not toxic to glial cell viability, it significantly reduced GPC maturation into oligo's and increased their differentiation
toxic role of NAA in CD during oligo development. We conclude that high NAA causes oligo toxicity in CD, which in turn contributes to demyelination. The notion of cell therapy using GPC's for de
and should be the subject of future studies.
2011 BI036
THE EFFECT OF LEAD IN LIPSTICK TO HUMAN HEALTH
Robert PerezOssers
Centro Residencial de Oportunidades Educativas de Mayaguez, Mayaguez, PUERTO RICO
Cosmetics such as lipstick have become a major necessity to humans in today’s society. Lipstick contains a specific quantity of lead and it is a chemical element that is a carcinogen and in the
major health problems. The problem was what quantities of lead are present among the examined lipstick brands and how different quantities of lead affect human health. The hypothesis was tha
lead, sufficient enough to affect human health. There were two tests to perform, the thinlayer chromatography test and the gold ring test. For the thinlayer chromatography test, 8 strips of filter p
lipstick samples for two days and then analyzed. For the gold ring test 8 strips of filter paper were set on a flat surface with the samples applied. A 14 karat gold ring was rubbed on top of the sam
lead. Then these lipstick samples were observed under a microscope, using ultraviolet light. The presence of brilliant spots indicated that the samples contained lead. The tests confirmed the est
the lipstick samples on both tests contained lead. The scientific literature proved that the quantities of lead that are present in lipstick are significantly high and can effectively harm human health
2009 BI036
AGAIN WITH THAT DOG GONE POOP, A SECOND YEAR STUDY
Amber Samantha Harris
Franklin High School, El Paso, TX
The purpose of this project was to test the effects of five different enzyme containing substances – meat tenderizer containing Papain, yeast for its maltase, bromelain digestive supplements, sh
amylase on the breakdown of dog feces. These substances were also combined with moldinhibiting and odor eliminating substances vinegar, copper (II) sulfate, activated carbon, and sand.<br
alone and the combination of mushroom and activated carbon (CM) would breakdown the feces at the same rate and eliminate more odor in comparison to any other substance combination. Aird
were gathered and placed in 10% m/v solutions of each substance and exposed to air through holes in the lids. The feces breakdown was measured as a weight loss comparison. The second exp
best performing substances from experiment one, tenderizer and mushroom, degraded the feces the most and had the least odor. The worst performing substance, yeast, had the least degradatio
substances were tested with the afore mentioned mold and odor inhibitors. Similar degrading and drying procedures were followed and all weight losses, odors, and breakdown rates were compare
hypothesis. The CM solution eliminated the most odor but had the lowest percentage of weight loss. Adding odoreliminators decreased the percentage of weight loss when compared to experime
experiment yielded good results for creating a fecesdegrading solution.
2007 BI036
THE ROLE OF CDC55DEPENDENT PP2A IN THE REGULATION OF CLN2
Annie Priyanka Ashok
Central High School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
Phosphorylationdependent ubiquitination and ubiquitinmediated proteolysis are important regulatory processes in eukaryotes. Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a major serine/threonine phospha
PP2A, regulates what the complex dephosphorylates. The SCF complex is a ubiquitin ligase which ubiquitinates phosphorylated substrates. Grr1, an Fbox protein of SCF, provides substrate spe
shown that the instability of the G1 cyclin Cln2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is essential for normal progression through the cell cycle. The degradation of Cln2 is phosphorylationdependent and
found that functional Grr1 is required for the viability of S. cerevisiae lacking CDC55 and that cdc55 mutants accumulate less Cln2 than WT cells, which suggests that Cdc55 may dephosphorylat
CLN24T3S accumulates Cln2 that cannot be phosphorylated and is inviable. To investigate possible reasons for inviability, pGALGRR1 was transformed into cdc55 and WT with mutant CLN2 an
overexpression of Grr1 repressed inviability of cdc55 expressing mutant CLN2. This suggests that inviability results from overaccumulation of Cln2 due to the lack of sufficient Grr1. 
of the SCF complex, leading to accumulation of the SCF target protein Sic1 caused inviability, the CLN2 plasmids will be transformed into sic1 , cdc55 sic1 and grr1 sic1 . Ubiquitinme
clinical breast cancer field. Understanding these pathways and the role of PP2A and SCF in cell cycle regulation can provide information in the areas of prognostics and treatment of breast cance
2008 BI036
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE MOST CYTOTOXIC SPECIES OF PHILIPPINE CRABS
Mark Louie Santiago Lugto
Don A. Roces Sr., Science Technology High School, Quezon City, National Capital Region, PHILIPPINES
This study describes the characterization of the most cytotoxic fraction that potently inhibits voltagegated sodium channels of selected Philippine shore crabs namely Dromidiopsis dormia Linn,
Linn., Charybdis notator Herbst, Carpilius maculatus Linn., Carpilius convexus Forskal, Lophozozymus pictor Fabricius, Atergatis integerrimus Lamarck, Demania sp. and Banareia sp . T
(10) species were subjected to cytotoxicological assay against Tetrahymena thermophilia. . The result showed that some crabs are cytotoxic. The most cytotoxic extract sample is Calappa calap
cytotoxic are A. integerrimus, C. maculatus (Adult), and C. convexus with 32, 54, and 54 number of dead cells, respectively. The edible crab, Portunus pelagicus, showed no toxicity. Qu
Receptor Binding Assay (RBA) for each of the crabs. High saxitoxin concentration was recorded in Calappa calappa with 3.53+0.32 µg STX equivalent/100g meat. Calappa calappa crude
chromatography. The fractions were subjected to cytotoxicological assay against Tetrahymena thermophilia. Cytotoxicity was observed in all fractions with F13 as the most cytotoxic having dead
cytotoxicity decreases with fractionation. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis of F13 showed eluates with retention time of 8 to 9 min. contains saxitoxin in compa
Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) confirms the presence of saxitoxin.
2005 BI036
CONSISTENCY OF PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS: PROTEINS FROM VARIOUS SPECIES
Barbe High School, Lake Charles, LA, USA
The purpose of the my experimentation is to find whether phylogenetic relationships are the same when comparing different proteins with various sets of animals. I hypothesized that the phylogen
because each animal’s DNA programs proteins slightly differently. For my experiments, I used two wellknown proteins, myoglobin and hemoglobin, and three subject groups, general, pr
sequences and used interpreting tools to generate phylogenetic trees of the results. I found that my hypothesis was true, phylogenetic trees are not consistent when comparing different
primate experiments. So, put simply, a human may be more closely related to a chimp than a gorilla for one protein, and vice versa for a different protein. This has significance in many medical a
a test animal for a medicine, or transplant surgeries with animal parts. 
2004 BI036
PRODUCTION OF RIBOFLAVIN BY FERMENTATION AND FOLLOWING CHEMICAL PURIFICATION
Julie Svalo Jensen
Holstebro Tekniske Gymnasium, Holstebro, Denmark
The purpose of this project was to produce the vitamin riboflavin by fermentation. And afterwards make a purification of the growth media. Because there was no published literature, I was forced
by myself. I had to discover whether the production of riboflavin, was largest under aerob or anaerob conditions. The used bacteria were Bacillus Megaterium, supplied by DMZE in Germany. 
order to find the best chemical purification method. I found that chemical precipitation, filtration, ion exchanging and complex binding gave the best result. I observed by visual studies (c
riboflavin. The vitamin was also detected in a spectrophotometric analysis. According to this analysis the anaerob production was at an amount of 0.01768g/L and the aerob was at 0.082068g/L. T
for the production of riboflavin is under aerob conditions. I was able to find a purification method that worked in the testing period using a substitute for my own growth media. But in the
silver, added under the complex binding. Therefore the product could not be used as a vitamin supplement. It would be possible to reduce the amount of silver by adding more ammonium to the s
displaced and more of the silverammonium complex would be created including riboflavin. Instead of medical purpose this method can be used by both chemistry and biotechnology st
2003 BI036
MICROBIAL FEATHER WASTE DEGRADATION
LIliana do Amaral Soares, Fundação Liberato, Rua Inconfidentes, 395, Bairro Primavera, Novo Hamburgo,
Cep.93340140, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
The microbial treatment of industrial or domestic waste is called bioremediation. This is an ecological and economic method. This project is about the microbial degradation of feathers waste in po
justification of this project is that in Brazil the quantity of residual feather is 10 thousand tons and in USA come is about 76 thousand tons monthly. These residues are composed of keratin. It’s a
the majority proteolitic enzymes. Feather meal is commonly used in food to livestock, but the Brazilian animal raising society doesn't advice this use, because in animals organism the keratin isn
causes sickness. The problem is: How to reduce the accumulation of feather residues in the environment, transforming them in a new product? The hypothesis is that microorganisms fro
keratin could be used in industrial scale. It’s also possible to use the degraded material for an animal food supplement. To confirm this hypothesis some microorganisms were isolated fro
spread in plates of feather flour agar. Concluding, this work can contribute to reduce the environment pollution caused by the industry residues. And, the originated of this transforming pro
alimentation. 
2006 BI036
ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN BLUESTEM GRASS
Allison Ruth Wilson
West Central Valley High School, Stuart, Iowa, United States
With the rising cost and limited supply of nonrenewable energy sources, there is a great need to find an alternative source of energy. A promising area is the use of biomass to create ethanol.
procedure for producing ethanol using Bluestem grass. Different variables looked at included percent sulfuric acid and cook time in the pretreatment stage, and enzymes and yeasts in the fermen
higher acid, higher cook time, Multifect A40 in combination with Multifect Xylanase, and the addition of a pichia yeast would produce the highest yield. First the grass was harvested and blended
flask, the grass, distilled water, and acid were mixed. The material was cooked in a pressure cooker and the pH was then balanced to 5.7. Peptone, yeast extract, yeast and enzyme were added.
yield. In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially supported. The higher acid and lower cook time had the highest ethanol production with an average of 38.8 gallons/ acre. The GC 220/ Multifect X
of 68.8 gallons/ acre. The addition of pichia yeast raised the yield by 7.4%. Future experiments include determining which harvesting stages are the most effective. Because the chemical mechan
completely understood, this project helps to establish a more efficient method. With this knowledge, we will be able to make ethanol more competitive.
2013 BI036
TRACING THE MISTAKES OF NATURE: MODEL STUDY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A STRATEGY TO PROHIBIT BETAAMYLOID AGGREGATION
Yarim Lee
Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, NY
Alzheimer’s disease is one of the most devastating diseases in the world affecting 80 million patients worldwide. Researchers suggest that one of causes for Alzheimer’s is aggregation of misfol
treatment for Alzheimer’s yet, this research promotes the pathway in finding a way to stop the progression of this dementia. It was hypothesized that pistacking is the reason behind agg
to combat pistacking against pistacking. A mediator in literature, betaamyloid 1520 (lead compound), was used to disrupt the pistacking amongst beta amyloids 142 in the aggregation. <
pistacking power between the mediator and betaamyloid 142 in order to stop aggregation. A model peptide was used as the mediator and modified with various groups. However, an increase of
caused a problem of stronger selfaggregation of mediators. Yet, this problem was tackled by using an electronrich phototrigger, phydroxy phenacyl. Then, the mediator was successfully release
stronger pistacking ability than the mediator in literature under clinical test. This model study will be repeated with the actual beta amyloid 1520 mediator with the modification of the fluo
is successful, this mediator will be tested in vitro. Hopefully this research can lead to help studies in Alzheimer’s disease and eventually stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
2012 BI036
ROLE OF CYTOCHROME P450 1B1 IN THE RENINANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM
Jonathan Louie Lin
Germantown High School, Germantown, TN
It has been shown that angiotensin II (Ang II) and arachidonic acid (AA) induced migration, proliferation and hypertrophy of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is mediated by oxygen radicals
determine the relationship between CYP1B1, AA and NADPH oxidase in the generation of oxygen radicals in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Ang II (200 nM) and AA (10 μM) increased 1.4 and
was measured using dihydroethidium. First, there was treatment of VSMCs with 2,4,3’,5’tetramethoxystilbene (TMS) (100 nM), a CYP1B1 inhibitor. Then there was transduction of VSMCs with a
its scrambled control which reduced CYP1B1 activity (measured using P450 GLOTM assay kit), and decreased Ang II and AAinduced oxygen radical production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity m
and AAinduced NOX1 expression was attenuated by TMS and NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin; the latter agent decreased ROS production but did not alter CYP1B1 activity in VSMCs. 5,8,11
decreased Ang II and AAinduced NADPH oxidaseactivity and expression of NOX1. These data suggest that Ang IIinduced ROS production by NAD(P)H oxidase is mediated via AA release and
2006 BI036
ETHANOL PRODUCTION IN BLUESTEM GRASS
Allison Ruth Wilson
West Central Valley High School, Stuart, Iowa, United States
With the rising cost and limited supply of nonrenewable energy sources, there is a great need to find an alternative source of energy. A promising area is the use of biomass to create ethanol.
procedure for producing ethanol using Bluestem grass. Different variables looked at included percent sulfuric acid and cook time in the pretreatment stage, and enzymes and yeasts in the fermen
higher acid, higher cook time, Multifect A40 in combination with Multifect Xylanase, and the addition of a pichia yeast would produce the highest yield. First the grass was harvested and blended
flask, the grass, distilled water, and acid were mixed. The material was cooked in a pressure cooker and the pH was then balanced to 5.7. Peptone, yeast extract, yeast and enzyme were added.
yield. In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially supported. The higher acid and lower cook time had the highest ethanol production with an average of 38.8 gallons/ acre. The GC 220/ Multifect X
of 68.8 gallons/ acre. The addition of pichia yeast raised the yield by 7.4%. Future experiments include determining which harvesting stages are the most effective. Because the chemical mechan
completely understood, this project helps to establish a more efficient method. With this knowledge, we will be able to make ethanol more competitive.
2003 BI037
GENETICS BOX
Tamiris Pereira da Costa Neves, E.E. Pedro Jose Neto
Araraquara, Sao Paulo, Brazil
The present Project consists in applicating and demonstrating the genetics of the ABO blood system, along with the probabilities and its percentages of occurrences of the possible blood types o
subject to be developed was in mind and, after some options “Human Blood” was chosen. We could have parted in several directions, but soon we chose the human blood genetics, narro
development. We researched the blood genetics with its usual nomenclature and concluded all of its possible occurrences. Right after, we decided to join all of the genetics possibilities a
couple. We related the genes with colors and using colored lamps we obtained the percentages of a couple’s children possible blood type. This device denominated as “Genetics
joining the sciences of Biology, Mathematics and Physics as a whole. We conclude that if the device were manufactured for the use of teaching, for sure, it would be easier to explain, gu
understanding. 
2009 BI037
NEW POTATO CULTIVARS AND POTENTIAL ACRYLAMIDE REDUCTION: HYDROLYZED GLUCOSE MINIMIZATION UNDER THERMAL DEGRADATION AND STORAGE
Carmina Mirandilla Escalante
This year's project is Phase 3 of my ongoing research on the different facets of starch hydrolysis into certain monosaccharides that influence the production of acrylamide in french fries. Phase 3
desired minimization of hydrolized levels of glucose, a monosaccharide identified as among the major precursors of acrylamide accumulation in carbohydraterich foods baked or fried at high tem
using the starch hydrolysis factors considered in Phase 2 that cover two extreme temperature settings: thermal degradation under high baking temperature settings and the low temperature sweet
conditions. The cultivars used in this year's project are the Premier Russet and Defender varieties developed by the Northwest Potato Variety Development Program, a tristate research project o
Washington. The separate capabilities of these 2 new cultivars to minimize the production of hydrolyzed glucose are compared with the same tendency of the ordinary Russet potatoes p
Glucose levels were measured using the BRIXrefractometry method among samples that were stored and baked at different temperature settings, with storage and baking times as controlled var
were defined from the raw experiment results, which are then used to stimulate or predict potential acrylamide production using an established acrylamide estimating equation with glucose as its d
published study by Becalski, et al. These simulations will be made with inputs on some cooking and storage temperature settings used by some popular fast food restaurants that sell french fries
temperatures have the stronger negative effect on the glucose levels of ordinary russet, but this variety did relatively poor in the thermal degradation portion of the analysis. On the other hand, the
most favorable LTS effect and the strongest thermal degradation effect. In the potential acrylamide reduction estimation, the results of the premier russet variety dominates the results of the othe
2006 BI037
DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF A GFPBASED MOLECULAR SWITCH FOR THE DETECTION OF PROTEINPROTEIN INTERACTIONS
Ahmed Hussein Badran
Tucson High Magnet School, Tucson, AZ, U.S.A.
Since it was discovered by Osamu Shimomura in 1962, the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) has become an invaluable research tool in contemporary cell biology. Throughout this period of time,
methods, one of which is the detection of proteinprotein interactions through the refolding of fragmented GFP. This paper describes a novel method for the detection of proteinprotein interactions
properly folded GFP. This approach combines the ability of heterodimerization of coiled coils with the dependence of GFP fluorescence on proper folding of the protein to shield the fluorophore an
demonstrates the design and synthesis of a molecular switch in which one of a pair of coiled coils is incorporated into GFP, where fluorescence is abolished upon binding of the two coiled coils. T
the detection other proteins, either in vivo or in vitro, through the disruption of the coiled coil binding in the molecular switch.
2007 BI037
THE QUANTITY OF STARCH IN DIFFERENT TUBERCLES
Angel A. ValdezZabala
Antonio Valero de Bernabe School, Fajardo, Puerto Rico
This investigation consisted of finding out which of the most consumed tubercles in the Puerto Rican diet contain the greatest amount of starch. It is commented that the ageing persons are heal
it is known that a high content of starch in some tubercles become simple sugars in the body. This have the effect of increasing the blood sugar levels of the diabetics. The tubercles selected for
(potato), Ipomoea batatas (Sweet potato), Manihot esculenta (Yuca) and the Colocasia escuelta (“Yautía” an edible tropical root). The hypothesis established that The “Yautía” was going to have
tubercles were grinded and the same mass of each one was measured.Each amount of the grinded tubercles was dissolved, separately, in 25 mL of distilled water. Then each of the solutions wa
. The starch obtained was measured in grams. The amount of starch in the “Yautía” was 3.0 grams, in the Yucca was 2.3 grams, the sweet potato was 0.8 g and the potato was 0.3.g The results
hypothesis, the “Yautía” was the tubercle with the highest amount of starch. These results bring a great preoccupation because the “Yautía” will increase the blood sugar levels of diabetic persons
Rican diet.
2010 BI037
THE USE OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE IN DEEP BRAIN STIMULATION
Raja Selvakumar
Milton High School, Milton, GA
This project is the result of the experimentation to determine future fuel cell applications. The main intention of this project is to find how Saccharomyces cerevisiae can be used as a biorenewabl
Fuel Cell (MFC). Thus, the problem statement of the experiment is, “Can Saccharomyces cerevisiae based Microbial Fuel Cells be used in Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)?” The current issue with
that it requires repeated surgeries to replace the battery, so an alternate biorenewable energy source is beneficial. The initial purpose was to see if such a fuel cell could replace the IPG used for
based fuel cell could produce a voltage greater than 200 mV, then it could be used in place of the IPG. This is based on current voltage productions of approximately 150 mV in standard MFCs. <
testing was done in three steps. First, an experiment was conducted to see how electricity can be produced from a standard twochamber MFC using the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Next, numer
to improve the voltage production. Finally, the last step was to see whether the voltage is generated consistently. By observing the results from this experiment, it can be seen that this
biomedical devices in the near future. A voltage above 220 mV was observed constantly, thus proving the hypothesis. These yeast powered MFCs would not need to be replaced with surgery. Th
syndromes as Parkinson’s and dystonia. These biorenewable alternatives show promise in the future as the new energy source that saves the humankind.
2004 BI037
BIOLUMINESCENCE OF DINOFLAGELLATES
Austin Andrew Chick
Hanford High School, Richland Washington, United States
Last year, my objective was to develop a way to consistently measure amounts of light energy produced by the single celled dinoflagellate species, pyrocystis fusiformis, during mechanical stimu
produced at different times in their circadian cycles and found that they produce the most in the middle of the night. This year, I found that a colony needs 57 days to recover to produce
is about the length of the p. fusiformis lifespan. I hypothesized that the cells can only bioluminesce once. To test this, I isolated and stimulated a countable number of cells in beakers. After 2 da
means that in the 2 days, only 1 or 2 cells divided to produce new, light producing cells. The others in the beaker couldn’t because they had already glowed. This shows that they can only glow o
dinoflagellates to different spectrums and intensities of light, I found that they do best with low level florescence. I also did testing on the oxygen retention capabilities of cells in an oxygen deficie
can retain oxygen, and if they would use oxygen produced by their chloroplasts for the bioluminescent reaction. 
Scholarship award of $5,000 per year for 4 years Lewis & Clark College
2008 BI037
THE MECHANISMS AND ACTIONS OF PARTHENOLIDE ON PLATELET 5HT SECRETION IN VITRO: INDICATING A POSSIBLE PATHOGENESIS OF THE MIGRAINE
Sarah Elizabeth Guthrie
Boulder High School, Boulder, CO
Extracts of the medicinal herb feverfew and its active compound, parthenolide, have been determined to have antiinflammatory, antimigraine, and anticancerous effects, though the biochemical
characterized. Both inhibit human platelet aggregation and serotonin (5HT) secretion and are hypothesized to inhibit the protein kinase C (PKC) pathway. PKC mediates the phosphorylation of the
5HT secretion when activated. A plateletbased model was used to mimic the behavior of 5HT neurons, and PKC activation was measured by the amount of 5HT secreted. 5HT secretion was
HT concentrations in plateletrich plasma (PRP) and plateletpoor plasma (PPP): if PKC was inactivated and the treated platelets retained 5HT, then PRP had a greater amount of 5HT then PPP
secreted, then PRP and PPP had similar 5HT concentrations. This study, using this model, indicates that platelets retain 5HT when unclotted and release 5HT when aggregated, thereby verifyi
platelet 5HT secretion. This model also indicates that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) induces platelet 5HT secretion. Because aggregation of platelets and treatment with PMA have been corre
this model is shown to be an accurate invitro model of PKC activation. This model suggests that parthenolide inhibits the PKC pathway, preventing 5HT secretion; therefore PKC may be overac
cancers, and migraines, and drugs treating these diseases should target the PKC pathway.
2013 BI037
THE EFFECT OF SOY ISOFLAVONES ON HUMAN DRUG METABOLIZING ENZYMES
Priyadarshani Sarkar
Henrico High School, Henrico, VA
Flavones present in grapefruit juice inhibit the hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Soy contains isoflavones, which are compounds that are structurally similar t
CYP3A4. This may result in increased drug levels, leading to toxicity. In addition, this poses a problem because soy is consumed widely because of its health benefits. The purpose of this projec
amounts of the soy isoflavones on the CYP3A4. The hypothesis was that if the highest concentration of genistein and daidzein (isoflavones) was tested, then the inhibition of the CYP3A4 enzym
containing human recombinant enzyme was purchased commercially. The substrate used was chemically blocked fluorescein such that fluorescence would result only after being metabolized by
and daidzein (0, 3, 10 and 30uM) were used. Enzyme, substrate and cofactors (NADP+) were added to a 96well microplate and fluorescence results were recorded (n=3 repeated trials). The decr
concentrations of the isoflavones and the change in the Vmax, with minimal changes in Km in the presence of genistein and daidzein, suggested a noncompetitive inhibition. Genistein was more
concentration. The results using recombinant enzyme need to be further validated in an intact liver system. Due to the potential of soy isoflavones to inhibit an important liver enzyme, FDA shoul
taking soy with medications.
2005 BI037
PROBING GAP JUNCTION DYNAMICS IN CELLS
Ching Zhu
Academic Magnet High School, North Charleston, South Carolina, U.S.A
The gap junction (GJ) is an aggregate of intercellular channels that links the cytoplasm of neighboring cells and allows small molecules such as ions to pass between these cells. Within the mam
connexin43 (Cx43)containing gap junctions is essential to facilitating the coordinated spread of electrical activation throughout the cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and allowing the heart to
distribution patterns in the adult heart are thought to be linked directly to cardiac disease and arrhythmia. Recently, the protein zonulaoccludens1 (ZO1) has been suggested to have a
between cardiomyocytes in development and disease. However, the underlying mechanism by which ZO1 affects GJ organization remains undetermined. In this study, the interaction between C
ZO1 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes and HeLa cells was inhibited by a peptide designed to disrupt the binding of Cx43 and ZO1. Images of the Cx43 GJs and ZO1 in treated and control cultures
and quantitatively analyzed. The resulting data indicate a significant increase in Cx43 aggregate size and a shift in Cx43 distribution to the cell membrane accompanying a decrease in Cx43ZO1
myocytes and HeLa cells. These results suggest that ZO1 may be important in regulating the extent of Cx43 GJ aggregates and provide insight into the presently unknown role of ZO1 interactio
present, we are validating the degree to which the inhibitory peptide causes decoupling of direct proteinprotein interaction between Cx43 and ZO1 at molecular level using fluorescence resonanc
 
2012 BI037
USE OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES AS A NOVEL, INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO CURRENT THERAPIES FOR LEISHMANIA INFECTION
Brian Patrick Lei
Arlington High School, LaGrangeville, NY
Leishmaniasis, a disease prevalent in thirdworld countries, is caused by the parasite Leishmania. The parasite, which attacks the immune system’s defense cells, namely the macrophages, is d
Currently, silver oxide nanoparticles are being investigated as a possible cure, but the metal poses obstacles due to cytotoxicity. I hypothesized that nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and z
leishmanial agents because they generate lethal free radicals and are wellknown antibacterial agents and may be safer than silver. Free radical generation, which is partly responsible for the nan
measured using D&C Red No. 28 dye degradation and DNA gel electrophoresis. It was found that ZnO was very toxic to even healthy cells at concentrations greater than 0.02 mg/mL and actually
about 50%. TiO2 was not toxic to uninfected cells at concentrations below 0.4 mg/mL. It increased infection rate, but significantly decreased the number of parasites alive per infected macrophag
proliferation once inside the cell. Additional testing was undertaken using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which are normally phagocytosed, to see if macrophage immune function was comprom
showed that phagocytosis decreased by about 30% and the cells became more prone to bacterial infection. Gold nanoparticles, which are inert, were studied to determine how much of the effect
infection was due to free radical generation. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using TiO2 as a novel, inexpensive alternative to current therapies for Leishmania infection.
2011 BI037
GENETIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOR1 SIGNALING IN INITIATION OF CELL QUIESCENCE
Lev Omelchenko
Cancer is a disease that is caused by a variety of mutations which causes the cell to bypass mechanisms for detecting and repairing damaged DNA. A major factor that contributes to cancer is a
its own growth signals to recruit blood vessels to promote growth, and attack other parts of the body. Disruption of mTOR, a central regulator of cell growth leads to tumor formation and angiogene
signals that are perceived by the mTORsignaling pathway that leads to angiogenesis is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of nutrient starvation on the TOR1 pathway, the evolu
yeast. Cell viability and gene expression of cells in which TOR1 has been deleted (knockout) were compared to wild type cells during the nondividing phase of cell cycle. Results show that while
and phosphate nutrient limiting media is identical to that of the wildtype, cell viability of the knockout in nitrogen decreases rapidly. By studying global gene expression using DNA microarrays, it
strain to induce genes normally activated under nitrogen starvation is the likely reason for cell death. This study shows that TOR1 is a specific sensor of nitrogen availability that regulates cell gro
external environmental levels. These insights into TOR1 function suggest nitrogen sensing by cancer cells may play a role in mTOR's promotion of angiogenesis in human tumors.
2014 BI037
STRUCTURAL SNAPSHOTS OF K. LACTIS PURINE NUCLEOSIDE PHOSPHORYLASE TRAPPED WITH TRANSITION STATE ANALOG INHIBITORS
Samuel Arturo Goldman
Pelham Memorial High School, Pelham, NY, United States of America
The use of transition state analogs to inhibit protein and enzyme activity has an extremely powerful application to medical and biochemical disciplines. Kluyveromyces lactis, along with many oth
meaning that it depends upon a host or outside source for purines. Purines are vital for DNA synthesis in a pathway known as the purine salvage pathway. By using transition state analogs to blo
phosphorylases, a main component of the salvage pathway, one can effectively destroy large populations of pathogenic organisms, and this technique has been applied to some major diseases s
addition, this technique can be applied to treat autoimmune diseases and Tcell cancers by starving the purinesensitive cells in humans. However, with the further expansion of the transition stat
testing must be done to understand the behavior of these analogs with specific organisms and their respective PNP's. The most important reason for this is to test how the inhibitors will be effect
organism, however because clinical trials cannot show whether or not resistance will play a role in the efficacy of the inhibitor a different method must be used. This has led to the use of xray cry
the structure of an obstructively mutated purine nucleoside phosphorylase bound with transition state analog inhibitors DADMeImmucillinH and DADMeImmucillinG, the "ultimate inhibitors". This
ability of the inhibitors to enter the active site of the protein desipte purposefully obstructive mutations on the catalytic sites.
2004 BI037
BIOLUMINESCENCE OF DINOFLAGELLATES
Austin Andrew Chick
Hanford High School, Richland Washington, United States
Last year, my objective was to develop a way to consistently measure amounts of light energy produced by the single celled dinoflagellate species, pyrocystis fusiformis, during mechanical stimu
produced at different times in their circadian cycles and found that they produce the most in the middle of the night. This year, I found that a colony needs 57 days to recover to produce
is about the length of the p. fusiformis lifespan. I hypothesized that the cells can only bioluminesce once. To test this, I isolated and stimulated a countable number of cells in beakers. After 2 da
means that in the 2 days, only 1 or 2 cells divided to produce new, light producing cells. The others in the beaker couldn’t because they had already glowed. This shows that they can only glow o
dinoflagellates to different spectrums and intensities of light, I found that they do best with low level florescence. I also did testing on the oxygen retention capabilities of cells in an oxygen deficie
can retain oxygen, and if they would use oxygen produced by their chloroplasts for the bioluminescent reaction. 
2012 BI037
USE OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES AS A NOVEL, INEXPENSIVE ALTERNATIVE TO CURRENT THERAPIES FOR LEISHMANIA INFECTION
Brian Patrick Lei
Arlington High School, LaGrangeville, NY
Leishmaniasis, a disease prevalent in thirdworld countries, is caused by the parasite Leishmania. The parasite, which attacks the immune system’s defense cells, namely the macrophages, is d
Currently, silver oxide nanoparticles are being investigated as a possible cure, but the metal poses obstacles due to cytotoxicity. I hypothesized that nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and z
leishmanial agents because they generate lethal free radicals and are wellknown antibacterial agents and may be safer than silver. Free radical generation, which is partly responsible for the nan
measured using D&C Red No. 28 dye degradation and DNA gel electrophoresis. It was found that ZnO was very toxic to even healthy cells at concentrations greater than 0.02 mg/mL and actually
about 50%. TiO2 was not toxic to uninfected cells at concentrations below 0.4 mg/mL. It increased infection rate, but significantly decreased the number of parasites alive per infected macrophag
proliferation once inside the cell. Additional testing was undertaken using Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which are normally phagocytosed, to see if macrophage immune function was comprom
showed that phagocytosis decreased by about 30% and the cells became more prone to bacterial infection. Gold nanoparticles, which are inert, were studied to determine how much of the effect
infection was due to free radical generation. This study demonstrated the feasibility of using TiO2 as a novel, inexpensive alternative to current therapies for Leishmania infection.
2011 BI037
GENETIC AND GENOMIC ANALYSIS OF TOR1 SIGNALING IN INITIATION OF CELL QUIESCENCE
Lev Omelchenko
Cancer is a disease that is caused by a variety of mutations which causes the cell to bypass mechanisms for detecting and repairing damaged DNA. A major factor that contributes to cancer is a
its own growth signals to recruit blood vessels to promote growth, and attack other parts of the body. Disruption of mTOR, a central regulator of cell growth leads to tumor formation and angiogene
signals that are perceived by the mTORsignaling pathway that leads to angiogenesis is poorly understood. This study examined the effects of nutrient starvation on the TOR1 pathway, the evolu
yeast. Cell viability and gene expression of cells in which TOR1 has been deleted (knockout) were compared to wild type cells during the nondividing phase of cell cycle. Results show that while
and phosphate nutrient limiting media is identical to that of the wildtype, cell viability of the knockout in nitrogen decreases rapidly. By studying global gene expression using DNA microarrays, it
strain to induce genes normally activated under nitrogen starvation is the likely reason for cell death. This study shows that TOR1 is a specific sensor of nitrogen availability that regulates cell gro
external environmental levels. These insights into TOR1 function suggest nitrogen sensing by cancer cells may play a role in mTOR's promotion of angiogenesis in human tumors.
All expense paid four week trip and scholarship to the Bessie Lawrence International Summer Science Institute. American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science
2010 BI038
TARGETING MITOCHONDRIAL TOPOISOMERASE I (TOP1MT) TO TRIGGER A NOVEL PATHWAY FOR ANTITUMOR DRUGS
Swetha Pasala
Mitochondrial Topoisomerase I (TOP1mt), known to relieve helical tension in DNA, has been suspected to be a part of the p53 apoptotic pathway triggered by etoposide, an antitumor drug. Indire
or double DNA strand breaks within the mitochondria of the cell, through a series of interactions with the mitochondrion and the electron transport chain (ETC). The drug enters the mitochondrial m
the ETC the prime location of respiration within the cell and inhibits the activity of complexes I and II within the chain. This causes the ETC to lose its efficiency and generate reactive oxygen sp
result in DNA damage and lesions. The appearance of these lesions in mtDNA is known to trigger a cascade of proteins and result in apoptosis. It is known that a certain phosphorylation of ataxia
place as a result ROS generation, but the enzyme, which links these two processes, is unknown. This study shows that TOP1mt is a part of this pathway, phosphorylating the protein ataxia telan
between the damaged DNA and ATM phosphorylation. It was also found that higher levels of TOP1mt causes etoposidetreated cells to move towards apoptosis at a faster rate, thereby increasin
2011 BI038
EFFECTS OF FLUORINATED ALCOHOLS ON LIPID BILAYERS
Mike Zhang
Bronx High School of Science, Bronx, NY
Fluorinated alcohols are unique alcohols that, while sharing a common overall structure with "normal" alcohols, have fluorines bonded to the carbons instead of the familiar hydrogens. The high el
distribution in the molecules, which changes their pK and together the larger bulk of fluorine relative to hydrogen alters their physicochemical properties. Fluorinated alcohols are extensively used
polymers and proteins especially in organic synthesis and NMR studies. In addition, the fluorinated form of 2propanol (hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP)) is used in Alzheimer's disease research to so
fluorinated alcohols modify the function of various membrane proteins and are known to interact with lipid bilayers, altering bilayer properties, structure and stability. Additionally, HFIP has been s
planar lipid bilayers. The question then becomes to what extent do the fluorinated alcohols alter bilayer properties and at what concentrations? The membranemodifying potential of the fluorinated
and nonafluorotertbutyl alcohol (PFTB) was probed using a gramicidinbased fluorescence assay. All the fluorinated alcohols tested alter bilayer properties in the low (PFTB) to high (TFE) mM ra
PFTB, is the most potent and the smallest, TFE, the least. In addition, above their bilayer modifying concentration PFTB and HFIP break down lipid bilayer structures and solubilize lipid vesicles
2012 BI038
THE DECOMPOSITION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY VARIOUS CATALYSTS AND ITS AFFECT ON AGING
Iman Mahoui
Eman Schools, Fishers, IN
Hydrogen Peroxide is constantly decomposing. The decomposition rate at room temperature is immeasurably small, but it can be significantly increased by the addition of a catalyst. The catalys
manganese dioxide, iron chloride and an enzyme called catalase. The human body creates its own natural hydrogen peroxide to kill of bacteria and other harmful microorganisms through a proces
may lead to the formation of free radicals through a process called oxidative stress. Free radicals are harmful normal healthy cells as well. The catalase in the body will inhibit and neutralize the h
rendering them harmless to the human body. According to the free radical theory of aging the formation of free radicals and the damage they cause to your body are what causes aging. The purpo
which substances most effectively catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, better understanding which substances most effectively neutralize the free radicals in our body. My hypothes
Chloride, will catalyze the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) the best. When I tested the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and the transition metals I observed that for the inorganic c
manganese dioxide for the organic catalysts the better catalyzer was the avocado extract as they both had the greatest increase in temperature, the shortest reaction time, and the largest amoun
2014 BI038
THE EFFECTS OF LEAD ON BETAGALACTOSIDASE ACTIVITY
Blaine Alysse Dennis
Mansfield High School, Mansfield, MO, United States of America
The carbohydrate in dairy products consists of a unique disaccharide called lactose. One lactose molecule is composed of a glucose molecule and a galactose molecule fused by a glycoside bon
used for respiration, the sugar requires a specific enzyme for its hydrolysis that exists in organisms as primitive as bacteria. This bond can be degraded or broken into its component sugars in the
Betagalactosidase or lactase. In this research, lead (II) nitrate was tested to determine its effect on Betagalactosidase activity. Solution consisting of a buffer, 0bitrophenylBetaDgalactopyran
and sodium carbonate were combined and absorbance was measured using the Spec 20, the presence of onitrophenol was detected by an increase in absorbance. The lead (II) nitrate contamina
by substituting lead (II) nitrate in place of portions of the 3.5 ml of buffer. In the control group, which contained no lead, the absorbance increased from 0 to 0.62. When 0.00001 M lead (II) nitrate
from 0 to a maximum of 1.05. All concentrations (0.5ml, 1.0ml, and 1.5ml) increased in absorbance. This trend was also observed in the 0.0001 M groups and the 0.001 M groups. Using an ANOV
caused a change in the reaction indicated by a change in absorbance at a statistically significant level. In conclusion the lead (II) nitrate enhanced the reaction.
2006 BI038
EVOLUTION OF ASP6 ASPARTYL PROTEASE IN NEMATODES
Daphne Ezer
Waksman Institute, Piscataway, NJ, USA
My research focused on mapping the evolution of an aspartyl protease gene cluster in three species of closely related roundworms: Caenorhabditis elegans, Caenorhabditis remanei, and Caenorh
was to determine the order of duplication and inversion events that gave rise to the aspartyl protease gene cluster organization. Such events lead to multiple copies of a gene, or paralogs, which
studying the differences in the presentday paralogs, it is possible to estimate the order of the events that generated them. Mapping the origin of gene families will help scientists identify the first
forms of life. I compared the paralogs using public access multiple sequence alignment tools and used the output data to construct Neighbor Joining Trees representing similarities betw
splice sites in all paralogs in order to correct for possible error resulting from variable evolutionary rates. I determined that the first gene underwent an inversion event. Then, each resultin
duplication event. These events happened prior to the divergence of the three species of roundworms. After the divergence of the three species, one of the aspartyl protease paralogs in C. elegan
genes. Unlike most previous evolutionary studies, my work has integrated both comparative genomics techniques and splice site conservation analysis. My research demonstrates that
construction of more detailed evolutionary models. 
2008 BI038
THE GARBAGE THAT WE EAT
Juan Dominguez Perez
Preparatoria Licenciado Benito Juarez Garcia. Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla (BUAP), Puebla, MEXICO
Problemhypothesis: The modern life has made than society eat manufacturer meals, look at fast food (junk food). Actually studies confirm than this food is toxic and inform about new danger: th
strokes and much people infected for AIDS virus. There are many sicknesses than we didn’t know and these are very difficult to heal. For that, we should search a technology that respect functio
mechanism for the humanity reflect on their food habits and raise their health. Junk food is unhealthy food or with nutritive value poor and transgenic are organisms genetics modify. Thes
 Objectives: Inform and reflect in all the educative levels and population to avoid consumes of junk food to reduce sickness, they change their food habits and the food industry reflects to ma
the environment. Methodology: Diffusion program for posters, pamphlets, informative bulletin, curseworkshop, polls, conference, talks, videos, webpage and announcement on radio. <b
social impact with a total of 1458 students informed. We think make a food education net, wherein these students apply the learned with their family, friends or neighbors. We wait inform to 4374
a poll (mention before), at high school students principally. This poll threw the evaluation approximate of the population with excess of weight and obesity problems. The poll sad what cause this p
food.
2003 BI038
GLYCEMIC INDEX AND SOLUABLE STARCH IN FOODS
Mashkur Fahmi Husain
Northern High School, 9026 Woodward, Detroit, MI48202
The current idea in medicine is that weight gain is influenced more by eating highglycemicindex foods than by fat consumption or caloric intake. Highglycemic foods produce a quick rise in bloo
contain a lot of glucose or soluble, shortchain starch units that can be converted to glucose. I want to determine whether or not cooking method influences the amount of soluble starche
want to see if there is a relationship between the glycemic index of starch foods and amount of soluble starch produced when cooking the food in the normal way. My hypothesis:
substances to come out into the cooking water. This varies according to the types of foods. High glycemic foods should produce more soluble starch when cooked. The procedure is to c
until they are “done”. Then I pour off the cooking water and strain and filter out the particles. Next, I evaporate the water until the soluble starch can be recovered as a solid. I am comparing foods
recovered compares to the glycemic index of the food. I am finding a correlation between the soluble starch released during cooking and glycemic index. This has applications in planning
for the food preparation and processing industry because they could eliminate soluble, highglycemic substances by using the proper processing. 
2004 BI038
THE ROLE OF APOCYNIN DERIVED COMPOUNDS IN CANCER TREATMENT
Zachary David Lauria
Burnt HillsBallston Lake Senior High, Burnt Hills, NY, United States
Two trademarks of tumors are their ability to metastasize to other sites in the body and divide uncontrollably. Pairing a migratory assay and an adhesion assay, I characterized the abilities of two
believed to inhibit migration at sublethal doses. It is hypothesized that Apocynin compounds interfere with Rac activation, which is recognized to play a role in the creation of Actin stress fibers w
adhesion. Actin was also observed, through a microscopy assay, inside treated and untreated cells in order to determine the amount of rearrangement or impedance of the Actin cytoskeleton.
pinpoint signaling pathways within cancer cells, specifically those dealing with cell proliferation. The ability to interfere with these signaling pathways utilizing these Apocynin compounds appears
of cancer.
2005 BI038
TESTING THE EFFECTS OF PEACILOMYCES LILACINUS AND FRENCH MARIGOLDS (TAGETES PATULA) TEA EXTRACT ON THE PECAN ROOTKNOT NEMATODE (MELOIDOGYNE
Eric Ragnarson Malmquist
Westside High School, Macon, Georgia, United States
Since the year 2000 there has been a noticeable decline in nut production and general tree health in several commercial pecan orchards in Georgia. These trees were infested with the nematode M
from French marigold roots (Tagetes patula) to infected Curtis pecan seedlings (Carya illinoensis) to see if M. partityla is affected by the natural toxin terthienyl produced by the marigolds.
plants emit natural toxins to keep other plants and/or animals away from them. I was able to add a test group using the fungus Peacilomyces lilacinus. This unique fungus discovered in 1999 gets
nematodes' egg masses. After the five additions of the tea/fungus, I took down the plants and gathered data. After calculating the average number of Meloidogyne partityla per gram of root mass,
of the treatments on the tests groups. The 100% group (Group A) had the fewest nematodes (70.743), while the Peacilomyces lilacinus (Group Pl) was just as effective with an average of 76.037
effect on the nematodes. My hypothesis was proven, however more research would need to be done to determine the most economical methods of application in the field. At this time, due to the
the test seedlings, I see the Peacilomyces lilacinus as a more efficient way to treat commercial pecan orchards.
2009 BI038
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE FOLDING OF BETA STRUCTURES IN A CLASS OF PATHOLOGICALLYRELEVANT PROTEINS: COMPUTATIONAL PREDICTION OF SECONDARY AND S
FROM PRIMARY AMINO ACID SEQUENCE
Nitish Lakhanpal
University High School, Irvine, CA
We present an algorithm for predicting beta structure in proteins from primary amino acid sequence. It has long been recognized that the diverse functions of proteins – be they in physiological or
the specific shapes that they adopt, and therefore great effort has been expended in the arduous task of experimentally determining protein structure. In light of this experimental difficul
interest in computationally predicting protein structure. It is to this endeavor that we contribute an algorithm that assigns beta structure to regions of submitted sequence based on their similarity t
beta structures: the “solo” distribution of amino acids, and the “duo” distribution of bonds between amino acids in interactions relatively common to beta structure. We propose and imple
concept that effectively merges the singleaminoacid level of analysis with the possibility of longdistance interactions, combined with a Monte Carlolike method for determining the optimum part
nonbeta segments, that compares favorably to existing algorithms created for the same purpose. In particular, our algorithm yields good results on two test sets of sequences related to patholog
the autotransporters. The optimization of certain parameters gives us deeper insight into the relative importance of various aspects of protein folding, and our method’s success on both sets indic
2007 BI038
BETAAMYLOID PRECURSOR PROTEIN – 1: LINKING PROTEIN REPLACEMENT THERAPY AS TREATMENT FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE AND MELANOMA – A 3 YEAR STUDY
Melanie Paige Kabinoff
Park Vista High School, Lake Worth, Florida, U.S.A
The purpose of this year’s study was to determine if over expressed Monocyte Chemotactic Protein1/CCL2 found in BetaAmyloid Precursor Protein – 1 were transferred from the C. elegans to L
been artificially aged to represent damaged cells found in humans suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease, would be a viable treatment of the disease as it did in last year’s treatment of Stage 2 and 3
exposing 135 Lumbricus terrestris to doses of UVB radiation from a tungstenhalogen light (unfiltered) while another 135 Lumbricus terrestris were not exposed to act as a control. The Lumbricus
determine the damage caused by the exposure through a number of qualitative and quantitative tests. The researcher then proceeded to classify the Lumbricus terrestris in eighteen subgroups b
C. elegans were immersed in green/black tea extract in order for them to over express MCP1/CCL2 found in BetaAPP1. After various intervals the proteins produced by the C. elegans were rem
and separated through electrophoresis. The various subgroups of Lumbricus terrestris were then treated with BetaAPP1 through immersion and infusion. After ten weeks of treatment
The treatments provided conclusive results. The groups that were treated with the BetaAPP1, through both immersion and infusion, showed various degrees of cells damage reversal along with
These results were then forwarded to numerous organizations currently performing parallel studies. 
2004 BI039
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF THE SOUR TASTEMODIFYING PROTEIN, MIRACULIN, FROM RICHADELLA DULCIFICA
PeiShan Wu
National Taichung Girls¡¦ Senior High School, Taichung, Taiwan
Richadella dulcifica, a native plant in tropical West Africa, bears red berries which contain protein assigned as miraculin and has the unusual property of modifying a sour taste into a sweet taste.
sodium chloride solution, and purified from the extracts by 50% ammonium sulfate fractionation, sulfopropyl ionexchange column chromatography, and concanavalin ASepharose affinity column
primary structure analysis of miraculin revealed that it consists of 191 amino acid residues with 7 cysteine residues and was found to be a basic protein with PI value of ~ 9. This tastemodifying
with Asnlinked oligosaccharide moieties located at Asn42 and Asn186. It is interesting to find that the M.W. of miraculin is 28,000 by nucleotide sequence analysis of its cDNA as rep
investigation showed that the M.W. of purified miraculin is 55,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamiade gel electrophoresis. By reduction of the miraculin with 5% £]mercaptoethanol, the M
it suggests that miraculin is a homodimer linked by disulfide bond(s). To investigate whether the dimeric form is essential to its function of modifying the sourness into sweetness, the miraculin w
then alkylated with iodoacetate to address this issue. Furthermore, in order to study whether the carbohydrate moiety of miraculin, is essential for its function, the cDNA of miraculin was
expressed in E.Coli.. 
2003 BI039
QUANTIFICATION OF INFLAMMATORY MARKERS CRP AND HA: INVESTIGATING IN VIVO INTERVERTEBRAL DISC REGENERATION WITH OP1 FOLLOWING CABC CHEMONUCLEO
Remi Paul Korenblit
Lincoln Park High School, Chicago, IL, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of injecting lactose, CABC, OP1 and a combination of CABC and OP1 into intervertebral disc of rabbits on the serum levels CRP and
cartilage tissue’s metabolic responses in terms of inflammatory markers to a possible chemonucleolysis combination treatment of CABC and OP1 for annular tear. For a parent study, 2
CABC, OP1, and a combination of CABC and OP1 injected into the nucleus pulposus of three intervertebral disc. Blood was drawn before the injection, at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks after the injec
assays with antibodies specific to CRP and HA were performed on the blood samples. All procedures were done at Rush University Medical Center, under tutelage of Professor Thonar. Procedure
were performed by trained professionals. Control rabbits injected with lactose had little change from baseline CRP and HA readings. CABC injections did not affect the CRP levels, thoug
local inflammation and tissue dissolution. OP1 injections did not affect the CRP levels, though did initially increase the HA levels, followed by a decrease. The combination injection produced low
indicating tissue repair, but had significant increases of CRP, suggesting systemic inflammatory response possibly hindering tissue repair. Results show combination treatment of CABC and OP
and regrows nucleus pulposus, but also uncovers potential negative complications. 
2008 BI039
IDENTIFYING NICKELINDEPENDENT MUTANTS OF THE NICKELDEPENDENT REPRESSOR PROTEIN NIKR IN ESCHERICHIA COLI
Colin Lydon Park
Wentzville Holt High School, Wentzville, MO
The Escherichia coli nik operon is negatively regulated by the repressor protein NikR. NikR is a nickeldependent protein that only inhibits nikABCDE synthesis when nickel is bound to the tetram
order to understand how NikR functions in the cell, researchers must determine how nickel binding affects the affinity for DNA binding. A nickelindependent mutant could possibly provide the ans
coli gene, plasmid pNIK103, was used to change key conserved residues. NikR function was assayed using a nik promoterlacZ fusion, plasmid pPC181. Mutants with unusually low lacZ activity
of “gainoffunction mutations". The nickel dependence of the mutants was tested in a strain lacking a nickel transporter and found to still be nickeldependent, although to varying degrees.
L86A mutations affect NikR function by different mechanisms.
2009 BI039
THE EFFECT OF ETHANOL CONCENTRATION ON AN ADHCATALYZED REACTION
Joanne Livaditis
Dallastown Area High School, Dallastown, PA
The oxidation of ethanol as catalyzed by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) was studied. This reaction is a critical step in the human body’s process of metabolism: ethanol and nicotinam
acetaldehyde, NADH, and H+. This experiment determined the amount of time the reaction takes depending on various ethanol concentrations. It was hypothesized that the rate of the reaction wi
increased and then reach a plateau where it no longer increases as the ethanol concentration increases. The reaction was coupled with another reaction involving phenazine methosulfat
emitted wavelengths in the visible light spectrum so the ethanol oxidation could be monitored using a spectrophotometer. Zero Order, First Order, and MichaelisMenten kinetics were used in the
supported the hypothesis; ethanol concentrations of 0.016 M, 0.033 M, 0.067 M, 0.1 M, and 0.3 M were tested, and the reaction rate decreased as the concentrations increased. The reaction rate
minutes at 0.4 M ethanol. Multiple trials and a 95% confidence interval validated the results. Variables such as light, oxygen, pH of the enzyme and solutions, and temperature at which
affected the results. In future investigations, performing the experiment in complete darkness and at the pH of the human body (7.35 to 7.45) would better simulate actual body conditions. By limi
their effect on the rate of ethanol consumption and equate the results to the process that occurs in the human body during metabolism.
2006 BI039
THE ROLE OF JAGGED1 IN NEUROGENESIS WITHIN THE MAMMALIAN OLFACTORY EPITHELIUM
Zena Maria Cardman
Bruton High School, Williamsburg, Virginia, USA
Using the olfactory epithelium of E14 Mus musculus as a model, this research explored the role of Jagged1, a potential ligand for the Notch receptor protein, in activation of the Notch pathway, w
differentiation. This was carried out most effectively using RNA in situ hybridization techniques. The most distinct neurogenic phenotypes were observed with RNA probes marking expression of n
all apically misexpressed neural cells per section (marked by SCG10) was observed in the mutant, while a noteworthy increase in expressed odorant receptors (60% for the SR1 probe and 25% fo
OR78 – expressed in zone 1 of the olfactory epithelium, where Jagged1 expression is also differentially expressed – exhibited not only an increased expression in the mutant, but also misexpress
Preliminary TUNEL staining also showed a sizable increase in mutant cell death. This experiment provides the first in vivo evidence that Jagged1 plays a role in inhibiting neural cell differentiation
Additionally, an unexpected expression pattern suggests that Jagged1 may play a more fundamental role in the organizational process of neurogenesis. Since the Notch Pathway is present in all
processes – including development, stem cell maintenance, and memory – and has been linked with such conditions as Alzheimer’s Disease, schizophrenia, and Alagille Syndrome, research into
applications.
2014 BI039
THE EFFECT OF SODIUM CHLORIDE ON CATALASE'S BREAKDOWN OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Olivia Jeanne Eustice
Ocean Springs High School, Ocean Springs, MS, United States of America
Introduction Catalase, an enzyme in aerobic cells, catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into oxygen and water to protect cells from oxidative stress. Decreased cat
concentrations of H2O2 which can cause oxidative stress on cellular tissue. The role of sodium chloride (NaCl) concentration on the activity of catalase was investigated. It was hypothesized tha
in a solution containing more saline. Methods Six separate NaCl solutions were prepared: 0.00% NaCL distilled water, 0.94% NaCl, 1.88% NaCl, 3.75% NaCl, 7.5% NaCl, and 1
each solution. A vernier oxygen sensor measured oxygen produced over a period of fifteen minutes. Three trials of the six concentrations were performed. Data was analyzed using a oneway AN
comparison test. Results The concentration of NaCl was found to significantly effect the activity of catalase (p<0.0001). The significant decrease in catalase activity was noted
1.88% NaCl. The average data between the 3 experiments was: 0.00% saline solution produced 9.86% oxygen, 0.94% produced 6.25% oxygen, 1.88% produced 4.43% oxygen, 3.75% produced
oxygen, and 15.00% produced 1.23% oxygen. Conclusion The concentration of NaCl was found to significantly effect catalase activity. Significant decrease in distilled water an
Comparison of 0.94% saline solution showed significance to saline concentrations of 7.5% and 15.0%. All saline concentrations trended towards less catalase activity.
2013 BI039
A FASTER RUBISCO FOR CARBON SEQUESTRATION
Justin Krish Williams
Henry W Grady High School, Atlanta, GA
Ribulose1,5bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase (RuBisCO) is a highly abundant and wellcharacterized enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin Cycle. Using magnesium [Mg(II)] as a
(CO2) by covalently linking it to the 5carbon sugar, Ribulose Bisphosphate, which decomposes to produce two smaller 3carbon sugars. RuBisCO has the potential to be used to sequester CO2,
RuBisCO is known as a 'slothful' enzyme because of its inefficiency (low kcat/Km). I propose that RuBisCO can be made more efficient by using conditions similar to those in which it first evolve
soluble Fe(II), a reduced form of iron, a lack of oxygen and very little available Mg(II). While Fe(II) is soluble in water, Fe(III) is not. After about 1.5 billion years of life, ‘the great oxidation’ slowly r
depositing it in ‘Banded Iron Formations’ as insoluble Fe(III). I measured RuBisCO activity in the presence of oxygen and Mg(II) and in the absence of oxygen and presence of Fe(II). There is pre
enzymatic activity by switching Mg(II) to Fe(II). I used both thinlayer chromatography as well as a spectroscopic method for measuring RuBisCO activity, as well mass spectrometry to quantitat
and age of RuBisCO, I propose that its ‘slothful’ nature may be due to its unsuitability to working with Mg(II) and thus may be a possible candidate for increased activity with Fe(II) ion.
2010 BI039
THE NUTRITIONAL LOSS IN FOODS DUE TO NONENZYMATIC BROWNING
Joshua Jayme Nubla
East SyracuseMinoa Central Highschool, East Syracuse, NY
In food processing, the organoleptic properties (taste, texture, appearance) and nutritional value of food product are essential quality parameters. One undesirable change that occurs in foods is a
the overall quality of the food product. Browning can occur via an enzymecatalyzed mechanism involving polyphenol oxidase (PPO) that oxidizes polyphenolic compounds into browncolored pig
in caramelization and the Maillard ("sugaramine") Reaction. Maillard browning occurs when a reducing agent and an amine group react leading to a cascade of reactions that result in a brown colo
flavor. In most food matrices, the reaction occurs between a reducing sugar and a protein. In order to investigate the Maillard reaction, a series of amino acids were combined with sugar
quantified using a spectrophotometer, under varying conditions, i.e. by manipulating the pH, concentration, residence time, and reaction temperature. To demonstrate browning control, a formulati
reducing milk from 375 mL to 250 mL of milk. With reduced concentration and cooking time, the new recipe resulted in minimal browning. Additional formulations were investigated to determine th
confectionery applications. Knowing the processes involved in the Maillard Reaction and the properties that depend on it, it is possible to control the amount of browning in select foods. By manip
it is possible to manage both flavor and nutritional value.
2005 BI039
DNA DAMAGE FROM ACRYLAMIDE. HOLD THE FRIES!
Lindsey Marie Hubley
"The Report on Human Carcinogens, 11th edition," lists acrylamide as anticipated to be a human carcinogen. It is a probable mutagen. Sugar and amino acid asparagine in food form ac
C. Acrylamide levels 500 times the EPA limit are formed in foods. Is DNA damaged by acrylamide? DNA damage was measured with agarose gel electrophoresis.
human DNA were used. DNA was cut into small segments with a restriction enzyme. Measurable bands formed at the distances these segments traveled through the gel. This was the control ba
large similar size segments making measurement impossible. A second trial with HINDIII produced smaller varied segments allowing measurement. A 10 kilo base DNA ladder confirmed
Acrylamide inoculation levels started at .0005 mg/ml. Samples incubated at 37 degrees C for 3 to 30 hours simulating acrylamide contact with digestive system DNA. Analysis revealed
DNA (compared to control) moved closer to the positive terminal. The human DNA was greatly fragmented and pulled through and off the gel. Acrylamide caused significant DNA damag
fragmented than human DNA. Since slight somatic mutations cause disease, ingestion of acrylamide creates risk. High levels of acrylamide cause DNA damage. Cumulative damage o
concentrations reported in food is probable a subject for further research. 
2011 BI039
EXPRESSION AND LOCALIZATION OF 3BETAHYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE1 IN HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS
Madhuchanda Bose
This project studied the expression and localization of 3bhydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1(3bHSD1)protein and the associated protein complexes in human breast cancer(MCF7)cells.
MCF7 cells and was at least tenfold greater in transfected cells than nontransfected cells, with nearly no expression of 3bHSD1 protein in the monkey kidney (COS1)cells. Protein exp
COS1 cells using Western blotting, after transfection of MCF7 and COS1 cells with plasmid DNA isolated from E.coli competent cells transformed with 3bHSD1 cDNA subcloned in pCMV vecto
expressed in transfected MCF7 cells, more so than nontransfected MCF7 cells, and minimally expressed in transfected and nontransfected COS1 cells led to the localization of 3bHSD1 protei
reticulum (ER), by incubation of radioactive translated 3bHSD1 protein with mitochondria and ER isolated from pig adrenal glands, and testing of import by tracing radioactive protein. It was found
associated with both mitochondria and ER. Mitochondria and ER were then isolated from MCF7 cells, by differential centrifugation, and 3bHSD1 associated protein complexes were identified by p
transferred from NativePAGE gel, with 3bHSD1 primary and secondary antibodies. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the associated protein complexes found, by matching the peaks gene
in the Matrix Science (UK) database. Inhibiting any of the proteins in the complexes found could inhibit overexpression of 3bHSD1 and oversynthesis of progesterone in breast cancer cells, stopp
2007 BI039
ZINC FINGER OF HDNMT1 IS ESSENTIAL FOR ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY AND PARTICIPATES IN TRANSCRIPTIONAL REPRESSION
Mihika Pradhan
HamiltonWenham Regional High School, South Hamilton, MA, U.S.A.
DNA methylation is an enzymatic chemical modification of human genome. Human DNA (cytosine5) methyltransferase 1 (hDNMT1) attaches methyl groups to cytosine residues on control segm
daughter strands during cell division. Therefore, a normal gene veers off its intended course of activity. In cancer cells, DNMT1 aberrantly hypermethylates the tumor suppressor genes and silenc
successful in reactivating the silenced genes in cancer treatment, but have serious side effects. Here, the zinc finger domain was identified (ZnF) of hDNMT1 as the crucial element requ
vitro. Mutation/(s) of the cysteine residues in the ZnF abolished its DNA binding function. Mutant enzymes retained localization on the replication sites and nuclear DNA, when expressed by mam
mutant enzymes on the newly synthesized DNA decreased, suggesting impairment of DNA methylation. Mutant enzymes also displayed reduced activity in vitro as compared to the wild type, co
activity. The Survivin oncogene was transcriptionally repressed by the wild type enzyme and to a lesser extent with mutant enzyme, possibly due to poor enzymeDNA interactions. 
hDNMT1 was demonstrated in enzymatic activity, and a new method of DNMT1 inhibition is proposed via ZnFbinding small unmethylated DNA molecules in cancer therapy. 
2012 BI039
MEDICINAL PROFILING OF COLLETOTRICHUM BONINENSE, A FUNGAL ENDOPHYTE DERIVED FROM CLERMONTIA PARVIFLORA, AN ENDEMIC HAWAIIAN PLANT
Shalila Shek de Bourmont
Hilo High School, Hilo, HI
Endophytic fungi, organisms residing within plants, have recently been considered as a possible new source of pharmaceuticals. In fact, anticancer and antimicrobial properties originally attribute
actually originate in the fungal endophytes. In a previous study, Clermontia parviflora (an endemic native Hawaiian plant) was found to harbor two endophyte species exhibiting antic
Colletotrichum boninense, is the subject of the present study. Methanol, hexane, butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts were obtained and tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. The myceliu
separated through MPLC and TLC into three pure compounds, two of which exhibited mild antimicrobial activity against both S. aureus and E. coli. The butanol extract showed activity against E.
control nitrofurantoine. Both butanol and hexane extracts exhibited antimicrobial activity against S. aureus. No extracts showed cytotoxic activity toward LnCap prostate cancer cells. Cytotoxicity
reduced in all extracts suggesting that cytotoxicity is a trait highly dependent on the environment and, due to disuse, the trait seems to be diluted and almost absent throughout subsequent gener
understand C. boninense’s medicinal properties.
2014 BI040
THE HUNT FOR WONDROUS WOLBACHIA
Nikhil Mohan Arora
St. Andrew's Episcopal School, Ridgeland, MS, United States of America
Wolbachia is a maternally transmitted intracellular symbiont that is mainly localized in the reproductive tissues of arthropods. Wolbachia is responsible for feminization, parthenogenesis, malekill
is considered one of the most promising targets for disease/pest control. Wolbachia has been discovered within Mississippi, and to hunt for Wolbachia within my own community was the objectiv
began with test subject collection. Ants from 7 different locations were tested (all imported red fire ants). DNA extraction was the initial step. DNA extraction was completed through maceration of
PCR (polymerase chain reaction) followed DNA extraction. The necessary items were added, and then the tubes were placed within a thermal cycler. Several steps were gone through by the therm
denaturation, annealing, and elongation steps. Electrophoresis, the final step, was completed. This process allows one to actually see the DNA to look for the telltale presence of Wolbachia. It w
Wolbachia present within the test subjects as two bands of DNA signifies Wolbachia while only single bands were detected. One comes to the conclusion then that Wolbachia is not present within
That, however, does not mean that Wolbachia is not present within the insect populations of my school. Also, though Wolbachia was not actually discovered, the data proves valuable to the unde
and with what it does not.
2006 BI040
WHICH BEVERAGES WILL PROVIDE HIGH LEVELS OF ANTIOXIDANTS?
Asanka Thimothy Nanayakkara
Oxford High School, Oxford, MS 38655 USA
This experiment was performed to compare the antioxidant activity of different beverages. Most people around the world drink either tea or coffee daily. Currently, more people are drinking tea tha
Tea is commonly known to contain antioxidants. Since all teas except herbal teas come from the same plant, Camellia sinensis, varying only by way of processing, the amount of antiox
the way the tea is processed and prepared by the manufacturer. Antioxidant activity may also vary according to the region in which the tea is grown. The same should be true of coffee. Some her
from the flowers of the chamomile plant. Several varieties of tea and two different kinds of coffee were prepared as suggested by the manufacturer, and their antioxidant activity was com
flavors and forms, and the manufacturers processed them in different ways. In this project, the amount of antioxidants in these beverages was evaluated by titration with DPPH, a stable
that have antioxidant activity was also determined by the TLC method as well as the HPLC method. From this experiment, it was found that greenwhite tea contained the most antioxidants and t
than pekoe teas. The decaffeinated beverages had fewer antioxidants than the caffeinated beverages. The manner of preparation also had an effect on the amount of antioxidants in the tea. 
2009 BI040
DOES 2DEOXYDGLUCOSE KILL MULTIPLE MYELOMA CELLS BY INHIBITING GLYCOLYSIS OR GLYCOSYLATION?
Martin Joseph Gutman
Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School, Miami, FL
Multiple Myeloma (MM), an essentially incurable hematologic malignancy, is one of the most prevalent in America and stems from terminally differentiated plasma cells. Bortezomib, a selective i
kills MM cells and has also been approved for the healing of refractory relapse disease. Proteins in MM cells naturally misfold and in order to maintain survival, they undergo a phenomenon know
(UPR), regulated by proteasomes. UPR is activated for survival but under prolonged stress kills cells through Endoplasmic Reticulum(ER) stressinduced apoptosis. Another strategy inducing ER
proteins. Glycosylation can be inhibited with 2Deoxyglucose (2DG), and similarly to glucose, is easily up taken by tumors to inhibit glycolysis or glycosylation. Glycolysis is one main source of
determined if MM cells could be treated with 2DG and if so how they died. MM1.s cells were not sensitive to 2DG alone while 8226 cells died when 2DG was added. To determine if this was du
under conditions of low oxygen (hypoxia) where cells must use glycolysis to survive. Under these conditions both cell types died when 2DG was added. Therefore both cells use glycolysis when
8226 died equally whether oxygen was present or not so we checked if 2DG altered glycosylation by looking for a marker of the UPR. When treated with 2DG these cell lines did not express one
UPR (ATF3). Because UPR genes were not expressed, it was concluded that the inhibition of glycolysis by 2DG was responsible for cell death.
2008 BI040
THE POTENTIAL OF NEOLAMARKCIA CADAMBA PLANT AS GOUT TREATMENT AGENT
Fatimah Thohirah Abdul Halim
SMK Wangsa Melawati, Kuala Lumpur, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, MALAYSIA
The objectives of this project is to determine the antioxidant activity and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of Neolamarkcia cadamba plant.The plant undergoes the Thin layer Chromatography(T
contain in the leaves.The leaves are soaked with a few drops of methanol and spotted at a TLC plate and the compounds found are flavonoids,chlorophyll,and terpene. The extraction of 50% etha
are soaked with the leaves and branches.The mixture are rotated in the rotary evaporator.For the water extract, the leaves are boiled with the distilled water and juices produced are rotated.For th
mixture of 80% acetone,50% ethanol with the leaves are passed through a dioion column.The solution collected are rotated.The methanol extract was tested against two antioxidants bioassays,S
Radical Scavenging System and both show the activity of 91.8% and 93.8% respectively.For the DPPH Radical Scavenging System,50% ethanol extract shows 87.20% ,column chromatography
and column chromatography of 80% acetone extract shows 91.77%.Phytoscreening was done to determine type of compound contained in the leaves. The leaves are dried ,weighed and divided
and it shows a positive result for the presence of flavonoids, triterpenes/steroids and tannins.For experiment of xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity, all the extracts was sent and it was found that
acetone extract shows 24.43%, dichloromethane extract shows 31.28%, column chromatography of 50% ethanol extract shows 20.21% and column chromatography of 80% acetone extract show
cadamba has a big potential to treat gout.
2007 BI040
ANTIOXIDANT PROPERTIES OF C. LONGA: A STUDY AND COMPARISON
Archana Vamanrao
Hopkinton High School, Hopkinton, Massachusetts, United States
The purpose of this project was to compare the antioxidant ability of turmeric to other spices (oregano, cinnamon, and clove). An effective antioxidant spice would lend itself to use as a natural pr
lipids (as these antioxidants would help prevent lipid peroxidation and increase shelf life of foods). The oxidation levels of an oil sample over time were found using a Petri dish system in
varying amounts of the spices tested) was allowed to oxidize and release volatiles. These volatiles then reacted with unpolymerized amines on a polyamide TLC plate, causing it to fluoresce und
of fluorescence represented a more oxidized oil. The results were graphed and linear regression best fit lines were found to model the sample’s oxidation over time. Effectiveness as an antioxidan
oxidation rate for a sample treated with a certain concentration of a spice to that of an untreated sample (the control). Ttests performed on the data showed there was a significant decrease in ox
the boiled linseed oil increased, suggesting that turmeric is an effective antioxidant. The data suggested that turmeric was more effective in inhibiting the oxidation of the oil than cinnamon and or
was significantly more effective than turmeric (p < 0.02). 
2005 BI040
STUDYING THE NUCLEOSOME ASSEMBLY PROTEIN: IS THE CDOMAIN RESPONSIBLE FOR HISTONE INTERACTION?
Aleksandr Gorin
Children's Creative and Performing Arts Academy, San Diego, CA, United States
The NAP1 protein is the protein that assembles nucleosomes and organizes DNA inside the nucleus of cells. The aim of this experiment is to determine whether the GSTY10 protein has the abil
consist of two major steps; creating the GSTY10 protein and a pull down assay using the produced protein and histones. The Y10 protein is a fragment of the NAP1 protein that codes fo
to do most of the work that the protein carries out with respect to histone binding. This Y10 protein is obtained from yeast cells, whose NAP1 protein is very similar to that of humans. Th
Y10 and GST protein together. This is done using common DNA restriction enzyme digests and ligations. Once the correct DNA plasmid is created it will be grown up inside E Coli bacteria and th
the protein is created a test will be run to see if it interacts with histones. The test will be a pull down assay. The results of the pull down assay will show whether the GSTY10 protein can interac
to the experiment. The results of this experiment showed that the histones do interact with the GSTY10 protein. 
2013 BI040
USING ZEBRAFISH AS A MODEL TO IDENTIFY THE CAUSES OF MECHANOSENSORY HAIR CELL DEATH AND HEARING LOSS IN HUMANS
Meghal Sheth
Camas High School, Camas, WA
According to the World Health Organization, over 275 million people in the world suffer from deafness and other hearing impairments. It affects people of all ages, ranging from newborns to the eld
loss of hair cells, which are mechanosensory cells that transform sound stimuli and transfer it to the brain via auditory nerve. The human body produces about 15,000 cells and once lost, hair cel
sensoneural hearing loss are caused by damage to these hair cells. The loss of hair cells can be caused by certain types of aminoglycoside antibiotics, environmental toxins, aging, and prolonge
visualize the viability of these hair cells, researchers use Zebrafish as a model to label and study the toxicity of certain chemicals and medications in vivo. The lateral line along the body of the e
organs called neuromasts that serve as an accurate way to identify the affected hair cells in an experiment. In my research, I have tested for the ototoxic effects of Bisphenol A, a common mono
polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, and have compared these results with a common aminoglycoside antibiotic, neomycin, on 10 neuromasts along the embryonic head tissue. I have concl
has some effect on hair cell death, however, 24 hours and chronic exposure along with slightly higher concentrations of Bisphenol A do have measurable ototoxic effects that may lead to hearing
2010 BI040
IMAGING THE APOPTOTIC EFFECT OF TUNICAMYCIN IN MDAMB231 HUMAN BREAST CANCER CELLS LINE
Karla Patricia Ramos
Breast cancer is a most common cancer among women. There are different types of breast cancer and the most aggressive one is known as triple negative (HER2/ER/PR). MDAMB231 is a trip
Tunicamycin is a glucosaminecontaining pyrimidine nucleoside and in antibiotic that competitively inhibits Nlinked protein glycosylation and breast tumor angiogenesis by inducing apoptosis.
Tunicamycin would induce apoptosis in MDAMB231 breast cancer cells. To verify the hypothesis MDAMB231 cells were grown in two separate culturing flasks. One flask was the experimenta
Tunicamycin. The second flask was the control group and was not treated. Both groups of cells were then stained with Hoechst dye, and observed under a fluorescence microscope to determine
evaluation confirmed that the hypothesis was correct. Image from Tunicamycin treated breast cancer cells showed apoptotic characteristics which include, a fragmented nucleus and condensed c
unaltered. These results suggested that Tunicamycin induces apoptosis in MDAMB231 human breast cancer cell lines. This is most likely due to a quantitative inhibition of the Lipidlinked oligo
the endoplasmic reticulum stress. As a result, the glycoprotein including growth factor receptor can’t conform itself correctly and activates unfolded protein response mediated apoptosis. In concl
MDAMB231 breast cancer cells caused cellular death through apoptosis. Future investigation will target specific pathways to understand the mechanism of Tunicamycininduced breast cancer c
2003 BI040
ENDOGENOUS ESTROGEN AMPLIFICATION THROUGH INTERACTION WITH P450 ENZYMES: NOVEL MECHANISMS FOR XENOESTROGENICITY
Lalit Ramesh Patel, California Academy of Mathematics and Science
Carson, California, United States of America
For five decades, considerable data has supported claims that human reproductive health has deteriorated with the environment. Such findings support reports characterizing xenobiotic chemicals
disruptors and endocrine disruption sources in environmental samples and the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a claim that exposure to environmental xenoestrogens degrades human and wildlife
disruption hypothesis’s molecular model serves as a basis for this study. The model currently limits means of disruption to xenoestrogens’ receptor agonistic behavior, causing disparities betwee
xenoestrogen potencies and their observed estrogenic capacities. This study attempts to incorporate a novel mechanism of xenoestrogenicity through endogenous estrogen amplification caused
accumulating within an organism into the molecular model and tests the possibility of substration and inhibition of estrogenmetabolizing enzyme CYP1A as a means of such amplification. <b
xenoestrogens, enzyme substration kinetic assays and carbon monoxide binding difference spectra were used to determine the extent, mode, and reversibility of xenoestrogens’ inhibition of CYP
DDE competitively inhibit CYP1A’s catalytic activity at high and low concentrations. Difference spectra show that such substration is irreversible and permanently denatures the CYP1A enzyme.
xenoestrogens through metabolic enzyme substration is thereby shown as a viable mechanism for their disruptive behavior. Without verifying the significance of CYP1A substration as an endoge
however, the study is unable to expand the molecular model. Accordingly, further experimentation is necessary. 
Awards of $5,000 Intel Foundation Achievement Awards
2011 BI040
GASTRO MICROBIAL FUEL CELL: A NOVEL IMPLEMENTATION OF A GMFC IN CAPSULAR NANOROBOTICS
Raja Selvakumar
Milton High School, Milton, GA
This project is based on the integration of capsular nanobots into in vivo models. The purpose of this project is to find alternative power sources to use in such bots. Current lithiumion technology
functionality. Possible applications of this robots in human models include the treatment of Crohn's and Menetrier's disease, so implementation is key to a better future. The novel use of a microb
technology is tested in this experiment. The hypothesis is that if this gastro microbial fuel call can produce a consistent voltage of 400 mV, then it can be used in capsular nano robots in the near
completed in three essential steps. First the anode assembly was created using a carbon pad and cloth design. Then the cathode was assembled using similar materials but also incorporating St
Finally, the electrolyte consisting of HCl, KCl, NaCl, and natural yogurt was added to the container. The chlorides simulate the actual stomach acid composition while the yogurt harbors microbial
over a 11 day period and the results were promising. A consistent trend of voltage readings greater than 400 mV was observed, thus proving the hypothesis. As 3/8 of all American diseases are g
implemented in capsular nanorobotics, and power in vivo for nano robotic devices used in surgical and therapeutic devices that would be superior to current battery options.
2012 BI040
THE REGULATION OF LENGTHDEPENDENT MYOSIN LIGHT CHAIN PHOSPHORYLATION IN BLADDER SMOOTH MUSCLE
Alec Kaipo Takeshi Matsumoto
Kamehameha Schools Kapalama High School, Honolulu, HI
This investigation examined myosin light chain phosphorylation and the pathways involved in its regulation in response to changes in rabbit bladder smooth muscle tissue length. It was hypothes
smooth muscle increased, there would be a general pattern of increased myosin light chain (MLC) phosphorylation as well as an increase in Thr850 myosin phosphatase target (MYPT) subunit ph
muscle strips were stretched to various lengths ranging from slack (no passive force) to 1.5Lo (1.5 times optimal length). Protein lysates from these tissues were used to measure phosphorylatio
by Western blot. The results suggest that an increase in tissue length from slack to 1.5 Lo causes a decrease in Ser19 MLC phosphorylation while causing an increase in Thr850 MYPT phosphor
alternative mechanism that decreases MLC phosphorylation as length increases, and that this pathway has a stronger effect in the regulation of MLC phosphorylation than the effect of Thr850 MY
2004 BI040
PROLIFERATION AND DIFFERENTIATION OF ADULT RAT BONE MARROW STEM CELLS WHEN COCULTURED WITH RAT HEPATOCYTES
Joanne MingLi Ho
Raffles Junior College, Singapore
With the development of liver tissue engineering to treat acute liver failure, the process of deriving hepatocytes is becoming more important. The differentiation of mesenchymal bone marrow stem
hepatocytes in the future. However, the mechanism remains unclear. In this project, the aim was to determine if differentiation was induced by some soluble factors secreted by the hepatocytes,
that stimulated the differentiation. BMSCs were induced to proliferate and differentiate by coculturing them with hepatocytes, some with direct contact between the two groups of cells and others
was achieved via the creation of partially supported or fully supported collagencoated cover slips, which were seeded with BMSCs, and then placed over a hepatocyte monolayer. The degree of d
extent of phenotypic and functional changes. In particular, the degree of differentiation was shown via the P450 cytochrome oxidase enzyme activity assay. It was found that the BMSCs in both
differentiated into hepatocytes. Since the BMSCs seeded onto the fully supported cover slips, which did not allow any form of direct cellcell contact, had differentiated into hepatocytes, it implies
induced differentiation was some soluble factor secreted by hepatocytes. Direct cellcell contact is not a prerequisite for the differentiation of BMSCs into hepatocytes to occur. This has significa
and treatments for liver failure, as well as potential widespread applications in the studies of the differentiation mechanisms of progenitor cells.
2003 BI040
ENDOGENOUS ESTROGEN AMPLIFICATION THROUGH INTERACTION WITH P450 ENZYMES: NOVEL MECHANISMS FOR XENOESTROGENICITY
Lalit Ramesh Patel, California Academy of Mathematics and Science
Carson, California, United States of America
For five decades, considerable data has supported claims that human reproductive health has deteriorated with the environment. Such findings support reports characterizing xenobiotic chemicals
disruptors and endocrine disruption sources in environmental samples and the endocrine disruption hypothesis, a claim that exposure to environmental xenoestrogens degrades human and wildlife
disruption hypothesis’s molecular model serves as a basis for this study. The model currently limits means of disruption to xenoestrogens’ receptor agonistic behavior, causing disparities betwee
xenoestrogen potencies and their observed estrogenic capacities. This study attempts to incorporate a novel mechanism of xenoestrogenicity through endogenous estrogen amplification caused
accumulating within an organism into the molecular model and tests the possibility of substration and inhibition of estrogenmetabolizing enzyme CYP1A as a means of such amplification. <b
xenoestrogens, enzyme substration kinetic assays and carbon monoxide binding difference spectra were used to determine the extent, mode, and reversibility of xenoestrogens’ inhibition of CYP
DDE competitively inhibit CYP1A’s catalytic activity at high and low concentrations. Difference spectra show that such substration is irreversible and permanently denatures the CYP1A enzyme.
xenoestrogens through metabolic enzyme substration is thereby shown as a viable mechanism for their disruptive behavior. Without verifying the significance of CYP1A substration as an endoge
however, the study is unable to expand the molecular model. Accordingly, further experimentation is necessary. 
2013 BI041
DEVELOPING A PURIFICATION STRATEGY TO AID STRUCTURAL CHARACTERIZATION OF THE S1P1 RECEPTOR
Ryan Christopher Meingasner
Seminole Ridge Community High School, Loxahatchee, FL
The goal of this research project was to purify 3xFLAG tagged S1P1 receptor from a stable pool of HEK cells. A cell line that stably expressed the S1P1 receptor was in place in the mentor’s lab
detergents compatible with HDXMS were tested to ensure both that the receptor yield was adequate and that the compatible purification strategies were as effective as standard strategies. <b
washed across M2 affinity beads to wash off unwanted cellular proteins. The sample was filtered in a molecular weight cutoff filter to ensure particle size was under 10kDA. The flag peptides use
removed from the protein solution. At this point the sample was introduced to a mass spectrometer to assess the sequence coverage of the protein. The sequence coverage was too low
was due to the high concentration of detergent and low concentration of receptor used in the purification strategy. To test this, detergents were separated on a gel and bands associated with the S
digested from these bands were analyzed by mass spectrometry to assess sequence coverage. In conclusion, purification of the S1P1 receptor was confirmed using Western analysis, and furthe
is underway to move forward with HDXMS studies. The potential of this project will allow researchers to test the efficacy of potential drugs which would be used to treat multiple sclerosis
2010 BI041
CHEMICAL COMPARISON OF THE CHEIRANTHUS CHEIRI PLANT WITH COMMERCIAL PESTICIDES
Lester J Rosario
Jose Rojas Cortes High School, Orocovis, PUERTO RICO
The problem under study in this research was: Are the leaves’ extract of Cheiranthus cheiri plant chemically similar to a commercial pesticide? The hypothesis was: The leaves’ extract of Cheiran
a commercial pesticide with insecticide and fungicide functions. To test the hypothesis, the following procedure was carried out: The leaf of the Cheiranthus cheiri plant was weighed with a cento
and 5 mL of distilled water were added to obtain an extract. Afterwards, a drop of this extract was placed in the prism of the ATR. A transmittance reading of the spectrophotometric infrared area
commercial pesticides were labeled, according to their uses, as follows: “Insecticide”, “Insecticide and Fungicide”, “Insecticide and Bactericide”, and “Fungicide, Insecticide and Miticide”.
from each recipient. The same spectrophotometric reading mentioned above was also done to these samples of pesticides. Using the computer, each of the pesticides’ spectrums was superimpo
spectrum to compare the equivalent absorptions of functional groups. All this procedure was done two times. In conclusion, the hypothesis was accepted. It was noticed that the plant’s extract sp
functional groups of the pesticide labeled as: “Insecticide and Fungicide”.
2005 BI041
MODELING THE EFFECT OF INTESTINAL TRANSIT VELOCITY OF MILK ON LACTOSE HYDROLYSIS
Arhana Chattopadhyay
Clark High School, Plano, Texas
Lactose malabsorption results from the reduced activity of the ßgalactosidase enzyme which hydrolyzes lactose. The goal was to study the relationship between intestinal transit velocity of milk
hypothesized that transit velocity and lactose hydrolysis could not be correlated well. A mechanical model was created using 10’ long channels. ONPG, a chromogenic substrate of ßgal
The substrate was pumped through the lower channel at varying velocities. Buffers and a heater maintained pH 7.0 and body temperature. The ßgalactosidase was “secreted” by dripping through
spectrophotometer read the absorbance of each solution, which was translated into ONP concentration. From the experiment, three mathematical models were derived to describe the re
ONP concentration: the power, hyperbolic and exponential models. R2 tests and Ftests were used to determine that the negative power function best modeled the data: Concentration of ONP = (
hypothesis was rejected because such a correlation was found. This study has enormous impacts. The physiological model of the intestine can be applied in other studies of the digestiv
complicated in vivo analysis. The mathematical model derived in this study can also be modified to include the factors of inhibition, enzyme degradation, and severity of condition. Since increase
fat milk could help mild to moderate lactose malabsorbers digest milk or experience fewer symptoms. 
2003 BI041
CLASSIFYING MALONIC ACID AS A COMPETITIVE OR NONCOMPETITIVE INHIBITOR THROUGH ISOLATION OF THE SIXTH STEP OF THE KREBS CYCLE
Christian Johann Camargo
Homer Hanna High School, Brownsville, TX, USA
This experiment is classifying malonic acid as a competitive or noncompetitive inhibitor in the oxidation of succinic acid to fumaric acid by catalyzation by succinic dehydrogenase. In knowing th
Citric Acid cycle, is coupled to FAD > FADH2, this experiment was set up. Methylene Blue was used as an indicator. In this project, by isolating the reaction of succinic acid to fumaric acid thro
dehydrogenase, and introduction of enzyme inhibitor malonic acid all in a test tube, malonic acid can be classified as competitive or noncompetitive by the reaction (or lack thereof) caused in the
various components. If all ingredients needed for a visible reaction, succinic acid, succinic dehydrogenase (in from of extract from mitochondria of a calf heart), water, and methylene blue are inc
reaction to a tube where the inhibitor is introduced. If when the inhibitor is introduced a change in the concentration of the substrate, succinic acid, causes a reaction where otherwise there was no
inhibitor. If no reaction takes place no matter the level of succinic acid, it is noncompetitive.
2004 BI041
IDENTIFICATION OF CONSERVED PLATELETACTIVATING FACTOR BINDING SITES BY MUTAGENESIS
Emily Clegg
Bountiful High School, Bountiful, Utah, United States of America
Plateletactivating factor (PAF) is a naturally occurring phospholipid, that promotes inflammation. Two proteins that bind and deactivate PAF are plasma PAF acetylhydrolase (PAFAH) and intrac
is a membrane protein responsible for binding PAF and then mediating intracellular communication. These three proteins share a very specific homologous four aminoacid sequence. This project
possible binding site for PAF. To study the conserved region, mutant species of plasma PAFAH were generated and relative PAF binding affinity determined. Six mutants were produce
cDNA template. Mutation sites included each amino acid in the conserved site, plus the preceding and following amino acids. The mutant DNA was ligated to vector pcDNA 3.1 and transformed
colonization, plasmids were obtained, identified, and transfected into mammalian cells. The protein produced by the transfectants was assessed for total concentration, mutant quantity, and bindi
demonstrated that transfected cells produced the desired protein. Specific activity of PAF binding and inhibition curves revealed one mutant (serine 319) to have a greater affinity for binding PAF
reactions, remaining mutants were shown to be incapable of binding PAF. This project determined that the conserved site is important in PAF binding. Further study of the characteristic
may lead to better understanding of the genesis and control of inflammation. 
2007 BI041
ROLE OF INTEGRINLINKED KINASE SIGNALING IN VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELL MIGRATION
Mark Anthony Menn
Murphy High School, Mobile, Alabama, USA
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) migration in response to plateletderived growth factor (PDGF) is a key event in several vascular pathologies including atherosclerosis and restenosis.
as a key regulator of migration associated with cancer, but its role in the vasculature is undefined. It was hypothesized that ILK is a key regulator of VSMC migration. To verify the model system
migrated in a dosedependent fashion following PDGF stimulation. Transfection of VSMCs with siRNA to decrease the expression of ILK allowed for analysis of ILK associated pathways. Decrea
VSMCs migration; thus implicating ILK as a mediator of PDGFinduced VSMC migration. Akt is a known target of ILK, and these studies indicated that lowering ILK expression reduced Akt activ
on ser473. A chemical inhibitor of Akt dosedependently blocked PDGFinduced migration confirming that Akt is a downstream regulator of VSMC migration. For full activation of Akt is phosphory
dependent kinase (PDK1) is a well known regulator of Akt phosphorylation at threonine 308. To test if PDK1 was also involved in PDGFinduced VSMC migration in the model, VSMCs were trans
treatment attenuated both PDGFinduced migration and phosphorylation of Akt thr308. Thus, PDK1 is another vital factor in PDGFinduced migration. Ultimately, these studies suggest that Akt m
induced VSMC migration resulting from its activation by both ILK and PDK1.
2014 BI041
ELUCIDATING OF THE ROLE OF REACTIVE OXIDATIVE SECIES (ROS) IN TGFΒ1 ACTIVATION OF TRPV1 IN THE CORNEAL KERATOCYTE
Abrar Ali Nadroo
Following stromal wounds, instrasomal cells tranform in myofibroblasts. The ensuing fibrosis results in fibrosis. Particularly in the cornea, TGFβ1 regulated fibrosis may impair vision by comprom
Globally neutralizing TGFβ blocks the fibroblast to myofibroblast conversion but also prevents cell repopulation and wound closure. Thus, innovative approaches that directly target the FTMT proc
required. The specific aim of the experiment was to identify the location , nuclear, cytosolicmicrosomal or mitochondrial, nature, NOX subtype(s) involved and time course of the initial pSMAD2m
further ROS production occurs as p38 is activated and whether the increase occurs by the same or different mechanisms by utilizing cell models similar to human keratocytes and to test the hyp
ROS involve crosslinking of sulfhydryl groups on the TRPV1 polypeptide by hydrogen peroxide. By analyzing the mean peak fluorescence of nucHyPer dye in 293T cells, it was determined that T
ROS generation within the cell over a timed course of 30 minutes, indicating that the ROS production in the human corneal fibroblast occurs as a p38 activated sequence.
2012 BI041
SYNTHESIS OF TRIMETHYLGUANOSINE CAP ANALOGUES WITH THE POTENTIAL USE IN GENE THERAPY
Jakub Nagrodzki
XXXIII Liceum Ogolnoksztalcace Dwujezyczne im. Mikolaja Kopernika, Warsaw, mazowieckie, POLAND
RNA cap is a unique structure present on the 5’ end of some ribonucleic acids and plays important roles in the process of gene expression. There are several variants of cap structure present in v
cap (trimethylguanosine cap) which is involved in intranuclear transport of some types of RNA (eg. snRNA). It is indicated that TMG cap analogs could serve as a signal for therapeutics which ac
drug targeting provides new possibilities for treatments of diseases, which originate in the nucleus (eg. wrong transcription or pre mRNA splicing). One of them is Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
splicing of pre mRNA encoding protein called dystrophin. This research work is focused on a synthesis method of one of such analogues, which contains an imidophosphate modification
modification is expected to increase the resistance of the intranuclear transport signaling molecule against enzymatic degradation inside the cell due to the presence of a stable PNP bond subst
8step synthesis of dinucleotide TMG cap analog containing imidodiphosphate moiety has been performed. The structure and purity of final compound have been confirmed using mass spectrome
spectrometry (NMR spectrometry) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained chemical compound is believed to be of high potential value to new treatment methods as a
socalled molecular patches or Antisense Oligonucleotides. It has to be thoroughly biochemically and biophysically tested, however, to determine its utility in vivo.
2006 BI041
GENETIC CONTROL OF THE EYE: QUANTITATIVE GENETIC MODULATION OF PHOTORECEPTOR DENSITY IN THE MOUSE
Congcong Guo
White Station High, Memphis TN, United States
Night blindness is dependent on a variety of factors, including genetics and are common in modern human populations, but given the variety of factors that influence the problem, is extremely diff
a mouse model was used to investigate the genetic influences on the density of rods—photoreceptor cells in the retina that respond to light and detect the difference between light and dark. Rod
inbred strains of mice (BXD RIs) derived from C57BL/6J and DBA/2J parent strains. Retinas of about 200 mice (around 5 mice per strain) were mounted and rods for representative areas were co
recombinant inbred strains ranged from 349,000 to 515,000 rods /mm2 which ranged far above and below the parental strains, evident of transgression. In order to locate genes responsible for this
analysis was completed, which performs a simple regression for each of 3700 markers across the genome to find the markers most closely associated with the phenotype. A QTL region was disc
to 100 megabases (Mb), (P<0.0003) and is significant (p<0.05) when corrected for genomewide testing, and contains a retinoic acid receptor responder gene (Rarres2) and a gene possibly assoc
photoreceptors (Mpp6) which are strong candidates for the effect of this QTL. 
2011 BI041
THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON PORPHYRIN RING COMPOUNDS, PART THREE: LEACHED MERCURY INTO THE BASE OF THE FOOD CHAIN NEAR COAL COMBUSTION WAST
Arina Ghosh
Alabama School of Fine Arts, Birmingham, AL
In the last decade, there has been almost a threefold increase in coal combustion waste disposal sites that have caused toxic metal contamination to ground and surface water in nearby environm
was to see if a detectable concentration of mercury has leached out of coal combustion waste sites and into the soil and vegetation of residents in proximity to the landfills. Lettuce and
obtained from areas surrounding Perry County Arrowhead landfill. Each plant was allowed to grow for two weeks. While plants were growing, collected soil samples were washed with 10 mL of eth
used in a mercury test, in which 2 drops of filtrate, 1.0% Potassium hexacyanoferrate(III), and 0.1% SDHA were combined in a well plate and heated at 70˚C overnight. A color change from yellow
mercury. At the end of two weeks, plants were separated by leaves and stem/root. Plant sections were blended, washed with 10mL of ethanol, and filtered. They were then subjected to the same
 There was a color change in all samples tested, signifying a presence of mercury in both the plants and the soil. The results from this study indicate that residents living near the Perry Coun
mercury contamination and porphyrin ring related health effects.
2008 BI041
METASTASIS AND TUMOR SUPPRESSORS: EFFECTS OF TRANSFERENCE OF THE RAF KINASE INHIBITOR PROTEIN (RKIP) ON SUPPRESSION OF MELANOMA THROUGH THE ER
Melanie Paige Kabinoff
Park Vista Community High School, Lake Worth, FL
The purpose of this year’s study was to determine if overexpressed Raf Kinase Inhibitor Protein (RKIP) and Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitor2 (CDKN2) Protein produced in the C. elegans coul
and tumor Melanoma in Lumbricus terrestris. This multitiered, gene therapy experiment involved the production and expression of RKIP and CDKN2 Protein in C. elegans and then trans
terrestris. To accomplish this the C. elegans were immersed in a glucoseenriched extract in order for them to overexpress RKIP and CDKN2 Protein. The proteins were separated through the us
electrophoresis and then stored in a serum bank. Concurrently 480 Lumbricus terrestris, separated into eighteen subgroups, were being infused three times weekly with RKIP, CDKN2,
three weeks of protein transfer treatment, 470 Lumbricus terrestris were exposed to doses of UVB radiation from a tungstenhalogen light (unfiltered). The remaining 10 were used as a control. Le
at the end of week four. A biopsy confirmed the presence of melanomalike tumors on the Lubricus terrestris. Ten subgroups continued gene therapy for an additional 7 weeks, half for
suppression. The observations were charted, graphed and analyzed. The treatments provided conclusive results. The groups that were treated with the RKIP showed significant containment and
melanoma then the other groups. These results were forwarded to organizations studying melanoma suppressors.
2008 BI042
TESTING FERMENTED PEPSTATINA ON THE INHIBITION OF RENIN IN YEAST CELLS
Erika Michelle Giblin
Palm Bay Senior High School, Melbourne, FL
The purpose of this project was to determine the efficiency of fermenting the protease inhibitor, PepstatinA, on the obstruction of renin production in yeast cells, Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It wa
PepstatinA would show as greater inhibition of renin than those exposed only to saline solution; and that the cultures exposed to fermented PepstatinA would yield a greater renin inhibition than
A. Yeast were cultured using S. cerevisiae slants swabbed onto nutrient plates and incubated at 29 degrees Celsius for 72 hours. A sterile saline solution was added to the cultures to ca
electrophoresis was used to test for the presence of renin. A solution of 10mg PepstatinA and 4mL methanol was created. Half of this solution was fermented for ten minutes. The PepstatinA so
yeast cultures (half fermented and half not). A second electrophoresis gel was run. Cell counts and osmotic pressures of the cultures were determined to use for analysis of the effect of Pepstatin
was repeated for a total of five trials. In conclusion, hypotheses 1 and 2 were supported by the data and accepted. The cultures exposed to PepstatinA had a greater reduction in renin p
saline solution; and the cultures exposed to the fermented PepstatinA had a greater reduction in renin production than those exposed to unfermented PepstatinA.
2006 BI042
KINASE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN TNFALPHA UPREGULATION OF CHEMOTACTIC SIGNAL RESPONSE
Anand Chandranayan Baxi
White Station High School, Memphis TN 38117, United States of America
A549 lung epithelial cells, the main type of lung cells, are often susceptible to exterior substances. When this occurs, the invader and a cytokine, TNFALPHA, activate a transcription factor, NF
and kept in the cytoplasm by its inhibitor IKAPPAB. However, TNFALPHA and the infection release NFKAPPAB and allow it to go into the nucleus, where it produces a multitude of chemokines
fight the infection. Occasionally, once the infection has been eliminated, the upregulation of the chemotactic signal response remains, causing an imbalance of chemokines in this area. In essenc
system response to a nonexistent invader; this could potentially escalate into an autoimmune disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to administer a synthetic cannabinoid, KM233, to th
NFKAPPAB and chemotactic activity; in addition, a purpose of this study is to find which pathway KM233 travels through. SEAP Assays and a Multiple Cytokine Detection test were conducted
that NFKAPPAB levels are lowered with the addition of KM233 through p38 MAP Kinase pathway. The Multiple Cytokine Detection test also showed a downstream decrease in chemokines prod
not seem to be affected through p38 MAP Kinase. Thus, it can be concluded from this study that KM233 causes a downregulation in the TNFALPHA induced chemotactic signal response throu
kinase pathway.
2004 BI042
THE ROLE OF THE PI3 KINASE/AKT/GSK3 SIGNALING PATHWAY ON THE INITIATION OF MEIOSIS THROUGH REGULATION OF GSK3BETA ACTIVITY
Samuel Lo Chen
California Academy of Mathematics and Science, Carson, California, USA
This project investigates GSK3beta, a gene hypothesized to regulate induction of mammalian meiosis. The objective is to identify the pathway GSK3beta goes through to initiate the cell division
and egg cells in females. The PI3 Kinase/AKT/GSK3 pathway known to promote cell growth in nontesticular cells, is the primary candidate pathway. Using conventional immunohistochemistry to
binding of specific antibodies, the experiment aims to demonstrate that the phosphorylated (inhibited) form of GSK3beta, the form present in the pathway, and AKT1 are both to be expressed in th
mouse testis, identified through specific antibodies. The results show that phosphorylatedSer9 GSK3beta and AKT1 antibodies both displayed expression of their respective proteins in the Serto
likely to control GSK3beta in meiosis. Western blotting analysis was also performed and shows the purity and functionality of the antibodies utilized in the immunohistochemistry proteins.
meiosis will have significant applications in treatment of male infertility, future production of novel hormonalbased contraceptives, and cancerrelated studies in the male gonads.
2005 BI042
NOPALSTUFFING CHOCOLATE
Valentina Nuñez Bautista
Colegio de Bachilleres Plantel 8 Cuajimalpa, México, D.F.México
To substitute cherries as a chocolate filling, using nopal cactus surplus. I propose two alternatives: Crystallized and fermented nopal and the nopal marmalade. The nop
and May is the strong season of the production. The fruit crystallization process, basically involves a slow pregnation with a syrup, until the sugar concentration in the tissue is strong en
 The preservation is due to the slow delivery of water through diffusion towards a concentrated solution of sugar. The osmotic pression is also involved, that the concentrated sol
which favors the water salinity. The art of the process consists in allowing the process diffusion to be done slowly to prevent the wrinkling of the fruit, that is why is important to use a syrup that s
concentration in order to avoid variation in the texture. The main problems that I faced with the handling of nopal cactus for its production or elaboration are the peeling and the elimination
to obtain the crystallized nopals is to clean them, wash them and peel them. And later, cook them and cut the nopals. The next step is obtain a syrup with 60º Brix, mixing it with the nopals until
preparate the marmalade is necessary to liquefy the nopal (previously clean and pre cooked) with sugar, and cook them into a copper saucepan. 
2014 BI042
MOVING TOWARDS THE CURE FOR ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: THE EFFECTS OF HISTONE DEACETYLASE INHIBITORS ON NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLE FORMATION AND MICROTU
NEURONAL INTEGRITY (A NOVEL IN VITRO TRIAL)
Jay Chandar
Canterbury School, Fort Myers, FL, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment is to prevent the deacetylation of microtubuleassociated tubulin protein through the use of the inhibitory mechanisms of histone deacetylase inhibitors, thus decre
tangles within the intracellular networks and synapses of neurons that are affected in Alzheimer’s and thereby increasing the stability of the microtubules. The researcher hypothesizes that histon
deacetylation of tubulin protein, therefore decreasing the possibility of neurofibrillary tangle formation within the intracellular networks of the neurons, as well as increasing the stability of the micro
BCA protein assay and Western Blot, positive results were obtained. The results clearly support the researcher’s hypothesis and display the difference in the amount of acetylated tubulin in all th
genetically modified to be affected by Alzheimer’srelated symptoms, there is excessive deacetylation, by histone deacetylase, of tubulin within these cells. This project was not meant to produc
normal, physiological acetyl group levels. The results obtained indicate that the histone deacetylase inhibitors maintained the proper amount of acetylated protein levels in the experimental group
fact that the results display higher amounts of acetylated protein in the experimental groups of all trials. The results show that it may be possible to inhibit the excessive deacetylation of tubulin p
tangle formation and microtubule degradation, therefore preserving neuronal integrity and delaying the progression of Alzheimer’s disease.
2011 BI042
THE EFFECTS OF THE HUMAN DIET ON OMEGA FATTY ACID LEVELS
Hannah Kim
Parkland High School, Allentown, PA
Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is a widespread analytical method that can be used to quantify omega fatty acids in human saliva. In today’s society, many have heard of ome
are unaware of their true meaning and effects. This study delved into the effects of an adolescent’s diet on his/her levels of omega fatty acids, specifically omega3 and omega6. A healthy diet s
omega3. Therefore, it was predicted that if the human subject’s diet satisfied the USDA’s nutrition guidelines, his/her ratio of omega6 to omega3 would be lower than the ratios of those that wer
this, participants recorded their diets on USDA’s MyPyramid.gov to establish their diets’ sufficiency. Fatty acids were extracted from the saliva using various instruments and chemicals. The sam
analyzed using analysis software. From this, the ratio of omega6 to omega3 was calculated and correlated to the subject’s diet. It was determined that the previous hypothesis was sup
nutrition guidelines possessed a lower ratio of omega6 to omega3 than those whose diets lacked. Although omega3 was not detected in all samples, 50% who possessed satisfactory diets had
who had insufficient meat intake had high, if not higher, levels of omega9 than omega6. This study concludes that a healthy diet satisfying the USDA nutrition guidelines will be more likely to inc
2012 BI042
EFFECT OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENERS ON NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS: USING PC12 NEURONAL CELLS AS A MODEL
Abhilasha Gokulan
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. While there is no known cause for the disease, one has been linked to the consumption of artificial s
of artificial sweeteners, namely aspartame, saccharin, and sucralose, on the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson’s disease. Four types of experiments were conducted mod
sweeteners (developing vs. developed neuronal system, infrequent vs. frequent consumption.) Morphological changes were visualized, cytotoxicity assays were conducted, and protein docking w
experiments showed that sucralose was the most toxic compound to the PC12 cells, as it killed most of the cells, and prohibited the growth of dendritic formations and caused abnormalities in ot
was the most toxic. Saccharin had a significant number of differentiated cells, though several became vacuolated or elongated during the experiment. The least toxic sweetener was aspartame, in
only inhibition being that they formed slower than sucrose. The cytotoxicity assay duplicated these results by showing the greatest amounts of dead cells were in sucralose. Furthermore, the Sca
adverse effects that sucralose has on PC12 cells. The protein modeled structure showed that sucralose bonded with less interaction, as compared to saccharin and aspartame. This study conclu
effect on neurodegenerative disorders, inhibiting the growth of PC12 cells. Sucralose was the most toxic, followed by saccharin, and then aspartame.
2007 BI042
DIGEST THIS! HOW FOOD AFFECTS THE PH OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM
Michael Christian Green
The South Carolina Association of Independent Home Schools, Cayce, SC, USA
The purpose of this project was to discover how different foods affect the pH of the gastrointestinal tract. I predicted that proteins and fats would change the gastrointestinal pH more significantly
vegetables. To test my hypothesis, I simulated the digestive process by creating solutions with pH levels similar to those of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
these solutions to the sample after the approximate amount of time that food would normally spend in each area of the gastrointestinal tract. I measured the pH of the sample after adding each so
for each food. I also tested a control group, consisting of the five solutions and no food sample. When comparing the food samples to the control group, I considered a net pH change of
that 81.8% of the proteins and fats tested had significant change in pH when compared to the control group. Of the carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables tested, only 28.6% had significant pH ch
and fats affect the gastrointestinal tract’s pH more than carbohydrates, fruits, and vegetables. This confirms my hypothesis. 
Second Award of $500 American Physiological Society
2013 BI042
TARGETING SURVIVIN AS A POTENTIAL CANCER THERAPEUTIC
Kelsey Mackenzie Barter
University High School, Tucson, AZ
Survivin is a protein that prevents programmed cell death (apoptosis), promoting survival of cancer cells. Levels of survivin are high in cancer cells, and high levels of survivin correlate with poor
hypothesized that smallmolecule modulation of survivin is a viable method for cancer treatment. This project aims to identify smallmolecule binders to survivin, which can be biochemically teste
verified inhibitor of survivin, with potential to become a cancer therapeutic. In this experiment the survivin gene was cloned into DH5a E. coli cells following a ligation independent cloning
expressed in BL21AI and BL21(DE3) E. coli cells. Amber mutations were inserted directly into the survivin coding sequence, replacing the existing codon at one of four positions. Suppression of
tyrosine, a canonical amino acid, then with varying concentrations of pazidiomethylphenylalanine (pAzMeF), a noncanonical amino acid. Both tyrosine and pAzMeF were successfully incorporat
incorporation was optimized by testing multiple tRNA synthetases and pAzMeF concentrations. pAzMeF, which has a bioorthogonal chemical handle, was incorporated to facilitate fluorescent lab
smallmolecule survivin binders. In the future, survivin containing pAzMeF will be purified, fluorescently labeled, and screened against a library of small molecules. Once unique small m
they will be verified to generate leads, which will be evaluated as cancer therapeutics that disable survivin’s ability to inhibit apoptosis.
2010 BI042
THE EFFECT OF HEAVY METALS ON PORPHYRIN RING COMPOUNDS PART TWO: HG AND PB UPTAKE AT THE BASE OF THE FOOD CHAIN NEAR TOXIC WASTE DISPOSAL SITES
Arina Ghosh
Alabama School of Fine Arts, Birmingham, AL
Across the nation, communities are possibly being exposed to hazardous material. Agencies are dumping this hazardous waste into waterways and landfills near communities, thus contaminating
see if heavy metals can be taken up into the roots of plants, and consequently enter the bottom of the food chain. This study is a continuation of my project from last year which investigated the
compounds. It was found that the heavy metals hindered the performance of the enzyme, catalase. This would parallel the situation in hemoglobin, a porphyrin ring compound similar to catalase.
grown and watered with 0.025M Hg(NO3)2 and Pb(NO3)2 solutions and H2O. The entire plant was added to water and then ground up in a blender. A NaCl solution was added to check for a precip
plants treated with heavy metal solutions whereas none appeared in the control, plants watered with H20. It was concluded that plants can absorb heavy metals into their roots, consequently ente
Populations living near landfills can ingest these heavy metals while eating the chemically saturated autotrophs and later face serious health complications because of the inefficiency of oxygen t
2003 BI042
A WILD HAIR
Laci S. Lawrence
"A Wild Hair" explores the effects human hair and epidermal keratin have on planarian regeneration and growth of common bacteria. I used five colors of sterilized human hair and placed it in a 30
cut planaria. When compared to the same number of control minus hair, this procedure should show if human hair affects the regrowth process. In another process, keratin solution was placed in
keratin works best in regeneration. For practical applications, I put sterilized hair and keratin solution separately on 20 Staphylococcus epidermis and 20 Escherichia coli bacterial dishes, using as
death/growth in areas of hair or keratin. Overall data showed hair increased planaria population 1.59 times more than control, with keratin increasing only 0.4. Fullbodied planaria increased 2.25 ti
keratin over control. The hair killed 62% in E. coli bacteria and 50% in Staph bacteria averaged trials. The keratin solution showed 100% bacteria still present in E. coli and Staph trials.
present. These results open another question. Based upon this experimentation, if human hair kills 50% or more of the two bacteria and prompts faster regernation in lanaria, could htis idea have
and healing?
2014 BI043
CARVACURE: A CELL VIABILITY ANALYSIS OF THE CANCERICIDAL EFFECTS OF CARVACROL ON PANCREATIC AND COLORECTAL CARCINOMA, PART TWO
Tushar Mittal
Dutchtown High School, Hampton, GA, United States of America
The purpose of this continuation was to assess not only the cancericidal effects of carvacrol but also to test the potency and credibility of the drug itself. Carvacrol is found naturally in the oil of t
therapy for bacterial diseases. In this case study, it is hypothesized that carvacrol can potentially induce apoptotic activity in pancreatic and colorectal cell lines by microtubule growth inhibition a
with toxicity or normal cellular growth. The experimental procedure is similar to last year in the sense that is was designed for cancerous cell lines derived from a variety of mice, in this case the
splenocytes. The two cancer cell lines and two normal splenocyte cell lines are treated equivalently with 3 different concentrations of carvacrol (2.7 ug/ml, 3.6 ug/ml, and 4.5 ug/ml) which serves
group will also be assessed with no concentration. This experiment was successful with carvacrol having substantial effects on the cell viability of both carcinomas and remained ineffective amon
support of the hypothesis listed earlier. Due to the high availability of carvacrol containing plants such as oregano and its strong cancericidal properties, the compound holds true potential in the tr
inconclusiveness on the creation of a strong impulse and method to degrade and elongate it, the researcher feels that that the only leads to his continuation with creating carvacrol derivatives tha
2013 BI043
DETERMINING THE EFFECTS OF CITRAL AND DIETHYLAMINOBENZALDEHYDE (DEAB) IN CELL DIVISION DURING GUT REGENERATION IN THE SEA CUCUMBER, HOLOTHURIA GL
Sofia Carolina OliveraRodriguez
Echinoderms belong to the deuterostome group, which have the most striking capacity to regenerate lost body parts. Holothurians are able to regenerate most of their internal organs after eviscer
is well developed in most echinoderms. Moreover, retinoic acid (RA) has been associated with various cellular processes during regeneration and its basic machinery has been identified within pro
the regenerative process is not yet fully understood. To determine if RA synthesis is associated with cell division, the principal investigator inhibited its synthesis with citral and DEAB. Then the i
cells within the experimental and control groups employing immunofluorescence. The sea cucumbers, Holothuria glaberrima were eviscerated and put into tanks containing the different i
days of post evisceration the tissue was processed and examined in the microscope to compare the amount of dividing cells found in the blastema. The results showed that the inhibitors of RA s
division. This result let the investigator know that retinoic acid is completely necessary for the gastrointestinal regeneration of the sea cucumber, Holothuria glaberrima. Since human bei
cucumbers, we can infer that RA is also needed for human organ regeneration and for embryo development, since without it, cell division will hardly to occur.
2011 BI043
THE EFFECT OF SINGLE AMINO ACID MUTATIONS, IDENTIFIED BY THE POPMUSIC ALGORITHM, ON ENGINEERING THERMALLY STABLE ENZYMES FOR BIOETHANOL PRODUCT
Sanjna Ghanshani
University High School, Irvine, CA
The development of alternative energy technologies is critically important because of the rising price of crude oil, security issues related to world oil supplies, and environmental concerns about g
biomass into biofuel has considerable advantages over other alternative energy strategies because biomass is the most abundant and renewable biomaterial on our planet. However, there are a fe
production of biofuels; one being, there is a lack of biocatalysts that can work efficiently and inexpensively at high temperatures used in the bioconversion of biomass into bioethanol. Several enz
process, one of which is βglucosidase. This enzyme is involved in the last step of breaking down cellulose into glucose, which is the preferred source of sugar for microbial fermentation, the enz
an attempt to increase the thermal stability of native βglucosidase from Paenibacillus polymyxa using a rational protein engineering approach, several mutations were identified by an algorithm (P
mutations that confer increased protein stability. Native βglucosidase gene was first PCRamplified from genomic DNA and cloned into an expression vector. Following confirmation of expression
top six mutations identified by PoPMuSiC were individually incorporated into the gene. Five mutants were successfully expressed and purified and their enzymatic activity evaluated with respect
well as elevated temperatures. Two mutants revealed enhanced thermal stability compared to WT enzyme, one of which was more stable by as much as 5°C.
2012 BI043
DETERMINATION OF ALLELOPATHY IN KUDZU (PEURARIA MONTANA), PART II
Suranjana Dey
W.P. Davidson High School, Mobile, AL
This experiment is a continuation of one which initially sought to find if the invasive kudzu (Peuraria montana) species possesses allelopathic properties, which result in reduced speed of germina
compounds in concentrations >100ppm. The results from this experiment, indicating the kudzu is indeed allelopathic, lead to the present experiment which aimed to determine which kudzu organ
The results from this experiment would assist those who face the invasive properties of kudzu and those studying the effects kudzu has on its environment. If kudzu (Peuraria montana) is observ
surrounding environment and kudzu leaves are the organ which most easily decompose, then the highest concentration of soluble phenolics will be in the kudzu leaves. The analysis of
soluble phenolic content as gallic acid equivalent in each organ was performed with a UVvis spectrophotometer following the FolinCiocalteu method. The hypothesis that if kudzu (Peur
growth of vegetation in its surrounding environment and kudzu leaves are the organ which most easily decompose, then the highest concentration of soluble phenolics will be in the kudzu leaves
phenolics was 214.38 in kudzu leaves. This concentration was higher than the 140.07 ppm and 73.31 ppm concentrations for kudzu roots and stems respectively. Indeed, the concentration of sol
100 ppm threshold which contributes to allelopathy.
2004 BI043
IRONSTORAGE PROTEIN FERRITIN PROTECTS AGAINST OXIDATIVE STRESS
Coby Meyers Price
Sky View High School, Smithfield, Utah, United States of America
It is not known if iron can be released from the ironstorage protein ferritin for use in things like the synthesis of hemoglobin. Within the ferritin molecule, there are three possible channels through
channels, hydrophobic channels, and alpha helix bundle channels. I propose that the latter may be the channel through which iron can be released from ferritin. I produced a recombinant human fe
iron can be removed through the alpha helix bundle channel, the same channel through which iron is loaded into ferritin, which only exists in the Hchain of ferritin. Ferritin Heteromers were separa
high ratio of L to H subunits, in which the Lchain was changed to include an alpha helix bundle. This recombinant human ferritin was loaded with iron and the rate of iron release was essentially id
Hchain homomer of ferritin. The results indicate that iron is released through the alpha helix bundle channel of the H subunit.
2005 BI043
NATURAL & HARMFUL
Laura Ashley Zimmerman
The Good Hope School, Frederiksted, U.S. Virgin Islands
Studies have shown that Sour Sop, Annona Muricata, and Sour Orange, Citrus Aurantium, contain cyanogenic chemicals, have sedative effects through chemical make up, and contain a chemic
some individuals. Also, a correlation has been drawn between the deaths of babies and the ingestion of Sour Sop bush tea in the West Indies. The purpose of the experiment was to test
Cymbopogan Citratus contains Phenobarbital, Amphetamines, Opiates, Cocaine, Cannabinoids, or Benzodiazepine. To see if these substances could be the reason for deaths and disease linked
plants. The design set up was to make tea using the leaves of these plants in a similar fashion to how West Indians would make tea. Then the teas were run through an Abuscreen OnLi
machine, where results were then analyzed. Two trials were done because the first trial yielded negative results, so the methods were altered and more variations of tea were introduced and the te
was done to parallel how West Indians make tea because the formal studies used for research were done using chemicals and extraction methods, which may have an impact on the results and
West Indian consumers. The results show that yes, some of the teas contain those substances, with the exception of Amphetamines. However, they do not contain substantial enough a
positive harmfulness to the consumers of the teas. This conflict between formal studies suggesting the teas are harmful and contain fatal substances and this experiment show that perhaps the m
yield a safe outcome for the individuals. 
2006 BI043
ISOLATION OF THE PRIMARY AGENT OF HYDROGEN GAS PRODUCTION THROUGH THE FERMENTATION OF CARBOHYDRATEBASED MATERIALS
Jonathan Daniel Rittle
Conrad Wesier High School, Robesonia PA, United States of America
Hydrogen gas has been presented as a tempting alternative to petroleum based energy sources. Cleanly generating hydrogen gas is costly and currently has a lack of infrastructure in the United
products contain a large amount of potential chemical energy but accumulate in landfills. Various species of Clostridium contain enzymes that can degrade a variety of carbohydratebased waste
hydrogen gas. The ability of different species of Clostridium to generate hydrogen gas through fermentation of a simple carbohydrate was examined. Products of metabolism were analyzed by me
quantifying components of gas evolved. Individual species of Clostridium generated higher quantities of hydrogen gas than heattreated soil mixtures. Gas produced by heattreated soil mixtures
isolate of Clostridium generated up to 66% hydrogen gas. Hydrogen gas yields dropped towards the end of bacterial growth and may have been caused by several factors. A sophisticated bioreac
generate substantial amounts of hydrogen gas on an industrial scale.
2003 BI043
DETERMINING THE PRESENCE OF HETEROPLASMY THROUGH AND ANALYSIS OF THE HYPERVARIAB REGION OF MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
Charles Adaolph Jantzen
Latta High School, Ada OK, US
This experiment was conducted to determine the presence of heteroplasmy in Human Mitochondrial DNA in multiple populations through an analysis of the Hypervariable Region. The null hypothe
sequences of human mitochondrial DNA collected from different sites from the body will show no difference in the mtDNA within individuals. The Research Hypothesis states that older individuals
single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) than younger individuals and will bear evidence of heteroplasmy. Also, person who have undergone radiation treatment, chemotherapy, or have been exc
have higher amounts of accumulated mtDNA polymorphisms. Hair samples were collected from a wide variety of individuals to receive samples that theoretically have higher amounts of
amplified through PCR. Samples were electrophoresed to verify amplification. Samples were treated to remove extra primer, and sent out for sequencing. DNA sequences were received through I
sequence server for individual comparisons. Sequences from each individual were compared cumulatively to search for SNPs. Higher SNP totals were found in older individuals and certain samp
chemotherapy and UVA exposed individuals. Arm hair samples were found to be noticeably different than head, leg, and eyebrow hairs. It was evident that heteroplasmy does occur and is found
older individuals. The Null Hypothesis was rejected and the Research Hypothesis was supported by the results found. 
Third Award of $300 American Chemical Society
2007 BI043
THE EFFECT OF GREEN TEA EGCG ON THE ABILITY OF P25ACTIVATED CYCLINDEPENDENT KINASE 5 (CDK5) TO INDUCE CELL DEATH IN COS7 KIDNEY CELLS: IMPLICATIONS
Shivani Brinda Agarwal
Spring Valley High School, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
Recently, it has been shown that Japan’s elderly had a lower risk of developing Alzheimer’s than those in Western Europe and the United States (Green tea may protect the aging brain, 2006) and
concentrations of EGCG protected neurons from BETAamyloidinduced death (Bastianetto, 2006). The purpose of the current study was to determine whether EGCG was neuroprotective in its in
that is linked to the amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease. The timing of EGCG application was also studied in order to determine when it would be most beneficial to the cos7 kidney cells,
survival would be the highest. First, the concentration at which p25cdk5 was most toxic and at what time the pathway would induce cell death were tested. Next, the effects of the concentration
on the ability of p25activated cyclindependent kinase 5 (cdk5) to induce cell death were studied. It was hypothesized that EGCG, when applied at 10 ìM at the time of transfection, would be mos
meaning that fewer cells would demonstrate cell death. Multiple chiquared tests for independence showed that the p25cdk5 pathway was extremely harmful to the cells and is possibly a cause f
concentration of EGCG was shown to determine the health of cells with the highest concentration, 10 ìM, allowing the cells to have the highest survival rate.
2010 BI043
THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED GRAVITATIONAL FORCES ON THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF THE AMINO ACID GLYCINE, YEAR THREE
Kirk John Henf
Sebastian River High School, Sebastian, FL
The purpose of this experiment was to test the effects of increased gravity on the crystallization of glycine. In order to test this, a homebuilt centrifuge, which spun the test tubes containing a gly
used. The gravity exerted on the experimental group was three times the normal forces. Each group contained 4 testtubes, and was run 6 times (24 testtubes per test group). After running each
was determined, the number of crystals was counted, and the mass of the largest crystal per trial was also taken. An XRD test was also conducted for several crystals per group. The amount of
average, out of 1.25 grams) was 1.116 grams in the experimental group and only 0.860 grams in the control group, an increase of nearly 30% in the experimental group. The mass of the largest c
the average for the experimental group was 0.535 grams, compared to only 0.345 grams in the control group. Through XRD testing, it was found that the crystals in the experimental group crystal
crystals in the control group crystallized in the gammaform of glycine. TEM imagery helped support these results. The centrifuge helped decrease the required nucleation time. This resulted in se
various locations throughout the test tubes in the experimental group.
2011 BI044
ROLE OF HUMAN CELLULAR APOPTOSIS SUSCEPTIBILITY PROTEIN (HCAS) IN PANCREATIC CANCER
Samra Kazim
Tampa Bay Technical High School, Tampa, FL
a) Purpose of the experiment: The purpose of the experiment is to investigate the role of human cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein (hCAS) in pancreatic cancer. b) Procedure: Norm
epithelial cells HPNE and human pancreatic cancer cell line MiaPaCa2 were grown in standard M3F base and DMEM culture media with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS). Mia PaCa2 cells were tra
scrambled SiRNA, harvested after 48 h, counted using trypan blue dye, assayed for cell proliferation (MTT) and malignant transformation (soft agar colony formation), apoptosis and cell cycle ana
µg) were used for electrophoresis. Protein bands on nitrocellulose membranes were treated with primary antibodies (hCAS, PARP1, and betaactin) followed by secondary HRP conjugated antibo
and hydrogen peroxide, exposed to film and developed. c) Data: The data show that hCAS protein expression was very high in human pancreatic MiaPaCa2 cancer cells compared to no
using hCAS siRNA in MiaPaCa2 cells resulted in inhibition of anchoragedependent (MTT) and independent (soft agar colony formation) cell growth, G2 cell cycle arrest and induction of cell deat
compared to control siRNA treatment. d) Conclusions: The study concluded that hCAS protein is over expressed in pancreatic cancer cells and may be used as diagnostic cancer bioma
potential therapeutic target in advanced human pancreatic cancer.
2006 BI044
ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES FOR ADVANCE STAGE MELANOMA IN LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS POST OPERATIVE TREATMENTS
Melanie P Kabinoff
Park Vista High School, Lake Worth, FL
The purpose of this year’s study was to determine whether one can prevent the regrowth of stage two and stage three melanomalike cells in a Lumbricus terrestris by using a variety of nontradi
 The study involved exposing 360 Lumbricus terrestris to various doses of UVB radiation from a tungstenhalogen light (unfiltered). The Lumbricus terrestris were then divided into a number
the UVB rays (ranging from 1015 minutes daily for 5 days). A biopsy was performed on each of the groups of Lumbricus terrestris by an outside medical lab. The results of the biopsy confirmed
terrestris. The researcher then proceeded to have either 75% or 100% of the lesions removed from the two exposure groups. The various subgroups of Lumbricus terrestris with either 7
were then immersed every other day into 10mL of the three topical treatments; tree oil, Echinacea, and a combination of tree oil and Echinacea for an organic chemotherapy treatment. Every sev
analyzed to determine the effect of the postoperative treatments on the affected lesions. After twenty weeks of postoperative treatment the results were graphed and analyzed. The trea
combination of tree oil and Echinacea not only prevented significant regrowth it also reduced the remaining lesions on the 75% lesion removal subgroups. These results were then forwarded to tw
parallel studies. 
2005 BI044
THE IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF MUTATIONS IN THE RP1 GENE FOR THE CREATION OF THE RP MICROARRAY CHIP
Ruonan Cheng
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights NY, USA
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) is one of the most commonly inherited retinal diseases found throughout America. RP can be caused by many possible mutations, making it extremely difficult for a sc
one particular case with just a clinical test. This research project focused on the creation of a RP microarray chip (containing all known RP genetic variants) as a solution to this problem. The proj
molecular genetics of RP within 36 human patients. By identifying/ verifying the mutations within the RP1 gene (which causes over 10% of adRP) using the current methods of dHPLC analysis an
then incorporated into the creation of the chip. The analysis of amplicons from the 36 DNAs revealed 39 mutations; most of the mutations resided in exon 4 of the RP1 gene, with a significant mu
segment.
2003 BI044
PURIFICATION OF PLANT HEXOKINASES THAT RESPOND TO ANAEROBIC STRESS
Saad Abdul Sami Mir, Crestview Senior High School
Crestview, Florida, 32539, USA
Flooding has been estimated to reduce yields by up to 20% annually. Unlike many crop plants, Echinochloa phyllopogon can germinate and grow anaerobically for significant periods of time. The
characterize the role of hexokinases in conferring flood tolerance in Echinochloa phyllopogon. The expression of hexokinase enzymes is strongly upregulated in response to anaerobic conditions
glycolysis. An important part of this characterization is to ascertain the number of isozymes (alternate forms of the enzyme) that are present in Echinochloa phyllopogon. I hypothesized that spec
carbon metabolism during flooding. My approach utilized standard ammonium sulfate/ethanol precipitation and anion exchange chromatography to purify hexokinase isozymes from the shoots of
Spectrophotometry was used to quantify protein levels and enzyme activities. Sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophesis was used to monitor the purification process. Results indic
isozymes in Echinochloa phyllopogon, two of which appear to respond specifically to anaerobic stress. The isozymes were purified 25 fold to a specific activity of approximately 20 units per millig
mole glucose to glucose6phosphate per minute at 25 degrees Celsius). These results will allow further experimentation to generate molecular probes that can be used to determine whether hexo
expression at the mRNA and protein levels in Echinochloa phyllopogon. These genes can then be manipulated in order to better suit the agricultural world.
2014 BI044
NOVEL DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Sriram Somasundaram
The Harker School, San Jose, CA, United States of America
After working in an Indian Hospital, I realized that surgery for eye diseases is costly, unavailable, and inefficient, while the alternative is a drug in the form of eye drops. Current ocular drug delive
difficulty in penetrating protective layers of the eye such as the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva while maintaining drug safety, efficacy, and bioavailability. Only about 1% or less of a topically adm
absorbed. Many of the current ocular diseases that affect 10% of all Americans and up to 50% of the elderly (cataracts, glaucoma, bacterial conjunctivitis) can be treated nonsurgically with simpl
delivery system were improved. Instead of surgery, eye drops are easier, cheaper, not as labor intensive, widely available, and less time consuming. My research proposes a fluorescein labeled c
that can enhance the surface area of the drugs, permeability through the layers of the eye, control release of the drug, and target specific areas of the eye. Through spectrophotometric and electr
drugs for the major ocular diseases were able to be efficiently loaded all around the chitosan nanoparticles, released off over a 7hour controlled time period, and had a 25% increase in permeabili
complex also enhances the surface area and adds around $3 to the original cost of the drugs while increasing the permeability, adhesiveness, and biodegradability, all ultimately contributing to th
system, topical drugs can become a promising mass solution instead of costly/ unavailable surgeries.
2004 BI044
DISRUPTION OF CONNEXIN43 AND ZO1 INTERACTION RESULTS IN INCREASED GAP JUNCTION SIZE IN RAT NEONATAL CARDIOMYOCYTES
Ching Zhu
Academic Magnet High School, North Charleston, SC, USA
The gap junction (GJ) is an aggregate of intercellular channels that links the cytoplasm of neighboring cells and allows small molecules such as ions to pass between these cells. Within the mam
connexin43 (Cx43)containing gap junctions is essential to facilitating the coordinated spread of electrical activation throughout the cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes) and allowing the heart to
distribution patterns in the adult heart are thought to be linked directly to cardiac disease and arrhythmia. Recently, the protein zonulaoccludens1 (ZO1) has been suggested to have a
between cardiomyocytes in development and disease. However, the underlying mechanism by which ZO1 affects GJ organization remains undetermined. In this study, the interaction between C
ZO1 in rat neonatal cardiomyocytes was inhibited by a peptide designed to disrupt the binding of Cx43 and ZO1. Images of the Cx43 GJs and ZO1 in treated and control cultures of myocytes w
quantitatively analyzed. The resulting data indicate a significant increase in Cx43 aggregate size accompanying a decrease in Cx43ZO1 binding mediated by the peptide. These results suggest
the extent of Cx43 GJ aggregates and provide insight into the presently unknown role of ZO1 interaction with gap junction subunit proteins. 
2007 BI044
CURCUMIN INHIBITS A6B4 INTEGRINDEPENDENT BREAST CARCINOMA CELL MOTILITY
Huang Huang
Curcumin (diferuloylmethane), a polyphenol natural product isolated from the rhizome of the plant Curcuma longa, is appearing in early clinical trials as an anticancer agent. However, the mechani
functions such as cell growth, proliferation, and motility is largely unknown. In this study, we focused on curcumin's impact on the function of a wellknown tumor antigen called a6B4 integrin. We
and motility of breast cancer cells in part through its downstream Akt signaling pathway. Overexpression of a6B4 has been documented in breast carcinoma progression. Here we show
dependent migration of breast carcinoma cells (MDAMB435 and MDAMB231) in a concentrationdependent manner, using Transwell assays. Significant inhibition of cell motility was observed
molecular mechanism by which curcumin blocks migration, we showed the impact of curcumin treatment on Akt, one of the major downstream protein kinases of the a6B4 integrin that mediates c
of a6B4 integrin in MDA435 parental cells dramatically increased cell motility and Akt phosphorylation, curcumin treatment effectively blocked these processes. Furthermore, a combination of 5
synergistically suppressed Akt activity and cell migration. Under these experimental conditions, curcumin inhibition of cell motility was not due to curcumin's cytotoxicity, as demonstrated by the
that curcumin inhibits a6B4 integrindependent breast carcinoma cell motility at least partially by targeting the Akt pathway. 
2014 BI044
NOVEL DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE OCULAR DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM
Sriram Somasundaram
The Harker School, San Jose, CA, United States of America
After working in an Indian Hospital, I realized that surgery for eye diseases is costly, unavailable, and inefficient, while the alternative is a drug in the form of eye drops. Current ocular drug delive
difficulty in penetrating protective layers of the eye such as the sclera, cornea, and conjunctiva while maintaining drug safety, efficacy, and bioavailability. Only about 1% or less of a topically adm
absorbed. Many of the current ocular diseases that affect 10% of all Americans and up to 50% of the elderly (cataracts, glaucoma, bacterial conjunctivitis) can be treated nonsurgically with simpl
delivery system were improved. Instead of surgery, eye drops are easier, cheaper, not as labor intensive, widely available, and less time consuming. My research proposes a fluorescein labeled c
that can enhance the surface area of the drugs, permeability through the layers of the eye, control release of the drug, and target specific areas of the eye. Through spectrophotometric and electr
drugs for the major ocular diseases were able to be efficiently loaded all around the chitosan nanoparticles, released off over a 7hour controlled time period, and had a 25% increase in permeabili
complex also enhances the surface area and adds around $3 to the original cost of the drugs while increasing the permeability, adhesiveness, and biodegradability, all ultimately contributing to th
system, topical drugs can become a promising mass solution instead of costly/ unavailable surgeries.
2013 BI044
INTRANASAL ADMINISTRATION OF NEUROPEPTIDEY INFLUENCES DEVELOPMENT OF PTSDLIKE SYMPTOMS
Sheida Takmil
Studies show that neurotransmitter neuropeptideY (NPY) is associated with resilience from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, central administration of NPY has been fo
research evaluated the alternative, lessintrusive method of intranasal NPY administration in rats subject to the singleprolonged stress (SPS) model, which has shown to effectively reproduce PT
experiment performed by the supervising scientist, NPY was intranasally administered to an experimental rat group before SPS; changes in protein cFos levels in brain tissue were analyzed by t
results demonstrate that NPY may ultimately advance anxietylike behavior, as the treatment may have influenced higher locus coeruleus activity and upregulation of noradrenaline synthesis, a c
treatment experiment, rats were intranasally treated with NPY following SPS (performed by the supervising scientist), and explored an Elevated Plus Maze from which anxietylike behaviors were
through videotape. Posttreatment results show no significant difference between groups in risk assessment frequency (p=0.7361) or duration (p= 0.1950), or open arm duration (p=0.1372) but do
entry frequency (p=0.0297), closed arm entry frequency (p=0.0177) and duration (p=0.001); posttreated NPY rats therefore demonstrate stronger avoidance behavior and anxiety index (p=0.0361
intranasal pre or postadministration of NPY may be effective in providing resilience and may actually induce anxiety, through results antithetical to previous findings. The findings of this study c
treatment for PTSD patients, such as individuals who have witnessed a death or veterans of war.
2004 BI045
MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATIONS IN BACTERIOSTATIC AND BACTERICIDAL HERBS: A TWO YEAR STUDY
Ekta Ashok Solanki
Lake Brantley High School, Longwood, FL, USA
This research investigated the lowest concentration of the herbal agent needed to completely inhibit visible growth on agar plates containing the strain to be tested, either Bacillus Cereus or Esch
1:1, 1:4, 1:16, and 1:64 were done on each herb being tested (Oregano, Cloves, Rosemary, Parsley, Basil, Mustard Seed, Sage, Cilantro, Cloves and Cinnamon). Nutrient agar plates were swabb
cereus and Escherichia Coli. Once nutrient agar plates are swabbed, a sterile filter paper disk will be dipped into the diluted herbal agent. The disk was then placed in the center of the nutrient aga
After 18 hours of incubation the zones of inhibition were measured in millimeters. This process was repeated four times. To validate results, liquid minimum inhibitory concentrations were prepare
diluted substance; Series two contained the positive control; Series three contained the negative control, each containing the organism to be tested. After 18 hours of incubation, the tubes were o
inhibition occurred. After completion of these tests the following conclusions were formulated. There are growth inhibitors present in most of the diluted agents in either organism. Howev
bacterial growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration is the 1:4 concentration. Therefore, it can be concluded that, if the certain dilution, which has proved to be most inhibitory, is extracted from
take place. To better improve my research, more dilutions could have been used and different organisms could have been tested for resistance. 
2006 BI045
LIGAND BINDING PROPERTIES OF THE BREAST CANCER MOLECULAR TARGET AROMATASE (A TWO YEAR STUDY)
Jonathan Lloyd Priester
William B. Murrah High School, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
The goals of my investigations are to better understand the features that govern the binding interactions of selected substrates and inhibitors to cytochrome P450 aromatase. In year one of my re
formestane to aromatase and compared it to that of the natural substrate androstenedione. In my current study, I characterized the binding features of the aromatase inhibitor exemestane.
to the Ks of formestane (233 nM), exemestane exhibited higher binding affinity. However, both exemestane and formestane had lower affinities than the natural substrate androstenedione (Ks = 6
exemestane and formestane were also similar. In addition, I investigated the effects binding of the inhibitors had on the spectroscopic features of the aromatase heme environment. I allowed arom
cycle in the presence of substrate and/or inhibitors. I then reduced the samples, added the probe ligand (CO), and performed wavelength scans to identify spectral features. The ferrous carbonmo
of functional cytochrome P450, disappeared in all cases. The 420 nM peak indicating locally misfolded aromatase was present with natural substrate included but not when formestane (inhibitor) w
of differential stabilization of aromatase by the substrates and inhibitors. Therefore, the activity and functional studies performed in year 2 validated the catalytic binding analysis of year 1, and pr
properties of aromatase based hormonal Breast Cancer Treatment.
2007 BI045
WHY ASPIRIN NEEDS ENTERIC COATING
Quinton Jon Sistare
WMST, Washington, DC, United States
The purpose of this project was to determine which Brand of 81mg enteric coated aspirin caused the least amount of stomach irritation by discovering which coating lasted the longest in the cond
in the conditions of the small intestine. The procedures followed the following steps: Step 1: Five beakers were filled with 100mL of various pH solutions to simulate the different
intestine.Step 2: The base of the foot bath was filled 12 quarts of heated water.Step 3: Five beakers were placed in the foot bath and set the bath to its maximum vibration, bubble producing, and
aspirin were placed in the beakers and the stopwatch was started.Step 5: The tablets were monitored and notes were recorded on the progress of individual tablets. The major results wer
withstood the simulation with the exception of CVS's Brand.In trail 2 all brands were able to withstand the simulation.In trail 3 all brands dissolved at very rapid rates. It was concluded tha
was the best. The Kirkland Brand only cost $0.0148 per tablet making it the cheapest of all of the aspirin brands. Kirkland’s brand of aspirin was also able to withstand the harsh simulations of the
the second brand to fully dissolve in the high pH solution to simulate the small intestine. If the aspirin is unable to time release at the right moment like the CVS brand it’s a risk to your health. Ho
like the Kirkland brand, then the effects of the aspirin will be quick but not harmful. 
2011 BI045
OPTIMIZATION OF BOVINE CD1B3 3D STRUCTURE: EXPLORING A LIPID ANTIGENBINDING COMPLEMENT GLYCOPROTEIN FOR POTENTIAL MALARIAL INTERVENTION
Rosalie Shinwei Doerksen
Malaria is carried from human to mosquito to human by deadly Plasmodium parasites in a neverending cycle. The disappearance of malarial parasites from England at the end of the nineteenth c
of cattle herding. Mosquitoes preferentially bit cattle rather than humans. Plasmodium sporozoites, unable to survive against the bovine immune system, died out completely. Within the
cattle, the complement antigenbinding protein CD1b is present; however, there are several differences in their CD1b protein sequence. Those differences may explain how cattle defeat the protoz
methods can be used to study the effects of this protein on the protozoan, but overcoming errors in the crystal structure is a necessary preliminary step. In this project the published Xray crysta
analyzed for possible errors, using Schrödinger’s Maestro and Prime software. Several missing amino acid side chains, overlapping atom pairs, a chain break and invalid atom types were detecte
the termini capped, the structure was minimized using the OPLS_2005 force field method. The resulting structure seemed reasonable according to the Ramachandran plot. Lipidantigen binding p
 This work has revealed the errors in the boCd1b3 crystal structure, preparing for further study of the antigenbinding protein.
2013 BI045
HISTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE OF TOLLLIKE RECEPTOR NINE AMELIORATION OF AMYLOID PATHOLOGY IN A TGSWDI MOUSE MODEL
Charlotte Sophia Herber
Fox Lane High School, Bedford, NY
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common and costly neurodegenerative disease today and will become increasingly prevalent. This study developed an emerging method of passive immuniz
amyloid plaques that cause AD without adverse side effects. By stimulating a nonspecific, nontoxic immune response via tolllike receptor nine (TLR9) using type B cytosineguanine DNA oligode
eliminate the neurotoxicity and cerebral microhemorrhage observed in previous vaccination studies. Previously investigated in Tg2576 and 3xTg mouse models of AD, these compounds were his
toxicity after being injected by my mentor into two TgSwDI age cohorts. This murine model expresses vascular amyloid, or congophilic amyloid angiopathy (CAA) that is of concern because of its
increase hemorrhage risk. Preliminary data from novel object recognition tests performed by other team members and histological analysis of stained brain sections in two age groups indicated th
cognitive function and reduced vascular amyloid burden by 30% without associated neuroinflammatory gliosis or hemorrhage. This suggests that TLR9 stimulation with CpG ODNs could constitut
and ameliorate amyloidbeta AD pathology.
2005 BI045
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF PTEN IN THE INSULIN SIGNALING PATHWAY TO TREAT TYPE 2 DIABETES
Meredith Regan Spadaccia
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus accounts for 9095% of all diabetes cases, increasing at 6% per year and potentially reaching a total of 200300 million cases by 2010. Research for the last 20 years ha
associated insulinresistance or continual obstruction of the insulin signaling cascade. Normally, upon binding to its receptor on the plasma membrane, insulin initiates a series of phosphorylation
which ultimately result in increased glucose transport into the cell. Insulin specifically activates one glucose transport protein, GLUT4. When GLUT4 is activated, it translocates from its position a
membrane and allows glucose to enter the cell. In a condition of insulin resistance, the insulin cascade is blocked, and GLUT4 is not fully activated. With reduced GLUT4 activation, less glucose
processes and insulin is ineffective. PIP3, and intracellular lipid, is a key intermediate regulator of the insulin signaling pathway. Phosphatase and Tensin homolog deleted on chromosome TEN (P
PIP3, and may, by modifying PIP3, regulate the insulin signaling pathway. This research determined the exact effects of PTEN on PIP3 in adipose tissue, as well as if the phosphatase increased
glucose uptake. Inhibition of PTEN in adipocytes resulted in a dramatic increase in insulin sensitivity. PTEN can now be targeted pharmaceutically for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes.
2003 BI045
GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PROSTATE CANCER: THE TOBAGO STUDY
Shantanu Kadir Gaur, Bethel Park High School
Bethel Park, PA, USA
The male AfroCaribbean population on the island of Tobago possesses an abnormally high rate for prostate cancer. Preliminary prostate cancer screening has shown high serum prostatespecific
polymorphisms in the PSA gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction digest, and gel electrophoresis revealed that a substitution (of the A nucleotide) mutation (G/A or A/A) is preva
contributing to an elevated risk for prostate cancer. A pvalue of .01 indicates that the A substitution is statistically significant in enhancing the biological aggressiveness of prostate cancer in Tob
regulatory genes will clarify the specific cellular significance of mutations in the PSA gene and its role in regulating signal transduction pathways.
2014 BI045
A COMPARISON OF THE MECHANISM AND EFFECTS OF HIFTARGETING OLIGONUCLEOTIDES ON NORMAL AND CANCEROUS BREAST CELLS
Katharine Elizabeth Adams
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, KY, United States of America
Based on the results of previous work done by the researcher, which showed that quadruplexforming oligonucleotides induced cell death in four breast cancer cell lines, this project studied and c
oligonucleotides in four breast cancer cell lines (MDAMB231, MDAMB468, MCF7, and SKBR3) and one normal breast cell line (MCF10a). It was hypothesized that the oligonucleotides would
they coded in the promoter region of the HIF gene, preventing its transcription and thus the production a protein essential for breast cancer survival. A Western blot showed that the oligonucleotid
confocal analysis demonstrated that the oligonucleotides worked inside the nucleus. In addition, an MTT assay showed that the oligonucleotides had no effect on a normal breast cell line, MCF1
oligonucleotides were not taken up into the nuclei of the MCF10a cells (demonstrated by a confocal analysis), where HIF inhibition was shown to occur. Further research is being conducted.
2003 BI046
AN IN DEPTH STUDY OF A STANDARD NITRATE ASSAY PROCEDURE
Garret Terry Fox
American Fork High School, American Fork Utah, 84003
For my science project I have intensely studied a standard nitrate procedure. I began by running a standard nitrate assay procedure. By using the enzyme nitrate reductase to reduce nitrate to nit
color reagents to form a colored solution. I then used a Beckman DB Spectrophotometer to read the concentration of the colored solution. This works because the original nitrate level is directly r
After successfully completing this nitrate assay, I decided to determine the rate of the color reaction that was happening between the color reagents (NeDD and Sulf) and the nitrite. This
concentrations of each chemical while holding the others constant. I found the rate law of the color reaction to be .64 times the concentrations of Nitrite and Sulfanilamide. This turned out to be an
nitrite concentrations. I then obtained my own nitrate reductase from enriched ground oat juice. I have used two different methods to obtain this. I have used a blender and centrifuge and liquid nit
but I am trying to determine which best preserves the enzyme activity. I have now started trying to get results from other plants as well, such as wheat and rye. These may be faster to grow or ha
am also trying to determine the rate of enzyme decay from my extractions.
2004 BI046
THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE ON HIF1 ALPHA EXPRESSION IN ASTROCYTES
Jessica Lea MeierPeterson
Nicolet High School, Glendale, WI, United States of America
The primary objective of this study is to determine the effects of hydrogen peroxide on the accumulation of the HIF1 complex in astrocyte cultures. The hypothesis for this experiment is that the
deactivate the proline (which is oxygen dependent) on the 27aa segment of HIF1a. When proline deactivation occurs, the von HippelLindau tumor suppressor no longer targets HIF1a for destru
HIF1a and accordingly, the increase in HIF1 protein expression. As such, the expected response is an increase in the expression of the HIF1 protein after exposure to hydrogen peroxide. <
the astrocytes are split into groups that test their response to .09% and .9% hydrogen peroxide under both normoxia and hypoxia. After all of the groups are treated, the protein amounts are stand
The results of this preliminary study indicate that hydrogen peroxide may induce HIF1a expression in both hypoxia and normoxia. Though similar studies relating to HIF1a expressio
have been varied and controversial, and thus inconclusive. This study attempts to resolve the conflict and to gain knowledge that will be useful in later studies relating to a cure for the damage ca
stroke and cardiopulmonary disease. 
2014 BI046
DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC DRUG FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: A CHEMICAL APPROACH TO CEASE AMYLOIDOSIS
Yarim Lee
Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, NY, United States of America
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disease destroying humanity. Researches suggest that the aggregation of misfolded betaamyloid is responsible for Alzheimer’s disease. piStacking, the key force
to aggregate, is manipulated to go against the phenomenon itself. Thus, a strategic chemical approach to terminate the aggregation is boldly attempted. Based on previous results, initiall
be synthesized. These potential drugs showed a strong selfaggregation power which boasted the strong pi stacking ability. However, disappointingly, when the drug was tested for dissemination
caused more severe aggregation compared to the selfaggregation, itself. In order to improve drug’s aggregation inhibiting ability, the more polar dipeptide was synthesized through solid phase sy
aggregation tests were carried out and reveal that the strong pistacking power was preserved from the previous organic molecules, thus exhibiting high selfaggregation activity. However, again,
mediating activity of the dipeptide drug was not strong enough. Once again, the peptide was further modified to improve the efficiency of the role of the mediator. Series of computationa
additional hydrogen bonding ability to the short peptide chain, thus aiding in the ability to mediate. A longer peptide drug was synthesized and put in in vitro tests for prevention of the progress of
increasing trend of the turbidity stopped upon the addition of the mediator, showing strong drug activity.
2006 BI046
DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL BIOSENSOR FOR THE EFFICIENT DETECTION OF INFECTIOUS PATHOGENS AND ENVIRONMENTAL INVADERS
Adrian Veres
JeanDeBrébeuf College, Montréal, Québec, Canada
Infectious diseases affect, every year, millions of people all around the globe. Drastic improvements in quality of life could result from the ability to diagnose these types of diseases efficiently, in
main objective of the project is to propose and demonstrate a novel biosensor design, using electricalbased methods, able to detect microorganisms in fluids such as pathogens in blood sample
screening for the four main pathogens causing septicemic conditions in humans. More specifically, the system is designed to be sensible, rapid, costefficient and simple to use. The bio
into three intercommunicating modules (the transduction, the detection and the recuperation modules) combining biochemistry and electrochemistry. They are integrated into a microfluidic platform
procedure. The presence of the pathogen is firstly amplified by a PCR, whose resulting amplicon is attached to a glucoseoxidase coated magnetic bead. By a DNA hybridization even, the bead i
electrodes. Upon localization, the glucose oxidase is activated and produces hydrogen peroxide, which increases the conductibility of the solution around the electrodes. This change can be pick
Finally, the amplicons are cleaved off the magnetic beads, which can now be recycled for further uses. By integrating this entire system on a microfluidic device, it can answer the defined objecti
simplicity. 
2005 BI046
THE DEVELOPMENT OF A NOVEL GENE KNOCKOUT TECHNIQUE UTILIZING RNAINTERFERENCE
Jason Chao Zhang
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights N.Y., United States of America
Gene knockout has become vital in the development of drugbased pharmaceuticals, with many institutions focused solely on the application of related methodologies. However, current knockou
crude deletion techniques and nonspecific pathways. RNAinterference, with high specificity and variability, offers an alternative for genetic manipulation. Integration of miRNA and siRNA interfere
processing and the possibility of multiple knockout while maintaining a consistent and flexible gene silencing at the DNA level. In this investigation, mutant let7a3 miRNA constructs and Renilla
transfected into P19 cell cultures. Transfected cells were analyzed with two luminescent markers: RenillaLuciferase (targetedgene expression) and FireflyLuciferase (relative transcript
The target sequence of the let7a3 miRNA was fused with the RenillaLuciferase gene to generate a viable RNAi target and RenillaLuciferase expression levels were normalized by FireLuciferas
silencing were variable but consistent, the highest being around 70%, validating a potential DNA vectorbased miRNA knockout technology. Future introduction of recombinase sites or effector s
out. Using the data derived from the present study, RNAi can be utilized to provide a better approach to gene regulation. Further optimization of this system is clearly essential. 
2014 BI046
DEVELOPMENT OF A THERAPEUTIC DRUG FOR ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE: A CHEMICAL APPROACH TO CEASE AMYLOIDOSIS
Yarim Lee
Townsend Harris High School, Flushing, NY, United States of America
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a disease destroying humanity. Researches suggest that the aggregation of misfolded betaamyloid is responsible for Alzheimer’s disease. piStacking, the key force
to aggregate, is manipulated to go against the phenomenon itself. Thus, a strategic chemical approach to terminate the aggregation is boldly attempted. Based on previous results, initiall
be synthesized. These potential drugs showed a strong selfaggregation power which boasted the strong pi stacking ability. However, disappointingly, when the drug was tested for dissemination
caused more severe aggregation compared to the selfaggregation, itself. In order to improve drug’s aggregation inhibiting ability, the more polar dipeptide was synthesized through solid phase sy
aggregation tests were carried out and reveal that the strong pistacking power was preserved from the previous organic molecules, thus exhibiting high selfaggregation activity. However, again,
mediating activity of the dipeptide drug was not strong enough. Once again, the peptide was further modified to improve the efficiency of the role of the mediator. Series of computationa
additional hydrogen bonding ability to the short peptide chain, thus aiding in the ability to mediate. A longer peptide drug was synthesized and put in in vitro tests for prevention of the progress of
increasing trend of the turbidity stopped upon the addition of the mediator, showing strong drug activity.
2013 BI046
TRIBUTYLTIN DISRUPTS ADIPOCYTE METABOLISM
Emily Taylor Hayes
Walter Payton College Preparatory High School, Chicago, IL
The quickly growing rate of obesity has led to the hypothesis that synthetic chemicals are a potential causative factor of obesity. One chemical of interest is tributyltin (TBT), an environmental po
differentiation through the activation of the peroxisome proliferatoractivated receptor gamma (PPARgamma), a transcription factor controlling many adipocyte genes. TBT is believed to stimulate
pharmacological PPARgamma agonist troglitazone. This project explores the effects of TBT on adipocyte differentiation. Luciferase assays were performed to determine the concentration of TBT
gamma activation as 2.5 micromolar troglitazone. After cell culture of 3T3L1 cells with treatments of varying concentrations of TBT and/or troglitazone, quantitative realtime PCR was performed
immunoblotting was conducted to measure protein expression. While troglitazone significantly increased expression of all experimental genes and proteins compared, TBT exposure resulted in a
equivalent PPARgamma activation. This project shows that TBT and troglitazone do not have identical behavior in altering adipocyte differentiation. These results may improve our understanding
disrupts adipocyte differentiation, which will lead to strategies for treatment and prevention of chemicallyenhanced obesity.
2006 BI046
Adrian Veres
simplicity. 
2011 BI046
AUDIO PERCEPTION: PLOTTING THE PATHWAY OF THE BK CHANNEL
Sophia Paulina Mae Sokolowski
Academy at the Lakes, Land O' Lakes, FL
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health designated the study of noiseinduced hearing loss (NIHL) a research priority for the 21st century. Noiseinduced hearing loss has increa
listening devices and, more recently, because of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In fact, hearing loss is the most prevalent diagnosis for U.S. soldiers returning from these wars due to exposure
improvised explosive devices. The purpose of this study was to investigate the BK ion channel, a poreforming protein in the membrane of sensory and nerve cells of the inner ear that a
the cell. The BK channel increases hearing sensitivity and also plays a role in noiseinduced hearing loss. However, very little is known about how this channel is regulated. The present study exa
the BK channel in the mouse cochlea: the enzyme methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) and the Rasrelated protein, Rab11b. To determine these proteinprotein interactions, I used recipr
immunolocalization, and Rab11b over expression and silencing. Reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation showed that both MTAP and Rab11b interact with BK. Rab11b is highly expressed in
Moreover, Rab11b, cloned from the cochlea, increased BK expression, whereas Rab11b silencing decreased BK. I conclude that these two proteins interact with the BK channel, and Rab11b can
interactions may strongly influence the BK channel during noiseinduced hearing loss.
2006 BI046
Adrian Veres
simplicity. 
UTC Stock with an approximate value of $2000. United Technologies Corporation
2004 BI047
NUCLEOTIDE SUBSTITUTION IN DROSOPHILA AND ITS IMPACT ON THE NEUTRAL THEORY
Aaron TucLon Cheung
South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics, Hartsville, SC, US
 Nucleotide substitution, or point mutation, is a major catalyst of evolution. The primary goal of this research is to correlate the rates of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions fro
Erecta. Nucleotide substitutions were detected by sequencing the genome of Drosophila Erecta. DNA from these flies was extracted, refined through a rigorous course of protocols, and entered in
nucleotide substitution was found to vary greatly among the twenty successfully sequenced genes. The observed variance in nonsynonymous mutations can be explained by natural selection.
changed an amino acid in a crucial protein, the resulting protein might no longer function. Such a lethal mutation would not be transmitted to future generations while a less lethal mutation on a triv
generations. As a result, crucial genes had fewer nonsynonymous substitutions than trivial ones. Synonymous substitutions, however, synthesize the same amino acid, and thus should not be af
variance in rates of synonymous nucleotide substitutions could not be explained by the widely accepted Neutral Theory, which states that synonymous singlenucleotide differences are selective
40% of all codongroups showed bias towards a specific synonymous codon. This evidence raised the possibility of an unknown evolutionary force underlying the phenomenon such that if a certa
acid sets, it would tend to remain stable and mutate less causing a lower rate of synonymous substitutions.
2014 BI047
TITANIUM (IV) OXIDE AND ITS SUBSEQUENT EFFECTS ON CULTURED CELLS
Elizabeth Sarah Finlayson
Lone Peak High School, Highland, UT, United States of America
Titanium (IV) Oxide is a common whitener found in a variety of substances with little to no research conducted on its effects on cellular activity. This lack of research provoked me to begin exper
(monkey fibroblast kidney cells) were plated using DMEM media and allowed them to incubate for approximately 96 hours at 37° C. They were retrieved from the incubator, the old media was suc
Titanium (IV) Oxide was added. After the allotted time, the cells were then taken and the Caspase assay was administered to the cells, specifically looking for the enzyme, caspase, as an indica
cells were observed and recorded under a light/florescence microscope. When observed under florescence, dead cells radiated a bright green, giving us an approximation of the percentage of cell
relative amount of apoptosis (~30%), while the solution of 15.5µg had the greatest percentage of apoptosis (70%). This data gives the general public a relative value of apoptosis occurring in our
I concluded that Titanium (IV) Oxide present within somatic cells has a direct correlation to the rate and occurrence of apoptosis, potentially leading to increased levels of mutation, resulting in sig
2013 BI047
THE EFFECT OF COLLOIDAL SILVER AND BROMELAIN ON VIABILITY OF PC12 CELLS
Marcelina Puc
Lane Technical College Preparatory High School, Chicago, IL
Purpose: The nature of this experiment is to explore undiscovered cancer treatments (using colloidal silver and bromelain)on pheochromocytoma cells (PC12) without the use of chemoth
 Varying concentrations of colloidal silver(ppm)and bromelain (g/mL)will be tested against pheochromocytoma cells(PC12).Cell viability(cell survival)will be the tested using colormetric metho
extraction will also be done for determination of apoptosis or necrosis. Conclusion: Pheochromocytoma cells show the least signs of cell viability with the introduction of 0.1 ppm
supporting the original hypothesis. Bromelain is a known protease enzyme and colloidal silver could be tied to silver nano particles;both of these reagents have been studied in medicine but neve
mathematical calculations and DNA extractions it is understood that this treatment is an alternative to chemotherapy.
2011 BI047
CHITOSAN NANOPARTICLE UPTAKE FOR CANCER THERAPY
Andy Tran
Michael E. DeBakey High School for Health Professions, Houston, TX
Nanoparticles can be harnessed to radically change cancer therapy by serving as customizable, targeted drug delivery vectors. They are capable of dispensing therapeutic agents or genes specif
healthy cells. siRNAChitosan Nanoparticles(CHNPs) are designed and synthesized for the purpose of inhibiting tumorigenesis by RNA interference. In order to improve therapeutic efficacy, one
these nanoparticles are internalized into the cells. Since many types of nanoparticles are intended for intravenous administration, understanding how these siRNA Chitosan nanoparticles are affec
of paramount importance. To investigate this issue, a cellular uptake study on HepG2 (Hepatocellular carcinoma) cells was conducted. After applying the CHNPs to the HepG2 cells, th
minutes at varying fetal bovine serum concentrations— 20%, 50% and 80%. Intracellular accumulation of CHNPs in HepG2 cells in the respective serum concentrations was visualized by confo
Fluorescent Activated Cell sorting was used to quantify the amount of CHNPs internalized in HepG2 cells, by measuring fluorescence emission from the Cy5.5 fluorescently labeled CHNPs, in t
 In conclusion, cells incubated in higher concentrations of serum were found to have lower cellular uptake efficiency of CHNPs. This elucidates that serum proteins have an inhibitory effect o
improved to achieve therapeutic efficacy in the blood stream. Designs in limiting serum interaction by nanoparticles will be an invaluable asset to further improve uptake of NPs.
Second Award $1,000 CACO Pharmaceutical & BioScience Society
2005 BI047
ANALYSIS OF THE ANTIBIOTIC PROPERTIES OF THE EPIDERMAL MUCUS OF THE ATLANTIC STINGRAY, DASYATIS SABINA, CONFERRED BY ASSOCIATED BACTERIAL SYMBION
Benjamin Colby Powell
Sarasota High School, Sarasota, FL, USA
To survive in contaminated environments and in microflorarich seas, estuaries, and riverine systems, elasmobranch fishes have had to evolve efficient host defense mechanisms. Although the c
protection, hydrodynamic lubrication, an antiparasitic agent, and in osmotic regulation is well established, its potential as a source of novel antibiotic compounds is virtually unexplored.
protection against environmental pathogens, samples of mucus from three individuals from a freshwater population of Atlantic stingray, Dasyatis sabina, were obtained and antibiotic properties of
were examined. This was accomplished through the culture of bacterial symbionts to allow antibiotic producers to effuse their antibiotics. A set of tester strain bacteria were then grown on top of t
inhibition were observed. Growth inhibition was shown to be strongest against methicillinsensitive Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 43300 and Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 10471. Sixteen symbion
Atlantic stingray were selected for identification. Three of these are believed to produce antibiotics. DNA extractions and PCR amplifications of 16S rRNA genes were successful on bacterial sym
bacterial species by means of GenBank BLAST searches against known 16S rRNA genes is currently on going. Results of preliminary searches show the presence of bacteria belonging to gener
Staphylococcus.
2011 BI048
TO DIGEST OR NOT TO DIGEST?
Karien NaKawn Dixon
Noxubee County High School, Macon, MS
Since many people suffer from indigestion, I wanted to find an inexpensive natural remedy that would alleviate indigestion. I also wanted to discover which antiacid truly relieves indigestion and f
population of my findings. My first step was to perform a digestion experiment to use for comparison. My results showed that sugar is broken down to form simple sugar and fats when di
become amino acids when fully digested. My results also showed that when a person is experiencing indigestion, various over the counter remedies can prove effective. Just like enzyme
of specific subtrates, these common remedies seem to only assist in relieving indigestion when matched with certain substances. According to the experiment, Prevacid changed starch
This was conducted because the results were similar to amylase when compared to the control. Yogurt appears to have changed starch to a simpler sugar when compared to the control and the r
may have changed the protein to an amino acid. Pepto Bismol may have changed the carbohydrates to a simpler sugar.
2004 BI048
CAN LIFE BE EXTENDED?
Geoffrey Clark Thomas
Dixie Middle School, St. George UT, USA
I tested several nutritional supplements that are purported to have beneficial life extending capabilities, on cultures of bakers yeast. Separate yeast cultures were grown in which the medium was
Red wine extract (resveratrol), a liquid multivitamin supplement, LCarnitine, Alpha Lipoic Acid, a combination of Carnitine and Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin E, Vitamin C, Green Tea, and Red wine
were placed in bottles with latex balloons affixed atop. The cultures were observed to first enter a phase of balloon inflation, presumably anaerobic metabolism (Krebs cycle), and then the balloon
flask with negative pressure as the cultures entered aerobic metabolism. The number of cycles each culture completed was recorded. The results showed a dramatic difference versus control of
enriched cultures. A lesser effect was seen with Red wine extract and Vitamin C. A modest effect was noted with Alpha Lipoic Acid and the combination with Carnitine. Interestingly, the Vitamin E
culture never went aerobic. At the end of the experiment the vitality of cultures was assess by feeding each culture one additional time and observing the anaerobic growth rate. Three cultures we
Carnitine, and Vitamin E. 
2014 BI048
A NOVEL TREATMENT FOR STROKE, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, ALZHEIMER'S, AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE: SILDENAFIL PROMOTES AXONAL OUTGROWTH I
ENVIRONMENT THROUGH MODULATION OF MIRNA LEVELS
Guangning An
International Academy, Troy, MI, United States of America
Axons form communication highways in the body that control fundamental neurological functions as movement. However, injury to matured axons results in devastating consequences to victims,
regeneration of axons in the adult central nervous system. Currently, there is no treatment to facilitate regeneration of adult axonal highways. One of major inhibitory components that block axon
called chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. This project has, for the first time, demonstrated that Sildenafil, the active ingredient of the drug Viagra®, robustly promoted axonal growth and
CSPGs. Moreover, immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated endogenous presence of Ago2, a vital aspect of miRNA biogenesis, while silencing of Ago2 by siRNA eliminated Sildenafil’s prom
provided strong evidence that Sildenafil regulates axonal outgrowth through modulation of axonal miRNA profiles. Meanwhile, a Taqman PCR assay quantified and ranked the most significant miR
MetaCoreTM software. Finally, this investigation identified miR29c3p and its validated targeted Integrin β1/FAK pathway as the means in which Sildenafil promotes axonal outgrowth. Collectivel
outgrowth in the CSPG inhibitory environment with strong evidence showing that it is through modulation of expression levels of miRNAs, especially that of miR29c3p, that targets the Integrin β1
discovery has great therapeutic potential for patients of stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative disease to restore neurologica

2005 BI048
THE RECOMBINATION OF RNA BY AZOARCUS RIBOZYME IN A COMPARTMENTALIZED SYSTEM AN ORIGINOFLIFE STUDY
Oregon Episcopal, Portland, OR, US
Compartmentalization is considered a requirement for life, and has been theorized as playing a crucial role in the origin of biological compounds from abiotic processes. Recently the recombinatio
as a possible mechanism for such a transition to occur, and was demonstrated in a noncompartmentalized system. The goal of this experiment was to demonstrate the recombination of RNA mo
waterinoil emulsion as a compartmentalized system. Emulsions were created by the vortexing of an aqueous solution in heavy mineral oil phase. Various combinations of both unreacted and rea
distributions, were reacted, and then analyzed on 7% polyacrylamide gels. Results supported the conclusion that spontaneous nonfusion content mixing of vesicles occurred, as well as the succ
the compartmentalized system. Possible sources of error include the possible presence of a noncompartmentalized aqueous layer in the emulsion. Degradation of the ribozyme prevented the pre
recombination from being either confirmed or denied.
2013 BI048
CANCAARS: A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MELANOMA TUMORIGENESIS
Robert Mohamed Bacchus, Jr.
Melanoma, the malignant growth of melanocytes, is the deadliest and most aggressive form of skin cancer; a lethal reputation that is largely due to its resistance to current anticancer treatments
associated transcription factor (MITF), the protein regulating melanocyte production. This study presents a new therapeutic target for melanoma by showing, for the first time, the etiological role o
melanocyte tumorigenesis. As an aminoacyltRNA synthetase (aaRS), LysRS’s activity outside of its canonical role in protein synthesis is poorly known. LysRS’s known interaction with MITF, ho
implications regarding its noncanonical activity. These implications are here elucidated to defend the hypothesis that LysRS is a major regulator of melanoma. XRay crystallography was first use
undergoes a structural conformation that enables it to interact with MITF. In a melanoma tumor cell panel, the endogenous levels of MITF and LysRS were determined by immunoblotting. Cells w
forms of LysRS, and immunocytochemistry was used to confirm that they interacted with MITF. This interaction was observed in realtime using a novel Luciferasebased bioluminescence assay
LysRS versus wildtype LysRS was then quantified using isothermal titration calorimetry. Suppression of the LysRSMITF complex resulted in decreased tumor proliferation, confirming that LysR
tumorigenesis. Future work will develop medical leads targeting LysRS at its phosphorylating site, promising a pharmacologically potent and toxicologically safer treatment for melanoma.
2014 BI048
A NOVEL TREATMENT FOR STROKE, TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY, ALZHEIMER'S, AND OTHER NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE: SILDENAFIL PROMOTES AXONAL OUTGROWTH I
ENVIRONMENT THROUGH MODULATION OF MIRNA LEVELS
Guangning An
International Academy, Troy, MI, United States of America
Axons form communication highways in the body that control fundamental neurological functions as movement. However, injury to matured axons results in devastating consequences to victims,
regeneration of axons in the adult central nervous system. Currently, there is no treatment to facilitate regeneration of adult axonal highways. One of major inhibitory components that block axon
called chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans. This project has, for the first time, demonstrated that Sildenafil, the active ingredient of the drug Viagra®, robustly promoted axonal growth and
CSPGs. Moreover, immunocytochemistry analysis demonstrated endogenous presence of Ago2, a vital aspect of miRNA biogenesis, while silencing of Ago2 by siRNA eliminated Sildenafil’s prom
provided strong evidence that Sildenafil regulates axonal outgrowth through modulation of axonal miRNA profiles. Meanwhile, a Taqman PCR assay quantified and ranked the most significant miR
MetaCoreTM software. Finally, this investigation identified miR29c3p and its validated targeted Integrin β1/FAK pathway as the means in which Sildenafil promotes axonal outgrowth. Collectivel
outgrowth in the CSPG inhibitory environment with strong evidence showing that it is through modulation of expression levels of miRNAs, especially that of miR29c3p, that targets the Integrin β1
discovery has great therapeutic potential for patients of stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s and other neurodegenerative disease to restore neurologica
2005 BI048
THE RECOMBINATION OF RNA BY AZOARCUS RIBOZYME IN A COMPARTMENTALIZED SYSTEM AN ORIGINOFLIFE STUDY
Oregon Episcopal, Portland, OR, US
Compartmentalization is considered a requirement for life, and has been theorized as playing a crucial role in the origin of biological compounds from abiotic processes. Recently the recombinatio
as a possible mechanism for such a transition to occur, and was demonstrated in a noncompartmentalized system. The goal of this experiment was to demonstrate the recombination of RNA mo
waterinoil emulsion as a compartmentalized system. Emulsions were created by the vortexing of an aqueous solution in heavy mineral oil phase. Various combinations of both unreacted and rea
distributions, were reacted, and then analyzed on 7% polyacrylamide gels. Results supported the conclusion that spontaneous nonfusion content mixing of vesicles occurred, as well as the succ
the compartmentalized system. Possible sources of error include the possible presence of a noncompartmentalized aqueous layer in the emulsion. Degradation of the ribozyme prevented the pre
recombination from being either confirmed or denied.
2013 BI048
CANCAARS: A NOVEL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR MELANOMA TUMORIGENESIS
Robert Mohamed Bacchus, Jr.
Melanoma, the malignant growth of melanocytes, is the deadliest and most aggressive form of skin cancer; a lethal reputation that is largely due to its resistance to current anticancer treatments
associated transcription factor (MITF), the protein regulating melanocyte production. This study presents a new therapeutic target for melanoma by showing, for the first time, the etiological role o
melanocyte tumorigenesis. As an aminoacyltRNA synthetase (aaRS), LysRS’s activity outside of its canonical role in protein synthesis is poorly known. LysRS’s known interaction with MITF, ho
implications regarding its noncanonical activity. These implications are here elucidated to defend the hypothesis that LysRS is a major regulator of melanoma. XRay crystallography was first use
undergoes a structural conformation that enables it to interact with MITF. In a melanoma tumor cell panel, the endogenous levels of MITF and LysRS were determined by immunoblotting. Cells w
forms of LysRS, and immunocytochemistry was used to confirm that they interacted with MITF. This interaction was observed in realtime using a novel Luciferasebased bioluminescence assay
LysRS versus wildtype LysRS was then quantified using isothermal titration calorimetry. Suppression of the LysRSMITF complex resulted in decreased tumor proliferation, confirming that LysR
tumorigenesis. Future work will develop medical leads targeting LysRS at its phosphorylating site, promising a pharmacologically potent and toxicologically safer treatment for melanoma.
2003 BI048
STRUCTUREFUCTION STUDIES ON HUMAN TELOMERASE
Nitya Kalyani Viswanathan
Acad for the Adv of Sci and Tech, Hackensack NJ, United States
To prevent the loss of important genetic information from one generation to the next, the chromosome ends are capped with regions of noninformational genetic material called telomeres.
polymerase cannot completely copy both ends of the parent strand. Thus, the length of the telomeres is shortened after each round of replication. The cell needs a way of restoring telomere lengt
losing genetic information. The most common way cells accomplish this is through the activation of the telomerase enzyme complex, which extends the telomeres. This project examine
the telomerase protein, as well as the RNA subunit of the enzyme complex, to enzyme function. To accomplish this, selected amino acids in the Motif E or nucleotides in the RNA subunit were m
in functional assays. The Motif E mutations led to enzymes with decreased processivity and in most cases decreased activity. Because Motif E in HIV1RT, another reverse transcriptase, acts
it may have a similar function in telomerase. The RNA template region mutants had significant differences in stalling patterns, processivity and activity, indicating that this region has considerable
Mutations in this region may affect the way the template and primer line up, leading to the differences in stalling patterns. Thus these studies have allowed functional roles to be assigned to spec
 
2006 BI048
ANTIOXIDANT PROTECTION AGAINST VASCULAR CHOLESTEROLINDUCED INJURY TO VASCULAR CELLS
Christina Josefa van Lier
Hathaway Brown School, Shaker Heights OH, USA
Apoptosis, programmed cell death, consists of multiple pathways that a cell can go through to die by apoptosis and is prominent in arteriosclerosis lesions. Arteriosclerosis is a progressive vascu
accumulation, in the innermost layer of a large artery, of lowdensity lipoproteins (LDL), oxidized lipids, increased fibrous elements, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. When lowdensity lipo
oxygen species, the lipid and protein oxidation products change cell behavior from normal to pathological. Inhibition of apoptosis initiated by an oxidative stress through the use of a natur
known as phospholipids hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx) and the protection provided by the mitochondrial verses the nonmitochondrial isoform of PHGPx was examined. A
ketocholesterol, a major component of oxLDL, and the effects were assessed by ELISA Activity Assay, DNA laddering, and Caspase 3 Activity Assay. The purpose of this project was to test the
or nonmitochondrial PHGPx could inhibit apoptosis in macrophages exposed to the prominent oxLDL toxin, 7ketocholesterol. Results consistently showed that both the mitochondrial an
PHGPx equally inhibited 7ketocholesterol induced apoptosis in U937 cells. This data contradicts previously published results, which stated that only the mitochondrial isoform of PHGPx inhibited
2014 BI049
STUDY OF BINDING MODES OF SYNTHETIC COUMARIN DERIVATES WITH DNA AND ALBUMIN
Daniel Ondra
Gymnazium Kosice, Kosice, Slovakia
Over the last years there is an intensive scientific interest to explore the binding modes of a small organic molucules which can interact with the DNA. It came out, that these molecules could cha
or replication of the DNA and cause the cellular death, what is very important for developing anticancer and antiHIV drugs. Coumarines should be able to interact by many modes with the DNA b
aromatic systems. The aim of this work was studied the basic physicochemical properties of synthetic coumarines and their ability to bind with DNA and interact with albumin. To reach this aim t
fluorescent methods. The ability to cut the DNA was confirmed using agarose electrophoresis. In pursuance of measurments it was shown, that the studied coumarines were able to interact with
shown rather high fluorescence of studied compounds. Fluorescence spectroscopy also showed significantly good ability of studied coumarines to interact with albumin. Using agarose electropho
coumarines are able to cut DNA, with higher concentration of compound there was less of superhelical and more linear and open circle form of the DNA. The binding constant for complexes coum
titration: Sample 1: 8,9; Sample 2: 4.0; Sample 3: 5,3×105 mol1dm3. These results can be used for further develop of anticancer and antiHIV drugs.
2013 BI049
EXAMINING INHIBITION OF VITAMIN ABSORPTION TO ANALYZE DIFFERING RATES OF NUTRIENT TRANSPORT
Cynthia Rita Torma
Affected by certain factors in molecular structure and chemical composition (most notably the presence of functional groups such as the methyl and hydroxyl groups), the water solubility of a give
employed by the body to most effectively absorb, utilize, and, in the case of fatsoluble vitamins, store the vitamin. Cystic Fibrosis, amid other various diseases, causes an inhibition of the absor
lumen of the small intestine, due to a denser mucin layer lining the organ. In this study, the diffusion rate of both water – soluble and fat – soluble vitamins was tested in differing concentrations o
vitamins in the mucin layer in order to establish if, and to what extent, the difference in concentration of mucin would cause a contrast in rates of absorption of fat – soluble vitamins and water – s
unaffected individuals. Using a curve fitting program to best fit initial values of the sigmoidal function to the program’s exponential function, it was determined that the change in the rate constant,
diffusion rate of water – soluble vitamins between concentrations, establishing a distinctive inhibition of these compounds through higher concentrations of the layer and demonstrating the disrupt
layer on essential compounds of various biochemical behaviors.
2011 BI049
THE ROLE OF TESTOSTERONE IN HEPATOCYTE APOPTOSIS IN HIGH FAT DIETINDUCED NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE
Kenneth YoungHoon Lee
The goal of this project is to study the role of hepatocyte apoptosis in high fat diet (HFD)induced hepatic steatosis and testosterone’s action in the rat HFDinduced nonalcoholic fatty liver diseas
the Western world has been subject to a dramatic increase in obesity. One common manifestation of obesity is NAFLD. Hepatic steatosis (basis of NAFLD) and testosterone deficiency have bee
developing type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. It has been reported that testosterone replacement drastically reduces fat accumulation within the liver. However, the mechanism of testoste
not been well studied. Apoptosis levels were determined via Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay and Western blot. For a previous study, male r
groups: castrated rats on HFD, castrated rats with T replacement on HFD, intact rats on HFD, and intact rats on regular chow diet (RCD). They were fed for 15 weeks, sacrificed, and liver tissue w
this study. TUNEL assay directly stained apoptotic cells brown. Western blot evaluated concentrations of cleaved PARP (89 kDa), a common marker for cell apoptosis. The results show
apoptosis in intact rats, while testosterone replacement reduced HFDinduced hepatocyte apoptosis in castrated rats. It was concluded that testosterone reduces HFDinduced hepatocy
may forge a path toward developing methods to eventually attenuate NAFLD.
2004 BI049
FRA1 TARGET GENES FOR CANCER INTERVENTION
Fra1 (Fosrelated antigen 1) is a member of the AP1 family of transcription factors. It has been implicated in several types of cancer, notably lung cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer, a
role in tumorigenesis. It is activated through the MAPK (mitogen activated protein kinase) pathway. This project explores the role of Fra1 and its target genes in three colorectal cancer cell lines:
the use of luciferase assays, Western blots, and microarrays, the activity of Fra1 is probed and its potential targets are identified. Fra1 is found to be constitutively active in RKO cells, while in
to be stabilized. Once ERK is activated by TPA treatment, however, AP1 target genes become much more active in SW480s and HCT116s. In the RKOs, possibly because Fra1 appears to be
increase in AP1 activity was not observed. Characterization of Fra1 activation and its target genes could ultimately aid the development of new cancer drugs and therapies.
2005 BI049
TANNINS AS AN ENVIRONMENTALLY FRIENDLY METAL CLEANER
Faith Noelle Ezekiel
Mayo High School for Math, Science &Technology, Darlington, South Carolina, USA
Metal cleaners have been, for the most part, environmentally hazardous chemicals needing safe storage and post production clean up procedures. A new cleaning fluid made of a mixture of tanni
successful cleaner for readwrite heads. The purpose of this experiment is to see if just tea tannins have the ability to act as a metal cleaner that could be environmentally friendlier than
 Aluminum squares were coated with a uniform coat of clay and allowed to dry. The coated metal squares were then randomly divided into two groups, one to be cleaned with water, and the o
squares were originally measured for light reflectance in lux, and then remeasured after being sprayed with water or the tannin solution. Three histograms display the data for the three as
and tannin treated. A ztest comparing the water and tannins cleaning ability brought a surprise in that the tannin solution tended to show an overall lower reflectance reading than the wat
stick to the mud and lowered its reflectivity.
2006 BI049
THE HYPE ON HYPERTENSION!
Lia D'Abate
The Sacred Heart School of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
Angiotensin II (AngII) is a potent vasoconstrictor that stimulates cell contractility by upregulating contractile proteins. To induce cell contractility, AngII should affect vascular smooth muscle cell
interaction. This interaction is mainly mediated through integrin cell adhesion receptors, alpha8 integrin being one of them. Alpha8 integrin is involved in vascular smooth muscle cells’ contractile
AngIIinduced contractile state in VSMCs might be mediated by alpha8 integrin. siRNA was used to knockdown alpha8 integrin. VSMCs were cultured in separate wells with AngII stimu
media solution (controls). The cells were harvested after incubation. The Western Blot Analysis was performed. Through the addition of antibodies, the presence of calponin, being a contractile m
band intensity resulting from the gel electrophoresis. The average band intensity of the cell extracts stimulated with AngII was 2.71 times more than the controls while the average band intensity
alpha8 integrin was 3.04 times less than the controls, and the combination of AngII and siRNAalpha8 integrin resulted in an average band intensity 1.37 times less than the controls. In conclusio
induced upregulation of calponin was impaired in the absence of alpha8 integrin. While the hindrance of AngII signaling is a therapeutic goal in hypertension treatment, the acquired data suggests
be a novel target to reduce vascular tension. 
2003 BI049
FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF YEAST GENE NOP14: PHASE II
Elizabeth Germino, Immaculata High School
Somerville, New Jersey, USA
The object of this year’s research was to determine the molecular basis of the temperaturesensitive phenotype for the mutant NOP14 constructed last year, as well as that of the highcopy supp
essential functions (including ribosome biogenesis, a role determined for Nop14 by Liu and Thiele [2001]). To test if the ts Nop14 had an altered localization at the nonpermissive temperature, ts N
green fluorescent protein) and the location of Nop14 examined. Unexpectedly, cells expressing the NOP14EGFP construct failed to display any green fluorescence, although those containing a c
the fused protein is either poorly expressed or rapidly degraded. A study by Gavin, et al.(2002), indicated that Nop14 is found in a multimeric protein complex. To explore whether the temperature
interaction with this protein complex, both wt and ts Nop14 were fused with a modified TAP (tandem affinity purification) gene. These tagged proteins were purified by affinity column chromatograp
uninformative due to extensive proteolysis, and so repeat experiments using different conditions are underway. Preliminary experiments to have both Nop14 and Ypr144c, the isolated highcopy s
also being pursued with a novel tag using strepTactin. This should reveal what binds to Ypr144c independently of Nop14, giving a better understanding of the role of Ypr144c in the formation of th
Scholarship award of $7,000 per year for four, five or six years depending upon the degree program University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2014 BI050
EFFECT OF TREHALOSE AND POLY (LACTICCOGLYCOLIC ACID) (PLGA) MICROPARTICLES ON THE RELEASE KINETICS OF HYDROPHOBIC DRUGS IN POLYURETHANE SCAFFO
Michelle Lu
School for Science and Math at Vanderbilt, Nashville, TN, United States of America
There are 35 million cases of significant skin loss in a year. Biodegradable polyurethane (PUR) scaffolds can support cellular proliferation and differentiation and are capable of releasing drugs to
hydrophobic drug delivery using PUR scaffolds, the drug must be encapsulated in micelles, a spherical lipid aggregate. This study investigated the encapsulation method of the drugs in the micel
microparticles on the release kinetics of the drugloaded micelles from PUR scaffolds. Nile red, a fluorescent dye, simulated hydrophobic drugs. Molecular weight, hydrophobic tail content, and po
Poly(EGb(DMAEMAcoBMA)) were changed to find the optimal encapsulation efficiency of Nile red. The polymers containing a higher percentage of the hydrophobic block and molecular weight
efficiency. The concentration of trehalose and the microspheres’ size were altered to tune the drugs’ release kinetics. The addition of trehalose to the PUR composition did not have a significant i
the PLGA microparticles significantly decreased the release kinetics. The size of the PLGA microparticles was inversely related to the release kinetics. These results can aid in tailoring drugs an
2013 BI050
COFFEE: THE CREAM AND SUGAR OF OLD AGE?
Jeannette Sanchez
This project is examining the effects of coffee consumption of humans beta amyloid plasma levels and shortterm memory.The test subjects were categorized in two groups coffee drinker and a c
ranging from 3560, the coffee drinkers have consumed 35 cups of coffee a day for at least 15 years. Observing the data using IBLAmerica Human beta amyloid (1x) "total amyloid" th
coffee drinkers and noncoffee drinkers beta amyloid plasma levels. However,using the MannWhitney Test to compare coffee drinkers and noncoffee drinkers the results are reported as z=.09 a
Using a CERADNeurological Assessment Battery, short term memory differences of coffee drinkers and non coffee drinkers was shown not to be significant. In conclusion, the hypothe
beta amyloid levels in the plasma, indicating improved short term memory and reducing the risk of dementia and Alzheimer was not supported by this data ,although further research is warranted
2005 BI050
USING THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF ATP ANALOGS TO REGULATE MRNA PROCESSING: YEAR II
Carol Yoon Joo Suh
Palos Verdes Peninsula High School; Rancho Palos Verdes, CA; United States
Overexpression of genes is a common characteristic of many cancers. For example, studies have shown that overexpression of the Brain and Acute Leukemia, cytoplasmic (BAALC) gene contri
processing is a key regulatory event for gene expression. An enzyme involved in mRNA processing, polyadenylate polymerase, has been found to be overexpressed in a variety of tumor cells, m
regulate this overexpression could reduce the viability of the tumor. In order to understand the regulation of mRNA processing, a highly efficient in vitro coupled processing system has recently be
development of this system, it was suspected that Cordycepin triphosphate (3dATP), an ATP analog, inhibited cleavage and polyadenylation of the RNA. This inhibitory effect implied that ATP m
mRNA processing. To assess the role of ATP in mRNA processing, ATP analogs 3dATP and AraATP were inserted into both coupled and uncoupled processing systems. It was found
to ATP analogs. 3dATP inhibited processing up to 25uM, and AraATP decreased processing efficiency by 43.5%. Results suggested that ATP analogs bind at an allosteric site, thereb
that prevents processing. Therefore, ATP plays an important role in mRNA processing by interacting with proteins on the processing apparatus. Using ATP analogs to inhibit cleavage and polyad
translation may regulate the overexpression of proteins involved in cancer. 
2003 BI050
MEXICAN LIQUORS
Aneli Chavez Sanchez
Franco English School, Mexico D.F.
This project is the result of a study of the losses in the production of fruit crops in Mexico. These losses have been enormous due to many and different reasons, that caused fruits lack of the qu
important then to look for a form to diminish these losses. At the beginning it was thought that the best option was to obtain the prime matter or spoiled fruit that was considered a waste and turn
be a fruit liquor, because the conditions and resources were available to us. It was done an analysis in the process of fermentation to assure the stability in the quality of product. The tes
the liquor with corn syrup and common sugar, which got to be the best for this process. 2.This process of fermentation could be apply to all fruit, so it was made with citric fruits, grains,
general results were: *A right consistency or body. *And an agreeable color. An advantage is that you can control the degrees in the amount of alcohol you put in each k
marketing study and as a result, I found out that my product could compete abroad with the same quality. This product can be manufactured with a very simple infrastructure.
2004 BI050
CHARACTERIZATION OF MUS81/MMS4'S ROLE IN HOMOLOGOUS DNA REPAIR DURING SPHASE MITOTIC CELLULAR DIVISION
Shamsher Singh Samra
Clovis West High School, Fresno, California, United States
The Mus81/Mms4 heterodimer is a highly conserved member of the XPF endonuclease superfamily and part of the Rad52 epistasis group, which is known to serve a large role in recombinational
Mus81/Mms4 for in vitro experimentation has varied based on the protein host and has differed in conclusions about the proteins' function. The direct isolation of the Mus81/Mms4 heterodimer, al
native eukaryotic host, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, provides the fundamental tool necessary for understanding the Rad52 epistasis group of proteins as well as a better understanding of DNA rep
nuclease assays, using sequenced protein complemented to the wild type, reveal the structure specific endonuclease displays a penchant for cleaving the 3’ Flap of ssDNAdsDNA junctions.
maintain stability in stressed replication fork elongation, and not to resolve the fourway Holliday Junction resulting from homologous DNA fork repair, as is suggested by the current model of DNA
Mus81/Mms4's in vivo substrate preference assists in developing a strong understanding of the structurespecific endonuclease’s role and biochemical interactions during SPhase cellular divisio
Mus81/Mms4 heterodimer are highly sensitive to carcinogens, suggests the possibility of a homologous understanding of failures in cancer averting mechanisms. By better comprehending the co
synthesis during cellular division, we may be in a better position to pinpoint the failed mechanisms attributed to tumor formation and cancer development. 
Trip to China to attend the CASTIC China Association for Science and Technology
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2006 BI050
TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE DBC2 PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN PROTEIN TRANSPORT
Faith Kan Chang
Syosset High School, Syosset, New York, USA
DBC2 (Deleted in Breast Cancer 2) is a novel tumor suppressor gene capable of killing breast cancer cells. A better understanding of DBC2 function would provide new insight into future modalitie
involved in cellcycle regulation, apoptotic pathways, cytoskeleton assembly and membrane trafficking. DBC2’s role in membrane trafficking was elucidated by monitoring the reporter protein Ves
(VSVG) tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) in live cells. Disabling the DBC2 protein hindered protein transport from the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) to Golgi apparatus. It was discovered
when microtubules are depolymerized by nocodazole. The findings indicate that DBC2 plays a role in connecting vesicles to microtubule motor systems, a process which warrants further investig
2011 BI050
EFFECTS OF FATTY ACIDS ON SKELETAL MUSCLE PROLIFERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Anji Li
Pioneer High School, Ann Arbor, MI
Studies show fatty acids have important roles in the human body, aiding cognitive development and other human functions. I investigate how fatty acids affect skeletal muscle proliferation and m
C2C12 cell line. This is important not only for athletes, but also for the elderly who tend to lose muscle with age. I treated C2C12 cells with three different fatty acids: docosahexaenoic acid (DHA
hypothesize that DHA, an essential fatty acid with many positive effects on the human body, will promote the greatest muscle prolferation and development. I first examined cell proliferation by tr
micromolar concentration of each fatty acid and 10% FBS growth medium. Using a hemocytometer, the oleic acid consistently proved to yield the highest cell count. From this, I conclude that o
proliferation. Next, I examined muscle fiber development by treating the cells for one week with a 50 micromolar concentration of each fatty acid and 2% horse serum growth medium, which is kn
took pictures under the microscope and found that the DHA formed the most massive muscle fibers. More quantitative results were obtained by examining relative myosin heavy chain gene expre
the palmitic acid yielded the highest MHC expression while the DHA yielded the lowest. I conclude that DHA promotes muscle mass while palmitic acid promotes the formation of muscle fibers.
2003 BI051
EFFECT OF NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC SUBSTANCES ON TRANFORMATION OF DUMP INTO DTMP
Oksana A Sergeeva
Torrey Pines High School, San Diego, California, USA
Thymidylate synthase (TS) is the enzyme that catalyzes the transformation of deoxyuridine monophosphate (dUMP) into deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP) in cells. In cancer cells, TS is o
cancer by inhibiting TS, the NewBiotics' drug is a substrate of TS that produces toxic products upon TS activation. Inside the cells the drug is transformed into bromovinyl deoxyuridine monopho
Both dUMP and BVdUMP reactions require certain thiols, although other thiols inactivate TS, as researched in previous project. The natural reaction requires methylenetetrahydrofolate (CH2THF
The effect of different natural and synthetic compounds on TS was studied to mimic its intracellular BVdUMP activation during chemotherapy. To do this, different concentrations of CH2THF wer
of BVdUMP and dUMP. It was found that BVdUMP and dUMP are competitive substrates, so BVdUMP appears to act as an inhibitor for the natural reaction. It was also discovered that the highe
the effect of the BVdUMP on the dUMP reaction. It was concluded that at higher CH2THF concentration, BVdUMP is bound less tightly to the enzyme, meaning that they have mutually exclusiv
irreversibility of TS inactivation by BVdUMP was also studied, and it was discovered that for the first 30 minutes the inactivation is reversible and does not harm the enzyme. The inactivation of T
time. When CH2THF is present the irreversible inactivation of TS by BVdUMP is not as extreme as in its absence. In this way, CH2THF also acts as a protector against irreversible inactivation
reveal the optimal conditions for the drug inside the body. The results have been submitted for a publication in a peerreviewed journal.
2005 BI051
CAN BIOSENSORS DETECT PESTICIDES AND HERBICIDE RESIDUES IN OUR TRIBAL PONDS?
Anna Lopez
Coolidge High School, Collidge, AZ, USA
Can Daphnia and lettuce seed bioassays be used to test tribal riparian water systems for pesticide and herbicide residues? Most healthy ponds in the United States have Daphnia living in them.
they are a major food source for both young and adult freshwater fish. Literature on Daphnia states that they are extremely sensitive to metal ions like copper and zinc, pesticides, detergents, ble
 Lettuce seed is also referenced as being very sensitive to herbicides. With this information, a hypothesis was developed stating that lettuce seeds and daphnia organisms will be effective bio
pesticide and herbicide residues in water samples. Water samples were collected from four tribal ponds and placed in four onegallon glass jars, a total of 16 samples for each test.
4 weeks each sample was counted. Lettuce seed was divided into 16 Petri dishes with 25 seeds in each dish. Each pond sample had four Petri dishes with a total of 100 seed. To each dish 2 ml
small indoor greenhouse. Germination was counted in each dish after five days. Daphnia died in water samples from three out of four ponds. In samples from the fourth pond the Daphnia
study did not show any evidence of herbicide residue. Additional tests would be needed for more accurate data. 
2013 BI051
THE EFFECT OF BIOENHANCERS ON THE RATE OF BIODEGRADATION OF CRUDE OIL
Osvaldo Andres Cossio
Parkview Arts and Science Magnet High School, Little Rock, AR
Various methods can be used to cleanup the oil that is spilled into the ocean surface such methods include chemical, physical, and biological. In this particular research the biological method kn
study, the relationship between NPK bioenhancers concentration and the rate of biodegradation of crude oil was evaluated based on the change in mass of crude oil. The gravimetric analysis tech
percent degradation of crude oil. Both an analytical balance and rotary evaporator were required to obtain the data. It was found that the increase concentration of the NPK bioenhancer correspond
biodegradation; therefore, corresponding with an increase in the rate of biodegradation of crude oil. The results also suggest that the phosphorus and nitrogen component of the fertilizer applied ar
potassium nutrient since this resulted in a higher percent degradation of crude oil, thus suggesting that phosphorus and nitrogen are critical for bacterial growth.
2014 BI051
TRANSACTIVATION ASSAYS FOR PPARΓ AND LXRΑ
Paul Carl Wassel
Seminole Ridge Community High School, Loxahatchee, FL, United States of America
Nuclear Receptors are proteins that are involved in many different diseases including cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Finding chemicals that can inhibit the harmful functions of Nuclear Receptors
key to drug discovery. Amplifying the Nuclear Receptors and putting them into usable vectors is the first step in this complex discovery process. Transactivation assays are performed after this a
response of different chemicals on these Nuclear Receptors. Using this data, graphs were made to find exactly how these chemicals work on the Nuclear Receptor, and if they can pass on to oth
experiment in the Nuclear Receptor PPARγ saw the chemical MRL24 show an antagonist response, 1663 show a partial agonist response, and 10221 show an inverse agonist response. In LXRα
response, SR1903 showed a partial agonist response, and 2211 showed an inverse agonist response. Although T09 was unclear, conclusions can be drawn on the other five chemicals. Using this
using these chemicals and Nuclear Receptors to better understand the interactions between them. Taking all of this data into effect, eventually drugs could be found that could substantially chang
ravage the human population.
2006 BI051
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF NUP98/96 IN DROSOPHILA SPERMATOGENESIS
Yuting Patrick Chiang
The Wheatley School, Old Westbury, New York, United States
Adult stem cells are relatively unspecialized cells that divide mitotically throughout the lifetime of an organism to produce both new stem cells as well as highly specialized cells of the respective
cell divisions, little is known about the mechanisms and molecules that regulate and implement this highly important cellbiological process. I investigated this process by studying Drosophila ma
for the nup96/98 locus and that failed to undergo proper mitotic divisions. The nup98/96 locus encodes two nucleopore proteins: Nup98 and Nup96. The molecular evidence I collected suggests th
to a lack of the Nup96 protein. Genetic and molecular analyses suggest that the Nup96 protein may play a role in nuclear envelope breakdown. I observed that nup98/96 mutant cells were irregula
distribution, formed abnormal mitotic spindles, and exhibited cytoplasmic and nuclear budding. Most importantly, the nuclei of nup98/96 mutant cells that failed to divide were still intact during the
2004 BI051
3D STRUCTURAL PHYSIOLOGY OF IMMUNE SYNAPSES AS DETERMINED BY ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY AND COMPUTATIONAL IMAGE ANALYSIS
David Aaron Germain
Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
Information about infectious agents is transmitted in the immune system through a region of specialized cell contact termed an “immune synapse” [IS]. One type of IS forms when T lymphocyte a
peptides presented on a dendritic cell [DC]. Synapse generation entails remodeling of opposing cell membranes, changes in surface protein distribution, and relocalization of cytoskeletal compone
been studied primarily by light microscopy [>100 nm resolution] and many molecules involved in IS formation have been analyzed by xray crystallography [0.2 nm resolution]. This leaves an info
molecular structure with biological function. To provide a more detailed mechanistic understanding of the IS, this project uses emerging methods of electron tomography to analyze TDC interactio
Improved methods of manual and semiautomated computational image analysis [segmentation] were developed to aid in data interpretation. Thin sections of chemically fixed CD4+ T cell DC c
opposed plasma membranes with variable spacing, possibly representing microclusters of plasma membrane proteins with distinct heights. Collections of Factinlike filaments were present in so
highpressure freezing and freezesubstitution have been employed to better preserve IS architecture and provide material suitable for higher resolution, serial section data collection for 3D recons
are being integrated with functional studies and confocal imaging data to produce a multiscale understanding of the structural physiology of immune cell communication.
2013 BI052
SYNERGISTIC CYTOTOXIC EFFICIENCY OF NOVEL AND TRADITIONAL ANTICANCER DRUGS IN A PARALLEL/CROSSOVER MODEL
Mukund Raguram
The purpose of this experiment is to test for potential synergy between novel and traditional anticancer drugs. Docetaxel, a traditional anticancer drug, was used as a comparison. Aspirin is know
and curcumin has antimitotic properties, but all three drugs influence the proapoptotic NFKappaB gene in cancerous cells. Aspirin and curcumin share influence of various oncogene pathways,
and Bcl2 inhibitor. Combinations of drugs should increase efficiency and reduce the likelihood of acquired chemoresistance. Solutions at the MIC and twice the MIC for each compound w
in combinations according to the checkerboard method were introduced to colon cancer cells. Three trials of each combination and a control were performed. After incubation for 48 hours, cells w
counter. Results were positive. Aspirin/docetaxel displayed synergy at all concentrations. Curcumin/docetaxel and aspirin/curcumin displayed synergy only at twice the MIC. This could b
compounded effects based on signaling pathways affected by each drug in a parallel/crossover model. Future applications include targeted liposomal drug delivery of synergistically effica
this project are improved efficiency, lowered costs, and reduced toxic effects of chemotherapy.
2005 BI052
THE EFFECT OF TNFALPHA CONCENTRATION ON CANCER CELL PATHWAYS
Jessica Li Tse
Somerville High School, Somerville, MA, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine whether the concentration of TNFalpha would affect which pathway a cell would undergo, specifically survival and apoptotis pathways. The idea cam
The hypothesis for this project was that increasing concentrations of TNFalpha would increase the cleavage of Procaspase8, a protein associated with apoptosis. Lewis Lung carcinom
murine) were cultured in dishes and subjected to TNFalpha treatments with concentrations: 1ng/mL, 10ng/mL, and 100ng/mL, with RPMI media as the control. Afterwards, the cells were quantifie
exclusion assay) and an apoptosis assay (DAPI staining). The cells were later lysed, which allowed access to intracellular proteins. To detect the presence of target proteins, the SDS P
The SDS PAGE gel is the preliminary step to Western blotting, which transfers the protein samples onto the gel based on the size. The proteins on the gel were transferred onto the nitrocellulose
primary antibody for the target proteins. The target proteins were phosphorylatedAKT (associated with cell survival), caspase8 (associated with apoptosis), and Btubulin (positive control). The m
secondary antibody, which will be treated with horseradish peroxidase, an enzyme that breaks down a certain substrate. The secondary antibodies attached to the primary antibodies, the substrat
chemiluminescence occurred, allowing for detection of proteins once the film was developed. The Western blot and viability and apoptosis assays showed the cells entering different pathways ba
2004 BI052
NOVEL ALGORITHMS FOR SURFACE PLASMON RESONANCE DATA PROCESSING IN A PARALLEL MULTITASK ENVIRONMENT
Lauren Joyce Cohen
Montgomery Blair High School, Silver Spring, MD, US
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) allows for the realtime study of the structure and function of biological molecules at surfaces. Novel computational methods were developed to improve the sp
channel imaging technique. Two algorithms for finding minima of SPR reflectivity curves and the corresponding change in thickness of an observed biolayer – a fitting of the curve to a polynomial
differential ratio between two integrals of the curve – were programmed, used to analyze sets of simulated data, and compared with theoretical results. The polynomial algorithm was found to be m
100 Å, while the integral algorithm was more accurate for larger shifts. The integral method was also up to 250 times more precise and displayed an almost eightfold increase in speed over the po
theoretical kinetic curve and that produced by the polynomial method were attributed to the design of the simulation. Both are to be further tested under actual experimental conditions.
2003 BI052
THE IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MARKERS LINKED TO MORPHOLOGICAL MARKER GENES IN SEVERAL VARIETIES OF BARLEY
Megan M Wolf, Mandan High School
Mandan, North Dakota USA
There are more than 1000 morphological marker genes identified in barley and less than half have been located to a chromosome. Only a small portion of that half has been mapped to a specific
conducted to determine whether morphological markers in barley were linked to specific molecular markers in barley. If linkage was found, it was then possible to map the linkage on the coordinat
was to score F2 plants segregating for morphological marker traits. To obtain the molecular markers, DNA was extracted from each F2 plant. The DNA was then used as a PCR template for the m
complete, samples were separated using gel electrophoresis. Pictures were taken so the molecular markers could be scored and compared with the morphological markers. Linkage was
dsp.ba and pyr.ai. Cerym is located within 17 cM of Bmag0353 on chromosome 4H, dsp.ba is located with in 15.4 cM of Bmac0067 on chromosome 3H, and pyr.ai is located within 11.2 cM of B
genes had been previously mapped in barley chromosomes. This information will to be helpful to geneticists as they manipulate genes to develop barley with improved agronomic and quality traits
2006 BI052
ISOCHORE ANALYSIS OF ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA CHROMOSOMES
Jennifer Yin Yee Kwan
Vincent Massey Secondary School, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
This project entails the identification of high gene density locations within the five chromosomes of the model biological plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. Attention has been focused on the GCisochor
occupied dominantly by guanine (G) and cytosine (C) bases) of a chromosome, since G+C content is known to have positive correlation with gene density. Thus, by determining the boundaries o
gene locations are likely to emerge. Challenges exist in the analysis of a genome sequence due to its noise. In this project, wavelet analysis is adopted for denoising the genome sequences of A
analysis plots, displaying the G+C content of the plant chromosomes, the boundaries of the GCisochores can be better defined than techniques without wavelet denoising. In addition, enlargeme
reveal clear boundaries among its subregions, thereby indicating different levels of G+C content within each isochore. By identifying the subregions with a higher G+C content, the search for ma
wavelet technique, which has been used on the Arabidopsis thaliana plant for determining the boundaries of the subregions within the GCisochores of the chromosomes, could be extended to AT
unassigned regions to find other noteworthy gene locations within the genome. This is an emerging technique which has never been applied to the Arabidopsis thaliana plant and could be used to
other species in future research.
2014 BI052
COMPUTATIONAL ANALYSIS OF THE GABA(A) RECEPTOR
Aakash Jain
Brophy College Preparatory, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
Today, several tens of millions of people suffer from Alzheimer’s disease, nicotine addiction and epilepsy. These conditions not only directly cause deterioration of quality of life, but they also ofte
this, finding treatments for these neurological diseases is a goal of increasing urgency. The cysloop receptor family of ligandgated ion channels has been experimentally correlated with
as depression, schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. This project aims to use computational techniques to identify potentially clinically significant compounds that modulate the GABA(A) recep
receptors in the human body. A homology model of the human GABA(A) receptor was built using a structural template of 3RIF, which is a C. elegans glutamategated chloride channel. A
GABAA subunits were obtained using the RCSD Protein Data Bank, which is where the threedimensional structure of 3RIF was found as well. Individual residues from the GABAA receptor were
alignment, resulting in an allatom structural model. Docking drug candidates were screened for receptor modulation of the GABA(A) receptor, and several compounds with clinical potent
Second Award of $1,500 National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health & the Friends of NIDA
2006 BI053
LOCATING VP1 STRUCTURAL PROTEIN IN ADENOASSOCIATED VIRUS SEROTYPE 2/8’S MOSAIC CAPSID
Chelsea Lousie Rence
Sarasota High School, Sarasota, Florida, United States
Adenoassociated virus (AAV) serotypes currently under development for use in gene therapy are highly dependent upon the phospholipase A2 (PLA2) function of their VP1 capsid protein for infe
(AAV2) displays the most effective PLA2 and by incorporating its VP1 unique region into a mosaic virus, an improved rate of infectivity can be observed. Despite the fact that 3D structures are a
location of the essential VP1 unique region that contains the PLA2 domain is still unknown. In this research mosaic adenoassociated virus serotype 2/8 (AAV2/8) viral capsids were pur
Characterization was performed using SDSPAGE, phast gel, western, and electron microscopy. Structural analysis was performed by xray diffraction and a difference map to locate the VP1 pro
PLA2 within the capsid. This research resulted in the accumulation some of the first data on AAV2/8’s capsid and the first ever clinical crystallization of AAV2/8, which gives insight on its optima
map resulted in some AAV2/8 electron densities not matching the standard structure of AAV8 giving evidence as to a possible location of VP1 within AAV2/8’s mosaic capsid. Further research is
conditions and to obtain a higher resolution difference map. 
2013 BI053
COMPARISON OF THE ELECTROLYTIC CONDUCTIVITY OF NATURAL AND ARTIFICIAL SOFT DRINKS
Ambika Murali
Leone High School, Pago Pago, AMERICAN SAMOA
Electrolytes are minerals needed for the normal functioning of human body. The purpose was to compare electrolytic conductivity (EC) of drinks used in American Samoa to know the mineral leve
American Samoa had the highest EC? I hypothesized that artificial orange juice had higher EC since it was highly citric. Two experiments were conducted, first with a voltmeter and second with a
determine EC of artificial drinks, including artificial orange juice. A controlled test was performed using distilled water. Each drink was tested ten times using a voltmeter and average current (I) in
to conductance (G) in Siemens using equation, G = I/V. Artificial orange juice had the highest EC, with an average of 7.4 mS/cm. Second experiment was conducted on juices including natural ap
using an EC meter that gave results directly in mS/cm. Natural coconut juice had the highest average EC of 7.554 mS/cm and purified water had 0 mS/cm. An experimented on coconut samples
average of 8.40 mS/cm for a particular variety of coconut juice. First test’s hypothesis that orange juice will have highest EC proved correct. The same hypothesis for the second test where coco
wrong establishing that coconut juice had highest EC. Research indicated that coconut juice as the best replacement for the electrolytes that human body loses.
2014 BI053
ALLEVIATING ATROPHY
Christian Strock
Satellite High School, Satellite Beach, FL, United States of America
Genetic treatment of myopathy, through the inhibition of the MuRF1 and Atrogin1 genes, appear to demonstrate a dramatic reduction in skeletal muscle degradation for short term treatments. Alt
effective treatment, little is known about whether apoptotic genes such as caspases, are being blocked or only delayed due to inhibition of these genes. It is also not understood whether the inhib
differentiation of regenerating skeletal muscle cells. C2C12 myoblasts were cultured with growth media in cell culture flasks. The myoblasts were subcultured into a 96well plate to begin
into the following siRNA treatments: Atrogin1, MuRF1, Atrogin1 and MuRF1, Fluorescent Control, and no siRNA. Each siRNA treatment was divided into a differentiated and undifferentiated grou
formation and compared with the control group. Another group of myoblasts was subcultured into a 24well plate. The same siRNA groups were transfected but each treatment was divided into atr
cells were differentiated for four days, then transfected with the appropriate siRNA. Two days after transfection, the media was refreshed in only the nonatrophied group. At the four day period, ca
well. The cells were analyzed for caspase expression. The data collected indicated that MuRF1 and Atrogin1 gene inhibition does not affect the differentiation process of C2C12 myotube
Atrogin1 genes did not result in a reduction in caspase expression.
2004 BI053
SMARTGEN SIRNA LIBRARIES: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RNAI TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN GENE THERAPY
Josh M Silverman
North Shore High School, Glen Head, NY USA
Currently, there is a lack of a safe, specific and effective method for the inhibition of gene expression. However, a promising new process called RNA interference has been identified which opera
specificity. It acts through the incorporation of 21 nt short interfering RNA (siRNA) into a protein complex called RISC which enables the siRNAs to guide the annihilation of complementary mRNA
studies in mice have showed more than 90% in vivo knockdown of brain cancer. The process shows extreme promise towards the treatment of many other fatal diseases such as Lou Gehrig’s, D
improving organ transplant procedures and human metabolism. The two problems separating RNAi technology and it’s application are a lack of delivery system and poor design methods, that is,
their target well enough to be useful in gene therapy. This project describes a combinatorial approach utilizing a system of subsequent restriction enzyme digests which results in the fo
nucleic acid sequences. The fragments are then ligated into miRNA precursors suitable for inclusion in inducible expression systems. Essentially, the project solves the longstanding problem of
opens up the application of RNAi based gene silencing in the treatment of human genetic disease.
Scholarship award of $7,000 per year for four, five or six years depending upon the degree program University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2003 BI053
ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF TRANSAMINASES [GLUTAMIC OXALOACETIC TRANSAMINASE (GOT) AND GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE (GPT) IN THE BLUE CLAW CRAB.
VAIDEHITA VINDHYA RAJAMANI, 222, Deckbar Ave, Apt 245, Jefferson, LA, 70121, USA.
Riverdale High School, Jefferson, LA, 70121, USA.
The purpose of this project was to find out if the eyestalks of crab control the activity of stress enzymes. The hypothesis was if the eyestalks of this crab were removed then glycolysis is impaire
gluconeogeneis takes place. Then the activity of the two key enzymes GOT and GPT increase. Crabs are maintained for 7 days and divided into five groups of 12 each. Group’s I, II, III and IV w
(removed) animals. In GroupV the 7 day ablated animals were injected with 2 eyestalk extracts. 5% tissue homogenate of muscle and hepatopancreas of each animal was subjected to the follow
prepared substrate (for GPT 1.0 ml of alanine Alpha KG substrate) then add 0.2ml supernatant from muscle or hepatopancreas. Shake gently, leave in a waterbath for 1 hour (GPT 30 mts). 20 mt
followed by 10 ml of 0.4 N NaOH. Leave for 5mts and read the absorbance at 500 nm against blank. Prepare a calibration curve where a known amount of enzyme activity is tested. The activity o
hepatopancreas in Groups I, II, III and IV increased significantly (ANOVA p<0.05) and returned back to normal in Group V. The conclusion was in the absence of eyestalks GOT and GPT activity
crab must contain a hormone that controls their activity thus controlling gluconeogenesis.
2005 BI053
LOGIC GENOMICS
Adrian Veres
JeandeBrébeuf College, Montreal Quebec, Canada
Theoretical and experimental designs combining biotechnology and computational sciences have demonstrated new methods of analyzing and computing information by using organic molecules.
been applied to the resolution of large scale combinatory problems such as the famous Hamilton Path problem. This project focuses on the development of a new type of DNA computer for biolog
the concept by applying it to resolve the antibiotic resistance genotype of pathogenic fungi Candida albicans (C.A.). For instance C.A. resistance to azole treatment relies on two genes: the CDR1
and the MDR1 (Multiple Drug Resistance). In a normal cell only CDR1 is expressed at a basal level. Expression of either of the two genes leads to specific types of antibiotic resistance. 
comprised of three intercommunicating modules. The input, which transforms the presence or absence of target mRNA in presence or absence of DNA strands the computation module can interp
The computation module combines the information from multiple input modules into one data by the formation and restriction of hairpin molecules. Lastly, the output module, using Fluorescence R
response dependent on the data received from the computation module. This design is generic; the sequence of the computer’s oligonucleotides is independent of that of the analysed genes. Thi
platform, could provide a high throughput, costefficient assay to screen for specific genotypes. 
First Award of $3,000 Biochemistry Presented by Agilent Technologies
2004 BI053
SMARTGEN SIRNA LIBRARIES: BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN RNAI TECHNOLOGY AND HUMAN GENE THERAPY
Josh M Silverman
North Shore High School, Glen Head, NY USA
Currently, there is a lack of a safe, specific and effective method for the inhibition of gene expression. However, a promising new process called RNA interference has been identified which opera
specificity. It acts through the incorporation of 21 nt short interfering RNA (siRNA) into a protein complex called RISC which enables the siRNAs to guide the annihilation of complementary mRNA
studies in mice have showed more than 90% in vivo knockdown of brain cancer. The process shows extreme promise towards the treatment of many other fatal diseases such as Lou Gehrig’s, D
improving organ transplant procedures and human metabolism. The two problems separating RNAi technology and it’s application are a lack of delivery system and poor design methods, that is,
their target well enough to be useful in gene therapy. This project describes a combinatorial approach utilizing a system of subsequent restriction enzyme digests which results in the fo
nucleic acid sequences. The fragments are then ligated into miRNA precursors suitable for inclusion in inducible expression systems. Essentially, the project solves the longstanding problem of
opens up the application of RNAi based gene silencing in the treatment of human genetic disease.
2003 BI054
IDENTIFICATION OF A GUARD CELL ENHANCER TRAP LINE OF ARABIDOPSIS
Laura Lee Wayne
Skaneateles High School, Skaneateles NY, USA
Guard cells play an important role in regulating water use efficiency. The importance of guard cells is to maintain the balance between carbon dioxide intake and water loss. The objective was to i
expression specifically in guard cells and identify this sequence of DNA involved in stomatal function of Arabidopsis thaliana. Seven thousand two hundred enhancer trap tagged A. thaliana lines
Using the GenomeWalker™ Kit, DNA libraries were constructed and analyzed by PCR methods. A guardcellassociated (GCA) line was isolated and sequenced upstream from the enhancer trap
understanding of stomatal physiology. 
2004 BI054
THE NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ON PESTICIDE INDUCED CELLULAR MODELS OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Suraj Hitendra Rambhia
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a chronic, neurodegenerative disorder that affects approximately one million people in the United States. Scientists believe that it is caused through a combination of
Surprisingly, laboratory rats suffer from symptoms that mimic those of PD when exposed to the widely used pesticide rotenone. Rotenone induces neuronal apoptosis by stimulating H2O2 produc
mitochondrial membrane potential. For these experiments, human neuroblastoma cells were exposed to rotenone (30nM), in vitro, for 48 hours to simulate PD. Experiments involved observing the
opiate alkaloid, against rotenone. Literature indicates that morphine was shown to significantly increase cell viability during heavy metal oxidative stress. Current experiments show that morphine
significantly in a dose dependent manner. After exposure to rotenone, 45% of cells were viable. Pretreatment of cells for 20 minutes with 1uM and 5uM morphine produced no increases in cellular
However, cells that were pretreated with morphine for 24 hours before administration of rotenone did, have a significant increase in cell viability (p < 0.010). Cells treated with 1uM morphine retain
with 5uM morphine retained 75% viable cells, after 48 hours. Gene expression studies show increased levels of expression of the MOR and NMDAR1 receptors during 24hour pretreatment with 5
administration of 30nM rotenone. As these results indicate, further tests need to be carried out to fully understand morphine neuroprotection.
2006 BI054
THE BEST OVER THE COUNTER MEDICINE AGAISNT HEARTBURN
Zelwyn Zadiel FigueroaBravo
S.U. Epifanio Estrada Aguada, Puerto Rico
The objective of this investigation is to find out the best medicine against the heartburn caused by an uncomfortable feeling of burning up toward the neck or due to gastro esophageal reflux disea
experimentation with a change in acidity from the addition of different antacids to a white vinegar medium. The first stage of the experiment was to determine which medium compared, in its acidi
stomach. Then, determine the antacid that had a higher rate change in pH value in comparison with the initial lecture of the acid vinegar. Acidity is measured by the pH scale ranges fro
0 and less than 7 are acids. Substances with a pH greater than 7 and up to 14 are bases. In the middle, at pH = 7, are neutral substances. The pH meter was used to determine the value of the s
different over the counter antacids, (tablets, liquids and chewables) the difference in the pH value of the solution was determined to evaluate the best regarding the decrease on the acidity (or incr
meter). The higher difference in the pH result determined the effectiveness of the antacids. Also the time in which the antacid changed the pH was used as an effectiveness measurement.
Antacid D is the best medicine against heartburn. 
2005 BI054
REGULATION OF TELOMERE LENGTHS DURING STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Anneke Ellen Schwob
Boston Latin School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Telomeres are sequences on the ends of chromosomes that act as protective mechanisms during cell division. It was previously shown that in the brain, telomeres were longest in areas containin
dividing) neurons, suggesting that telomere length regenerates after neurons stop dividing. Telomere regulation was then examined as neural differentiation was actually occuring by using a stem
hypothesized that the longest telomeres would be found after differentiation was complete. P19s were induced to differentiate into neurons with retinoic acid and genomic DNA was isolat
realtime PCR assay was used to amplify telomeres and compare them to a single copy gene to find how relative telomere length changed. Next, telomerase activity was measured using a PCR
protocol) assay. Average telomere length decreased by 15fold during differentiation, but increased once differentiation was completed. Telomerase activity remained constant throughou
neurons regulate telomere length during differentiation and maintain both telomeres and telomerase activity afterwards. This suggests that in neurons, telomeres and telomerase may have functio
protecting chromosomes during cell division.
Tuition Scholarship of $7,000 per year for four, five or six years depending upon the degree program University of the Sciences in Philadelphia
2013 BI054
SCREENING OF NOVEL DRUGS FOR THE TREATMENT OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Annika Mulaney
International Baccalaureate School at Bartow High School, Bartow, FL
Alzheimer’s disease is a degenerative neural disorder and the most common form of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease usually occurs in one of two ways: when the protein betaamyloid builds up an
protein tau builds up abnormally and forms neurofibrillary tangles. This project was designed to test 10 drug extracts on cells using the drug screening process to look for a reduction in t
infused with tau were treated for 24 hours with 10 undisclosed drug extracts or a vehicle control. Samples were harvested and protein estimation was performed. Polymerase chain reaction was u
loaded onto a gel. The Western blot technique was used for transferring protein bands from the gel to two membranes. A milk solution was used to block the membranes and primary tau antibody
the membranes were washed three times with TrisBuffered Saline and Triton (TBST), and the secondary antibody containing Horseradish peroxidase enzyme was added. The membranes were w
chemiluminescence reagent was used to develop signals from a film. Drugs B8, C1, C2 and C3 showed reductions in the tau level, drug D5 showed no change, and drugs B6, C9, and D1
the control. In order make reasonable conclusions on the effects of various drugs on tau level in human cells in vitro, repeat experiments are needed. So far 10 drugs have been screened; hundre
2005 BI054
REGULATION OF TELOMERE LENGTHS DURING STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Anneke Ellen Schwob
Boston Latin School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
Telomeres are sequences on the ends of chromosomes that act as protective mechanisms during cell division. It was previously shown that in the brain, telomeres were longest in areas containin
dividing) neurons, suggesting that telomere length regenerates after neurons stop dividing. Telomere regulation was then examined as neural differentiation was actually occuring by using a stem
hypothesized that the longest telomeres would be found after differentiation was complete. P19s were induced to differentiate into neurons with retinoic acid and genomic DNA was isolat
realtime PCR assay was used to amplify telomeres and compare them to a single copy gene to find how relative telomere length changed. Next, telomerase activity was measured using a PCR
protocol) assay. Average telomere length decreased by 15fold during differentiation, but increased once differentiation was completed. Telomerase activity remained constant throughou
neurons regulate telomere length during differentiation and maintain both telomeres and telomerase activity afterwards. This suggests that in neurons, telomeres and telomerase may have functio
protecting chromosomes during cell division.
2014 BI054
UNDERSTANDING THE MECHANISM BEHIND NANOPARTICLE ENHANCED ORAL ABSORPTION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Priyanka R. Narayan
Wayzata High School, Plymouth, MN, United States of America
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, and currently treatment requires patients to receive chemotherapeutic drugs intravenously, which is both inconvenient and expe
chemotherapeutic drugs, like doxorubicin, would be convenient, but cannot be easily done, due to poor absorption of the drug by the human gastrointestinal tract. Last year, I was able to show tha
can be delivered orally to cancer patients if it is encapsulated in sodium alginateAOT nanoparticles. However, doxorubicin is only one chemotherapeutic agent that is delivered intravenously to pa
applicable to other drugs, I looked to find out the mechanism behind nanoparticle enhanced absorption. I hypothesized that presence of AOT caused the doxorubicin to be taken in by the cells in
this hypothesis, MDCK cells were cultured, a cellular uptake study to compare free drug versus doxorubicin and AOT was conducted, and a BCA assay was completed. Later, cell permeabilizatio
support previous data. The experiments showed my hypothesis was correct. The AOT significantly increased the permeability of the doxorubicin across the MDCK cell layers. This inform
to be synthesized in the future for increased availability of oral chemotherapeutic treatment. With in vivo studies, chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, could be delivered orally to canc
2006 BI055
STUDY OF THE ECOLI AND FECAL COLIFORMS PARAMETERS IN THE COASTAL WATER OF YABUCOA
Juan Yomar AbreuVelazquez
S.U. Jesus Sanabria Cruz, Yabucoa, Puerto Rico
The purpose of this study was to determine how the concentration of Escherichia Coli and Fecal Coliforms affected the quality of the coastal waters of Yabucoa. Research about the EC
that water quality is affected by these contamination agents. The hypothesis for this research was that a concentration of EColi and Fecal Coliforms higher than two colonies per milliliter (2 cl/mL
the coastal zone of Yabucoa. For this research the coast of Yabucoa was divided in approximately three equal parts: “Playa Guayanes”(Y1) “Playa Lucía ”(YII) and “Playa El Cocal (la P
taken every fifteen minutes, were collected at each sampling point. Coliscan Easygel Solution was used to detect the presence of EColi colonies and Fecal Coliforms. Five mL of Coliscan Easyg
water for each of the fifteen samples. From this mixture, one mL was placed in each of the 15 petri dishes with an agar medium. After 48 hours in the incubator, the pink and purple colonies in ea
 The compiled and analyzed data reflected a high concentration of EColi and Fecal Coliforms colonies in the coastal zone of Yabucoa. The EColi and Fecal Coliforms concentration exceede
Environmental Quality Board of Puerto Rico which was 2cl/1mL (200 colonies/100 mL). The water quality was not acceptable for a beach. The hypothesis was accepted. 
2014 BI055
BIOFUEL ENZYMES
Meghan Hill
Monte Del Sol Charter School, Santa Fe, NM, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to find the best source of enzyme cellobiase to be used in biofuel production. The sources tested were supreme stuffer portabella mushrooms, porcini mushro
sources of enzyme cellobiase, then the supreme stuffer mushroom will yield the most pNitrophenol because it has more mass than the other substances. In order to measure how much enzyme
amount of pNitrophenol produced, an artificial product resulting from substrate breakdown. What I learned was that the porcini mushrooms yielded the most enzyme cellobiase because it had a fa
broken down over time. Based on this data, porcini mushrooms would be the ideal choice for the source of the enzyme cellobiase.
2013 BI055
COMMUNICATION PATHWAY BETWEEN NEURON VIA OPTOGENETICS
Victoria Eugenia Englert
Institut Menendez y Pelayo, Barcelona, SPAIN
A neuron is a nerve cell that is specialized to transmit information throughout the body. In my project I will rely on a theoretical approach to restore communication between two neurons using two
rhodopsin, without the use of neurotransmitters thanks to the technique of optogenetics.
2004 BI055
A NEW WAY TO SEND DNA
Jenna Rae Parisien
Turtle Mountain Community High School, Belcourt, ND USA
Sending DNA to other places requires expensive and detailed protocols. Sending DNA for research, preclinical, clinical and commercial applications can cost companies up to one hundred dollar
caused by the dry ice that is needed to keep the DNA cold and the extra care that needs to be taken because of shipping DNA. The purpose of my project was to find a cheaper, more c
place to another. The method I proposed to use was to run the DNA through an inkjet printer, print the DNA on paper and then send the DNA using regular mail. My procedure involved d
mixing DNA of various dilutions with the ink, adding the ink back into the cartridge, then printing the DNA with the ink on a piece of paper. After the DNA is sent through the mail, the DNA is then
experimentation, I found that the DNA can survive the process of being added to ink, being printed and being sent through the mail. My conclusion is that by adding DNA to ink from an i
paper, you can send DNA through the mail, thus providing a new method to send DNA that is much more cost effective.
Second Award of $250 and a certificate American Intellectual Property Law Association
2005 BI055
INFLUENCE OF THE GREEN TEA POLYPHENOL EGCG ON MACROPHAGE INFLAMMATORY FUNCTION
Iddoshe Haile Hirpa
duPont Manual Magnet High School, Louisville, KY, United States of America
Epigallocatechin3gallate (EGCG) is the most biochemically active polyphenol of green tea. Green tea has been used for thousands of years in traditional Asian medicine. This study addressed E
inflammatory proteins, specifically those produced during the CD154 ligandCD40 receptor interaction. This interaction is characteristic of autoimmune responses. In one autoimmune di
inflammatory proteins can lead to inflammations in the brain called scleroses. These scleroses lead to the degeneration of the central nervous system and contribute to the debilitating symptoms
influence the development of other inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. It was hypothesized that EGCG would reduce the production of the inflamm
proteins, viable murine macrophages (100,000/well) were plated with CD154 expressing Chinese Hamster Ovary cells (100,000/well). The cells were incubated for 24 hours with EGCG at concentr
supernatants were collected and then assayed for inflammatory protein production using enzymelinked immunosorbent assay. The data supported the hypothesis. EGCG significantly r
At the 50µM level, the EGCG reduced MCP1 production by 72% and IL6 production by 87%. At the same concentration, it reduced TNFalpha production by 85%, IFNgamma by 89%, and IL12
EGCG may be helpful to sufferers of multiple sclerosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. 
2003 BI055
CONTROLLING GENE EXPRESSION THROUGH RNAI GENE THERAPY
Matthew John Woloszyn, Oak Ridge High School
Conroe, TX (USA)
The essence of this project is to test the theory of RNAi (RNA Interference) to inhibit the expression of desired genes in e.coli. This was achieved by utilizing synthetic dsRNA fragments to silenc
the bacteria to proliferate on lactose and galactose mediums. This was achieved through a series of complex laboratory protocols and delicately designed parameters: The project involv
from e.coli cultures, using restriction digests and ligation procedures to insert custom designed dsRNA "mock" oligonucleotides into plasmids, transformation of products onto growth medium and
electrophoresis and various analytical tools to evaluate the progress of the research, and delivery of final triumphant results. The success of this project was not contingent upon perfect
progression of gene therapy and cancer research. The RNAi gene inhibition theory successfully suppresses gene function in bacteria, and will soon revolutionize biotechnology as the protocol bec
have the same results. RNAi effectively, and secretly performs gene inhibition without the subsequent apoptosis of the cell, and does so more elegantly than any procedure thus devised. This res
presents both a very profitable concept to biotech and biomedical firms, and an invaluable asset to society as the death and suffering under the shadows of cancer, AIDS, and mental disabilities
same principles presented in this project. 
First Award of $1,000 Showboard, Inc.
2004 BI055
A NEW WAY TO SEND DNA
Jenna Rae Parisien
Turtle Mountain Community High School, Belcourt, ND USA
Sending DNA to other places requires expensive and detailed protocols. Sending DNA for research, preclinical, clinical and commercial applications can cost companies up to one hundred dollar
caused by the dry ice that is needed to keep the DNA cold and the extra care that needs to be taken because of shipping DNA. The purpose of my project was to find a cheaper, more c
place to another. The method I proposed to use was to run the DNA through an inkjet printer, print the DNA on paper and then send the DNA using regular mail. My procedure involved d
mixing DNA of various dilutions with the ink, adding the ink back into the cartridge, then printing the DNA with the ink on a piece of paper. After the DNA is sent through the mail, the DNA is then
experimentation, I found that the DNA can survive the process of being added to ink, being printed and being sent through the mail. My conclusion is that by adding DNA to ink from an i
paper, you can send DNA through the mail, thus providing a new method to send DNA that is much more cost effective.
2013 BI056
IMPROVING THE ORAL ABSORPTION OF CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC DRUGS THROUGH THE USE OF NOVEL NANOPARTICLES
Priyanka Rajasree Narayan
Wayzata High School, Plymouth, MN
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, and currently treatment requires patients to receive chemotherapeutic drugs intravenously, which is both inco
administration of chemotherapeutic drugs, like doxorubicin, would be convenient, but cannot be easily done, due to poor absorption of the drug by the human gastrointestinal tra
 doxorubicin in sodium alginateAOT nanoparticles may increase the permeability of doxorubicin through the gastrointestinal tract. In order to test this, nanoparticles were <
studies were conducted, and finally, tests on the permeability of the nanoparticles containing doxorubicin versus the free doxorubicin over MDCK cells were completed. were able to permeate across the MDCK cell monolayer two times more efficiently than the free drug alone. With further in vivo studies
 could be delivered orally to patients, which would be extremely useful for the medical industry in terms of cost as well as efficiency.
2005 BI056
THE EFFECT OF OPEN GRAZING ON BOS TAURUS LACTATION
Douglas GilchristScott
Hoover High School, North Canton, Ohio, USA
Found in two forms, Conjugated Linoleic Acid (CLA) offers an abundance of possible positive side effects. There are two, however, that are viewed as the most consistent and well investigated. C
have anticarcinogenic effects, particularly in mammary tissue, while Trans10 Cis12 CLA reduces overall body mass. The only known natural sources of these fatty acids are ruminant animal pro
bacteria living in the digestive tract (Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Megasphaera elsdenii) during the saturation of linolenic and linoleic acids. The purpose of this study was to investigate c
and their effect on CLA levels in milk. Two Holstein dairy cows were selected from a local herd and milk samples were taken during each step of a dietary progression from all hay and silage to s
samples were then taken to the OARDC where the milk fat was methylated and run through an HP gas chromatograph, and, using the areas under the peeks, a percentage distribution of fatty aci
 After analyzing the data, it was found that increased time on pasture increased both forms of CLA and unsaturated fatty acid levels, while it decreased saturated fat amounts. Ttests were p
condition to the control and a oneway standard analysis of variance was run within each experimental condition between the cows. According to this analysis, all the changes seen were shown to
significant difference between the cows. Thus the research completed suggests that the consumption of unskimmed, or partially skimmed, milk from freshly grazed cattle yields the greatest heal
investigation of other types of dairy cattle could result in greater CLA augmentation. 
2003 BI056
THE SEARCH FOR PF9 RECOMBINATION MAPPING OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Namita Bisaria
Webb School of Knoxville, TN, USA
This project was a culmination of the strategic crossing of Drosophila melanogaster, or fruit flies, to locate a region on chromosome three where the nondisjunctional mutation, Pf9, resides.
meiosis, chromosomes take part in crossing over. Crossing over is a function of a gene’s distance from the centromere; this function was used to create the first chromosome maps. With this kn
 The main obstacle in this experiment is that a chromosome is an incredibly large area when thought of by gene. To overcome this, intervals of the chromosome were created using phen
phenotypes were chosen. The overall goals of this procedure was to create flies that had the mutation, a variety of recombinants, and a balancer to keep further crossingover from occurring.
“count” of the number of flies that had nondisjunction compared to the flies that did not for each phenotype. After looking at the data or "count" of the experiment and comparing the regi
the conclusion was that the mutation was in the vicinity of the marker curled, right outside the heterochromatin. However, there was the added complication that five of the phenotypes turned out
mutant either close to or connected with pf9. These results also gave light to a theory that the candidate gene of pf9 could be rad21, a gene that causes noncohesion and is also located in the
2004 BI056
THE EFFECT OF PLANT POLYPHENOLS AMELIORATING OXIDATIVE STRESS IN NGFBETA DIFFERENTIATED PC12 CELLS
Daniel Tse
David H. Hickman High School, Columbia MO, USA
Strong evidence exists for the role of oxidative damage in the cytopathology of Alzheimer’s disease, a leading cause of death for people over the age of 65. Nerve Growth Factor (NFG)–differentia
were used to (1) study cell death processes after treatment with oxidative stressors H2O2 and menadione and (2) the ability of curcumin and resveratrol to ameliorate the cell death process induc
where able to ameliorate oxidative stress placed on NGFdifferentiated PC12 cells. This study was successful in applying the use of the lactate dehydrogenaseassay, dichlorofluerencainElisa a
assess oxidative damage to cells and demonstrated therapeutic and preventative qualities of resveratrol and curcumin for protecting cell injuries in disease involving oxidative stress.
Award of $500 American Society of Pharmacognosy
2005 BI057
THE EFFECT OF ALOE VERA AND SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA (AFRICAN TULIP) EXTRACTS USED AS PESTICIDES ON NASUTITERMES COSTALIS(TREE TERMITES).
Danelvis Paredes
University Gardens High School, SanJuan, PR
This research investigates which concentration of Aloe vera and Spathodea campanulata(African Tulip) would be more effective as a natural pesticide on Nasutitermes costalis (tree termites). Th
to using toxic pesticides. It was expected that the application of a 100% concentration of Spathodea campanulata extract would be more effective than Aloe vera extract as a treatment to exterm
treatments were made in this experiment. There were four samples for each treatment, except in treatment A. A 100% concentration of commercial termite exterminating pesticide was applied to
effectiveness of the natural treatments. Each sample had 20 live termites in a Petri dish. Different concentrations of Aloe vera were added to each sample: 100% concentration to sample 1B, 75%
concentration to sample 3B and a 25% concentration to sample 4B. Treatment C was worked in the same way, but using a Spathodea campanulata extract. Samples were classified as 1C, 2C, 3
pesticide had the most dead termites, but a difference between that sample and sample 1B with Aloe vera was minimal. On treatment C a lesser quantity of dead termites resulted in each sample
an application of 100%concentration of Aloe vera produced more dead termites than treatment with Spathodea campanulata extract. Nevertheless the investigation proved that, Aloe vera can be
pesticide.
2006 BI057
THE LIGANDS SLIT2, SLITL2, AND THEIR PUTATIVE RECEPTORS ROBO1 AND ROBO4 ARE SELECTIVELY EXPRESSED IN HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
Stephanie Jinyu Yaung
Leland High School, San Jose, CA, USA
For continual blood cell replacement in adults, a small number of hematopoietic, or bloodforming, stem cells (HSC) migrate between the bone marrow and circulating blood. Although a vital proce
and only a handful of factors have been identified. Recent research has shown that the Slit protein family and their receptors Roundabout (Robo) have similar effects as repellants or inhibitors of m
investigated whether Slit/Robo interaction would also have an effect on HSC migration. Experiments involved the secreted proteins Slit1, Slit2, and Slit3, the membranebound protein Sli
and Robo4. Quantitative realtime PCR runs detected selective expression of Slit2, SlitL2, Robo1, and Robo4 in HSC. Most notably, Robo1 and Robo4 were differentially expressed at severalfold
hematopoietic populations, indicating that Slits may indeed play a larger role in HSC migration. Therefore, migration assays were performed to determine Slits’ effects on HSC migration. In transw
upper chamber and allowed to migrate through the membrane and into the lower chamber containing the protein of interest. Cells were collected from the bottom chambers and analyzed on a FAC
Slits alone had no noticeable effect on hematopoietic cell migration, Slit2 did inhibit HSC migration towards stromal cellderived factor1ALPHA (SDF1ALPHA) by 50%, a clinically important findin
because SDF1ALPHA is a chemoattractant in HSC mobilization and homing.
2003 BI057
A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CANCEROUS LYMPHOCYTES WITH LYMPHOMATOID PAPU LOSIS AND MUCOSAL CELLS FROM A SUBJECT AND DESCENDANTS US
Samuel James Amberson Howell
Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy 200 congress avenue, Saginaw, MI 48602
The disease Lymphomatoid Papulosis (LyP) is a rare disease of Tlymphocytes for which there is no known cause or cure. I became interested because my sister was diagnosed with LyP after t
 The idea that the Tlymphocytes were of extraneous origin is the basis for the hypothesis: The Tlymphocytes involved in LyP did not originate in the subject’s body, but rather
transferred to the mother during birth as a result of fetalmaternal (FM) blood mixing. Samples were collected from the papule (L), the subject and three offspring for fingerprinting using p
amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction, or PCR. It was then analyzed using electrophoresis and Labworks4ä. The results were: L:(555,504), H:(605,555), M:(595,504), A:(605,334), R:(555,50
microsatellite stability, showed no mutations from the LyP papule in VNTR site pV92. Lymphoma cells often show mutations. The results confirm that the DNA of the papule had no mu
(R). This match could be explained by a mixing of fm blood at birth. Once the pluripotent and multipotent fetal stem cells entered the mother (H), they could become Tlymphocytes and attack th
graft vs host disease that occurs after stem cell transplants. Meanwhile, the mother’s immune system would respond, resulting in the ‘waxing and waning’ papules of LyP. 
2004 BI057
MICROARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALS GLUCOCORTICOIDREGULATED SURVIVAL GENES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INHIBITION OF CHEMOTHERAPYINDUCED APOPTOSIS IN B
Shamita Chaudhuri
Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) results in diverse physiological effects depending on cell type. For example, glucocorticoids (GC) cause apoptosis in lymphocytes but can rescue m
growth factor withdrawalinduced death. However, the molecular mechanisms of GRmediated survival remain poorly understood. In this study, a largescale oligonucleotide screen of GRregulate
genes that were found to be induced 30 minutes following GR activation encode proteins that function in cell survival signaling pathways. I also demonstrated that dexamethasone pretreatment o
chemotherapyinduced apoptosis in a GRdependent manner and is associated with the transcriptional induction of at least two genes identified in this screen: serum and glucocorticoidinducible p
phosphatase1 (MKP1). Furthermore, GC treatment alone or GC treatment followed by chemotherapy increases both SGK1 and MKP1 steadystate protein levels. In the absence of GC treatme
1 inhibits chemotherapyinduced apoptosis, suggesting a possible role for these proteins in GRmediated survival. Moreover, specific inhibition of SGK1 or MKP1 induction by introduction of SG
antiapoptotic effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that GR activation in breast cancer cells regulates survival signaling through direct transactivation of genes e
susceptibility to apoptosis. Given the widespread clinical administration of dexamethasone prior to chemotherapy, understanding GRinduced survival mechanisms is essential for achieving optim
Finalist Award of $500 Endocrine Society
2003 BI057
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Biochemistry Presented by Intel Foundation
2013 BI057
INTERFERONALPHA 2B: TARGETING THE STAT1 PATHWAY AND MINIMIZING BREAST CANCER AND LEUKEMIA CELL PROLIFERATION
Andrea Shaoyin Li
Among numerous treatments that have been adopted in an attempt to treat cancer, interferons are significantly and uniquely advantageous by targeting progenitor cells, sometimes even curativel
Interferon has been approved to treat leukemia but not breast cancer. The purpose of the first phase of this project was to determine the role of interferonalpha in MCF7 breast cancer and HL60 l
incubation period and an XTT cell proliferation assay, the results indicated that higher interferon concentrations significantly decreased breast cancer proliferation; according to this data, interferon
more effective than on leukemia. Surprisingly, the leukemia cell data resembled a parabolic curve, with the cell proliferation increasing after a certain concentration threshold. These findings indic
concentration of interferon treatment exists for distinct types of cancer, above which concentration, treatment efficacy may decrease. Taking this project a step further, the effect of interferon on
STAT1 pathway was examined. An ELISA detecting phosphoSTAT1 (Tyr701) activated by interferon, and total STAT1, demonstrated that this negative feedback pathway may be desensitized a
decreased efficacy of treatments above the concentration threshold. This experiment provides compelling support for the use of interferon in breast cancer treatment and seeks to understand the
antiproliferative response. On a larger scale, interferon treatments, both current and novel, for other cancers should be examined and optimized in the future.
2004 BI057
MICROARRAY ANALYSIS REVEALS GLUCOCORTICOIDREGULATED SURVIVAL GENES THAT ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INHIBITION OF CHEMOTHERAPYINDUCED APOPTOSIS IN B
Shamita Chaudhuri
Activation of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) results in diverse physiological effects depending on cell type. For example, glucocorticoids (GC) cause apoptosis in lymphocytes but can rescue m
growth factor withdrawalinduced death. However, the molecular mechanisms of GRmediated survival remain poorly understood. In this study, a largescale oligonucleotide screen of GRregulate
genes that were found to be induced 30 minutes following GR activation encode proteins that function in cell survival signaling pathways. I also demonstrated that dexamethasone pretreatment o
chemotherapyinduced apoptosis in a GRdependent manner and is associated with the transcriptional induction of at least two genes identified in this screen: serum and glucocorticoidinducible p
phosphatase1 (MKP1). Furthermore, GC treatment alone or GC treatment followed by chemotherapy increases both SGK1 and MKP1 steadystate protein levels. In the absence of GC treatme
1 inhibits chemotherapyinduced apoptosis, suggesting a possible role for these proteins in GRmediated survival. Moreover, specific inhibition of SGK1 or MKP1 induction by introduction of SG
antiapoptotic effects of glucocorticoid treatment. Taken together, these data suggest that GR activation in breast cancer cells regulates survival signaling through direct transactivation of genes e
susceptibility to apoptosis. Given the widespread clinical administration of dexamethasone prior to chemotherapy, understanding GRinduced survival mechanisms is essential for achieving optim
Scholarship award of $5,000 National AntiVivisection Society
Trip to Taiwan to attend the Taiwan International Science Fair in February, 2005 National Taiwan Science Education Center
2003 BI057
2013 BI058
STIMULATING QUORUM SENSING IN MARINE DINOFLAGELLATES
Sarah Rose Dallo
Albuquerque School of Excellence, Albuquerque, NM
Problem Statement Is it possible to induce quorum sensing upon a sample of dinoflagellates through the introduction of chemical substances? Hypothesis I predict that
mechanical stimulation (as was demonstrated in my 2010, 2011 experiments), but through the introduction of chemical substances as well. Conclusion Was my hypoth
hypothesis was correct. Dinoflagellates do react to the introduction of certain chemistries. The isototocin and sea water had the least effect on the sample of dinoflagellates. The acetic acid and t
effect on the sample, however, the alcohol also destroyed the cell walls killing all the organisms in the sample. The hydrogen peroxide did not have much of an effect either and the carbonated wa
dinoflagellates. How would I improve this experiment in the future? In the future, I would like to expose the dinoflagellates to other substances with a focus on sugars a
not damage the cells.
2004 BI058
THE EFFECTS OF DIABETES ON CD4+ TLYMPHOCYTES
Deepa Mokshagundam
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
Over 18 million people in the United States alone suffer from Diabetes Mellitus and suffer from a variety of diabetes related complications. Abnormalities in Tlymphocytes, a subset of white blood
diabetes related complications. It was hypothesized that as the glucose level increased, proliferation of the lymphocyte cell would also increase. However, when the cells are introduced
will also become sensitized to dangerous substances, resulting in greater cell death. It was also hypothesized that high glucose would result in changes in Interleukin2 (IL2), a protein that regula
 Jurkat cells were cultured for 24 hours in increasing concentration of glucose. Viable cells were counted using a Trypan Blue assay. The effect of sensitizing Tlymphocytes with increas
studied by first growing Jurkat cells in different concentrations of glucose for 24 hours followed by addition of either tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and phytohemagglutnin (PHA) for 6 ho
Interleukin2 secretion was measured at different concentrations of glucose, with and without PHA. The results showed that lymphocyte proliferation was maximum at 25 mM glucose co
was decrease in viable cells after exposure to PHA and TNF alpha, suggesting activation induced cell death. There was a decrease in IL2 secretion from 11 mM to 33 mM glucose concentration
affecting Tlymphocyte function and merits further study. 
2005 BI058
KINASE PATHWAYS INVOLVED IN CANNABINOID INHIBITION OF NFKB
Anand Baxi
White Station High School, Memphis TN, USA
Kinase pathways involved in cannabinoid KmII43’s inhibition of NFkB were studied. Cannabinoids are chemical compounds that are known to have various medical uses such as antiinflammat
NFkB is a transcription factor found in the cytoplasm of a normal animal cell; NFkB is bound to its inhibitor IkB. However, when bacteria and various other injurious stimuli enter the cell, NFkB i
travel into the nucleus. Inside of the nucleus, NFkB upregulates proinflammatory mediators such as COX2. But when cannabinoids are used to treat the cells, the level of NFkB is lowered, in
 The cells used throughout the duration of this project were A549 lung epithelial cells. One of the most common diseases is pneumonia. Pneumonia is defined as the inflammation of the
keys to finding a cure for pneumonia, for cannabinoids lower inflammation. Though the effect of cannbinoids is known, the mechanism of the cannabinoids is unknown. There are variou
cannbinoids could travel. Two major kinase pathways were tested in this experiment: MEK1/ERK and p38 MAP kinase. Two compounds, PD98059 and SB203580, were used to block MEK1/ERK
 The results show when SB203580 is added into the cells alongside with KmII43, the level of NFkB rises back up to its normal level (without KmII43). This shows that SB203580 blocks t
 
2003 BI058
TARGETED INHIBITION OF THE AKT/S6K1 SIGNALING PATHWAY IN BREAST CANCER
Alexander Mohapatra
C. Leon King High School, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
Chemotherapy has been a timehonored cancer treatment and management strategy for many decades. Despite tremendous progress in our understanding of the mechanisms of cancer, however
and continues to be associated with severe adverse effects because of the inability of chemotherapeutic agents to discriminate between normal cells and cancer cells, the lack of specificity. Thu
understand the mechanisms of modern chemotherapeutic agents to develop specific chemotherapeutic strategies. The Akt/S6K1 signaling pathway, which confers increased survival, growth, and
tumor cells and is frequently upregulated in patients, was selected as a specific target. To test the hypothesis that inhibitors of the Akt/S6K1 pathway would induce growth arrest, apoptosis, and
MCF7 and MDAMB468 cell lines were treated with rapamycin and/or wortmannin, and the effects were analyzed by western blotting, staining, and flow cytometry assays measuring cell cycle d
the results show that rapamycin and/or wortmannin induced significant growth arrest and synergistically induced apoptosis. Furthermore, rapamycin or wortmannin increased apoptosis caused by
None of these effects were observed in MDAMB468 cells. Given that MDAMB468 cells exhibit upregulated Akt activity and MCF7 cells exhibit upregulated S6K1 activity, the results demonstr
rapamycin and/or wortmannin specifically targets S6K1 amplification, present in 20 percent of all American breast cancer patients, and thereby inhibits Akt/S6K1 signaling in breast tumor cells.
2006 BI058
USING DROSOPHILA GENE TRAPS TO EXPLORE THE GENOME
Nahathai Srivali
Baltimore Polytechnic Institute, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
I studied Drosophila (fruit fly) gene regulation, using a novel method that simplifies this normally difficult task. Future breakthroughs in the fields of biology and medicine require knowledge of wha
Studying gene regulation –the tissues and situations in which genes become active– provides critically important clues. Recently, a method called the protein trap strategy has been developed at
task. By attaching a gene encoding a fluorescent marker called green fluorescent protein (GFP) to a mobile gene transposon and inserting it at random into the fly genome, the activity of a single
becomes visible. This strategy can be applied to thousands of genes simply by doing genetic crosses. I carried out two projects to help optimize this technique. However, my major inter
time. I recognized that Drosophila larvae are translucent, and thus, one could observe gene expression in the internal organs of a living animal. To begin, I recorded where more than 200 different
photographing Drosophila larvae under a fluorescent dissecting scope, dissecting, and identifying the labeled tissues. I studied three particularly interesting lines to determine if their marked gene
One of these, Ferritin, increased in amount in response to environmental iron. This preliminary data encourages us to believe that cheap and easytouse environmental sensing devices might som
2004 BI059
THE EFFECTS CATALYST HAVE ON THE DECOMPOSTION OF HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Kelly Richele Berry
James F. Byrnes, Duncan, South Carolina, United States
The purpose of this experiment is to determine which catalyst will speed up the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide the fastest. Cut each catalyst (carrot, banana, russet potato, red potato, turnip
liver)into one centimeter cubes. Measure 250ml of 3% hydrogen peroxide and pour into 270ml baby bottle. Measure the mass of hydrogen peroxide with the baby bottle and nipple using a balance
with each trial this measurement must be kept the same. Drop cubed catalyst into prepared bottle of hydrogen peroxide and close tight with lid, containing its nipple. Submerge upside down into a
experiment one hour. Remove catalyst, use balance scale to measure the mass of remaining hydrogen peroxide contained in the bottle. To find mass of gases subtract the remaining amount of h
amount (281grams). Do procedure 4 times each on each of the catalyst food products. Test hydrogen peroxide in baby bottle (281grams) turned upside down with nipple submerged in 12ounce gla
(control group) Record data. The experiment showed the calves' liver accelerated the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen the fastest: with an average mass of gases of 22
the strongest catalyst out of the food products tested.
2006 BI059
INVESTIGATION OF HOMOPOLYMERIC RUNS IN C. ELEGANS GENOME WITH NOVEL MODEL FOR CONTROL SEQUENCES
HannShuin Yew
The Harker School, San Jose, California, USA
A novel method for creating randomized control sequences for genomic analysis in bioinformatics is presented here. Current controls such as nthorder standard Markov models are based upon th
is not necessarily reflective of the original genomic complexities. In order to provide a more precise basis for comparison, an algorithm is introduced which bases the random sequence on a slidin
This preserves some regional genomic characteristics while maintaining a degree of random variation. Frequencies of homopolymeric runs in the C. elegans genome produced by this Gu
demonstrated to be a closer fit to the original genome than a random sequence or a standard Markov model. At the same time, the analysis provides support for experimental work regarding the p
(greater than or equal to 8nt) as compared to C/G runs in the genome. It is envisioned that GLoM will provide a simpler, less computationally intensive method of creating control sequences for ho
2013 BI059
ELUCIDATING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTHOCYANINS IN CITRUS FRUITS
Saumya Ramadugu Keremane
Martin Luther King High School, Riverside, CA
Anthocyanins are strongly associated with reducing the incidence and progression of many chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and prostate cancer. Most plant
anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, but they are expressed mainly in young leaves and flowers. Amongst citrus, only blood red oranges are rich in anthocyanins. The mature fruits becom
understand the basis of color development, expression of 12 genes in two pigment biosynthetic pathways was studied. Fruits of eleven important horticultural citrus varieties with blood red, pink,
collected at four time points from October to February and their anthocyanin levels were measured. Relative expression levels of 12 genes from two pigment biosynthetic pathways were analyzed
reaction using Agilent and ABI machines. Gene expression levels in different samples were analyzed using the delta Ct method and the change in expression over time measured by the delta del
red color was associated with a rapid rise in expression levels of four genes from the anthocyanin pathway. Orange and pink fruits showed increased levels of expression of certain carotenoid gen
change in expression of all 12 genes studied during maturity. Understanding the molecular basis of color development would be a vital first step to engineer nutritionally beneficial anthoc
this project is to bioengineer anthocyanin rich citrus fruits.
Second Award of $500 American Society for Horticultural Science
2005 BI059
THE GLUCOSE DEPENDENCE OF CD4+ TLYMPHOCYTES
Rebecca Joy Vitale
duPont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky, United States
Tlymphocytes sometimes attack necessary body cells, causing autoimmune disease. This study investigates whether restricting glucose can affect T cell survival. It was hypothesized that T ce
glucose. The spleens of two mice were provided: both had been exposed to an antigen and one had been treated with an adjuvant. Treatment with antigen + adjuvant models a normal immune res
models an abortive T cell response. 106 cells/well were plated on a 96well plate. The cells were treated with equal amounts of 30 µM 2NBDG (a fluorescing analog of the nonmetabolizable gluco
different time points up to four hours. Adjuvanttreated cells took up significantly more glucose than the antigenonlytreated cells. This shows that adjuvanttreated cells take up more glucose.<b
were treated with increasing concentrations of 2DOG up to 100µM. These experiments showed that, while 2DOG does have a negative effect on all cells, the adjuvanttreated cells survived at a
exposed only to the antigen. The resting (nonactivated) cells maintained a consistent viability regardless of 2DOG concentration. In the third experiment, purified T cells were treated w
11 mM. The experiment showed that antigen + adjuvant treated cells survive significantly better on lower concentrations of glucose than antigenonly treated cells. It was concluded that cells in a
dependent, but less so than those in an abortive immune response. Glucose poisoning could be explored in the future as a mechanism for T cell inhibition in autoimmune disease.
2006 BI059
INVESTIGATION OF HOMOPOLYMERIC RUNS IN C. ELEGANS GENOME WITH NOVEL MODEL FOR CONTROL SEQUENCES
HannShuin Yew
The Harker School, San Jose, California, USA
A novel method for creating randomized control sequences for genomic analysis in bioinformatics is presented here. Current controls such as nthorder standard Markov models are based upon th
is not necessarily reflective of the original genomic complexities. In order to provide a more precise basis for comparison, an algorithm is introduced which bases the random sequence on a slidin
This preserves some regional genomic characteristics while maintaining a degree of random variation. Frequencies of homopolymeric runs in the C. elegans genome produced by this Gu
demonstrated to be a closer fit to the original genome than a random sequence or a standard Markov model. At the same time, the analysis provides support for experimental work regarding the p
(greater than or equal to 8nt) as compared to C/G runs in the genome. It is envisioned that GLoM will provide a simpler, less computationally intensive method of creating control sequences for ho
2013 BI059
ELUCIDATING THE BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISMS OF SYNTHESIS OF ANTHOCYANINS IN CITRUS FRUITS
Saumya Ramadugu Keremane
Martin Luther King High School, Riverside, CA
Anthocyanins are strongly associated with reducing the incidence and progression of many chronic diseases including obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and prostate cancer. Most plant
anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway, but they are expressed mainly in young leaves and flowers. Amongst citrus, only blood red oranges are rich in anthocyanins. The mature fruits becom
understand the basis of color development, expression of 12 genes in two pigment biosynthetic pathways was studied. Fruits of eleven important horticultural citrus varieties with blood red, pink,
collected at four time points from October to February and their anthocyanin levels were measured. Relative expression levels of 12 genes from two pigment biosynthetic pathways were analyzed
reaction using Agilent and ABI machines. Gene expression levels in different samples were analyzed using the delta Ct method and the change in expression over time measured by the delta del
red color was associated with a rapid rise in expression levels of four genes from the anthocyanin pathway. Orange and pink fruits showed increased levels of expression of certain carotenoid gen
change in expression of all 12 genes studied during maturity. Understanding the molecular basis of color development would be a vital first step to engineer nutritionally beneficial anthoc
this project is to bioengineer anthocyanin rich citrus fruits.
2003 BI059
THE EFFECTS OF CAFFEINE ON SHORT TERM AUDITORY MEMORY
Natasha Lee Hoover
Aiken High School, Aiken SC, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine what effects, if any, caffeine has on short term auditory memory. This experiment was prompted by curiosity about the effects of caffeine on me
moderate dose of caffeine would enhance short term auditory memory within an hour of ingestion. Each student listened to the a set of words, using headphones so that other students c
after listening to them, the student was asked to write down all the words he/she remembered. The student was then given 12 oz of Diet Mountain Dew to drink. After 30 minutes the student was
once again asked to write down the words he/she remembered. This process occurred at 45 minutes after the caffeine was given, and again after an hour had passed. All of the students tested lis
order. This helped to eliminate the possibility of students remembering more words after an hour because the words were easier. Results supported the hypothesis. Only one student had
remembered before drinking the Diet Mountain Dew. Eight students had a personal best number of words remembered during trial two. If caffeine had no effect, there should have been approxima
personal best for each trial. This and other data indicates that caffeine does improve short term auditory memory within an hour of ingestion.
2005 BI060
MUTAGENIC BYPASS PATHWAY INVOLVED IN THE EUKARYOTIC CELLULAR RESPONSE TO ANTICANCER DRUG RESISTANCE
Jeffrey Zhaoke Fei
Ward Melville, Setauket, NY, USA
Cancer cells are becoming increasingly resistant to chemotherapeutic drug treatments partially through their ability to reverse the effects of DNAdamaging agents. In this study, the alkylating age
monofunctional complement 2chloroethylamine (CEA) were applied to isogenic derivatives of Saccharomyces cervisiae strains compromised in different DNA damagerepairing pathways to asse
Assays for nitrogen mustardinduced cytotoxicity gave surprising results. As expected, compromising the pathways for nucleotide excision repair (NER) and recombination repair (RR) severely im
to current theories on DNA repair pathways, compromising the repair pathway translesion synthesis (TLS) contributes significantly to cell survival ratio. Multiple cytotoxicity assays show that the
significantly higher survival rate then their corresponding wildtype cells (WT) when exposed to high concentrations of CEA. Furthermore, measurements of forward mutation frequencies suggest th
the mutation rate, compared with the WT. These results are not seen with exposure to MEC, the more commonly used anticancer drug, however, the concentrations of MEC used were lower than
10%. Cells exposed to CEA showed similar results at low concentrations but at high concentrations an almost 50fold difference between the TLScompromised and WT survival rates were seen.
pathway may be important for the development of stronger and more effective anticancer drugs.
2006 BI060
COMPUTATIONAL EXPLORATION OF PROTEIN FUNCTION
Anugraha Mahalakshmi Raman
DoverSherborn High School, Dover, Massachusetts, US
Rather than using in vitro or in vivo biochemical techniques this research systematically developed enhancements to existing in silico bioinformatic techniques in order to analyze and predict with
proteins most important for its function. The key contribution of this research is the increased accuracy in identifying important functional locations in the proteins. For the twelve proteins that wer
important functional locations (domains) could be determined accurately using the proposed functional prebias approach. Using manually curated proteins in the Swissprot protein knowle
Bioinformatics ExPASy proteomics server, this research examined one set of seventeen control group organisms and, a subset of five organisms selected via biological function prebias (in addi
considerations.) The research proved that for each of the proteins, greater than 75% of their important functional locations are determined accurately using the proposed approach. For the specific
accuracy level was observed. Validation was done using 3D analysis of the protein structure (NCBI Cn3D tool) and the PROSITE database of protein families and domains. The compos
determined the degree of accuracy of the conserved regions across the multiple species. The method developed was more accurate than predictions using just the pairwise alignment or uniform
approaches. This research contributes a systematic repeatable methodology that can be automated in the future to provide upwards of possibly 95% accuracy.
2013 BI060
USE OF ALPHA AND BETA CRYSTALLIN IN ERROR PRONE PCR MUTAGENESIS TESTING
Galen Isadore Lieberman Brown
John Adams High School, South Bend, IN
Alphacrystallins are proteins responsible for helping to maintain the structure and clarity of the lens of the eye, and are responsible for chaperoning other crystallin proteins. They normally last aro
so determining how to make more resilient crystallins would be desirable. The goal of this project was to produce a new form of human alphaAcrystallin with increased resistance to oxidative str
plasmids containing the gene for wild type alphaAcrystallin and betaA3crystallin were inserted into E. coli. The E. coli successfully synthesized both crystallin proteins, and the proteins’ identit
PAGE gel electrophoresis. BetaA3crystallin was then purified by nickelNTA affinity chromatography. Wild type alphaAcrystallin gene was mutated with errorprone polymerase chain reaction.
but ligation to a known mutant autotransporter gene was unsuccessful, possibly due to the host bacteria that were used or the ligation procedure. The end goal of was to produce E. coli cells whic
crystallin fused to the autotransporter, effectively causing the protein to be expressed on the cell’s surfaces. These cells could then be treated with an oxidizing agent, hydrogen peroxide, and the
crystallin. Those able to retain their binding abilities at high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide would then be cultured and sequenced to determine the causal mutation.
2004 BI060
THE EFFECTS OF AMPHIPATHIC ESTERS OF TICRYNAFEN ON INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
Ishani Sud
The North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics, Durham, North Carolina, US
 Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases caused by damage to the optic nerve due to high intraocular pressure (IOP.) Individuals at high risk include AfricanAmericans, individuals over the
history of the disease. Treatment comes in two forms eye drops and surgery. Ticrynafen is a potent diuretic that was used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure in the 1970s. It was w
hepatotoxicity. In a study on monkeys, they found that when injected into the eye, ticrynafen has been successful in reducing IOP. To consider the drug as a potential treatment a more convenie
The objective of research was to create soluble esters of ticrynafen capable of passing through the cornea to be cleaved by endogenous esterases. First, ticrynafen was synthesized using patent
then synthesized (glycerol, sorbitol, isopropyl, ribitol, galactitol, and sorbitan) and tested for solubility is several potential vehicles (dH2O, cornoil, micelles) for transporting the drug into the eye. T
by 20.7% at a statistically significant level of 98.86%.
2003 BI060
MICROENCAPSULATED ENZYME SYSTEMS ENHANCED OIL RECOVERY AND BIOREMEDIATION
Queen Elizabeth High School, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
The oil industry is dependant on chemical/mechanical methods for oil recovery, biological methods have unique capabilities allowing exploitation of previously inaccessible resources. The limitatio
proposal of direct application of immobilized enzymes. Lignin Peroxidase(LP) and Alcohol Dehydrogenase(AD) undergo testing in this study. A supplementary Gas Chromatograph method was de
and low initial temperature, peak separation improved and peakdrift was reduced. Dichloromethane replaced nPentane, reducing solvent loss by evaporation. These adjustments greatly improved
inactivated by the presence of oil. LP has a substantial impact on the overall oil composition, most effectively on extracted bitumen; in oil sand, LP has minor effect, as substrate molecules are u
testing the capacity of Sephadex, PDGD and 7%(50Å) polyacrylamide beads to intake oil; solvents and emulsifiers were used to facilitate osmosis. Molecular weight exclusion limits exceeding 2
substrate oil; however, no absorption of asphaltenes was detected. Catalase was found to inhibit acrylamide polymerization, explaining rapid oilabsorption in some beads. Use of cyanide to inhib
resulted in lengthy polymerization time. Incompletely polymerized beads are effective at extending enzyme activity. Evaluation of Athabasca oilsand microbial content was completed by culturin
colony formation confirmed the presence of microbes and thus the necessity of immobilization. Oil osmosis into encapsulation beads was demonstrated to occur, making encapsulation a conside
catalyses.
2013 BI061
NEW SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF THE CHELIRUBINE AND ITS POSSIBILITY OF THE USE AS THE DNA PROBE
Martin Palkovsky
Grammar School of Jakub Skoda, Prerov, CZECH REPUBLIC
Fluorescent probes have a wide use in analytical sciences and research. Chelirubine belongs to the group of plant alkaloids. In this project, the use of chelirubine for fluorescent quantification of D
first time for this purpose. Chelirubine fluorescent properties are investigated: a) in free form without DNA and b) in complexes with various doublestranded DNA dodecamers; both in buf
maxima significantly depending on the form of chelirubine – 420 nm band (blue light) for the free form and 620 nm band (red light) for the form intercalated to doublestranded DNA. Calculations in
stranded DNA are located in the range of nanograms per milliliter. I discovered the lowest detection limit (6 ng∙mL1) is related to dodecamer of Dickerson DNA. The association constan
in the range of 5,44 ± 0,04 for (GC)6 and 5,83 ± 0,08 for Dickerson DNA dodecamers. The most probable stoichiometry of chelirubin and DNA basepairs are estimated to be 6:1. No specific selec
detected, it results in highly sensitive DNA detection based on chelirubine, and more sensitive than it is the case with the majority of present fluorescent probes. The main contribution of
characterization of the chelirubine spectral properties, which corroborate that it is appropriate for more sensitive DNA quantification. Chelirubine intercalates to doublestranded DNA uniformly and
constant.
2006 BI061
DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSIONS UPON REMOVAL OF ZINC TRANSPORTERS
Ilda Bajraktari
Massachusetts Academy of Math and Science, Worcester MA, USA
P1Btype heavy metal ATPases are essential in the mechanisms of heavy metal absorption, distribution, and homeostasis. Arabidopsis thaliana has eight of these proteins (HMA1HMA8) that ha
Zn/Cd ATPase that is localized in the plasma membrane. It has been shown that a mutation in HMA2 in A. thaliana results in a generation of plants that are visibly indistinguishable from the wild
mutant hma2 plants accumulate significant amounts of Zn2+ and Cd2+. In this study to understand the homeostasis of other genes in Zn2+ and Cd2+, the mRNA expression levels of other P1B
seedlings were analyzed. In addition, the transcript levels of A. thaliana phytochelatin synthetase (PC) and metallothionein (MT) genes shown to be involved in the maintenance of heavy metal ho
Transcript levels of HMA3, HMA4, AtPCS1, AtPCS2, MT1A, MT2A, and MT2B all showed amplification in an attempt to maintain Zn2+ and Cd2+ homeostasis. 
2003 BI061
"LIPASE YOUR FAT AWAY: TAKE 2"
Katie Ann DeClerck
Taylorville High School, Taylorville, IL, USA
The purpose of this project, "Lipase Your Fat Away: Take 2" was to determine, through running a comparison assay, which butterlike solid spread product is more easily digested by the human b
more lipase activity it had, and the easier it is for the consumer's body to digest. The following products were tested: Prairie Farms butter, Brummel and Brown spread, Great Value shortening, an
phosphate buffer (mono and dibasic forms) were added to lipase powder. This simulated the natural conditions of a human's small intestines, where lipid digestion occurs. A lipase mixture was ad
products. Controls were set up with the butterlike solid product mixtures without the lipase enzyme. The mixtures were incubated in a vortex mixer at 35 degrees Celsius for 90 minutes.
increase the amount of digestion lipase would have on the mixtures. After the 90 minutes, an extraction solvent was added to each of the flasks to stop all lipase activity. Phenolphthalei
molar solution of NaOH was titrated into each of the flasks until the mixtures came to their endpoint. After doing calculations, the data concluded that butter had the most lipase activity, followed
shortening.
2004 BI061
ISOLATING REGIONS OF AMINO ACIDS IN PROTEINS WITH SIGNIFICANT STRUCTURAL BACKBONE FLEXIBILITY
Tarak Jagdish Upadhyaya
Southside High School, Greenville, South Carolina, United States of America
Research involving protein backbone flexibility has just recently caught the interest of molecular biologists. It is quickly becoming apparent that this information can form the foundations to solve
protein docking. Although some proteins do not change conformations from bound to unbound states, the majority of proteins do flex or bend at certain regions to bind to substrates or other protei
backbone flexibility can decrease the search space and increase the accuracy algorithms that are used to figure how a substrates might bind to a protein, or in the case of Rosetta (JJ Gray et al
with one another. A feedforward neural network can be trained on structural flexibility data from the Database of Macromolecular Movements. It is possible to use PDB files for the same
structures to determine change in phi and psi angles. A single value can be obtained by calculating the magnitude of a vector defined by the delta phi and delta psi angles. Normalizing this data c
inputs are binary input vectors, using the traditional BIN20 encoding, in addition to weighted values for localized electrostatic forces, van der Waals forces, and hydrogen bonding forces. Average
penalties for incorrectly predicted regions.
2005 BI061
IDENTIFICATION OF PROMOTER ELEMENTS REQUIRED FOR TRANSCRIPTIONAL INDUCTION OF MOTILITY RELATED GENES
Tyler Thomas Rosensteel
Brophy College Preparatory, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and aggressive of all primary brain tumors. The median survival of a person diagnosed with GBM ranges form nine to twelve months because
treatments. cDNA microarray studies addressing glioma invasion show differences between the gene expression profiles of invasive cells compared to that of nonmigrating cells residing in the tu
Transcriptional regulation of invasion related genes is likely to involve common promoter elements or transcription factor binding sites. This study focuses on the identification of promoter elemen
invasion related genes in GBM. Promoter fragments were cloned into an enhanced green fluorescent protein reporter vector (pEGFP) in order to visualize promoter activity. These reporter constru
which were induced to migrate in a twodimensional model system with Lysophosphatidic acid. mRNA quantification by QRTPCR showed a significant upregulation of motility related genes(p<.0
far, in the model system, reporter constructs have relayed data showing the activation of specific genes’ promoters during motility induction. Once researched more fully, the glioma invasion spec
activate expression of a potential suicide gene aimed specifically at invading tumor cells, the cell population responsible for this tumor's poor prognosis(Eg. Herpes simplex virus type 1 tymide kin
2004 BI062
NMR STUDY OF THE BINDING OF VANCOMYCIN TO THE CELL WALL OF STAPH. AUREUS
Katherine Michelle Byrd
Renaissance High School, Detroit, MI, USA
Staphylococcus aureus is a bacterium that is normally located in the nasal passages and the skin of humans and other warmblooded animals. S. aureus is a grampositive bacterium that is beco
As a last resort the antibiotic vancomycin has been prescribed. NMR spectroscopy was used to study vanocmycin. These studies have led to the discovery of the “vancomycinbinding pocket.”
place where vanocmycin binds to the peptidoglycan unit. The purpose of the present work is to use 1H and 13C NMR to prove the binding of vancomycin to a S. aureus peptidoglycan unit with th
acidDLacLAlaGGluLLysDAlaDAla. This study should show a more detailed view of how vancomycin binds to the cell wall than previous studies have shown. By understanding how vanco
information that will be useful in the discovery of a more powerful antibiotic that is effecient enough to destroy many multidrug resistant strand of bacteria.
2006 BI062
THE POTENTIAL USE OF NATURAL CHEMICALS IN TREATING CANCER
Quintisha Marie Walker
Saginaw Arts & Sciences Academy, Saginaw, MI USA
Resveratrol, quercetin, and ellagic acid are all natural chemicals. Research shows that the three compounds inhibits the growth of and induces apoptosis in many cancer cell types. This research
effects on neuroblastoma, endometrial, and human leukemia cells. Neuroblastoma is an aggressive childhood cancer with limited treatment options. Endometrial cancer is a disease in which mali
endometrium. Leukemia is a cancer that occurs in the blood cells. To test the effects of the chemicals on neuroblastoma cells, the neuroblastoma cell lines SKNAS, SY5Y, and NGP w
from 10uM 200uM of resveratro, quercetin, and ellagic acid. The endometrial cell line, ECC1, was treated with concentrations ranging from 10uM 200uM resveratrol, quercetin and ellagic acid. T
concentrations ranging from 25uM 200uM resveratrol. Cells were analyzed for cell viability by a manual cell counting method and by using the CellTiter 96 Aqueous One Solution Cell Proliferatio
morphology and the activation of degradative enzymes caspase 3/7 and 9. Resveratrol, quercetin and ellagic acid was found to induce apoptosis and inhibit the growth of Neuroblastoma
cancer cells. The inhibitory effects of resveratrol were dose dependent and these effects of resveratrol were associated with the induction of apoptosis. An increased number of apoptotic cells we
increased caspase activity in a timecourse and concentration dependent manner. The effects were more pronounced at higher concentrations, and with longer time of drug exposure. The inhibito
were more pronounced at lower concentrations over a longer time period (it depended on the different cell line).
2005 BI062
THE EFFECTS OF OXIDATIVE DAMAGE ON PROTEIN TRANSLATION EFFICIENCY
Steven Siyi Hao
Silver Creek High School, San Jose, CA, USA
The effects of free radical damage from reactive oxygen species have been implied in human aging and in a variety of diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Currently, research has sho
oxygen species results in the structural modification of DNA, proteins, and lipid, causing them to lose function. However, there has been no investigation in the past into whether free radical dama
translation, especially tRNA and rRNA. In this project, tests were conducted by treating total RNA and retic lysate with the free radical releasing compound, hydrogen peroxide, to determine wheth
 The results show that some RNA degradation occurs, although enough still remained intact at all concentrations. More interestingly however, there was a significant drop in the amount o
concentration of hydrogen peroxide increased. This demonstrates that damage to the protein synthesis apparatus does indeed occur, and as a result, protein synthesis is hindered. Thus in the fu
damage to the cellular protein synthesis apparatus when investigating the mechanism of aging and of certain degenerative diseases.
2003 BI062
PROTEIN INTERACTIONS USING NANOMETALLIC BARCODES
Zachary Philip Rice
The Academy of Science & Technology, Conroe, TX 77385, United States of America
When looking at cell function on the molecular level, numerous different protein interactions are seen. One of the main goals of the Human Proteome Project is to determine what each protein doe
engages. The purpose of this experimentation is to design a basis for which many numerous proteinprotein interactions can be observed. Vaccinia virus proteins VP39 and VP55 were at
between the proteins was observed by using optical microscopy. Barcodes can be designed using different lengths, widths, metals, and lastly, by changing the striping pattern of the particles.
that clumping of barcodes and protein interactions were only visible when both proteins were attached to their respective barcodes. From the results collected, only the trial interactions th
seen in clumps, with fewer and more sporadic barcodes surrounding these clusters. These results yield enough evidence to continue conducting multiplexing experiments using other known prote
identifying unknown protein interactions, it becomes possible to track proteins throughout organisms and help to better understand the purpose of each individual protein. If these protein i
possible to fight certain viruses with new drug techniques. What makes this barcode tagging so important is the amount of screening that can be conducted at one time. These findings should pro
facilitating the process of designing drugs that are patientspecific.
Special Achievement Award of $1,000 plus certificate Caltech JPL
2004 BI063
DNA ANALYSIS
Laura Ashley Zimmerman
The Good Hope School, Frederiksted, Virgin Islands
Since DNA is unique to all individuals, excluding identical twins, it is very helpful to forensic scientists in their search for answers to crimes because approximately 99.5% of the DNA code is the
use the 0.5% of DNA that is unique to the individual (except identical twins). Being able to analyze the 0.5% helps forensic experts link suspects to crimes and prosecute them. 
DNA of two families: one with a pair of identical twins, and one with two nonidentical siblings. The application is to see if there is a correlation between the sibling and twin in comparison to a corr
siblings. The experimental design was to swab for buccal cells, extract the DNA, and run Gel Electrophoresis to determine the presence of DNA. Then PCR was performed on the extrac
was run on known ‘cut’ DNA to compare with the first Gel that was run using ‘uncut’ DNA. This comparison shows the smear caused by ‘uncut’ DNA and banding patterns caused by ‘cut’ DNA.<b
sharing between the two siblings in family two is greater than the allele sharing between the sibling and twins in family one by 8.67%. A further study is to perform the same experiment with more
accurately.
2005 BI063
AN EVALUATION OF SINGLE NUCLEOTIDE POLYMORPHISMS (SNPS) WITHIN GENE EP300 OF HUMAN CHROMOSOME 22Q TO ASSESS THEIR ROLE IN PEDIATRIC BRAIN TUMOR
Samantha Leigh Schneider
Jericho Senior High School, Jericho NY, United States of America
Studies have shown significant loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of the gene EP300, located on chromosome 22q, in several different cancers, including colon, breast and ovarian. Mutations in EP30
but not in astrocytic gliomas. This study set out to show whether or not mutations occurred in EP300 in a variety of pediatric brain tumors. In order to do this, genomic DNA was extracted from br
as a control. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to amplify regions of EP300 gene, which was believed to contain single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The PCR products were
liquid chromatography (DHPLC) to detect any mutations. The results were then confirmed by sequencing. There were no SNPs found in either the experimental or control groups, suggesting, in ag
EP300 does not behave as a classic tumor suppressor gene. However, other mutations in EP300 such as truncation and LOH may play a role in disease.
2006 BI063
A NOVEL ROLE FOR TELOMERASE IN STEM CELL DIFFERENTIATION
Anneke Ellen Schwob
Boston Latin School, Boston Massachusetts, United States
Telomeres are repeating DNA sequences that protect chromosome ends during cell division. With each division, telomeres shorten: once they become too short, cells enter senescence and die.
helps maintain telomere ends. In stem cell models average telomere length decreases rapidly and significantly during differentiation, but increases once neuronal differentiation is completed. In sp
constant suggesting that telomerase may need to be sequestered away from telomeres for differentiation to proceed normally. Based on these patterns of telomere and telomerase regul
telomerase on the outcomes of neuronal differentiation was examined using a stem cell model (P19 embryonal carcinoma cells). I predicted that neuronal differentiation would be inhibited. The mo
cloned into a pBABE puromycin retrovirus vector and used to infect undifferentiated P19 cells. Three independent cell lines that overexpressed mTERT and two control lines that expressed vect
differentiation was induced with retinoic acid and quantitated following immunocytochemistry using markers of neuronal differentiation. In each of the mTERTexpressing lines differentiation was in
completion. The mTERT infected clones continued dividing and acquired markers of neurepithelium, but not of mature neurons. Moreover they did not undergo the apoptosis that accompanies ter
show that overexpression of telomerase can be used to expand a population of dividing neuronal progenitors, and are of potential significance for the control of differentiation in stem cell therapy.
2004 BI064
INVESTIGATING A NOVEL LIFESPAN GENE IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Richard Hsu
Alhambra High School, Alhambra, CA. United States
Aging is a universal process among living organisms in which homeostasis decreases and chance of death increases with age. Trying to understand aging in a simpler organism, such as Drosoph
understanding aging in humans. A screen for lifespan extension was performed using a driver line and a collection of EP lines. A driver line has a Pelement which expresses the yeast transcripti
complimentary Pelement which contains the DNA binding sequence of gal4. When a driver is crossed to an EP, the region downstream of the EP will be overexpressed. The mutant EP3306 was
reproducible lifespan extension. The EP3306 insertion site was found, and the putative gene overexpressed appeared to be an uncharacterized gene, CG7900. A genomic transgenic was construc
CG7900 extends lifespan in an independent line. A recombinant was made between EP3306 and the daughterlessgal4 driver to look at interactions with other longlived lines in the lab. Results sh
increased lifespan and the gene itself seems to play a vital role in metabolism. In conclusion, the EP is located 300 base pairs upstream of the CG7900 gene, which has a high sequence similarit
understanding of how overexpression of CG7900 extends lifespan could be important to not only the understanding of fly aging, but also the aging process in humans.
2006 BI064
THE EFFECT OF OPIOIDS ON CHEMOKINE PRODUCTION IN U937 MONOCYTES
Julian Terrell Otis
Walter Payton College Preparatory School, Chicago Illinois, United States
Opioids modulate the immune response by altering cytokine and chemokine production. TNFalpha is a cytokine that can alter a variety of opioid peptides and their receptors. It has been shown t
transciption of the Mu opioid receptor (MOR) in U937 cell monocytes as well as in other cell lines. These studies will show that DAMGO, a chemical compound that selectively binds and activate
production of monocyte chemoattractant protein1 (MCP1) in TNFalpha stimulated U937 cells. To measure the increase of MCP1 production, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (E
monocytes treated with TNFalpha at various concentrations, followed by a 24 hour DAMGO treatment. MCP1 levels increased significantly in DAMGO/TNFalpha treated cells when compared to
check for the expression of MOR mRNA, mRNA was isolated from TNFalpha treated U937 cells and reverse transcribed into cDNA. The cDNA was used as a template for Real Time PCR. Both
analysis did not detect MOR mRNA levels in these samples using the designed primers. TNFalpha and DAMGO treated cells significantly increased the amount of MCP1 compared to
was expressed and can be activated in these cells. This research implicates that there is a role for opioids in the effectiveness of the immune response in monocytes as well as validates the exp
immune effector cells. 
2005 BI064
PERCENT CONSERVATION OF THE HUMAN INSULIN MOLECULE VS. CNS DEVELOPMENT IN LOWER ORGANISMS
Kathleen Curley Clement
Langley High School, McLean, Virginia, USA
The purpose of my science fair project is to understand how the development of one aspect of the endocrine system, the protein insulin, can effect the development of one aspect of the nervous
system. Using a computer with internet access, I searched the protein knowledgebase, SwissProt/TrEMBL, to find the insulin sequence in humans, and in a variety of other organisms. Using TC
alignment tool, I compared the sequences found between different organisms. I determined the percent conservation of the insulin molecule in lower organisms compared to the human insulin mo
organism’s CNS development level using a system based on my research. As the CNS development level increased, the percent conservation of the human insulin molecule did not consistently
increased, the percent conservation of human insulin receptor substrates increased. The evolution of the insulin molecule does not appear to be associated with CNS development . Rath
receptor substrates are associated with CNS development. This is so pertinent because the data from this science project demonstrates that as the system of glucose uptake evolved, so did the
reaffirming the very important evolutionary connection between the development of the endocrine and nervous systems. 
2004 BI065
GENE EXPRESSION ANALYSIS OF RAT HEPATOCYTES IN RESPONSE TO OXIDATIVE STRESS AND ANTIOXIDANT CYTOPROTECTION
Melanie Elizabeth Huffman
Heritage Christian School, Indianapolis Indiana, USA
Oxygen free radicals can cause irrevocable, structural cellular damage by reacting with cellular lipid membranes, proteins, and DNA. They have been known to contribute to diseases such as can
Disease, and cardiovascular disease. Transcriptional responses of cells to oxidative damage and antioxidant cytoprotection by alphatocopherol (TC) were studied. Cellular defense mechanisms,
monitored via gene expression responses. The expression of Hsp 70 and 27, radical scavengers Ho1 and SOD1, and alpha and beta cystallin were studied as indicators of gene response to oxi
oxidized with two doses of iron and one dose of TC, in vitro. Cell peroxidation and death was determined using LDH and 8Isoprostane assay methods. Control LDH assays verified TC, alone, did
hepatocytes was isolated and amplified through PCR methods. Gene expression of cellular defense mechanisms was seen through gel electrophoresis. Hepatocytes treated with iron sustained su
transcriptional responses, seen through Hsp 70 and 27, and Ho1. Lower iron doses resulted in increased damage levels and transcriptional responses, as compared to higher doses. Results sugg
prolonged exposure time to the iron,(due to iron toxicity at higher levels). Iron + TC treated hepatocytes resulted in increased oxidation damage and increased transcriptional response as compare
Results indicated TC’s ability to act as a radical scavenger, reducing free radicals and prolonging exposure time. Research verified the ability of antioxidants to prolong cell life during oxidation, in
may benefit cells through the reduction free radicals that can cause diseases such as cancer.
2005 BI065
ANTI MALARIAL ACTIVITY OF THE LEAVES OF CALYCOPTERIS FLORIBUNDA
Mrunmaye V Math
I.E.S.V.N. Sule Guruji English Medium Sec. School, Mumbai, Maharashtra, INDIA
Purpose of experiments: Malaria has reemerged as one of the most prevalent among the insect borne diseases. Every year nearly one to two million people succumb to malaria, with as many as
It is estimated that nearly half the world population is at risk. Africa faces the greatest impact. The other hard hit areas include East Asia, China and India. Experts opine that as many as 40% of
plasmodium falciparum. What is more disconcerting is that, with the increase use of synthetic drugs there is an insidious increase in the drug resistant parasite plasmodium falciparum. Enthanop
leaves of Calycopteris Floribunda were used in the treatment of malarial fever. Hence, it was decide to evaluate its activity against malaria. Plan of work: 1. Selection of plant for study.<
Preparation of petroleum ether and aqueous extract of the plant. 3A. Acute toxicity test on mice 3B. Evaluation of anti malarial activity in mice Results: <b
days in each group. The days are counted between the time the mice are administered with plasmodium berghii and the time at which they die. Thus M.S.T of the group receiving alcoholic extrac
controls group i.e untreated group (7.2 days) Conclusions: Our results indicate that the extract of Calycopteris Floribunda possesses significant malarial activity. 
2006 BI065
A NEW SPIN ON WOUND HEALING SCAFFOLDS: PHYSICAL AND MOLECULAR OPTIMIZATION
Amardeep Singh Grewal
Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills, MI, United States
Each year three to five million Americans suffer from chronic wounds. These wounds often lead to permanent tissue damage, infection and disease. For these reasons, it is of utmost importance
wounds. Recently, a first generation hydrogel matrix had been designed to support dermal fibroblast migration on a crosslinked thiolmodified hyaluronic acid base. This hydrogel contained Fibron
that were resistant to the proteolytic environment of the chronic wound and attracted fibroblasts into the matrix of the hydrogel. This study strives to further optimize this matrix molecularly and ph
Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) further accentuates fibroblast migration in vivo. For this reason, in this study I have demonstrated that it is possible for the functional domains of Fibronectin to act
enhance dermal fibroblast migration, an important step in the formation of granulation tissue. Along with biologically optimizing the hydrogel matrix, I was able to physically and structurally optimiz
into the three dimensional, porous and fibrous morphology of the natural extracellular matrix through the process of electrospinning. This electrospun scaffold has been shown to support fibroblast
hydrolytic degradation. In these ways, this study comprehensively optimizes the Hyaluronic Acid matrix biologically and structurally.
First Award of $1,000 U.S. Savings Bond Ashtavadhani Vidwan Ambati Subbaraya Chetty (AVASC) Foundation
2006 BI066
INDUCIBLE EXPRESSION OF BRAINDERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR IN TISSUE CULTURES
Osarimabo Idemudia Imoisili
Centennial High School, Ellicott City, Maryland, Howard
Brainderived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is part of a family of trophic factors known as neurotrophins. It is highly implicated in neuronal plasticity, a process that assists in the normal function of
functions such as learning and memory. Based on a single base pair alteration in the 66th codon of the BDNF gene, the generally expressed valine amino acid is substituted by the amino acid me
affect the structure and function of the protein, it does affect the regions and volume in which the protein is expressed. The allele that codes for methionine causes a decrease in the volume of BD
plasticity. In order to study this biological phenomenon, the BDNF must first be expressed in cell cultures and induced. Genes for BDNFVal and BDNFMet were cloned into plasmids a
Fluorescent Protein (EGFP). These plasmids were then transfected into Neo2a cells. A plasmid containing the genes for neuronspecific enolase and tetracycline transactivator was transfected i
BDNF gene (val allele or met allele) in order to facilitate induction in the absence of tetracycline. After incubation, the cells were evaluated for protein expression via ultraviolet photography. Additi
Neo2a cells and evaluated via gel electrophoresis. The BDNF was successfully expressed and induced in Neo2a cells, as demonstrated via electrophoresis and ultraviolet photography
2005 BI066
A SILK OF COLOR
Don Lawrence Plattner
Webb School of Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
The aim of this project was to internally dye a silworm's cocoon through its food. Dye was mixed in the silkworm's food in hope that the dye would pass through the internal membrane of the silkw
protein, forming colored silk. Around one thousand silkworm eggs were ordered through the internet and hatched in an incubator. The larvae were fed until they were big enough to be moved into t
divided into groups of twentyfive. Each group represented a type of dye, and amount of dye used. Each type of dye had three different amounts and eight different dyes were used, resulting in tw
control group. Of the eight dyes used, three were synthetic dyes and five were natural dyes. After four weeks, starting at the day of hatching, the first worms began to cocoon. None of the natural
color. The synthetic dyes, however, produced pink cocoons from the Eosin Y dyes, and two blue cocoons from the Toluidine blue dyes. The conclusion was the natural dyes were not small enoug
silkworm membrane. The synthetic dyes were small emough, but some were toxic in the high dosages. Thus, the dyes needed to have a specified amount that would not kill the worms but would
2004 BI066
THE ROLE OF BRASSINOSTEROIDS IN ROOTCELL DIFFERENTIATION IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
Edith Adriana PierreJerome
Mount Miguel High School, Spring Valley, CA
This project in its present form is a result of several experiments conducted on the mustard plant Arabidopsis thaliana examining the role of the growth hormones brassinosteroids on cell different
had previously been found to increase the expression of the WEREWOLF protein, a key factor in cell specification, which led to the hypothesis that brassinosteroids also play role in cell fate. 
were obtained and grown on five different levels of brassinolide (BL). After a week the hypocotyls of the mutants were measured and compared to those of wild type (control). Two BRmutants: DW
internally; and det2, which is internally deficient; were then grown and compared to wild type on plates containing either 1 mM of BL( the most active BR) or no BL. Measurements were taken of th
and average root hair count and compared between the two plates. This experiment was then attempted using werewolf mutants. The comparison of the hypocotyl lengths between werew
was less sensitive to the hormone at higher concentrations. These results suggested that WEREWOLF is necessary for a normal BRresponse. The data collected from the BRmutants showed t
significantly decreased meristematic zone length, root hair length, and root hair count. This experiment could not be repeated on werewolf due to the discovery that the homozygous werewolf allel
the plants from reaching adulthood to set seed. This project has two major contributions. First, a strong biological connection between brassinosteroids and WEREWOLF was establishe
brassinosteroids play a key role in cell differentiation in the root. 
2006 BI067
EFFECTS OF ENHANCED MUSCLE GROWTH ON FATTY ACID UPTAKE IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE
Gitasree Devi Borthakur
Iolani School, Honolulu, Hawaii, USA
The aim of this investigation is to determine if enhanced muscle growth increases fatty acid uptake in the skeletal muscle. There is an inverse relationship between the skeletal muscle and adipo
responsible for insulinmediated glucose utilization, whereas the adipose tissue stores excess energy in the form of lipids. Obesity occurs when diet overloads the adipose tissue with nutrients. In
utilization in the skeletal muscle, inducing insulin resistance. Muscle growth can be enhanced by inhibiting the negative regulator, myostatin. It has been shown in our laboratory that transgenic m
prevented by overexpression of its prodomain transgene displayed increased skeletal muscle mass. In addition, when fed a highfat diet, transgenic mice displayed normal adipose tissue weight.
mice will exhibit elevated levels of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), a key enzyme in lipid catabolism, in the skeletal muscle. Tissue samples from transgenic and wildtype mice fed on both highfat and n
expression of LPL by Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RTPCR). Our results showed lower levels of LPL expression in the muscle tissue of transgenic mice compared to that
suggest that the extra dietary fat was not stored in the adipose tissue and did not enter the skeletal muscle. Further investigations are necessary to determine alternate pathways for the extra die
2005 BI067
EFFECTS OF REUSED EDIBLE OIL ON HUMAN HEALTH
Fatima Shami
Islamabad Convent School, Islamabad, Pakistan
In South Asia 1.5 billion people use fried food. “Pakoras”, “samosas”, etc are common fried foods in South Asia mostly cooked in reused edible oil. The effects of reused edible oil on hum
substantiate the study a survey of eating habits of students aging between 12 to 16 years was conducted. Several samples of reused oil for frying were collected from various food points in Pakis
contents. It was found that almost all students eat fried food though frequency varies. The analysis of reused oil revealed 100% abuse of oil. With the degree of usage the colour of the o
brown. The viscosity of the oil also increases. Heat causes oxidation, polymerization and hydrolysis in reused oil. With usage a corresponding increase in free fatty acid contents from 0.12% to 1
enhanced level of free fatty acids presents a major health hazard. The smoke of oil contains carcinogenic fumes. The products produced during excessive heating of oil cause blood pressure, co
cholesterol, problem of nervous system, diarrhea, vomiting and even cancer. A substantial proportion of students were unaware of the effects of fried foods. Thus the health of 1.5 billion people is
develop this awareness among the youth and public at large and pass legislation to check the abuse of oil by shops and restaurants. 
2004 BI067
RCOGNIN MEDIATES AGGREGATION VIA FREE CELL SURFACE SULFHYDRYLS
Shantanu Kadir Gaur
Bethel Park High School, Bethel Park, PA, USA
Retina cognin (RCognin) is a tissue specific, 50KDa protein that mediates the aggregation of retinal cells in chick embryos. RCognin is related to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) and is though
cells via thioreductase activity. RCognin's cell surface receptor has yet to be identified. To elucidate the structure of RCognin's receptor and to define RCognin's binding mechanism, the disulfid
nitrobenzoic acid)(DTNB) was used. It was determined here that the addition of DTNB to trypsinized cells blocked RCognin binding, demonstrating that Rcognin requires free sulfhydryls on the c
multiple assays, it was also determined that DTNB binds irreversibly to the cell surface and is able to block aggregation in an in vitro system. The characterization made of RCognin’s receptor is
list of candidate receptors to three—avidin, CD81, and HBEGF—all of which contain free sulfhydryls. The study of RCognin’s receptor could possibly aid in promoting RCognin like activity in th
as macular degeneration and glaucoma. 
2005 BI068
THE ROLE OF KINESIN II IN ENDOMEMBRANE TRAFFICKING IN RABBIT LACRIMAL ACINI
Jiamin Hu
Alhambra High School, Alhambra, CA, USA
Kinesin II is a motor protein that drives the plusend transport of membrane organelles along microtubules. This study explored kinesin II’s role in lacrimal acinar membrane trafficking. Cultured pr
treated with 100 uM carbachol (CCH) for 15 min. Confocal microscopy of resting acini revealed kinesin II immunofluorescence label in a punctate pattern beneath the apical membrane and throug
with rab6 (Golgi), rab11 (recycling endosome), VAMP2 (secretory vesicle) and p150Glued (dynactin sidearm). CCH stimulation increased the intensity of kinesin II beneath the apical membrane a
VAMP2 and p150Glued. Analysis of kinesin II distribution on membranes isolated over sorbitol density gradients revealed enrichment in fractions 610, showing overlaps with rab6 and gammaad
induced a shift of kinesin II to fractions 58 as well as an increase in rab6 and gammaadaptin distributions. Microtubule capture assay showed that kinesin II increases its binding activity with mi
study concludes that kinesin II is involved in the retrieval and recycling of secretory vesicle membrane internalized into apical endosomes, as well as the transport of membrane organelles from t
microtubule plusends to the transGolgi network and Golgi.
2004 BI068
DETERMINATION OF BEE CATALYZED CHANGES IN POLLEN PROTEIN IN HONEY
Cody Joseph Falgoust
St. James High, St. James, LA, USA
Changes in protein structure and percentage caused by honey bees in the production of honey from protein originating in pollen grains were analyzed using gel electrophoreses. Pollen samples we
and flowers using swabs and/or agitation. Honey samples were collected from local honeybee hives raised for honey production by the high school agriculture department. Analyses were conduct
Department of Physical Sciences under the supervision of a biochemist. Data analysis is ongoing.
2006 BI068
DESATURASE GENE EXPRESSION IN THE HUMAN MEIBOMIAN GLAND: IMPLICATIONS FOR OCULAR SURFACE DISEASE
Eric William Prouty
Central Bucks High School West, Doylestown, PA, USA
The lipid component of tears is important for normal function of the ocular surface, where one of its roles is prevention of tear film evaporation. Altered lipids and evaporation are associated with o
(inflammation of the eyelid) and dry eye. The source of tear film lipids is the meibomian gland, a modified sebaceous gland (no hair follicle) located in the eyelid margins. The level of oleic acid, a
Desaturase (SCD), is altered in ocular surface diseases where ocular fluid is thick and pasty (decreased) or thin and runny (increased). This finding, along with the lack of meibomian glands in the
SCD is the desaturase expressed in human meibomian glands. To test this hypothesis, four samples of adult human eyelid containing meibomian glands were analyzed using in situ hybridization
application of the cRNA probes, results showed that SCD is highly expressed in the meibomian glands of all four samples. In contrast, SCD is weakly expressed in sebaceous glands of the eyeli
Desaturase 2 (FADS2), is expressed in an opposite way: high in sebaceous glands and low in meibomian glands. The pattern of SCD/FADS2 expression in meibomian and sebaceous glands corr
fatty acids of meibum and sebum. Controlling SCD gene expression or enzyme activity may be useful for treating ocular surface diseases involving tear film lipids such as blepharitis and dry eye
2005 BI069
REPRESSION OF OLIGODENDROCYTE GENE EXPRESSION: ROLE OF INTERFERONGAMMA AND MOLECULAR MECHANISMS
Ann Kathryn Kennedy
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, Alexandria, VA, USA
In multiple sclerosis, the myelin sheaths which surround axons are destroyed in an autoimmune response, and new oligodendrocytes progenitor cells (OPCs) must differentiate into oligodendrocy
is often smaller than the original, and remyelination grows progressively worse with repeated attacks. The cause of failure is unknown, but could involve the failure of OPCs to differentiate comple
cytokine released by Tcells during the autoimmune response, could inhibit OPC differentiation by interfering with one or more of the transcription factors involved in the differentiation process.
OPC differentiation have been identified, but the pathway connecting them is unclear. IFNgammatreated primary rat OPCs analyzed by RTPCR showed downregulation of transcription
oligodendrocyte differentiation, and of myelin marker myelin basic protein (MBP). In cotransfections of fibroblast cells, Sox10 was shown to stimulate promoter activities of both MBP and anothe
phosphodiesterase (CNP), and downregulate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a gene expressed by astrocytes (another cell fate of OPCs). Neither Sox10 nor the two myelin genes were upregu
transcription factors Olig1 and Olig2, suggesting that additional factors or intermediaries are necessary for the Oligs to induce terminal differentiation. Oligs were also shown to decrease MBP upr
presence interferes with terminal differentiation. These results clarified interactions of OPC transcription factors and myelin genes, and showed that IFNgamma can inhibit transcription of genes n
2004 BI069
CAN RNAI BE USED TO DOWN REGULATE THE EXPRESSION OF SPECIFIC P53 ALLELES? ABSTRACT
Simrin Kaur Cheema
Mira Loma High School, Sacramento, California, USA
Cancer is a malignant growth that is caused by an abnormal or uncontrolled cell division. A possible explanation to this may be the deletion or mutation of the p53 gene on chromosome 17 that ac
division, protecting the body from a tumor. The p53 gene is especially important in prostate cancer (CaP) because it may lead to androgen independent cancer, which is currently untreatable. 
(sihybrids), was used to downregulate the expression of mutated p53 in prostate cancer cells (LNCaP). Five plates of LNCaP received a control hybrid, while the second five received the hybrid t
mRNA. RNA extractions were then done on the plates, and reverse transcriptase was used to convert the RNA into cDNA. PCR then amplified the cDNA specific for p53. A visual test was done d
(transcript) present. If the p53 specific sihybrid works, i.e. has downregulated the expression of p53, then the band will be less bright. The final piece of data illustrated that the p53 sihybrid succe
p53. The significance of this is that if the expression of the mutated p53 can be deleted in the cell culture, this knowledge may aid in the future to invent a method by which to either delete the mu
amplifying the mutant p53 and creating more cancerous cells. 
2006 BI069
INVESTIGATING THE NATURAL SELECTION PATHWAYS IN TEN REGIONS OF THE HUMAN GENOME
Jennifer Jing Huang
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
Throughout history, welladapted variations of the genome have been preserved for many generations while less favored mutations continue to evolve. This phenomenon, called natural selection,
the human genome. Confirmation of natural selection and identification of the underlying functional variant under selection may pave the way for further research on the advantages of certain mut
biological functions, and ultimately the tailoring of individualized medical treatments based on genetic characteristics. Ten regions of the human genome, encompassing eight chromosomes, will b
the African, Asian, and European. The haplotypes of these populations will be compared to each other and that of a gorilla and analyzed for signs of high prevalence and low heterozygosity.
human populations and is old is a clear sign of positive natural selection since it has been exposed to recombination and mutation for a longer time and is expected to only have short regions of h
number of mutations will be compared to the expected number of mutations, calculated from the estimation of recombination rate and spontaneous mutations. A sharp contrast between a low obs
heavily suggests natural selection. The ten regions in my study showed fewer than 10 mutations when hundreds were expected. Thus, it is highly likely that natural selection was a factor in the d
2006 BI070
IS JAK2 THE UNKNOWN KINASE THAT PASSES THE SIGNAL FROM LEPTIN TO STAT3 TO STOP FOOD CONSUMPTION?
Katherine Yuan Fang
Pioneer High School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
 The purpose of this project was to see if JAK2 is in between leptin and STAT3 in a signal pathway. Leptin is a hormone that controls the amount of food consumption, which is a factor o
 Hypothalamus neurons from the cell line NPYLRb were used. I treated the cell samples with different concentrations of AG490 (a JAK2 inhibitor), Genestein (an unspecific phospholation inh
the amount of phospholated STAT3, a western blot was done using antiphospholated STAT3 antibodies, which recognize activated STAT3. To see if leptin activated JAK2, an immunoprecipitatio
antiphospholated JAK2 antibodies which bind to activated JAK2. The sample treated with leptin but without an inhibitor showed the strongest band of phospholated STAT3.
bands. Moreover, the higher the concentration of JAK2 inhibitor, the weaker the phospholated STAT3 band was. The JAK2 experiment showed that with leptin, the JAK2 bands were present.
were seen. Based on my experiment, I have concluded that in hypothalamus neurons, leptin activates (phospholates) JAK2, which then phospholates STAT3. JAK2 is in betwe
pathway of leptin controlling food consumption. 
2004 BI070
THE EFFECTS OF CREATINE MONOHYDRATE ON MERIONES UNGUICULATUS
Christopher Ryan Massey
Kingston High School, Cadet, Missouri
A widely accepted bodybuilding supplement among athletes and bodybuilders is creatine, a protein made from amino acids. The powder form of creatine is called creatine monohydrate.
the effects of creatine monohydrate on the energy level and the reproduction rate of gerbils. Creatine has been proven to build muscle mass, but there have been no studies to prove that creatine
There are many proven side effects of creatine, but there is one that users have claimed to have noticed while using creatine. That is that creatine has either slowed down or has completely stop
rodents that are native to Africa and Asia. The Scientific name for gerbils is Meriones unguiculatus. My hypotheses are creatine monohydrate will increase the energy level, creatine monohydrate
decrease the reproduction rate of Meriones unguiculatus. All three of these hypotheses were supported by both the raw data collected and it is also statistically significant. 
2005 BI070
CORRELATION BETWEEN NK3 RECEPTOR EXPRESSION AND A RAT MODEL FOR TARDIVE DYSKINESIA
Rahul Guha
Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology
Tardive dyskinesia is a disorder which causes facial tics and oral movements, originally called vacuous chewing movements (VCM), in humans who have been using drugs to treat mental conditi
known as substance P to regulate cholinergic neurons in the brain. These neurons are involved in movement and other behavior functions. The neurokinin terminals could potentially be synapsing
measured in slides containing slices from brains of male LongEvans rats that were treated chemically with either Haloperidol (28.5 mg/ml/kg, at 3 week intervals; n=43) or vehicle (sesame oil; n=
carried out according to the method described by W.S.Young. The results were analyzed at the level of autoradiogram, using the program NIH Image(Rasband, NIH).There was a positive correlati
for NK3 receptors in the substantia nigra/ ventral tegmental area region of a rat’s brain and VCM that are caused by chronic Haloperidol exposure (p<.01).Other interesting findings include that in
significant correlation between NK3 receptor expression and NK1 receptors in cerebral cortex (p<.001) and nucleus accumbens (p<.015). In rats treated with Haloperidol, the correlation is lost (p
correlation between NK3 and Tyrosine Hydroxylase (p<.058), but not in drug treated rats (p<.310). In drug treated rats, Nk3 and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) are positively correlated(p<.0
vehicle rats (p<.367). This experiment established the precedent for studies involving NK3 receptor mRNA, using DNA oligonucleotide probes. The results also elucidate the role of NK3 receptor
dyskinesia. Future studies include the analysis of NK3 in other regions of the drug treated rat brains. 
2005 BI071
TRAILINDUCED APOPTOSIS IN BREAST CANCER CELLS: ROLE OF XAF1 EXPRESSION
Christopher S Rogers
XAF1 (Xlinked inhibitor of apoptosis associated factor 1) is a protein that indirectly promotes cellular apoptosis. Cancerous cells typically have extremely low amounts of XAF1 compared to no
their resistance to apoptosis. The possible restoration of normal apoptotic function to epithelial cancer cells, through increased expression of XAF1, as a means of inhibiting tumor growth is unde
 I performed experiments on two human breast cancer cells cell lines: MCF7 and MDAMB231. The cells were treated with clinicallyachievable concentrations of interferon (an inducer of XA
with TRAIL, a potent inducer of apoptosis, and measured for apoptotic response. The induction of XAF1 expression by interferon treatment was tested using RTPCR (Reverse Transcriptase Pol
cell lines showed an increase in sensitivity to TRAILinduced apoptosis following interferon treatment, the MCF7 cells exhibiting greater sensitivity. RTPCR confirmed that interferon treatment ca
both cell lines dosedependently. These results show that interferon treatment caused an increase in XAF1 expression and that this increase correlated with an increase in sensitivity to
lines. The broad implications of this research are that interferon and TRAIL could be used as a combinant therapy for the treatment and possible reduction of breast cancer tumors and other epith
2004 BI071
CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONAL DOMAINS OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE IN SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES POMBE
Delbert Andre' Green II
The Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts, Natchitoches, LA USA
The gene fbp1, which encodes fructose1,6bisphosphatase, is transcriptionally regulated by an overabundance of glucose. Ten git genes are known to be required for this repression. One, git2, e
plays a crucial role in the cAMP pathway. This study sought to characterize the functional domains of git2, specifically with respect to three regions identified by mutant alleles that display intrage
cyclase (the git27 domain, the catalytic domain, and the CAP (cyclase associated protein)binding domain). It is demonstrated that overexpression of the wild type or mutant git27 domain does
Furthermore, it is shown that certain git mutants reduce an interaction between the CAPbinding domain and the catalytic domain as shown by twohybrid assay. Discussed is preliminary research
alters transcription of fbp1. Data and structure anlysis supports the collection of git2 alleles into domains that dictate the CAPbinding–catalytic interaction. With further elucidation of the git2 dom
 gathered regarding adenylate cyclase activation/function and cAMP signaling, and, therefore, can be applied to general cellular signaling and transduction.
2006 BI071
XRAY CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF RNA PSEUDOKNOTS AS A MECHANISM FOR DEVELOPING NEW ANTIVIRAL AGENTS
Natalie YangYang Zhang
North London Collegiate School, Canons, Edgware, Middlesex, England HA8 7RJ
This investigation examines the concept of ‘frameshifting’ in viral replication, using Xray crystallography to understand the structure of RNA pseudoknots. Structural analysis of RNA pseudoknot
mechanism of frameshifting leading to the development of novel antiviral agents for viruses like SARS and HIV. Viruses utilise a wide range of mechanisms to regulate gene expression,
frameshifting where ribosomes ‘slip back’ a reading frame for a set percentage of translation events. This allows viruses to express two genes at a defined ratio which is vital for viral propagation.
with an RNA secondary structure known as a ‘pseudoknot’. It is believed that an interaction between a ribosome and pseudoknot directs the frameshift, although the exact mechanism is unknown
(IBV) RNA with a pseudoknot frameshift efficiency of around 50% was used (much higher than other frameshifting viruses) as it was felt that these high levels might exaggerate important features
containing the IBV pseudoknot was cloned into plasmids from which the RNA for crystallisation was transcribed. Crystals were grown under a range of test conditions and some reached sufficien
Ray diffraction images confirmed that the crystals were RNA. Subsequent NMR and UV data indicated that the pseudoknotted RNA contained a stem loop. Results from this study have provided
pseudoknots, thus enhancing the potential for the development of new drugs. 
Award of $500 American Association for Clinical Chemistry
2004 BI072
THE EFFECTS OF A CRDDHHC PROTEIN ON VACUOLE MORPHOLOGY IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Arundathi Gururajan
Leigh High School, San Jose, California, USA
Palmitoyl Acyl Transferases (PATs) are enzymes mediating palmitoylation often characterized by a cysteine rich domain (CRD) with a conserved asphyshyscys (DHHC) motif. The first objectiv
that the novel protein identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, YNL155W, is a member of the CRDDHHC protein family. The second objective was to find the definite cellular role of the Y
programs were used to classify YNL155W. Protein database searches were done using BLAST and multiple sequences were aligned using ClustalW. A family tree was constructed and transmem
Dolittle hydrophobicity plots. Experimentally, The deletion strain of YNL155W was compared to the wild type strain for response to osmotic sodium chloride shock and changes in vacuole morpho
microscopy. Results showed that YNL155W is a novel member of the CRDDHHC protein family that lacks a transmembrane domain. Similar proteins were also identified in other organis
YNL155W function is conserved across species. Osmotic stress experiments showed that YNL155W is required for normal vacuole function. The wildtype vacuoles responded normally by fragme
show any fragmentation. The significance of this project was that a protein of unknown function was unequivocally classified as a member of the palmitoyl acyl transferase family and it
pinpointed for the first time. The knowledge of YNL155W and other related proteins could lead to a better understanding of the cause and treatment of human diseases linked with PATs like Hunti
 
2005 BI072
PRESYNAPTIC LOCALIZATION OF METABTROPIC GLUTAMATE RECEPTOR 7
Tabassum Ahamad Khan
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, GA, United States
Metabotropic glutamate receptors, or mGluRs, are Gprotein coupled receptors that play an important role in excitatory neurotransmission. mGluR7 is a member of the Group III mGluRs and is pr
it functions as an autoreceptor in controlling glutamate release by inhibiting voltagegated calcium channels. Results from previous experiments indicate that mGluR7 is localized in numerous gro
elements in hippocampal neurons in culture. The goal of the current project was to determine the extent to which mGluR7 is presynaptically localized in these neurons and to examine colocalizati
Protein 2 (SV2). Doublelabeling experiments with antibodies against mGluR7 as well as antibodies against SV2, a protein that marks nerve terminals, showed that mGluR7 is highly concentrated
presynaptic regions. These results suggest that mGluR7 has both pre and postsynaptic functions in the hippocampus, which broadens our current understanding of how these receptors may be i
glutametergic transmission such as epilepsy. In addition to this, these findings provide new insight into how drugs targeting these receptors may be effective in modulating neural signals via volta
2006 BI072
EFFECTS OF HORMONES ON CARBOHYDRATE USE
Catherine Faye Sherman
Mansfield High School, Mansfield, Missouri, U.S.A.
Plant hormones help plants adapt to their environment. Gibberellins are used commercially to break dormancy of "difficult" seeds. Abscisic acid promotes seed dormancy by inhibiting all growth.
of stomata as leaves wilt. Forty petri dishes were prepared with a starch agar solution, and placed in a refrigerator for the weekend. Weak solutions of gibberellic acid, abscisic acid, and
mixed were prepared. 30 seeds were left to soak in each of the 3 different acids, along with a control of water, overnight. The seeds were then cut in half, placed on the starch agar solution (4 hal
left to germinate. Pictures were taken at 24 hours, and 72 hours. After 192 hours (8 days), Lugol's iodine solution was sprayed over each dish, which bonded with the remaining seed halves', in ea
solutions. The mixture of the gibberellic acid and the abscisic acid caused the greatest area of absorption in the starch agar. The individual acids had about the same area of absorption
 
2006 BI073
BISPHENOL A LEACHING NEAR YOU
Linh Chuc Tran
Jefferson County International Baccalaureate School, Irondale, Alabama, USA
Bisphenol A (BPA) is used in the synthesis of plastics made from polycarbonates and epoxy resins. However, BPA is also considered to be an estrogenlike compound which may influence brea
exposure of epoxy resin to canned goods causes BPA extraction. Therefore, when water and oil are exposed to epoxy resin for a period of three days, does the duration of exposure effect the am
the cans? By taking aliquots of water and oil from tin cans at zero time, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 72 hours, and running them with liquid chromatography/ mass spectrometry, concentratio
data did not support the hypothesis that the longer the exposure to the epoxy resin would cause an increase in BPA concentration, the data did show water to have very low concentrations (mean
the BPA the concentration in water, and extra virgin olive oil quadrupling the BPA concentration found in water. 
2005 BI073
HUMAN CYP2A6 AND UGT2B7 POLYMORPHISMS AND THE METABOLISM OF TOBACCO XENOBIOTICS
Casey Marie Combs
Honaker High School, Honaker, Virginia, USA
The purpose of this project is to search for previously undiscovered SNP’s by sequencing exon 8 of the CYP2A6 gene and exon 2 of the UGT2B7 gene. Next, determine amino acid sequence cha
discovered and explain how that associates with conformational changes to the translated proteins. Then, inferences are made to explain how SNP’s, amino acid and conformational changes to t
interindividual variability in enzyme function, which to date has only been partially explained by genetic variation. Genotypes were determined by direct nucleotide sequencing. Then, the sequence
sequence to the respective exons of each gene. The amino acid sequences were analyzed to identify any amino acid sequence variation. In Exon 8 of the CYP2A6 gene there was a T to A trans
in a Phenylalanine to Tyrosine substitution. Five SNP’s were found in the UGT2B7 fragment I sequenced, with three found in Exon 2. The discovery of these SNP’s may lead to a better understa
of various types of cancer in smokers and smokeless tobacco users. It is likely these SNP’s alter the function of the UGT2B7 enzymes by changing the rate of glucuronidation of NNAL, a major
products. Individuals with a less functional form of the UGT2B7 enzyme would be more susceptible to the tumorigenic effects of NNAL, mainly because of the increased retention time within hum
considerable implications for a better understanding of the role of genetics in the cancer risks of tobacco users.
2005 BI074
A STUDY OF THE EXPRESSION AND DELETION OF THE SCHLAFEN8 GENE
Boris Zinshteyn
Central High School, Philadelphia, PA, USA
The Schlafen gene family is involved with growth and immune response in mammals. Expression of Schlafen1 has been shown to alter development of thymocytes and fibroblasts. Schlafen8 hom
differentiation. Schlafen8 is deleted in the DDK mouse strain, which has shown many genetic anomalies including the DDK syndrome, a semilethality phenotype that results only from crossing a
gene responsible has been traced to a region on chromosome 11; the same region contains the Schlafen8 gene. The objective of this investigation is to determine which mouse strains s
organs Schlafen8 is expressed in normal mice. It was hypothesized that expression of Schlafen8 would be greatest in the spleen and thymus, and that MOLC and PERC would share the deletion
probe for Schlafen8 was designed. This probe was then hybridized to northern and southern blot membranes, one containing RNA from various mouse tissues and one containing DNA from nume
presence of a band and deletion by the absence of one. The results showed the greatest expression of Schlafen8 in liver, spleen and thymus; consistent with the hypothesis and the ide
response. The results showed that Schlafen8 is deleted in MOLC, SPRETUS and DDK, partially supporting the stated hypothesis. The same blot yielded an unexpected result; the Tirano and Zal
of Schlafen8. 
2004 BI074
HOW DOES THE LEVEL OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS AFFECT THE DNA PROFILE OF A MIXED BLOOD SAMPLE
Kathleen Rae Emrich
Rio Rancho High School, Rio Rancho, New Mexico, USA
DNA is the prosecutor of many, as it can identify an individual with a one in a trillion probability. Bloodstains and other bodily fluids are tested for DNA analysis in an attempt to convict or exonera
relied on throughout the scientific world, but can often be misleading, due to a lack of knowledge on the interpreter’s or jury’s part. The purpose of this experiment is to delve deeper into the interp
blood samples (a common crime scene occurrence), observing the amount of DNA contributed by two different donors in concordance with the level of white blood cells present. With the knowled
DNA, two different mixed blood samples were created. First, a mixture with equal amounts of blood from two donors is mixed to make Mix 1. From mix 2, the white blood cell level from one of the
prior to making the mixture with equal amounts of blood. A Coulter Blood Counter was used to count the white blood cells before and after their removal. The DNA of each mixture was then extrac
the white blood cell count on the resulting DNA profile. Although the same volume of blood from each donor was contributed to each mixture, the altered mixture presented a lower amount of DNA
number of white blood cells. Therefore, the amount of DNA contributed in a mixed blood sample is dependent on the white blood cell count of the sample.
2006 BI074
IMPROVING THE STABILITY OF NOVEL CALCIUMBINDING PROTEINS
Lev A. Shaket
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, GA, USA
Ca(II) binding is essential to the proper biological functioning of Ca(II)binding proteins by increasing their stability and facilitating signalrelaying conformational change. The purpose of this resear
charged ligand residues to the stability of Ca(II)binding proteins and to determine parameters that confer the greatest stability upon designed Ca(II)binding proteins. Several Ca(II)binding sites o
designed in domain 1 of the protein Cluster of Differentiation 2 (CD2.d1). Designed proteins and CD2.d1 were then expressed in E. coli BL21 cells and purified. After secondary structure was verif
proteins and CD2.d1 were analyzed in the presence and absence of Ca(II) using far UV Circular Dichroism. Results support the hypothesis that net charge has a twofold effect on stability. Magnit
negatively correlated with stability in the absence of Ca(II) due to repulsion between negative ligands and positively correlated with Ca(II)conferred stability due to attraction between Ca(II) and ne
suggest that ligand length is positively correlated with stability. These findings in increasing the stability of designed Ca(II)binding proteins by optimizing net charge and ligand length facilitate the
proteins with extensive applications. Potentially, designed calciumbinding proteins with increased stability may be used as diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents in diseases associated with alt
sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, lens cataract formation, and various cancers and cardiomyopathies.
2004 BI075
DETECTION OF POTENTIALLY DEADLY PATHOGENS BY FLUORESCENT RNA
Jennifer Jing Huang
Oak Grove High School, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a major health concern, causing numerous deaths and hospitalizations yearly. It is a priority to identify the pathogen quickly and correctly. Current methods
sensitivity, reliability, or efficiency. Innovative techniques are needed to overcome these issues. This project explores new methods of O157:H7 toxin gene detection with the use of fluorescence
PCR and transcribed to fluorescent dyelabeled RNAs. Complementary biotinylated DNA probes are then used to capture fluorescent RNAs for signal detection. Fluorescence detection is highly s
a large number of samples can be tested at one time by microarray technology with unmatched reliability. Three different experiments were performed based on the similar principle. The
plates to capture biotinylated DNA probes and fluorescent target RNAs. It did not give good results due to the sensitivity of the detection instrumentation (phosphorimaging). The second experime
microscope slides to capture fluorescent RNAs. Similar limitations of phosphorimaging led to variable signals. In the third experiment, biotinDNA probes were incubated with fluorescent RNAs, w
streptavidininduced gel shift assay. Fluorescence from the gel provided reliable detection of specific RNA targets. The experiments have demonstrated that fluorescent RNAbased gen
combined with the stateoftheart microarray technologies, this fluorescent RNAbased method can provide fast detection and quantitation of a large number of target genes with great sensitivity,
2006 BI075
BREAK IT DOWN
Briann Drenea Mitchell
Science and Math Academy; Vacherie, La; United States
The problem of this experiment is "How long does it take amylase to digest all of the starch in breakfast cereals?" The main substance in this project was the amylase solution to represent the am
is used to help break down and digest starch in the foods that we eat. Amylase is found in both salivary and pancreatic secretions. To find out how fast it would take for the starch to be digested,
cereals into a powder using my mortar and pestle. Then, I placed a piece of filter paper in a funnel and placed it over the test tube labeled "A", and poured ten mL of boiling water over the cereal.
I added two drops of iodine to a watch glass followed by two drops of filtrate "A", finally i recorded the results. I did the same for "B" and "C". After that, I added two mL of amylase to each filtrate
recorded all results. Cereal A's starch was digested the slowest because it contained the most starch. The amylase converted the starch into simple sugars. I don't think that the amount of starch
the calorie content of the cereals.
2005 BI075
BIOINFORMATICS DISCOVERY OF NOVEL STEM CELL REGULATORY MECHANISMS
Michael Segal
Central High School, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
Understanding the mechanisms that regulate stem cell development and differentiation is critical to their study and application. Furthermore, there is great demand for effective in silico(bioinforma
mechanisms. In this study, murine genes were first grouped according to high degrees of similarity in gene expression during several stages of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development, as we
stem cells, using a hierarchical clustering algorithm. For each of four categories of stem cells (fetal liver HSC, adult bone marrow HSC, embryonic and neural SC), groups of genes thought to be i
having highly correlated gene expressions were selected, under the argument that genes with similar gene expression are more likely to share a common mechanism. 1000 base pair upstream se
extracted from the ENSEMBL database and searched for transcription factor (TF) binding sites using TRANSFAC matrices. Results were then sorted according to matrix match presence within m
background model for TF specificity was created and used to filter out false positive matches, resulting in a final list of 112 highly significant candidates, 80 of which were unique to one gene grou
transcription factors that had previously been proven to be stem cell related using experimental methods, suggesting that the remaining candidates contain among them previously unknown stem
2004 BI076
TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE OENOTHERA ROSEA TO IMPROVE OUR LEVELS OF NUTRITION
Augusto Santa Maria
Nino Jesus de Praga, Tarma, PERU
For all the grade of malnutrition caused by deficiency of consumption of proteins in poor countries is known. However we observe that important resources as the blood coming from the Centers o
without being used appropriately; what constitutes a waste of proteins and the same one becomes an agent of contamination. For a lot of time the indigenous centroandinos uses the species rosy
characteristic of the hematomas, tumors for bruise and until the varixes and vircose ulcers. For such a cause the hypothesis was; if the active principle of rosy Oenothera is an anticoagulant emp
can be used in an efficient way in the prosecution of foods dedicated to human consumption. The first work then, consisted on demonstrating its anticoagulant capacity in vitro; having be
concentrated infusion/liter of human blood (laboratory of clinical analysis of the hospital UT 3Tarma), then comparative test were made with blood from coming from different supply animals (guin
Then, you proceeded to determine the active principle for cromatografia with eluyente in diverse extraction ways was evaluated and of diverse parts of the plant to know with accuracy the signific
 Finally you proceeded to use the opposing active principles to obtain sanguine Plasm of cow and of pig the Method of P.W. Michels; being achived a yeld average of 60% of plasm that the w
pudding) and cookies with approbator tasting test: the obtained pudding was of flat court, very superior quality to the existen one in the market and cookies of glazing texturecrocante. It is sugge
more diversity of foods (sausages in general breads, pastries).
2005 BI076
UNWRAPPING MYELINATION: MYELINATION REGULATION IN TMNRG1+/ TRANSGENIC MICE
Lev A. Shaket
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, GA, USA
Neuregulin1 Type III (NRG1 III) is a neuronal protein believed to regulate myelination by mediating juxtacrine signaling from axons to myelinating glia. However, specific signaling mechanisms ar
to broaden the current understanding of neuregulin biology by determining if the NRG1 III cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain are required for normal myelination. TMNRG1+/ t
targeted mutation that eliminates the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain of NRG1 isoforms, were dissected, and sciatic nerve sections were imaged via transmission electron microscop
quantity and axon number (using the NIH ImageJ program) and for ensheathment of unmyelinated axons. It was hypothesized that the cytoplasmic tail and transmembrane domain would
Wang et al (2001) showed these regions were unnecessary for NRG1 III cell surface localization. However, results demonstrated that average myelin sheath thickness was significantly less in TM
type littermates (P<0.05). The neuregulin1 cytoplasmic tail and/or transmembrane domain, therefore, are essential to myelination of peripheral axons. Results also provided evidence that the cyt
domain are necessary for sensory axon survival and proper ensheathment of unmyelinated axons. These novel findings suggest that due to its lack of the transmembrane domain and cy
currently being considered for multiple sclerosis treatment, will not be successful in remyelinating axons. Gene therapy, aimed at overexpressing NRG1 III in axons, may prove to be a more succ
2006 BI076
THE KINETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF INOSINE5'MONOPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE
Taylor Currie Stevenson
The Louisiana School for Math, Science, and the Arts, Natchitoches, LA, USA
In the de novo production of the purine nucleotide guanine5monophosphate (GMP), rate controlling enzyme is inosine5’monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH), which catalyzes the NAD+ de
5’monophosphate. As some form of IMPDH is required for cell viability, there are many isozymes of IMPDH. The aim of this project is to kinetically characterize human type 2 and wild type E.co
inhibitors. The kinetic data will then be applied to a structural analysis of both isozymes in order to determine the interactions causing high affinity in low Ki inhibitors. After performing the kinetic a
human type 2 and wild type E.coli MIPDH were 2,4diChlorobenzyl2thio, 1,N6etheno adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and 4thiobenzacetyl2thio,1,N6etheno, deoxyribose AMP respectively
2005 BI077
INHIBITION OF BROWNING BY PUPAL EXTRACT
Allison Marie Burns
Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY, United States of America
The purpose of this experiment was to study whether Tenebrio molitor pupal extract will inhibit the browning reaction. Pupae were placed in phosphate buffer of pH 6 and ground in a blender. The
cheesecloth and the filtrate frozen until use as “extract.” Extract was added to buffered mixtures of catechol and catechol oxidase. Absorbance was monitored using two colorimeters and LoggerP
evidence that the browning reaction was occurring. The experiment showed that the extract did inhibit the reaction up to 50%. Degree of inhibition did not correlate closely with concentration of ex
effective inhibitor is present in the pupae of Tenebrio molitor.
2006 BI077
COMPARISION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS IN FUNCTIONAL AND TRADITIONAL FOODS
Kali Anne Shephard
Valley High School, Hoople ND, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine if the phytochemcials, Genistein and Daidzein, were found in functional and traditional foods. Does the form of the food affect whether these phytoch
foods tested were soybeans, red clover, alfalfa sprouts, and flax seed. The traditional foods were milk, yogurt, cheese, broccoli, and spinach. The treatment methods used were extraction, heat t
was thin layer chromatography. First, the solvents were equalized in a developing chamber. The solvents used were, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol. The TLC plates we
Daidzein and Genistein were used as a control, and were tested eight times in each solvent and the foods were tested four times in each solvent. The TLC plates were placed into developing cha
completely drawn up through capillary action, the plates were removed, air dried, and read under a UV light. The separated substances that appeared were marked and measured from the origin.<
were yogurt and milk produced the highest concentration of Genistein and Daidzein. Foods that were heat treated had the greatest amount of separated substances. Individual solvents showed gr
tests of the same foods. Acetone and ethyl acetate were the most successful solvents for separating phytochemicals. Types of solvents had a major effect on the ability to separate the phytoch
foods had a wide variety of results in various solvents and forms. 
2004 BI077
THE EFFECT OF GATA1 ON VITAMIN D RECEPTOR PROMOTER ACTIVITY
Deepa Iyer
Mills E. Godwin HS, Richmond, VA, U.S.A.
Vitamin D Receptor (VDR) is a specific binding protein for 1,25(OH)2D3 (the active form of vitamin D) at the level of target cells nuclei (Bajwa and Beckman, 2002). The enzyme CYP1a catalyzes
proximal tubule cells. It has been established that VDR regulation in the kidney is linked to CYP1a, but the molecules that determine VDR down regulation in the proximal tubule are unclear.
hormone levels on VDR and CYP1a gene expression in the presence of GATA1 were studied. It was hypothesized that if proximal kidney cells are exposed to low extracellular calcium levels and
the overexpression of GATA1 would down regulate VDR expression. The procedure involved two different approaches, a Real Time RTPCR analysis and a VDR and CYP1a promoter luciferase
produced unreliable results; however, the second approach produced compelling results. It was found that GATA1 powerfully down regulated both VDR and CYP1a. The presence of the parathyro
VDR and up regulate CYP1a. A major aspect of the Vitamin D endocrine system has been deciphered the down regulatory mechanism of VDR. This study has proven that GATA1 is responsible
concentrate on the three GATA1 binding sites on the VDR promoter to work towards determining which binding site(s) are utilized in the Vitamin D down regulation process.
Second Award of $500 American Statistical Association
2005 BI078
A STUDY OF POSSIBLE INTERACTIONS AMONG REV1, REV3, AND REV7 PROTEINS FROM SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
John Cong Zhou
Detroit Country Day Schools, Beverly Hills, MI,
Replicating damaged genes by low fidelity DNA polymerases constitutes a necessary mechanism of cell survival in a process called translesion synthesis (TLS). This ostensibly beneficial metho
widespread mutagenesis, which may lead to cancer. Polymerase Zeta (consists of Rev3 and Rev7 proteins) and Rev1p are two errorprone TLS DNA polymerases that have been proven to augm
mutagens. Understanding interactions between Rev1, Rev3, and Rev7 proteins in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is critical to better understanding the TLS polymerases in higherlevel organism
binding motif on yRev3 and yRev1, yRev1 (100 a.a. Cterminus) and yRev3 (50 a.a.) were cloned, expressed, and purified to form GST fusion proteins, and a binding assay was prepared. Experim
interact with yRev1 and yRev3 in the specified binding region. It is then possible that yRev7 does not interact with yRev1 at all. Results suggest a lower than expected homology and greater dive
of yeast and those of other organisms. Results may additionally suggest that Rev1 binds to the proliferating cell nuclear antigen accessory protein (PCNA). yRev3, on the other hand, probably int
region (the domain investigated in this study has been in a sense “pigeonholed”). This experiment has provided a small piece of a large puzzle to understanding TLS polymerases, which may be
prevention.
2004 BI078
ALKALINE ACTIVE AMYLASES FROM THE ALKALIPHILIC BACILLUS HALOURANS ISOLATE LBK 34
Maria U. Forsberg
Olympiaskolan, Helsingborg, Sweden
The purpose of the experiment was to investigate whether it is possible to decrease the amount of Isopropyl Thiogalactoside (IPTG) used when inducing recombinant E .coli cells containing the T
alkaliphilic Bacillus Halourans in order to produce the amylase which the gene encodes. The recombinant bacteria were grown in flasks which were induced with 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0 mM IPTG. Samp
hours and analysed. The growth was monitored in connection with the sampling. The contents with respect to proteins in the bacterial samples were determined by using a colourchanging reagen
examined by mixing samples with starch, the substrate of the amylase. The amount of sugar produced by the amylase was determined by using the Dinitro Salicylic Acid assay. Apparatuses use
spectrophotometers, incubators, water bathes, centrifuges, vortex machines and sonicators. The data obtained show that the optical density and the total protein contents are lower in the induced
The activity of the amylase, however, was higher in the induced flasks. All the analyses show that the differences between the induced flasks were minimal. The conclusion is that IPTG inhibits b
expression of the gene and that the productivity is not negatively affected by a reduction of the concentration from 1.0 to 0.5 mM. 
2006 BI078
NOVEL ALGORITHMS FOR AUTOMATED SNP GENOTYPING
Albert David Shieh
Chaparral High School, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
Highdensity nucleotide microarrays have revolutionized our ability to identify the genetic underpinnings of human disease. The first generation of these highdensity nucleotide microarrays, desig
generated an unprecedented amount of highly complex data. New analysis tools were developed and those tools spurred a new field of medical diagnostics. Within the past year, highdensity nuc
that can resequence the vast majority of genetic variability between individuals by genotyping between 10,000500,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). This technology holds the promis
for a number of Mendelian inherited and complex diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, autism, and bipolar disorder. Additionally, this technology has and will generate a vast amount of data fo
science challenges have only partially been met. I have developed a computational tool that increases the accuracy and genotyping capabilities of the most widely used microarraybased genotyp
GeneChip® Mapping 10K Array. The correct calling of poor performing SNPs may prove to be key in future linkage studies performed on the 10K GeneChip. It would prove particularly invaluable f
chromosome 19, known to contain a high proportion of poorly performing SNPs.
2005 BI079
FASTER THAN A SPEEDING PROTON... THE ENZYME, SUPER CATALYST!
Margaret Janice Meehan
Catholic High School, Alabama, United States
This project compares the catalytic ability of HCl and the enzyme invertase. Polarimetry was used to follow the concentration of sucrose as a function of time, as it hydrolyzed into glucose and fr
no reaction over a ten day period, and both the HCl and the invertase were shown to be effective catalysts. Acid hydrolysis was studied in three separate experiments, runs three, four, and five.
hydrolysis was determined to be 3.73 X 10 per molar, per second. In two enzyme catalyzed runs, runs three and five, the first order rate constant was determined to be 1.31 X 10 per second. The
not be directly compared. The proper comparison of the HCl and the invertase is the second order rate constant multplied by the concentration of sucrose and the first order rate constant. This co
enzyme is 272,000 times more effective than the acid.
2006 BI079
PROTEIN ANALYSIS OF PRIMARY AND RECURRENT HUMAN MALIGNANT GLIOMAS
Michael R. Mitchell
Brophy College Preparatory, Phoenix, AZ, USA
Malignant gliomas are typically treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. In spite of available treatments, recurrence is common and median survival following diagnosis remains approxim
tumors may arise, in part, from a subpopulation of cells present in the primary tumor that possess genetic and/or epigenetic attributes that confer resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Many
investigating changes in DNA and RNA leading to therapy resistance; however, few studies have investigated global protein changes that occur between the primary tumor and recurrence followin
changes may point to additional targets for the design of novel therapies. We have used 2dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to analyze proteins isolated from cells from primary/recu
selection for drug resistance. To date we have analyzed total protein samples from three tumor pairs prior to and following selection for resistance to 1,3bis(2chloroethyl)1nitrosourea (BCNU) –
spots found to be differentially expressed have been identified by MALDITOF analysis of tryptic digests. The analyses of additional cell and tissue samples from primary and recurrent tumors are
primary and recurrent malignant gliomas will corroborate previously published evidence implicating specific genes in tumor recurrence and therapy resistance and will lead to the identification of n
treatment of recurrent tumors.
2005 BI080
TASTY TEMPERATURES
Clay Makelky
Beach High School, Beach, North Dakota
Have you ever eaten a piece of chocolate and then another one right after that and noticed how the second one melts much faster? I asked myself questions like these before I started my experi
for my project. My purpose for this experiment is to see if food flavors affect body temperature and which one does the most. My procedure involved sterilizing my equipment as of the ut
subject to subject. Then, I would go to my subject and take their temperature to start it out. After that, I would give them an article of food to ingest and then allow me to measure their body temp
something from each portion of the tongues sensors, including sour, sweet, salty, spicy and bitter. I added two things to this for a wider range of testing my experiment. They were spicy and bitte
taken their temperature, I gave them 18 ounces of cool water to restore, or come back down close to what their starting temperature was. This would allow for a more accurate readout of the fluct
out with Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Spicy and Favorite. My data was registered in degrees Fahrenheit and kept to the most accurate standards possible. In conclusion, I found that my hypothe
foods have the biggest impact on the human body temperature and that food flavors affect body temperature. 
2006 BI080
UNDERSTANDING THE MOLECULAR CAUSES OF CANCER: THE ROLE OF MMSET IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Kristie Mercedes Charoen
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights, New York, United States
Multiple Myeloma Su(var)39, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax (MMSET) is a protein that is overexpressed in Multiple Myeloma (MM). The translocation t(4;14) (p16;q32) is found in 20% of MM patie
MMSET as well as Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3). The SET domain of MMSET influences gene expression through methylation of histones. MMSET has also been found to intera
Zinc finger proteins. Two luciferase assays were done to determine the effect of MMSET on gene expression. Specifically, the influence of the SET domain and the influence of MMSET’s interac
transcription was determined. MMSET at lower levels, as in a normal cell, showed relatively little effect of the SET domain. The repressive effect seen at lower levels was a result of MMSET’s in
higher levels, as in a myeloma cell, the SET domain had a greater effect. MMSET is a repressor that represses at lower levels and at higher levels, binds repressor proteins and draws them away
expression. The low and high levels of MMSET used in the luciferase assay mimic the conditions found in normal and myeloma cells.
All expense paid trip for five weeks and scholarship to the Bessie Lawrence International Summer Science Institute at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel. The dates of the prog
Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science
2005 BI081
ELUCIDATING THE PROTONTRANSFER MECHANISM OF HUMAN MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE IN COMPLEX WITH TAURINE
Sara Nikhil Shah
Lecanto High School, Lecanto, Florida, USA
Manganese superoxde dismutase (MnSOD) is a primary antioxidant enzyme, capable of protecting cells against toxic oxygen metabolites, that performs that dismutation of superoxide to hydroge
research has suggested that the overexpression of MnSOD inhibits tumorigenicity of cancer and other degenerative diseases, therefore supporting studies, which indicate that tumor suppressing
of this study is to determine the binding sites of the exogenous compound, taurine (2Flouroethlyamine), which affects the rate of superoxide dismutation by MnSOD in order to better understand
Coli cell line QC774 was overexpressed and purified for MnSOD, from which crystals were grown using the vapor diffusion method. The R AXIS IV ++ image plate system then collected structura
used in elucidating the proton transfer mechanism of this enzyme which indicated a crystal with space group P 2(1)2(1)2 and unit cell dimensions: a=66.519 A, b=75.651 A, and c=77.172 A. This
because the resolution was not high enough, therefore the crystals were sent to Cornell University and Xray diffraction collection structural data once again. This data was merged with Denzo an
was carried out using molecular replacement with the program package, CNS, the resulting structure concluded that the amino acid did in fact kinetically bind to the enzyme; however it was unab
2006 BI081
STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF OVEREXPRESSED NEURAL LAZARILLO IN TRANSGENIC DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Derek Wai Tam
Alhambra High School, Alhambra CA, USA
This project is aimed at discovering the effects of the overexpression of Neural lazarillo (NLaz) in Drosophila. Overexpression results in additional proteins of a certain gene being present in the or
homolog, Glial lazarillo, have led my lab to hypothesize that overexpression will increase lifespan and resistance to environmental stress. The human homolog of the two genes is Apolipoprotein D
upregulated in brain pathologies. I want to determine whether Nlaz can help slow aging in fruit flies or prevent neurodegenerative diseases, and gain a better understanding of ApoD in humans. I b
in plasmids, or bacterial vectors. Then the plasmids were amplified through polymerase chain reaction and then extracted by Miniprep. TOPO Gateway technology allowed for the insertion of the
After verifying with a gel, a Gateway reaction was performed and cDNA was separated from the entry vectorand cloned into the plasmid pUAST, which allows conditional expression in Drosophila
it was injected into Drosophila embryos. After careful selection flies carrying the pUASTNLaz transgene in their genome were obtained. These are crossed to drivers to trigger the expression of N
test the progeny for increased lifespan and resistance to stresses (e.g. heat, hyperoxia). Results from this project will help us understand the role of ApoD in human aging and neurodegeneration.
2005 BI082
IDENTIFICATION OF BACTERIAL ADHESION ANTAGONISTS FOR CONTACT LENS AND INTRAOCULAR LENS
Fan Yang
Davis Senior High School, Davis, CA, USA
Adherence of bacteria to the surfaces of contact lens and intraocular lens (IOL) and subsequent biofilm formation play an important role in lens intolerance, acute red eyes, corneal infection and p
prevention of lens related infection is targeted at the control of bacterial adhesion. The objective of this study is to develop the strategies and to identify antiadhesion compounds using combinato
bacterial adhesion by compoundlibrary was assessed by (I) 3day incubation of fluorescent labeled S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with onebead onecompound library; antiadhesio
incubated with mixed S. epidermidis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa again for 3 days; (II) decoding of the antiadhesion compoundbeads by Procise 494 Protein Sequencer; (III) evaluation of antia
TentaGel lenses; (IV) resynthesis of antiadhesion compounds in soluble form to evaluate the toxicities of the compounds. Three compounds have been identified possessing antiadhesion prope
days and they have no toxicity to bacteria and human blood cells. Our experiments demonstrate the feasibility for compoundgraftingbiomaterial to prevent the bacterial adhesion and biofilm form
compound grafting lenses may be developed in the future to fight lens related infection. Onebead onecompound library for antiadhesion concept and novel screening assays developed in this st
adhesion compounds for the prevention of medical device related infections.
2007 BI301
THE EFFECT OF GOT2B MOUSSE ON HAIR TENSILE STRENGTH OVER TIME
Jimmy Le, Aniket Shah
Berkmar High School , Lilburn , Georgia, United States of America
 The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effect of Got2b hair styling mousse on hair tensile strength at specified periods of time. It was hypothesized that the hair tensile stren
polyquaternium77 and polyquaternium55, which are considered to be irritating and toxic. The first step of the procedure is to apply mousse to all the hair strands. Then, put all the hair strands in
out the hair strands and continue by hanging weights on each strand until they tear. After the measured weight for each hair strand is acquired, record and analyze this data on a chart to make ob
negative effect on the hair tensile strength was due to the toxic chemicals in the Got2b mousse such as the wheat proteins, polyquaternium55, and polyquaternium77. 
2006 BI301
SNPS AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH ALZHEIMER’S
Amy Rachelle Shipley, Andrea Trader
San Lorenzo Valley High School , Felton, California, United States
The purpose of this experiment is to show that it is possible to screen for Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) that could be associated with Alzheimer’s disease. We are investigating a suc
We chose two SNPS of interest using the University of California Santa Cruz (UCSC) Genome Browser and then applying our protocol to analyze their correlation with Alzheimer’s. Our belief is th
research suggests that certain SNPs do contribute to the chance of developing Alzheimer’s. We will be using ZR Genomic DNA II Kit™ and using resources in the UCSC labs to analyze the DNA
DNA from the human subjects by having them swish Saline Solution in their mouths for 30 seconds and then spitting the solution back in a test tube. We will continue by following the Rinse Meth
have isolated the DNA, we will design a PCR (Polymerase chain reaction) to amplify the DNA. If we successfully amplify the DNA, we will add restriction enzymes to cut the DNA at the SNP site
for SNPs using electrophoresis and see if results correlate with the genetic history of each sample.
2008 BI301
THE POSSIBLE STRESSINDUCED VARIATION OF THE CIRCADIAN CORTISOL CYCLE
Alexandra Berger Valente, Mariana Hymans Sanchez Netto,
Escola Americana de Campinas, Campinas, Sao Paulo, BRASIL
A person’s stress level can be induced by several factors, one of those being tests and deadlines. In this research the stress level is quantified by the concentration of salivary cortisol. Cortisol is
Hypothalamus, and stimulated by the concentration of Glucocorticoids in the blood stream, eventually it will attach to the Glucocorticoids and cause several metabolic variations in the functioning
concentration cycle follows an initial exponential growth followed by a decay (which coincides with waking up and going to bed). With this experiment the expected variation would be either a plate
peaks both followed by a decay. The subjects of the research were 10th grade (1516 years old) students and high school teachers. Subjects sampled their saliva several times througho
were at waking up, 30 minutes after, before and after their tests, another one at noon, and the last sample being at six pm. The teachers followed the same routine, sampling their saliva six times
their saliva, all subjects had to fill out a stress questionnaire, in order to serve as a comparison with the saliva results. The data was analyzed and the conclusion taken was that exams
Cortisol production in the body. Therefore the hypothesis was rejected.
2009 BI301
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF UV RADIATION ON NORMAL PLASMID DNA PROTECTED BY DIFFERING AMOUNTS OF PROTECTING AGENT?
Scott Cameron Fligor, Ansh Grover,
The Bolles School, Jacksonville, FL
Skin cancer is rapidly becoming a prevalent issue in society. Millions of people are directly affected by this problem. Excessive UV exposure has been linked to increased cancer incidence. Canc
sequences which lead to a rapid increase in cell division, alack of density dependant inhibition, and a lack of anchorage dependant inhibition. Sunscreen protects against the harmful effects of UV
in order to test the effectiveness of sunscreen with different Sun Protection Factors (SPF) with respect to increasing amounts of UV radiation. In this study, plasmid DNA was exposed t
This DNA was protected by sunscreen with varying SPFs. The negative control was DNA unexposed to UV radiation, while the positive control was unprotected, exposed DNA. Three strengths o
and 60 SPF. The DNA was subsequently run through 1% Agarose gels. The gels were stained with Carolina Blue dye and then read on a computer. This study concluded that increasing
decreasing amounts of protecting agent results in increased plasmid DNA damage. This shows that stronger sunscreen is more effective at protecting against DNA damage caused by UV radiatio
2005 BI301
THE BIOCHEMICAL DENATURING OF ASPARTYL PHENYLALANINE METHYL ESTER
Julie Ann Liang, Meghan Malia Higgins
The purpose of this experiment was to determine, without bias, whether the chemical breakdown of aspartame using hydrochloric acid could yield substantial levels of formaldehyde. Some compa
containing aspartame, does not produce the toxic poison. Aspartyl phenylalanine methyl ester, also known as Aspartame, is the active ingredient in artificial sweeteners. The dangers of aspartam
groups and artificial sweetener production companies such as NutraSweet and Equal. The hypothesis was that the formaldehyde formed would be at a detectable level comparable to that of harm
artificial sweeteners containing aspartame and those that do not, were denatured using hydrochloric acid. The optimum conditions for testing were found through the use of time course tests, tem
These were tested on the active alochol in aspartame, methanol. Once the optimum conditions were found, each of the five artificial sweeteners were treated in this environment of denaturization
NutraSweet, Sweet ‘n Low, Splenda, Equal, and Sucralose. After the biochemical denaturization of the artificial sweeteners were rendered, a formaldehyde test was performed. In conclu
metabolized through digestion in hydrochloric acid, aspartame produces formaldehyde in detectable levels. In comparison with the companies’ claims only two of the five samples were found to c
produce harmful levels of formaldehyde.The NutraSweet and Equal brands both produced significant percentanges. 
2004 BI301
EVIDENCE INDICATING THE RAS/ERK AND RHOA/ROCK SIGNALING PATHWAYS PLAY DISTINCT ROLES IN BREAST CANCER TUMOR DEVELOPMENT
Kyle Russell Carlson, Danielle Elizabeth Rastedt
Perham High School, Perham, MN, United States
The sodium/hydrogen exchanger (NHE) is a membrane protein which functions to exchange intracellular acid for extracellular sodium, maintaining cellular pH levels. Numerous studies have indica
lead to a decrease in extracellular pH, a permissive step in cell growth and tumorgenesis. Studies in numerous cell lines have indicated that the Ras/ERK and RhoA/Rock pathways have function
supported that lysophosphaltidic acid (LPA) can act as a mitogen by stimulating cellular pathways involved in activating NHE. However, research regarding NHE activation has not been documen
the MDAMB231 aggressive human breast cancer cell line was used to research NHE activation through the Ras/ERK and RhoA/Rock pathways, as well as with the stimulation of LPA. Experim
inhibitors to block the activity of Ras/ERK (PD 98059), RhoA/Rock (Y27632), and NHE (ethylisopropylamiloride). Specific hypotheses about NHE activation using these inhibitors alone and with t
Immunoblotting was conducted to investigate extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. Intracellular pH changes were measured using spectroscopy of fluorescent intensity after subje
carboxylethyl5(6)carboxyfluorescem). Cell growth was calculated using a wound healing assay, and stress fiber formation was measured by staining actin filaments using fluorescein conjugated
Ras/ERK pathway plays a critical role in NHE activation and the RhoA/Rock pathway is vital for stress fiber formation in the breast cancer cell line.
2003 BI301
ANALYSIS OF PROTEINS SECRETED FROM MITOGEN STIMULATED IN VITRO CULTURES OF NURSE SHARK, GINGLYMOSTOMA CIRRATUM, PERIPHERAL BLOOD LEUKOCYTES (
Christian Taylor Gilliland, Katie Powell
Sarasota High School, Sarasota, FL, USA
Compared to other lower vertebrate animal systems, relatively little functional information is available regarding the cells and tissues which comprise the elasmobranch immune system. In this st
vitro cultures of peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) from the nurse shark, Ginglymostoma cirratum, were characterized. PBL were isolated by repeated slow speed centrifugation and cultured at a c
were stimulated with standard dilutions of mitogens: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), concanavalin A (ConA), phytohemagglutinin (PHA), while an unstimulated group was left as a control. Cell culture m
was dialyzed, lyophilized, and massed. An interleukin1 sensitive A375.S2 tumor cell line was incubated with aliquots of CM and growth inhibition was measured. The Bradford Assay was used to
SDSPAGE was used to characterize protein molecular weight. Nurse shark conditioned media (CM) was not shown to significantly inhibit the growth of the A375.S2 tumor cell line. When protein
with those of unstimulated media to create a Stimulation Index (SI), both PHA and ConA stimulation resulted in increased protein excretion: LPS: 1.11 + 0.073, ConA: 1.84 + 0.200, PHA: 1.72 +
individual protein bands at 30.6 + 0.9 kD and 17.5 kD after stimulation with ConA, and 33.5 + 0.5 kD after stimulation with PHA. PHA and ConA stimulation significantly increases protein producti
reproducible effect on the growth of the interleukin1 sensitive A375.S2 tumor cell line. Mitogenic stimulation of PBL results in the secretion of new proteins into the culture medium.
2014 BI301
KEFIRADA MILK 2.0: AN ORGANIC ALTERNATIVE TO DAIRY PRODUCT AS A FUNCTIONAL FOOD
Katherine Astrid Araya Berrios, Javiera Salinas Contreras
Leonardo da Vinci, coquimbo, coquimbo, Chile
Milk and its derivatives are highly consumed food around the world, its importance lies in the presence of nutrients beneficial to health. Currently, it has revived the trend to organic food; a natural
physiological properties. This research project proposes the nutritional study of Kefirada milk prepared in three treatments. In Chile kefirida milk is better known as 'yoghurt of birds'. Microbiologica
stain, on the other hand, the nutritional characterization of the kefirado product was performed using various analytical techniques. Kefirada milk presents a microbiota with greater diversity of org
decreases in kefiradas milk. In relation to the content of protein and fat, these remain in the kefirada milk compared to the milk used for its preparation. According to nutritional outcomes, milk fer
kefirada, could be a diet product. Anova statistical analyses and test a posteriori tuckey, show that are the proteins found in a greater amount in kefirada lactosefree milk. However its lipid conte
whole milk, on the contrary, the sugar content is significantly reduced in the three culture media. Finally, it is concluded that Kefirada milk fermented in different treatments, presents a microbiolo
and competitive to commercial dairy products as well that the kefir nodules are effective in different treatments.
2010 BI301
CATALYZING ACETALDEHYDE OXIDATION USING CURCUMIN
Ashwin Kumar Malynur, Daivik Orth,
The goal of this experiment was to determine whether or not the indian spice turmeric could inhibit the harmful nucleophilic reactions between acetaldehyde and proteins. Acetaldehyde, a carcinog
metabolism is a known nucleophile. Acetaldehyde, in alcohol metabolism and in our experiment, is further oxidized to acetic acid. Curcumin, the active ingredient in turmeric is also nucleophilic. W
dominance of curcumin, the acetaldehyde would react with the curcumin rather than the important proteins. We simulated this by putting acetaldehyde into egg white, which is primarily composed
over the course of four hours pH to see the extent to which acetaldehyde reacted nucleophilically with the amino acid sequence to produce acetic acid. We then introduced turmeric to the solution
decreased than without the turmeric. We observed that the pH with the turmeric had a greater pH change than without the turmeric by a factor of 10 demonstrating that reactions between acetalde
our hypothesis. We can infer from this that turmeric inhibits acetaldehydeovalbumin protein modifications. The health implications of this are vast. Proteins, when modified by foreign substances
that turmeric can inhibit these protein modifications is evidence for possible remedies for various diseases.
2012 BI301
IMPROVING THE LIFE CONSERVATION: NEW PURPOSES TO SEPARATE LACTOBIONIC ACID AND SORBITOL
Juliana Hoch, Eduardo Thadeu Rodrigues,
Brazil is the second country that makes organ transplant surgeries in the world, trailing only the United States. Nowadays, has one of the largest programs of organ and tissue transplants in the w
system, considered the most developed of the planet. However, a number of factors act directly on the infrastructure of this system, indicating a drop of more than 70% of all organs that can be t
preservation of these organs, which is made through liquids that retain the cellular structure of tissues. These liquiss have lactobionic acid in large quantities in their composition. This organic aci
oxidation of lactose, was obtained in solution with equimolar quantity of sorbitol. Today, the separation process of these compounds is effected by electrodialysis, a complex separation process t
reagent. With this in mind we sought an alternative separation of these two compounds using two different methods. One of these methods is based on the chemical principle, where the separatio
other method uses the action of microorganisms that are capable of degrading only one compound of the blend. Both methods aim at reducing the price of the reagent, reducing the cost of lactob
people in the queue waiting for an organ transplant.
Fourth Award of $1,000 American Chemical Society
2011 BI301
RESEARCH ON FUNCTIONAL DIETARY FIBRE OF WHEAT BRAN
Fubin Li, Yakang Li, Zhongning Hao
Zhengzhou No.11 Middle School, Zhengzhou, Henan, CHINA
Wheat bran contains a lot of dietary fibres(DFs)which are called " the seventh nutrients" by nutritionists. However, people don't eat wheat bran for the rough taste and it is a waste. This research i
bran and the use of them in people's diets. The research mainly consists of three experiments. The first is to fractionate wheat bran into two parts which are rich in soluble dietary fibre (S
respevtively by water and cellulase. The second is to test the IDFrich fraction's influence on the quality of steamed bread and to make high fibre steamed bread. The third is to make high fibre w
 The experiments show that the yields of the SDFrich fraction and the IDFrich fraction's from wheat bran are respectively 15.3% and 75.5%, and their purity is about 50%. Wheat bran IDFric
fibre additive to steamed bread. Wheat bran SDFrich fraction can be mixed into water and turn into high fibre water. In this way, people's diet can be much more healthy. Meanwhile, wheat can be
2012 BI301
IMPROVING THE LIFE CONSERVATION: NEW PURPOSES TO SEPARATE LACTOBIONIC ACID AND SORBITOL
Juliana Hoch, Eduardo Thadeu Rodrigues,
Brazil is the second country that makes organ transplant surgeries in the world, trailing only the United States. Nowadays, has one of the largest programs of organ and tissue transplants in the w
system, considered the most developed of the planet. However, a number of factors act directly on the infrastructure of this system, indicating a drop of more than 70% of all organs that can be t
preservation of these organs, which is made through liquids that retain the cellular structure of tissues. These liquiss have lactobionic acid in large quantities in their composition. This organic aci
oxidation of lactose, was obtained in solution with equimolar quantity of sorbitol. Today, the separation process of these compounds is effected by electrodialysis, a complex separation process t
reagent. With this in mind we sought an alternative separation of these two compounds using two different methods. One of these methods is based on the chemical principle, where the separatio
other method uses the action of microorganisms that are capable of degrading only one compound of the blend. Both methods aim at reducing the price of the reagent, reducing the cost of lactob
people in the queue waiting for an organ transplant.
2011 BI301
RESEARCH ON FUNCTIONAL DIETARY FIBRE OF WHEAT BRAN
Fubin Li, Yakang Li, Zhongning Hao
Zhengzhou No.11 Middle School, Zhengzhou, Henan, CHINA
Wheat bran contains a lot of dietary fibres(DFs)which are called " the seventh nutrients" by nutritionists. However, people don't eat wheat bran for the rough taste and it is a waste. This research i
bran and the use of them in people's diets. The research mainly consists of three experiments. The first is to fractionate wheat bran into two parts which are rich in soluble dietary fibre (S
respevtively by water and cellulase. The second is to test the IDFrich fraction's influence on the quality of steamed bread and to make high fibre steamed bread. The third is to make high fibre w
 The experiments show that the yields of the SDFrich fraction and the IDFrich fraction's from wheat bran are respectively 15.3% and 75.5%, and their purity is about 50%. Wheat bran IDFric
fibre additive to steamed bread. Wheat bran SDFrich fraction can be mixed into water and turn into high fibre water. In this way, people's diet can be much more healthy. Meanwhile, wheat can be
First Award of $3,000 Medprin Biotech, LLC
2012 BI302
HOW TEMPERATURE AFFECTS CIRCULATING CONCENTRATIONS OF THE CARBOHYDRATES TREHALOSE AND GLUCOSE IN THE HEMOLYMPH OF TANNER CRABS (CHIONOECET
Sally Paul, Erin Gaffaney,
To determine how temperature affects the concentration of carbohydrates in Tanner crab (Chionoecetes bairdi), we exposed 15 Tanner crabs to three different temperature treatments of approxim
approx. 17ºC. They spent one week at the two lower temperatures, but due to the extremity of the 17˚C and its effect on their health, they were maintained at this temperature for only 18 hours. A
approximately 0.7 mL of hemolymph was sampled from each crab from which we determined the concentrations of glucose and trehalose. Our results showed significant differences (P<
levels when crabs were held at different temperatures, with the lowest glucose level at 10ºC and the lowest trehalose level at 17ºC. We also compared our data to Dungeness crab (Meta
crab (Chionoecetes opilio) data. We found a significant difference (P<0.05) in the glucose levels of the species. When comparing trehalose, our data was not completely different with an overall P
analysis to uncover specific differences, and found a significant difference (P<0.05) between the trehalose levels of Dungeness and snow crab. Our results are important because trehalo
carbohydrate in diabetic research, cryogenics, and organ transplants. Understanding how trehalose works in species that use it as a primary blood sugar helps us better understand its significanc
2013 BI302
NANOSCALE VIP (VERY IMPORTANT PROTEINS) TRANSPORT
Fabian Ferdinand Oehler, Simon Weisemann
Gymnasium am Markt, Bunde, GERMANY
In modern biochemical research, sample quantities of chemical substances are becoming smaller and smaller and separation processes have to become more accurate. Moreover highpotency d
have to be delivered to closely defined regions in the human body. We designed special Fe3O4@SiO2 coreshell nanoparticles with a diameter of about 100 nm. On the surface we attac
functional groups to bind nearly every polypeptide. Thus it is possible to make use of the magnetic character of the core and of the specific biological qualities of the particular polypeptide. Those
instance to carry cytostatic agents like Mitomycin C to cancer cells only with the help of a magnetic field. Another application is the magnetic separation. As an example, we coupled the lectine C
part a racemate of DGlucoses by extracting the alphaenantiomer. It was very important for the technical implementation of this 3step synthesis to check the success of each synthesis
necessary quantities of the chemicals, a uniform particle size distribution was relevant. Various measurement series were needed to optimize the synthesis of the coreshell particles. The succes
by infrared spectroscopy (IRATR). The very useful achievements of this project are twofold. First, our nanocomposites are atoxic and can be introduced into the human body. Secondly,
combined with the hypersensitivity of the linked polypeptides establishes a new degree of accuracy in biochemical analytics.
2014 BI302
IDENTIFICATION OF THE CRITICAL AMINO ACIDS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI VIRULENCE FACTOR GROES INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE INDUCTION
PinHsin Chen, YuChen Chen
Taipei First Girls High School, Taipei, Chinese Taipei
Gastric cancer causes the second most death each year. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) secretes GroES, one of the critical carcinogens, which infects gastric epithelial cells and causes inflamma
GroES has the unique carboxyl extension of 28 amino acid fragment (91118) in Cterminal, which is not found in GroES produced by other microbes. It was reported that the deletion of the exten
GroES reduced interleukin 8 (IL8) release. Therefore, we try to study the critical amino acid residues of GroES involved in inflammatory response induction. We deleted six amino acid re
GroES, and performed ELISA to investigate the critical sequences of the last 28 amino acids of GroES. The results indicated that none of the truncated GroES can induce IL8 secretion in comp
we disrupted disulfide bonds (Cys94Cys111 and Cys95Cys112) by using Dithiothreitol (DTT) or single or double point mutation, C111A, C112A and C111A/C112A to investigate the essential of t
bonds in inflammatory response induction. The results indicated that when the disulfide bonds, single mutant of GroES still has the ability to cause inflammation, whereas double mutant does not
could be developed for vaccines to prevent gastric cancer caused by H. pylori infection.
2003 BI302
EVALUATION OF IN VITRO EFFECT OF SELECTED FOOD ITEMS ON PLATELET AGGREGATION
Nikhil M Thatte , Samhita Rao A
IES VN Sule Guruji English Medium Secondary School, Dadar, Mumbai 400 014
The search for a drug that inhibits platelet aggregation without upsetting its primary physiological role of haemostasis continues. We conceived this study to evaluate whether common food items
lemon have antiplatelet effects. We obtained Institutional Ethics Committee permission and written informed consent from 16 healthy male volunteers who satisfied all inclusion criteria. Twenty m
obtain working platelet rich plasma (WPRP) containing 2x1,00,000 platelets/ml. In Phase I, WPRP was incubated with varying dilutions of cucumber, orange, lemon, sweet limejuice to assess wh
Those dilutions that did not affect platelet viability were selected for Phase II where platelet aggregation was studied using an automated platelet aggregocorder. Maximum percentage aggregation
distilled water, Aspirin (50 microM) or various dilutions of the test agents was recorded and percentage inhibition of aggregation was calculated. Student's 't' test was used for statistical analysis.
aggregation to varying degrees. The percentage inhibition produced by undiluted cucumber juice (39.15±4.86) was comparable to that produced by aspirin (35.05±2.93). Ongoing studies indicate th
the effect of aspirin, and this is now being confirmed. We are also testing dose related response with these juices. Flavonoids or Vitamin E documented to have antiplatelet aggregation effects
aggregation effects produced by the food items as these are reported to be present in the food items. We would like to identify and isolate the active constituents in these food items.
2005 BI302
RECYCLING COFFEE GROUNDS: A SUSTENTABLE AND ENVIROMENTAL FRIENDLY BIOREMEDIATION FOR "SOLENOPSIS INVICTA".
Maria del Mar Vera, Alejandro de la Villa
Colegio De La Salle, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
Commercial insecticides have proven to be harmful to human health and enviroment. The insecticides of vegetable origin are not necessarily innocuous. A material considered to be rubbish like t
"Solenopsis invicta" was studied. If coffee grounds in a solid state conserve aromatic properties and in a solution contain active ingredients with toxic properties, then the coffee grounds could ac
For each case, the investigation was conducted invitro with the creation of microcosm of ants and insitu with ants in the enviroment. Bioassay were also conducted to determined toxicity, repell
solution was tested for pH. Invitro, the coffee grounds and the solution tends to act as repellent. Insitu experimentation, the repellent activity was proven to be an effective catalyst in the ant mig
vulgaris" the toxicity of the solution was determined. The bioassay with brine shrimps to determined citotoxic activity was more effective with concentrated solution, as the concemtration increase
It is concluded that the solid coffee grounds and its solution tends to act as a repellent. At a greater concentration of the solution insecticide activity can be present. That datum tends to indicate
the coffee grounds in the control of "Solenopsis invicta". In order to determine if caffeine is the component that demonstrates insecticide activity, a chemical analysis of the solution was propose
2009 BI302
TEMPERATURE INDUCED STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL CHANGES IN HUMAN SECRETED PHOSPHOLIPASE A2
Gennifer Reid Rubin, Audrey C. Leasure,
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) is a large family of enzymes that cleaves the sn2 ester bond of the membrane phospholipids, releasing a free fatty acid and a lysophospholipid. One of the products is
mediator of inflammation and allergies. PLA2 activity substantially increases upon binding to the surface of phospholipids membrane, an effect known as interfacial activation. It has been previou
the protein may contribute to interfacial activation. Human groups of secreted PLA2s, IIA and IB, require millimolar concentrations of calcium chloride for catalytic activity. The effects o
structural conformation of phospholipid membranes on the activation of human secreted PLA2 are examined in this experiment. The focus of this work is to investigate the structure and function
group IIA, as determined by circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. These results were compared to previously obtained results from group 1B to discover the unknown adv
was found that the optimal temperature is around 40 degrees Celsius. As the temperature reaches this point, the ahelices of the protein begin to loosen for membrane insertion. This event is not
makes IIA potentially more active. The data show that the optimal temperature for activity is around 40°C and the mode of membrane binding adapts for preeminent activity. Further studies on thi
increased activity of PLA2 IIA will help in medical advantages towards neurodegenerative diseases, allergies, and other commonly known illnesses.
2008 BI302
AN INVESTIGATION OF MOLECULAR EVIDENCE OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE IN ORYZAE SATIVA
Rebecca Mary Huebsch, Whitney Carow,
Rice (Oryzae sativa) provides more than one fifth of the calories consumed worldwide by humans. Though this plant is native to Asia and southeastern Africa, it is considered a staple around the
Southeast Asia. Rice is the major food group in third world countries. Some species of rice are believed to possess a drought resistant gene, allowing the plant to survive harsher conditions. If it w
transfer it to other species of rice it would be possible to increase rice production exponentially. In this study, we investigated the genome rice searching using bioinformatics for evidence of a dro
reaction was then used to determine if any of the tested varieties contained the gene. In some varieties we were able to prove that there is not a drought resistant gene, and in others, the data su
2007 BI302
TESTING THE RESILIN FROM VARIOUS INSECTS TO DETERMINE THE MOST EFFICIENT SUBSTITUTE FOR HUMAN ELASTIN
Christopher Thomas Giblin, Erika Michelle Giblin
Palm Bay High, Melbourne, Florida, USA
The purpose of this project is to derive a compatible substitute for human elastin from the superresilient insect protein resilin, to replace damaged elastin in cases such as arthritis. The researche
the wing base of the fruit fly will most resemble human elastin. Four different insect species were cultured for testing: house cricket, fruit fly, American cockroach, and adult mealworms.
appropriate appendage for testing removed; either the tegmina (wing used for flight) or T3 (hind leg). The appendages were set in separate culture dishes and frozen until designated plates were m
of nutrient agar was poured onto the bottom of each of 20 petri dishes. The agar was hardened over night and the appendages placed on their appropriate plate. 1 mL of Escherichia coli was appli
incubated at 37¢ªC over night. After 48 hours, 2 mL of 0.5g/1L isopropyl¥âdthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was sprayed over the cultures of E. coli, driving the bacteria to replicate the existing re
hours. The cultures, cleaned with distilled water, were placed into 20 small cuvettes per specie and centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, producing a small pellet containing resilin. The cuvet
analyzed utilizing the polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis technique, all of which was repeated for five consecutive trials. In conclusion, the results supported the hypothesis. Resilin deriv
relation to human elastin. 
2011 BI302
THE USE OF CLICKCHEMISTRY AND THE TETRAZINENORBORNENE COMPLEX TO SYNTHESIZE HERCEPTIN RADIOLABELLED TO ZR89 AND GA67
Gabriel Isaac Weissmann, Priya Mohindra,
Horace Greeley High School, Chappaqua, NY
Antibodies labeled with radioactive nuclides have emerged as simple devices that are very suitable for use in imaging cancer cells. However, the method by which these devices are constructed
trastuzumab (Herceptin) was successfully radiolabeled with 89Zr and 67Ga, using copper free click chemistry. Using the tetrazinenorbornene complex to attach our radionuclide to the antibody w
the radioactive metal, b) norbornene attached to the Herceptin and c) the norbornene and tetrazine “clicked” in order to form the entire complex. We further discovered an alternative way for comb
this method, the tetrazine was not bound to the radionuclide but to the norbornene and Herceptin. Then, the radionuclide was successfully added to the tetrazinenorborneneherceptin complex. Th
this synthesis process, which can enable scientists to use a variety of radionuclides coupled with different antibodies to target different types of cancer.
2010 BI302
EFFECT OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON TANSHINONE CONTENT AND RELATED SYNTHESIS GENE EXPRESSION OF SALVIA MILTIORRHIZA BUNGE
Xinyan Yang, Junjun Wu, Wenqi Lu
No. 7 High School of Chengdu City, Chengdu, Sichuan, CHINA
Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge) had been classified its natures as stopping pain, promoting blood circulation and so on. In this study, danshen was put in different conditions (illumination time
Total RNA was extracted from its root, stem and leaf separately. Then, acetoacetylCoA thiolase (AACT), 3hydroxy3methylglutarylCoA synthase (HMGS), lDeoxyDxylulose5phosphate redu
pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS) which involved in tanshinone IIA metabolic pathway were cloned by semiquantitative reverse transcription and PCR. Meanwhile, high performance liquid chroma
content of tanshinone IIA . The FPPS transcription level was significant different in various organs and was positively correlated with the content of tanshinone IIA . The results suggested that illu
environmental factor which affect the content of tanshinone IIA . FPPS was the key ratelimiting enzyme in tanshinone IIA biosynthesis pathway in the Salvia miltiorrhiza. The best conditions for
centigrade, 8 h/D illumination time and the soil water holding capacity of the largest 100 percent. This research may provide a possibility to study tanshinone IIA biosynthesis pathway. K
quantitative reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction, transcription level, the best condition
2004 BI302
HOW PH AFFECTS INITIAL BIOLUMINESCENCE AND RECOVERY OF BIOLUMINESCENCE THE DINOFLAGELLATE PYROCYSTIS FUSIFORMIS
Patrick Alexander Hoke, Devon Daniel Smith Kibby
Juneau Douglas High School, Juneau, AK, United States
The project objective was to evaluate how changes in pH affect bioluminescence in dinoflagellates. Dinoflagellates are singlecelled algae found in marine waters throughout the world. Biolumines
a common theory is that the dinoflagellates glow like a "burglar alarm" when predators try to feed on them. For our experiments we obtained and grew a stock supply of dinoflagellate Pyr
cultures to adapt to a 12:12 hour light: dark cycle for four weeks. During the dark cycle pH was adjusted in 200 mL cultures, and the bioluminescence was recorded on a 012 scale by agreement
bioluminescence, mechanical swirling was required for stimulation. We could not measure the bioluminescence output of the cells (estimated at < .019 µmoles photons/m^2/s) with the light meter
was established. When the acidity was increased, the cells started to bioluminesce requiring no mechanical stimulation. Below a threshold of 6.9 there was a significant negative linear tr
For pH of 6.9 and above no bioluminescence was recorded without mechanical stimulation. Of note, lowering pH stimulated the bioluminescence for up to a minute, whereas mechanical stimulatio
luciferinluciferase reaction is very efficient at producing light and could have potential applications as a low energy light source. A more pragmatic application of bioluminescence is as an indicati
bioluminescence reaction would identify cancerous cells. 
2007 BI303
ABSTRACT
Benjamin David Wynn, Alex Grzybowski
Nicolet High School, Glendale, Wisconsin, United States of America
Abstract Abstract This project was initially designed to test how well algae could reproduce while being spiked with different concentrations of lead and nickel. During the experim
the concentrations affected the growth. This was because it was easier to tell the algae were growing but not necessarily reproducing. Experimentation lead to the conclusion that algae infected w
be harmful to the algae. For the experiment two experiments at each concentration were done and there were three control groups. The concentrations for this experiment were 3 ppm, 10 ppm, 20
nine days most algae lost between 30% and 60% of their initial weight. One of the algae even lost about 65% of their initial body weight. All of the controls gained weight except for one and that o
the second day the algae started to change color. By the third day the higher concentrations made the algae change from their healthy green color to an unhealthy brown and gray color. The contr
experiment and did not die. However, even though the algae died after nine days (some died sooner) the experiment was still a success. Because the algae were unable to grow normally and wer
lowest concentrations, the MMSD limits should be lowered to protect aquatic life.
2007 BI303
THE EFFECTS OF NICKEL AND LEAD ON CHLOROPHYTA GROWTH
Alex James Grzybowski, Ben Wynn
Nicolet High School, Glendale, Wisconsin, United States of America
 This project was initially designed to test how well algae could reproduce while being spiked with different concentrations of lead and nickel. During the experiment it was decided to have
be changed to how nickel and lead effect chlorophyta growth. This was changed because with the human eye, one could see what was happening to the chlorophyta which is important because th
life. Experimentation led to the conclusion that algae infected with lead or nickel at any concentration will be harmful to the algae. For the experiment three experiments at each concentration were
The concentrations for this experiment were 0.3, 1, 3, 10, 20, and 30 ppm for each algae. After nine days most algae lost between 30% and 60% of their initial weight. One of the algae even lost
Most of the controls gained weight except for two and those only did not lose much. After the second day the algae started to change color. By the third day the higher concentrations made the a
to an unhealthy brown and gray color. The controls stayed the healthy green color for the experiment and did not die. However, even though the algae died after nine days (some died sooner) the
the algae were unable to grow normally and were unable to withstand against even the lowest concentrations, the MMSD limits should be lowered to protect aquatic life. 
2006 BI303
DETECTION OF CREATINE PHOSPHOKINASE USING POLYANILINE NYLON6 FILM
Aashish Shah, Anastasia Efthymiou
Half Hollow Hills High School West, Dix Hills, New York, United States
Polyanilne Nylon6 film can be used as a biosensor to detect various proteins and DNA in a sample. However, it has not yet been used to detect a specific enzyme in a solution. The purpose of t
enzyme creatine phosphokinase (CPK) using polyaniline Nylon6 film. In order for this to occur, the Nylon6 films were made conductive by combining them with the positive polymer polyaniline.
achieved through the use of hydrochloric acid, aniline, and ammonium persulfate. This conductive film was then used to test for the presence of bovine CPK in a solution of distilled water.
observed, indicating that the film was able to detect the presence of the enzyme bovine CPK. After obtaining these results CKBB (an isoenzyme of CPK found primarily in the brain) was also tes
enzyme was tested alone in distilled water first as a control to ensure that CKBB could not be detected by the film. It was then tested on a film that had been deposited with the substrate adenos
indicated that CKBB could indeed be detected by the film which was deposited with the ATP. The experiment was successful, which suggests a possibility of detecting human creatine kinase.
early indicators for several different health problems, especially concerning the brain.
2013 BI303
ENTROPIES OF ANTIOXIDANTS
Amber Chen, Nikhil Balasubramanyam
The Kinkaid School, Houston, TX
The goal of the experiment is to identify the behavior of antioxidants in order to determine if temperature relates to the antioxidants’ functionality. In this case the “functionality” of the ant
oxidize free radicals. This would be the case if the S (measure of entropy and the slope) in the equation: ∆H = G + ∆S has a significant value. Previous research on antioxidants has bee
determine if the temperature addresses functionality, we would need to find the entropy of selected antioxidants by plotting a pH vs. temperature graph. With knowledge that temperature
determine how to conduct accurate and valid tests of antioxidants in conditions that would be more accurate to the fluctuations in temperature of the human body.
2014 BI303
SPUNTINO'
Alberto Agnoletti, Alessio Mazzetto
ISIS Arturo Malignani Udine, Udine (UD), Italy
The aim of our project is to create a product which results effective in the fight against overweight lately affecting more and more young people. Our attention addressed a particular cause of bing
has already been widely recognized and treated by allopathic medicine. Our goal is to prepare a natural remedy which can be easily taken. Our dietary supplement, which appears as a disintegrat
provides the organism with those active principles aimed at controlling and limiting nervous hunger, mobilizing fat storage tissues and providing adaptogenic substances, in order to better cope wi
The plants we selected after careful evaluation are Rodhiola rosea root, Griffonia simplicifolia seeds, Ashwaganda root and Theobroma cocoa seeds. The active principles of the selected plants a
mood and stimulating satiety, and increase the quantity of circulating serotonin, as they both supply 5HTP (direct serotonin precursor) and exercise an inhibitory effect on MAO. The lab
determining: 1. The MgO actual title; 2. The percentage in 5HTP present in the Griffonia simplicifolia seeds; 3. The tablet solubility; 4. The 5HTP bioavailab
SpuntiNO’ was first tested on selected volunteers with a blind trial. The results of our test were further verified in a second experiment carried out by a local University. Both tests have p
fighting nervous hunger.
2012 BI303
THE EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL ANESTHETICS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM OF HUMPY SHRIMP (PANDALUS GONIURUS)
Ariana Gross, Amalia Tamone,
To determine how potential anesthetics affect the nervous system of the Humpy shrimp, Pandalus goniurus, five diverse chemicals were tested (lidocaine, ice, ethanol, MS222, and clove oil) an
were immersed into beakers containing specific solutions for 14 minutes. Heart rates were counted every two minutes for six seconds by looking through the shrimp carapace at the heart using a
multiplied by ten to determine the heart beats per minute. Shrimp were returned to seawater for 15 minutes to determine recovery time. A separate group of shrimp was also immersed in individua
stimulation was determined using a tailflip index. After 15 minutes of recovery in seawater, the tail flip index was measured again. The data was analyzed using an ANOVA and a posthoc Bonfe
study rejects the null hypothesis that none of the treatments would affect the nervous system of P. goniurus. Clove oil and MS222 were the best anesthetics because both of these treatments re
stimulus. However, clove oil is potentially carcinogenic so it should only be used if the specimen isn’t intended for consumption. Because of the molecular diversity of these chemicals, some che
molecularly similar to some of these chemicals and thus have the same effects.
2011 BI303
EVALUATION OF FUSAROCHROMANONE 101A: A NOVEL FUNGUSDERIVED ANTICANCER DRUG
Yoon Jee Kim, Daniel Felty,
The overall goal of this project is twofold. The first is to identify the molecular target(s) of Fusarochromanone, or FC101a, a mycotoxin produced by Fusarium equiseti, a symbiotic fungus of seve
the hypothesis that FC101a suppresses tumor growth through induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis). The first goal was met using a powerful Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast genetics s
cerevisiae strains, each with a different single nonessential gene deletion, was tested for sensitivity or resistance to FC101a, in order to identify genes that could play a role in FC101a activity.
protein called Yca1 (yeast caspase 1), encoded by the YCA1 gene, was more sensitive to inhibition of proliferation by FC101a than the parent yeast strain, thereby identifying Yca1 as a possible
detailed effects of FC101a on proliferation and apoptosis (programmed cell death) on a panel of different human tumor cell types (skin SCC, breast, prostate, bladder) were determined. It was sho
has effects on the cell cycle that are consistent with a suppression of proliferation. Interestingly, these effects were greatest for the most rapidly dividing cells. The data presented here shows tha
effective cancer therapeutic drug. Its ability to suppress the viability of several different cancer cell types suggests that it could be beneficial for multiple cancers.
2009 BI303
THE EFFECTS OF PEPPER JUICE (CAPSAICIN) AS A DAILY SUPPLEMENT ON HUMAN HEALTH
Heather Lynne Nielsen, Alex Keeler, Savannah Shaw
The Villages High School, The Villages, FL
The purpose of this project is to see if there are any human health benefits to taking a daily supplement of Pepper Juice (capsaicin). The researchers hypothesized that taking a daily dosage of o
three months should show some health benefits. The procedure involved 20 human subjects, male and female, aged 1878. They first were evaluated by a doctor to make sure they were
Once a doctor’s permission to participate was presented the subjects were required to have an initial blood sample drawn and tested for the baseline comparison. Then they began the study by ta
ounce twice a day a.m. and p.m.).The participants were to log their changes in sleep patterns, energy levels, appetite, bowel movements daily as well as record any health issues in their daily log
every four weeks for three months and their blood pressure was taken every two weeks at The Villages Clinical Laboratories. Results were sent to the researchers and doctor in charge. The blood
pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL, glucose, and iron. Results were tabulated, analyzed and graphed to show if any changes occurred. After three months, 60% of test subjec
pressure was lowered in 75% of subjects, cholesterol was reduced in 45%, all subjects with constipation concerns were alleviated, patients with sleep issues were dissolved by 60% .In conclusio
their hypothesis, a daily dosage of Pepper Juice does show benefits in human health. The Pepper Juice, as a natural substance did not show any ill side effects other than taste to 30 % of the su
continue taking their dosage after testing because they believed that the Pepper Juice was better to take as a natural ingredient rather than any other type of commercially made substance.
2004 BI303
TO STUDY THE EFFECT OF BIOLOGICAL SEED DRESSING ON THE GROWTH AND YEILD OF CROP
Zeeshan Ali Sayed, Vrishi Kumar Mahavir Patil
Shreerang Vidyalaya English Medium, Thane, Maharashtra, India
In India about 33% of agricultural produce are damaged by pests. Most of this damage occurs during the early stages of crop growth. Different methods are used to tackle this problem. Seeddres
involves the use of dry or wet formulation applied directly to seeds. Prevalent seeddressing treatments use chemicals that may cause health and environmental problems and are very costly.<br
out natural and costeffective substitutes for harmful chemicals in seeddressing. Based on earlier studies, leaves and seeds of neem (Azardirachata indica), custard apple (Annona squamosa)se
chosen as seeddressing alternatives. The crops Hibiscus esculantus and Dolicos lablab were selected for the study and their seeds were dressed with suitably prepared powders of the above bio
varying concentrations and combinations using the above materials were tried. Sample sizes for each treatment was 60 plants or more. The treated seeds were sown and the effects of treatment
the crop. Results of the experiments show that treated seeds were resistant to pest attack during the first 25 days. Plants from treated seeds also show enhanced growth and y
dressings are seen to be comparable with chemical seeddressing. This costeffective dressing treatment can be easily formulated locally by farmers. Thus biological seeddressing can
methods of seeddressing. 
2005 BI303
A STUDY OF TERATOGENESIS IN ORYZIAS LATIPES
Sohan Venkat Mikkilineni, Shravani Mikkilineni
Detroit Country Day School, Beverly Hills Michigan, United States
The purpose of the experiment was to determine if commonly consumed or used pesticides were harmful to health, especially that of growing organisms. The test solutions were made by capturin
pesticides, and food preservatives, mixing the pesticide solution with a rearing solution and a mold inhibitor to make a solution in which the fertilized eggs were placed. These eggs were observed
stages created by Iwamatsu in 1994, and were frozen after 10 days. Over 200 photographs were painstakingly analyzed for any defect, even the slightest, like an enlarged spleen. A 2proportion
determining the statistical significance of the numbers, and it revealed that the most harmful test solutions were the sodium metabisulfite (a preservative in wine) and the aluminum. The applicatio
alarming statistics pointing to threats posed by many chemicals to the health of developing humans, like toddlers or unborn fetuses. The endocrine and neurological systems in developing human
doses of toxins, and can have longterm effects that have never been identified by any government regulated tests. This breakthrough experiment has never been conducted by FDAgovernment
effects of a combination of pesticides in a realworld scenario.
Second Award of $1,500 Team Projects Presented by Ricoh
2008 BI303
BIOCHEMISTRY ACTION OF THE SPIDER WEB OF NEPHILA CLAVIPES IN THE HAEMOSTASIA PROCESS OF LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS
Alex Antonio SanchezClaudio, Betsaira SanabriaRivera,
Aurea E. Quiles Claudio High School, Guanica, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this investigation was to detect if the spider web of Nephila clavipes acts as a natural coagulant when it comes in contact with the blood of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris. The
spider web of Nephila clavipes in the blood coagulation of Lumbricus terrestris. The hypothesis formulated was that there are significant differences in the blood coagulation time of Lumbricus terr
The spider web was collected, weighed and processed into two samples: one in solid state and the other one processed with distilled water. Twenty seven earthworms were collected and divided
dissection tray “A” were treated with the spider web in distilled water, earthworms in dissection tray “B” were treated with the spider web in solid state and the ones in dissection tray “C” received n
to each earthworm and blood coagulation time was measured when a change of earthworm’s color was observed. Tissue regeneration process was verified after 24 hours of study. Chromatograph
the spider web are related to proteins. Data analysis evidenced that the coagulation time and the tissue regeneration process were more effective when the spider web was used. It demonstrated
coagulant and repairs the blood vessels. The projection for this investigation is to perform coagulation tests with human blood samples using the spider web.
2003 BI303
MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF GENE EXPRESSION IN IN VITRO MODELS OF INDUCED MUSCULAR HYPERTROPHY AND ATROPHY
Ami Rebecca Amini, Ashley Ali Amini
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights, NY, USA
Skeletal muscle mass is determined by the balance between protein degradation and protein synthesis. Hypertrophy and atrophy refer to the abnormal increase or decrease in the diameter of mus
synthesis or degradation, respectively. Dexamethasone (DEX), a glucocorticoid, and insulinlike growth factor1 (IGF1), an anabolic growth factor, have been proven to induce skeletal muscle atr
are relatively small, lipidsoluble molecules that stimulate cells by binding to their receptors. The interaction between the hormonereceptor complex will trigger a cascade of events that will result
effector and a specific receptor site on the nuclear DNA. As a consequence, upregulation or downregulation of certain genes will occur, which, in turn, will either activate or repress transcription
proteins. However, the knowledge of which genes are specifically upregulated or downregulated has largely been limited due to the lack of technology. In this experiment, DNA microarrays make
assessment of the transcriptional activity of hypertrophyinduced, or atrophyinduced C2C12 myotube models. Hundreds of genes were found to be significantly regulated in skeletal muscle hyper
metallothionein1, metallothionein2, proliferin, and proliferin3 were significantly and inversely regulated in both processes. These studies have identified promising targets for new potential pharm
2010 BI303
THE ROLE OF PERSPIRATION CONSTITUENTS IN THE ATTRACTION OF CULEX PIPIENS TO HUMANS
Ruchi Jayesh Shah, Garima Yadav,
It is well known that the common mosquito species Culex pipiens transmits communicable diseases, such as dengue and malaria, which greatly impacts global human populations. Many studies
C. pipiens attractant, though other factors such as sweat, lactic acid, and odors produced by microflora on the skin may also have an effect. The purpose of our study was to determine which con
most attractive. C. pipiens were released into a custombuilt and designed tank containing four cotton balls saturated with water, artificial perspiration, urea, and ammonia, respectively. It was hyp
artificial perspiration and water, the high concentrations of ammonia and urea, which are nitrogen based compounds, would attract the most C. pipiens. Our data indicates that C. pipiens have a p
suggesting that nitrogen plays a role in mosquito attraction. Further research using other nitrogen based compounds, CO2, lactic acid, and heat will increase our understanding of mosquito behav
samples to find the most attractive ratios. Ultimately, our goal is to create a globally marketable attractant that would be safer and more effective than current repellants. This knowledge would as
communities in reducing worldwide illnesses and deaths that are caused by mosquito borne diseases.
2013 BI304
APPLICATION OF T4 BACTERIOPHAGES IN REALLIFE SCENARIOS
Casey Estelle Hicks, Leah Powers
This topic was chosen because of the researchers’ previous interest in bacteria and the increasing need for an alternative in dealing with antibiotic resistant bacteria. If E. coli bacteria on produce
temperature or high UV radiation, then the amount of bacteria will decrease and the bacteriophage will be more effective in eliminating the bacteria. For the experiment, E. coli bacteria was swabb
for one day, then T4 bacteriophage was applied onto the produce. Another batch of fruit sat without treatment to act as a control group. A diluted batch of E. coli B was placed in a sterile tube wit
was formed, then the bacteriophage with Lysozyme added was applied onto the biofilm, also a control group of biofilms with coliphage infection but no enzyme, was created. After growth was allo
number of colonies was recorded for comparison. Upon looking at plates taken from produce with just bacteria and then also after the produce had been infected with virus, the plates taken from t
the bacteriophage virus were between 53% and 76% less dense. Biofilms with the virus were 52% and those with virus and enzyme were 68% less dense.
2014 BI304
THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTION OF TELOMERASE IN THE DISCONTINUATION OF CANCER IMMORTALITY
Anne Murray McCarthy, Kristine Park
Niles Township West High School, Skokie, IL, United States of America
A cancer treatment based on the effects of telomerase on telomeres in cancer cells was investigated, targeting an enzyme that is both nearly exclusive to cancer cells and vital to their immortalit
active component of telomerase, were expressed in IMR90 fibroblast cells to simulate a premalignant cell. qPCR was then performed to calculate telomere expression, the length of telomeric DNA
of telomerase on the cell’s ability to survive indefinitely. The data supported the predicted outcome: cells with Ras and hTERT had an upregulation of telomere expression of 291.3%. The second
HeLa cells with four concentrations of the chemical telomerase inhibitor BIBR1532. HeLa cells were stained and counted every four days to determine the effect of telomerase deactivation on can
the highest concentration of inhibitor had the highest cell death, 50% by day eight of inhibition, based on initial experimentation and qualitative observations. The second data set showed steadily
inhibitor concentrations: in the highest concentration, cell death decreased from 36% to 13 % over the fifteen days of experimentation. These conflicting results suggest a more effective viable ce
elucidate that though oncogenes, such as Ras, are necessary to a cell becoming cancerous, without active telomerase cancer cells cannot remain immortal, suggesting that anti telomerase base
cancer treatment.
2012 BI304
MANUFACTURING CHALLENGES OF MEDICINES CONTAINING LOW SOLUBILITY DRUGS
Marcelli Tavares Alves, Jean Lucas Menezes Cotta dos Santos, Julia Fernandes dos Santos
Instituto Federal de Educacao,Ciencia e Tecnologia do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BRASIL
Low solubility drugs, especially those belonging to Class II according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System, represent a major challenge to the pharmaceutical manufacturing and, theref
promote a greater drug solubilization represents a quite feasible alternative. The aim of this study was to investigate a low solubility drug through the evaluation of the possible challenges faced b
of medicines containing a low solubility drug and propose strategies to ensure the appropriate release of the active ingredient to its site of action. The drug chosen by us for this study was nimesu
in water (10 µg/mL). We evaluated the physicochemical properties of the NMS through ultravioletvisible and infrared spectrophotometry and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We also eva
marketed pharmaceutical products. In vitro NMS release was carried out as a function of pH and surfactant concentration of the medium. We developed a delivery system with polymers. Polyεc
microparticles were prepared as a carrier for NMS through the emulsion and solvent evaporation method. The characterization of the delivery systems developed showed that the particles have m
profiles demonstrate that microparticulate system can be employed such as a modified release. PCL microparticles obtained are a promising delivery system to encapsulate NMS for antiinflama
solubility drugs.
2011 BI304
ANALYZING PROTEIN CONTENT IN COMMON VEGETARIAN MEAT SUBSTITUTES
Marie Elizabeth Gotti, Nicole Emanuel,
Polaris K12 School, Anchorage, AK
The problem concerning vegetarian diets and whether they can obtain the recommended daily amount of protein has become a pressing issue as vegetarianism continues to gain in popularity. In
based protein sources consumed as meat substitutes in a vegetarian diet provide the daily amount of protein needed in an average person’s diet. Additionally, we compared the diversity of protein
and in meat. The protein sources we studied were chicken breast, salmon, garbanzo beans, lentils, peanuts, pinto beans, and soy beans (edamame). We used SDSPAGE to determine the divers
Lowery method was used to determine the quantity of proteins in each sample. The results obtained show that the samples taken from animal tissue had denser proteins than the samples taken
samples lacked in some of the diversity that the meat samples exhibited. However, the results did show that a proper vegetarian diet can obtain the same quantity of proteins as a nonvegetarian
that took protein diversity and quantity into account, lentil was found to be the best protein source and meat substitute. These findings demonstrate that by consuming a large variety of proteins,
ability, resulting in a long and healthy life.
2009 BI304
A KINETIC CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC STUDY OF HIV1 SUBTYPE C I50L AND HIV1 SUBTYPE B I50V PROTEASES
William Wilford Heise IV, Brian Covello,
Millions of people die because there are only protease inhibitors for HIV1 subtype B. This research determined that some of these protease inhibitors can be used to treat other subtypes of HIV1
position 50 was recreated and tested. The mutated DNA was replicated using a PCR. Then it was introduced to the bacteria. This bacteria was incubated. The proteins were expressed and the ce
proteins were isolated using a centrifuge. The results from this project come in the form of Ki values and inhibitor bound protease structures. Two of the inhibitors had a higher binding affinity with
two inhibitors, Ritonavir bound better. This research team also focused on the specific naturally occurring polymorphism, I50V, which occurs when amprenavir and atazavir are utilized. The result
crystallography indicate that the protease inhibitors, nelfinavir and lopinavir, bound better when the I50V polymorphism occurs. This means that inhibitors not originally intended for certain HIV1 s
Treatment for various subtypes and mutations may already be developed and available on the market, saving many lives.
2007 BI304
AN INTEGRATED SMART CHIP FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER: A NEW TAKE ON SURFACE MOLECULAR IMPRINTING
JinJu Yi, Vijay Jain
PlainviewOld Bethpage John F Kennedy High School, Plainview, New York, USA
High sensitivity detection of biological molecules has always been a topic of much interest since it has numerous clinical applications. Recently, renewed interest has been sparked by concerns r
warfare agents. In the latter case, it is also important that the sensor provides a rapid response and requires very small amounts of sample. Here we show that these requirements can easily be m
molecular imprinting with the production of selfassembled monolayers of hydroxyl alkanethiolate molecules on gold surfaces, where the sensing element and the transducer are integrated into a s
can detect, in nanogram quantities, the cancer marker carcinoembryonic antigen, cathepsinB, cathepsinD, and the picornatype poliovirus. The detection yielded a sensitivity of 1011 mol/L, det
application detection contingent to molecular structure. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of our detector for the selective in vitro sensing of cancerous tissue in cell media without the
Hence, this technology can also be potentially implanted in vivo and monitored externally.
First Award of $3,000 Team Projects Presented by Science News
2003 BI304
LIPOIC ACID INHIBITS CREB GENE EXPRESSION IN REGENERATING HYDRA
Ashley Deane Kepping, Joanne Hsieh
Northport High School, Northport, NY 11768
The nerve cell differentiation, observed within the first 4 hours of regeneration in hydra, relies on the stimulating effect of Head Activator (an endogenous neuropeptide) on the cAMP signal transdu
activation can be measured as an increase in cAMP, followed by elevation in levels of a transcription factor, cAMP Response Element Binding protein (CREB). Lipoic acid inhibits regeneration in
this critical 4 hour 'window' immediately after 'decapitation'. This suggested to us that lipoic acid might interfere with cAMP signal transduction pathway. We tested this hypothesis using RTPCR t
of CREB mRNA. We chose to use paired comparisons after 3 hours of regeneration rather than a full timecourse since in a previous experiment we were unable to obtain enough RNA to do RTPC
results of this experiment show that lipoic acid does inhibit CREB gene expression in regenerating hydra. In the course of this experiment an unexpected result was obtained. We report the discov
gene that differs in molecular weight in Hydra viridissima and Hydra vulgaris. Finally, our primers detect isoforms of CREB gene expression in both regenerating and nonregenerating hydra.
2004 BI304
SYSTEMATIC PROBING REVEALS REQUIREMENT OF PI(3)K/AKT/MTOR PATHWAY IN GENETIC SIGNATURE OF MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY
Ashley Ali Amini, Ami Rebecca Amini
Yorktown High School, Yorktown Heights, New York, USA
Muscle atrophy is observed in conditions such as aging, sepsis, food deprivation, cancer cachexia, and prolonged bedrest. Although ways to induce both skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy
unclear which genes and cell signaling pathways are sufficient to regulate these inverse processes. In this experiment, we conduct genetic analyses of skeletal muscle atrophy and hypertrophy.
regulated in atrophy and hypertrophy, but we isolate six genes that are both significantly and inversely regulated in these opposing processes. These inverselyregulated genes are thus potential n
hypertrophy. Moreover, we demonstrate that the PI(3)K/Akt/mTOR pathway is necessary and sufficient to mediate genetic expression changes during hypertrophy. From these findings, new anti
targeting genes that promote hypertrophy and block atrophy. 
2006 BI304
LEVODOPA'S EFFECT ON ENDOGENOUS MORPHINE PRODUCTION AND THE MU3 OPIATE RECEPTOR IN SHSY5Y CELLS
Kamalakar Atluri, Dhruv Vasishtha
Herricks Senior High School, New Hyde Park, NY, USA
Morphine, an alkaloid from the Papaver somniferum (opium poppy plant), is a powerful analgesic and the drug of choice for the rapid pain relief of patients, though it is highly addictive. Numerous
morphine in animal and human tissues; until recently, these minute amounts of morphine were thought to be of dietary origin (exogenous). However, irrefutable evidence of endogenous morphine,
the cell, was presented in a mass spectrometry experiment using isotopic oxygen that was shown to be incorporated in the morphine molecule. Endogenous morphine is produced via a biosynthe
precursors like reticuline, norlaudanosoline, and levodopa (LDopa). This novel project shows that SHSY5Y (neuroblastoma) cells treated with known amounts of LDopa produced morphine endo
Radioimmunoassay (RIA), after solidphase extraction. Furthermore, the expression of the MƒÝ3 Opiate Receptor (MOR) was upregulated in SHSY5Y cells treated with LDopa, as evaluated by
demonstrate that a morphine precursor like LDopa leads to the biosynthesis and production of morphine in animal tissue. Moreover, these results suggest the exciting possibility that a morphine
palliative care, instead of morphine.
2008 BI304
HOW TO OBTAIN THE HIGHEST YIELDS OF DIGLYCIDYL TEREPHTHALATE AND DIGLYCIDYL SUCCINATE USED FOR BUILDING BIODEGRADABLE SCAFFOLDS FOR TISSUE REGE
Priscila Elena Llaverias, Le Hien Phan, Gray Barnett
In this project we manipulated the independent variable time to maximize the yields of diglycidyl succinate and diglycidyl terephthalate which can be used to build scaffolds for tissue regeneration
of building biodegradable scaffolds becomes more efficient which in turn will aid in the field of tissue engineering. We performed this experiment by running three trials of two separate reactions la
diglycidyl terephthalate, and the other yielded diglycidyl succinate. For the DGT reaction we used stoichiometric calculations to find the amount of each reactant we would use, ran the reaction an
and then distilled, fractionated, and purified our product to calculate the percent yield. For the DS reaction one of the only differences was that we took an aliquot sample out every hour starting w
reaction. After a week and a half long process of distillation, fraternization, and purification of our products for each trial, we found that the highest yield of DS was 53.4% at the sixth hour and 93.
reaction. Thus, we concluded that based on the percent yields we found for each product at each hour, the highest yield of DS occurs somewhere between the fifth and the sixth hour of the reacti
somewhere between the third and fourth hour.
2010 BI304
A NEW SPIN ON GREEN ENERGY: INCREASING HYDROGEN EVOLUTION IN A SPIRULINA DERIVED PHOTOBIOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Megan M Kurohara, Hannah Rojeski,
Hilo High School, Hilo, HI
Our project explores a 100% renewable way to generate hydrogen. In our project we replicated a selforganizing photobiological system to produce hydrogen in vitro, and we tested the effect affor
hydrogen evolution. We hypothesized that using a nonmetallic catalyst would increase the rate of hydrogen evolution. To test our hypothesis we first isolated the photosystem of cyanob
which was later combined with electron carrier cytochromec6, to form a selfassembling hydrogen producing system. We conducted trials by adding different catalysts to our system, and recordi
light/dark cycles. Each individual cycle spanned 2 hours, for a total of 8 hours per trial. The catalysts we tested were: FeSO4, ZnSO4, and Cu2O. As a control, we conducted a trial using no cata
the light cycles, hydrogen evolution peaked, and during the dark cycles, hydrogen evolution dropped. Also, hydrogen evolution peaked higher during the second light cycle when compared to the f
trend; however they each differed in their degrees of change. Based on the change in pH, we were able to calculate the mols of hydrogen produced throughout our experiment. Our hypot
a significant increase in hydrogen production when a catalyst was present. We were able to additionally conclude that the best catalyst tested was FeSO4. For future experimentation, w
produce hydrogen as a livingsystem, once we gain a more comprehensive understanding of how the system works and the effect different variables have on it.
2005 BI304
IN VITRO SIMULATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTACK ON PANCREATIC CANCERSPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PACAAG1
Genna Anne Ableman, Maya Barsky
Midwood High School at Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
A tumorspecific marker for pancreatic carcinoma (PaCa) could help save the lives of >30,000 people. PaCaAg1, identified by mAb3C4, is a novel PaCaspecific antigen that is a potential candid
and diagnostic tools. This study further characterized the antigen by its response to immunological (antibody interaction) and biochemical (enzyme treatment) attack. More specifically, the aims w
electron microscopy, the location of PaCaAg1 on PaCa cells, 2) to define the fate of PaCaAg1, through confocal microscopy, after binding to its specific monoclonal antibody, and 3) to examine
Ag1 using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of PaCaAg1 on the cell surface in both rodent and human PaCa cells.
internalization of PaCaAg1 into the endosomal compartment of PaCa cells was observed through confocal microscopy. This occurrence proposes the possibility of developing toxinlinked immun
 Protease treatment suggested that PaCaAg1 is trypsin and chymotrypsin sensitive and further experimentation showed the reexpression of the antigen. The removal of PaCaAg1 by these
PaCaAg1’s presence in extracellular fluid, therefore allowing for the development of an early diagnostic assay for PaCa. Carboxypeptidase B and elastase treatment surprisingly changed PaCaA
into “caps”, altering the cells’ shape into a migratory cellular morphology. This can be seen as a novel phenomenon partly explaining the early and widespread metastasis of pancreatic cancer cel
Third Award of $1,000 Team Projects Presented by Ricoh
2007 BI304
AN INTEGRATED SMART CHIP FOR THE EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CANCER: A NEW TAKE ON SURFACE MOLECULAR IMPRINTING
JinJu Yi, Vijay Jain
Plainview OldBethpage John F. Kennedy High School
High sensitivity detection of biological molecules has always been a topic of much interest since it has numerous clinical applications. Recently, renewed interest has been sparked by concerns r
warfare agents. In the latter case, it is also important that the sensor provides a rapid response and requires very small amounts of sample. Here we show that these requirements can easily be m
molecular imprinting with the production of selfassembled monolayers of hydroxyl alkanethiolate molecules on gold surfaces, where the sensing element and the transducer are integrated into a s
can detect, in nanogram quantities, the cancer marker carcinoembryonic antigen, cathepsinB, cathepsinD, and the picornatype poliovirus. The detection yielded a sensitivity of 1011 mol/L, det
application detection contingent to molecular structure. Furthermore, we demonstrate the application of our detector for the selective in vitro sensing of cancerous tissue in cell media without the
Hence, this technology can also be potentially implanted in vivo and monitored externally.
Award of three $1,000 U.S. Savings Bonds, to be shared equally by team members, and certificates of achievement and gold medallions. United States Army
Team Award of $1,000 for each member United States Air Force
2005 BI304
IN VITRO SIMULATION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ATTACK ON PANCREATIC CANCERSPECIFIC ANTIGEN, PACAAG1
Genna Anne Ableman, Maya Barsky
Midwood High School at Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, NY, USA
A tumorspecific marker for pancreatic carcinoma (PaCa) could help save the lives of >30,000 people. PaCaAg1, identified by mAb3C4, is a novel PaCaspecific antigen that is a potential candid
and diagnostic tools. This study further characterized the antigen by its response to immunological (antibody interaction) and biochemical (enzyme treatment) attack. More specifically, the aims w
electron microscopy, the location of PaCaAg1 on PaCa cells, 2) to define the fate of PaCaAg1, through confocal microscopy, after binding to its specific monoclonal antibody, and 3) to examine
Ag1 using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed the presence of PaCaAg1 on the cell surface in both rodent and human PaCa cells.
internalization of PaCaAg1 into the endosomal compartment of PaCa cells was observed through confocal microscopy. This occurrence proposes the possibility of developing toxinlinked immun
 Protease treatment suggested that PaCaAg1 is trypsin and chymotrypsin sensitive and further experimentation showed the reexpression of the antigen. The removal of PaCaAg1 by these
PaCaAg1’s presence in extracellular fluid, therefore allowing for the development of an early diagnostic assay for PaCa. Carboxypeptidase B and elastase treatment surprisingly changed PaCaA
into “caps”, altering the cells’ shape into a migratory cellular morphology. This can be seen as a novel phenomenon partly explaining the early and widespread metastasis of pancreatic cancer cel
Team Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $8,000 to be equally divided between the team members Office of Naval Research on behalf of the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps.
2009 BI305
GENIPIN A NOVEL DYE FOR PROTEIN FIBER
Yangtian Wen, Li Chen, Shengshuang Zhu
Chengdu No.7 High School, Chengdu, Sichuan, CHINA
Most of the commercially available hair dyes contain phenylenediamines or dihydroxyhenzenes, both of which may cause cancers or other abnormal and mutational diseases. In this study, genip
jasminoides Ellis was reacted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and protein fibers (white hair and silk) to find the optimal dyeing conditions. SDSPAGE was used to analyze the dyeing mechanis
products were added to alkaline solutions for fourteen days to test their stability. The results showed that genipin could react with protein fibers under a mild condition ( 35 degree centigrade, pH 7
and with low dosages (10% (w/w) of fiber). The UVspectrometer scan showed that the compounds of genipin and BSA had a maximun absorption peak at 586 nm. The blueblack color reaction p
SDSPAGE showed that ginipin had crosslink with protein fibers . Therefore, it was distinct from most traditional dyes (natural or synthesized). Genipin, a novel kind of potential natural reactive d
silks, and wools and is also a promising safe and environmentally friendly hairdye.
2008 BI305
THE EFFECTS OF EXERCISE: CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE OUTPUT
Kathryn Elise Armstrong, Elise Thornton,
St. Joseph Catholic High School, Pine Bluff, AR
People exercise all the time, but did you know it can benefit breathing? The levels of your oxygen and carbon dioxide change in exercise. So what happens to your carbon dioxide output? This pro
carbon dioxide output when at rest and after exercise. The carbon dioxide output was found by using a homemade respirometer, and testing carbon dioxide output by exhaling into the respiromete
at rest again. Then we recorded the times it took for the respirometer to change to yellow, or our target color. Our hypothesis was that the exercise would cause the carbon dioxide output to grow.
showing that when we tested the carbon dioxide output after exercising moderately three times, then averaged the times, or seconds, it took for the respirometer to change, it showed that the car
less to change color. Since the respirometer took less time to change color after exercising moderately, this means that there more carbon dioxide in the breath.
2006 BI305
POLYMORPHISMS IN DNA: A COMPARISON OF CANINE DNA STUDY YEAR 2
Kelsey Anne Shields, Carly Miles
Riverton High School, Riverton, UT, United States of America
Because of the differences in the variety of breeds of dogs that carry canine hip dysplasia (CHD)we decided to further investigate by testing the DNA in these different breeds for canine hip dyspl
experiment we ran PCR products from ten different breeds and ran them through horizontal gel electrophoresis adn analyzed the results. The data reveals that it is possible to differentiate betwee
by using PCR products. For further investigation it would be beneficial to test more specific primers and expand subject range.
2007 BI305
INHIBITION OF HUMAN P450 2E1: A POSSIBLE ANTICARCINOGENIC ROLE FOR ISOTHIOCYANATES
Arthi Sridar, Malati Vadapalli
Novi High School, Novi, Michigan, United States
Current studies presume that the greatest factor that causes lung cancer is the longterm exposure to carcinogens and procarcinogens, the most lethal cancer of all cancers. Research has also s
may be a cause of lung cancer in some individuals. Procarcinogens are relatively harmless unless they are metabolized into the cancercausing chemicals. In the human lung, the cytochrome P
metabolizing procarcinogens and other components found in tobacco into reactive intermediates that may lead to lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether two naturally oc
vegetables were able to inhibit P450 2E1 and thereby prevent the metabolism of procarcinogens. In this study, human P450 2E1 was expressed and purified. The purified enzyme was inactivate
in a reconstituted system with cytochrome P450, NADPH, reductase, and cytochrome b5. This study demonstrated that components from cruciferous vegetables were able to inactivate human c
that administration of certain isothiocyanates, whether consumed in the diet or given as a supplement, could potentially prevent the development and possibly the progression of lung cancer in ind
2005 BI305
FRANKENFOODS
Amy Elizabeth LaViers, Lisa LaViers
Jefferson County High School, Dandridge TN, USA
“Frankenfoods” investigates the presence of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in our food supply. This presence is determined through laboratory tests. The test employed in this experimen
amplify sequences of DNA that are present only in GMOs. These identifying sequences are the most common promoters and terminators used in genetic engineering (the CaMV 35S promoter an
sequences to be expressed in many different organisms. One or both of these sequences of DNA are present in approximately 85% of approved GMOs. The amplified products are analyzed usin
determine whether the product contains GMOs. Eleven cereals, seven types of corn chips, four products containing meat substitutes, two corncontaining baking mixes, and fresh corn were teste
a positive test using three types of primers. A plant primer identified a sequence of DNA involved in photosynthesis was used to ensure that DNA had been successfully extracted from the samp
the presence of the GMO specific sequences of DNA. Based on the ingredients in each sample that tested positive, it can be concluded that the corn in the corn chips, corn chex, cornmeal mix,
the health cereal, meatballs, sausage, and beef patties were genetically modified (GM) crops.
2010 BI305
MIGRAINE TREATMENT WITH CYBER BEE PHEROMONE MASK
Esen Duhan, Emel Ezerce,
KTSO Computer Technical High School, Edirne, Edirne, TURKEY
One of the our time’s most important health problems is headache or migraine types. And the most drugs are consumed for this. Use of these drugs are often realized without physician control, w
drugs from drug stores. In order to reveal and feel the existence of this pheromone special glass hives were made. Bees’ lives were monitored during the night and day. By breathing the smell sp
sessions were realized by making the bees approach to our body and experiments are made. Then, to make applications with specially designed cyber bee pheromone mask, twenty four subjects
tried on them for six months. In twenty three subjects, the result is perfect, and no complete solution is obtained in one subject. This project covers a sixmonth period with subjects suffering from
purpose is to research how and in which dimensions communication between the bees in the hive are realized, and project was initiated, and upon the discovery of another world of bees, project p
unawareness, many other projects were created from the project. World of the bees is full of mysteries. By chance we discovered that the bees not only produce honey and pollen, but also they s
human. Structure of these pheromones secreted by the glands in the mother bee’s chin consists of 32 components, and it was then learnt that only 15 of them have been determined. For this bee
health, a specially designed bee cage was placed in specially designed mask. This mask was used to make the subject perceive bee pheromone the best manner possible. In cybernetic bee phe
different components was applied. It is applied on the subjects in three cages, with intervals of two minutes in fiveminute periods. Treatment period is totally 15 minutes. Treatment shows its ma
pain.
2012 BI305
EFFECT OF AN E. COLI TOPA66 MUTATION ON SOS AND ANTIBIOTIC RESPONSE
Jenny Han Yang, Jessica Li,
Briarcliff Manor High School, Briarcliff Manor, NY
The adaptive force of bacterial mutagenesis is what allows microbes to dodge even the most advanced methods of bactericide. The current antimicrobial warfare strategy is not promising, especi
resistant bacteria and escalating health care costs. The fervent use of antibiotics effectively spurs bacterial mutagenesis, resulting in bacterial resistance as well as drug impotence. Thus, the ob
effects of stifling mutagenesis (SOS response) in E. coli. Microdilutions comparing growth of wild type and topA66 mutant to antibiotics found that a mutation in the topA66 gene leads to increase
vital components of SOS transcription, a luciferase assay was performed to confirm the decreased SOS response levels in the topA66 mutant. Colony counts determined a decreased mutation ra
strain after norfloxacin treatment indicating that decreased SOS response levels may result in lower inclinations to develop multidrug resistance. This study, dealing with a novel topA mutation, s
topoisomerase I has the potential to be a target for antibiotics.
2014 BI305
THE UTILIZATION OF BIOLUMINESCENCE FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE AND RELATED TAUOPATHIES
Andrew David Lekarczyk, Sam Ilkka
University of Detroit Jesuit High School, Detroit, MI, United States of America
In 2013, over 400,000 Americans died from Alzheimer’s disease. Early diagnosis may play a key role in increasing the success of potential preventive treatments, thus we sought to develop a ne
microtubule binding protein that contributes to Alzheimer’s disease pathology by aggregating and forming neurofibrillary tangles, is recognized as a potential biomarker for the disease, as levels o
hypothesized that, by fusing fragments of a luminescent protein to tau, we could take advantage of the process of Protein Fragment Complementation (a biological method to detect proteinprotei
aggregation, which might prove to be a sensitive diagnostic tool to detect changes in tau levels and tau aggregation. In our cellbased Protein Fragment Complementation assay using tau, a lucife
each half of which is attached to tau. Upon interaction of two (or more) tau molecules the two halves of luciferase are brought close together, leading to reconstitution of the luciferase enzyme wh
signal. We further demonstrate that, upon addition of extracellular tau fibrils, which are present in Alzheimer’s patients, this light signal increases considerably. These data serve as proofofprinci
including eventual plans to test our cellbased assay using cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples from Alzheimer’s versus control patients. Our results are an encouraging first step toward the de
diagnostic tool for Alzheimer’s disease, and possibly other diseases in which tau accumulates.
2013 BI305
A NOVEL APPROACH TO ATTENUATE ASTHMA DRUG ALBUTEROL’S SIDE EFFECTS: A STUDY USING ZEBRAFISH MODEL
Ayush Kumar, Raashed Raziuddin
Advanced Math and Science Academy Charter School, Marlboro, MA
Albuterol, a common bronchodilator, is often administered to the 14.8 million people diagnosed with asthma. Although albuterol assists in asthma therapy, its side effects in cardiovascular and ne
goal of this project was to determine the cytotoxic effects of albuterol in an invivo model of zebrafish, and to find a dietary additive such as vitamin E to counter them. Zebrafish embryos 24 or 4
concentration of albuterol and were inspected for changes in morphology and heart rate. Further, the cytotoxic effects of albuterol were analyzed by measuring the superoxide anion, nitric oxide (N
dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the homogenate of treatedzebrafish embryos. Interestingly, it was found that albuterol treatment caused morphological changes/cytotoxic effect in a biphasic ma
edema, yolk sac edema, and mortality of embryos were detected prominently at 1.0 mM concentration of albuterol. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) production after albuterol treatment caused
such as superoxide anion and nitric oxide analyzed by 2,7 dichlorofluoroscein (DCF) and Griess assay respectively. Clearly, the albuterol treatment showed enhanced activity of LDH act
presence of alphatocopherol, the LDH activity decreased. A decreased level of GSH, an antioxidant in cells, in treated embryos indicated cellular damage due to the effect of ROS. However, albu
tocopherol showed protective effects by increased level of GSH.
2004 BI305
THE EFFECT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS ON THE EXPRESSION OF CANCER METABOLIZING ENZYMES
Tabassum Ahamad Khan, Payal Kenia
Chamblee Charter High School, Chamblee, GA, United States of America
The purpose of this project is to determine the effect of certain phytochemicals found in common fruits and vegetables on the expression of cancer metabolizing enzymes in colon cancer cells. T
allyl disulfide, benzyl isothiocyanate, butyrate, curcumin, dimethyl fumarate, and lycopene. The cells will be treated with different dosage levels, ranging from 1 to 100 micromolar or 5 millimolar fo
cells will be harvested and their total RNA will be isolated. The mRNA will be translated into cDNA and then amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers that are specific for qu
P450 1A1 (CYP1A1). The relative amounts of mRNA for these enzymes will be determined using the processes of gel electrophoresis and RealTime PCR to compare their expression levels. It is
detoxification enzyme (NQ01) will increase or the activating enzyme (CYP1A1) will decrease, which would inhibit carcinogenesis. Research shows that lycopene and curcumin are the m
NQ01 while decreasing CYP1A1, whereas dimethyl fumarate, allyl disulfide, and benzyl isothiocyanate increased both. Butyrate caused dramatic increases in CYP1A1 while not raising the NQ01
Results also show that phytochemicals that caused a decrease in redox potential of glutathione also caused an increase in NQ01, which leads to the conclusion that these two processes are rela
especially concerning benzyl isothiocyanate and butyrate. 
2014 BI306
LIGANDDIRECTED MACROMOLECULAR UROCANIC ACID CONJUGATE FOR TREATING CANCER: DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS
Ekaterina Mozgunova, Darya Maximova
Municipal Budget General Educational Institution "Lyceum No.22 "Nadezhda Sibiri", Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk region, Russian Federation
The initial studies evaluating the anticancer activity of urocanic acid were performed in the 1980s. Though, if administered as a free agent, urocanic acid is known to be rapidly degraded in the hu
circulation time and poor antitumor efficacy. To overcome this limitation, a novel prodrug has been developed, i.e. the covalent conjugate of urocanic acid with polyethyleneimine. We assumed th
greater therapeutic index due to the protection of urocanic acid from renal clearance, which could prolong its circulation halflife. In addition, the conjugation of the prodrug with biotin will enhance
macromolecular drug, which will allow for the preferential accumulation of the prodrug in tumor tissues. This study was focused on the synthesis on liganddirected anticancer macromole
 The macromolecular conjugate was synthesized by the direct attachment of Nhydroxysuccinimide ester of chemotherapeutic urocanic acid to biotinmodified branched polyethyleneimine. Bi
polyethyleneimine by treating the polymer with Nhydroxysuccinimide activated ester of biotin. The conjugation of the biotin and urocanic acid to polyethyleneimine was confirmed by NMR and UV
conjugate prepared in this study can be a promising prodrug of urocanic acid for the future clinical use.
2012 BI306
ARRABIDAEA CHICA: MEDICINAL USE EVIDENCE, CHEMICAL PROSPECTING AND HERBAL PRODUCTS APPLICATION
Cristopher Mateus Carvalho, Jaqueline Campos Costa, Julia Maria Resende Ferreira
Escola Estadual Manoel Antonio de Souza, Mateus Leme, MG, BRASIL
The Amazonian specie Arrabidaea chica (known as Pariri) is a tropical forest native plant and is characterized by being a creeper with pink or purple flowers arranged on pyramidal panicles. It is u
inflammatory, cicatrizing and antianaemic drug and it also assists in cancer treatment. This study aimed to understand the chemical and pharmacological properties of A. chica leaf extract (ethan
and to check the extract antimicrobial potential on bacterial cultures. We also created herbal products like soap, lip balm, body lotion and scarring cicatrizing ointment. We conducted chemical pro
secondary plant metabolites presence, and as a result we found triterpenes, steroids, saponins, phenols, tannins and flavonoids. We performed antimicrobial tests using Salmonella, Shigella, Esc
determine the A. chica extract dose that causes growth inhibition and the results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentrations are 15.62, 15.62, 62.5 and 31.25 mg.ml1, respectively. Thes
antimicrobial potential, confirm the active antiinflammatory components presence and show the herbal products viability.
2010 BI306
THE EFFECT OF MONOSODIUM GLUTAMATE AND NICOTINE ON EMBRYONIC CHICK RETINAL CELLS
Elton Kit Zhou, Lillian Tong,
This project was designed to investigate the effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and nicotine on the embryonic chick retina. Because MSG and nicotine are known to activate the receptors
neurotransmitters in the brain, the hypothesis of this experiment was that MSG and nicotine would excite the neurons in the retina. However, since different neurotransmitters have different effect
nicotine would have different effects on retinal neurons. In this project, the effects of MSG and nicotine were studied by monitoring the intracellular Ca2+ concentration the retinal ganglion cell lay
embryos and loaded with the fluorescent Ca2+sensitive dye, Fura 2AM. They were then placed in a recording chamber under a fluorescence microscope for Ca2+ imaging. Effects of MSG and n
perfusion solution, were studied. The changes in fluorescence intensity, which were proportional to the changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, were compared between MSG and nicotine. Th
two drugs were also analyzed and compared. The results showed that MSG is a potent activator of intracellular Ca2+ in nearly all ganglion cells tested, producing a sustained increase in Fura 2A
had an excitatory effect, although the effect was more transient. Moreover, nicotine’s effect was observed in a limited number of cells, suggesting it has a selective effect on a small subtype of g
2004 BI306
SITE DIRECTED TRYPTOPHAN FLUORESCENCE IN TRUNCATED PRION PROTEINS
Jay William Rutherford, Alexander Vincent Hughson
Big Sky High School, Missoula, Montana, USA
The widely accepted prion hypothesis states: prion diseases (i.e. mad cow) are caused by infectious protein particles. The structure of this infectious (BETASheet) form of protein is unknown.
structural data about this protein with site directed tryptophan (Trp) fluorescence. To begin, existing Trp codons were removed from the parental prion protein (PrP) gene with site directed
location to be tagged with Trp and the local environment of the Trp to be examined. The next step was analog incorporation using Trp auxotrophic cells. Analogs would give stronger fluo
about PrP. Analog incorporation was unsuccessful; however, preliminary fluorescence was performed using natural Trp. A portion of an existing sample of PrP with a Trp at position 99, e
infectious (ALPHAhelical) form, was converted to the BETAsheet form by unfolding and refolding in urea buffers of decreasing concentration. In studying the local environment of Trp, s
BETAsheet forms were compared. The first comparison was between CD spectra of both protein forms to ensure the conversion process worked. Fluorescence spectroscopy was then performed
change in the local environment of Trp at position 99 to a more hydrophilic environment; however, the nature of these structural changes has yet to be elucidated. Incorporation of analogs into PrP
locations will provide more conclusive data. 
2003 BI306
THE ANALYZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI BY ELECTROPHORESIS
Melissa Lynn Grabofsky, Mandy, Lyn, Baldik
Turner Public, Turner, Montana, United States
All living creatures contain DNA, but the question is whether or not we can verify differences in DNA mapping of tetracycline resistant and nonresistant Ecoli. We grew Ecoli and extracted DNA
electrophoresis, we hoped to find differences in their DNA bands, therefore showing the difference between the cultures. We established growth of Ecoli bacteria on 10 Petri dishes. Afte
from each Petri dish and transferred them to a luria broth, allowing them to establish growth in the broth. After growth was established, a liquid detergent was then added to each and placed in a h
Celsius. Meat tenderizer was then added and again placed in the same hot water bath for 10 minutes. Ethyl Alcohol was then added to the mixture so that the DNA could float into the alcohol laye
micropipettes, and then was placed into the electrophoresis chamber and covered with running buffer. Power was then supplied, and allowed to run for approximately 45 minutes. After removing th
stained for 15 minutes and then destained until the bands were visible. Meanwhile, antibiotic disks of tetracycline were placed on our Petri dishes of bacteria to determine if any were nonresistan
found. Being negative, the DNA moved toward the positive electrode, migrating a distance of 18.5 millimeters to 19.3 millimeters. 
2007 BI306
PREPARATION OF SYNTHETIC ERYTHROCYTES USING KODE TRANSFORMATION DILUENTS
Aaron Chris Bullock, Matthew Ryan Young
Rockdale Magnet School for Science and Technology, Conyers Georgia, United State
This report presents the creation of type A and B erythrocyets using synthetic antigens. The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of attaching antigens to erythrocyte membrane
hypothesis used was there will be a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of erythrocyte type change due to different concetrations of synthetic erythrocyte, incubation time, and i
completed by a series of two different experiments: Different amounts of Albumin and time on transformation of blood types and concetration of KODE solution and time on transformation of bloo
set up by first washing the erythrocytes to seperate them from the plasma. Then the differing amounts of SYNA and SYNB were added, depending on the experiment. The cells were then incuba
tested for hemagglutination. Data from this experiment points that the ideal conditions for creating erythrocytes are at stable body conditions, over a period of four hours. Results were analyzed s
analysis of variance. The null hypothesis "There will not be a sttistically significant differentce in the effectiveness of erythrocyte type change between the incubation times of 0 hours, .5 hours, 1
accepted, at the .01 level of signifiacnce. However the two other variables, protien amount and concentration were not significant, according to the Kruskal Wallis analysis; however their mean ran
2008 BI306
SCREENING OF HIGH TITER SYNA AND SYNB IN ORGAN TRANSPLANTATION
Aaron Chris Bullock, Ryan Young,
Rockdale County High School, Conyers, GA
This report presents the possibility of determining a blood titer cut off ratio for organ transplantation. Every year thousands of organ transplants are performed; in kidney transplants alone the risks
To counter this potential for rejection this project attempted to discover a way to rule out donors from a specific recipient based on the titer in their blood. The purpose of this study was to create a
assay on an automated instrument platform using reference A and B erythrocytes produced in the lab. The erythrocytes were then subjected to different variables and reaction scores were assign
From the data obtained a cut off ratio of titer was calculated. The ratio of 1:64 was determined to be the optimal concentration between all temperatures. So 1:128 was chose as the cut
of detectable antigens on the cell. Potentially this would be a cutoff for reactivity because if a higher reaction with the donor at this concentration (i.e., 2+) were to occur; then they would need to b
results show that there is a possibility of ruling out donors from a donor list using their blood’s natural titer. However, this was not supported because the blood of potential donors was not tested.
investigate a point inbetween 1:64 and 1:128.
2006 BI306
HYDROXYUREA AND NACETYLCYSTEINE: THE EFFECT ON THE SICKLE ERYTHROCYTE PROTEOME
Stephanie Anne Stoughton, Michael Yenting Wu
Shepton High School, Plano, Texas, United States
Recent research has sequenced the normal human and sickle erythrocyte proteome in an attempt to better understand the molecular workings of sickle cell anemia. This project aims to determin
(HU) and Nacetylcysteine (NAC) on the sickle cell proteome, which has not yet been studied. Knowing the molecular mechanics of these drugs will allow for a deeper understanding of their worki
treatment. Twodimensional gel electrophoresis was used to separate the membrane proteins. The first dimension sorted proteins by their isoelectric points, while the second dimension
the quantity of each protein were determined, and those proteins with significant changes were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Proteins of interest were categorized into three function
repair/prevention of oxidative damage, and 3) unrelated to treatment of disease. Only one protein in the repair/prevention of oxidative damage group, Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase, chang
HU induced a total of nine protein changes in all groups. Oxidativedamage related proteins changed in both drugs, showing their importance in treating sickle cell disease. However in HU, unrelat
These may be associated with the side effects observed in HUtreated patients. Since sickle cell patients show natural increases in most proteins, the drugs decrease the quantity of many protei
become closer to that of a normal person. 
2013 BI306
MIR1792 CLUSTER IN AXONS PROMOTES AXONAL OUTGROWTH
Guangning An, Yu Tang
International Academy, Troy, MI
Axons extended from neurons in the central nervous system travel extensive distances to form synapses that built neuronal circuitry. Axonal regeneration in the adult CNS is limited after injury. M
regeneration have not been fully investigated. Using embryonic cortical neurons cultured in a microfluidic chamber that segregates axons from neuronal cell bodies, we found that compared to neu
abundant levels of miRNA 1792 cluster measured by realtime RTPCR and in situ hybridization. Timelapse microscopic analysis showed overexpression of miR1792 cluster in the cortical neur
outgrowth compared to neurons transfected with an empty vector. In contrast, attenuation of endogenous miR19a, but not miR18a, both are members of miR1792 cluster, by miRNA hairpin inhi
outgrowth compared to scramble inhibitors. Western blot analysis revealed that overexpression of miR1792 cluster considerably reduced PTEN, a predicted miR19a target, and increased mTOR
endogenous miR19a elevated PTEN and decreased mTOR. In addition, immunocytochemistry in combination with fluorescent in situ hybridization analysis showed that miR19a levels in axons w
immunoreactivity. Furthermore, immunostaining showed presence of Dicer and Ago2 proteins in axons, both of them regulate miRNA biogenesis. Collectively, the present study suggests that miR
outgrowth via modulating the PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway. Our findings provide a molecular mechanism underlying axonal outgrowth, which can potentially lead to a new therapeutic target for
2009 BI306
SUNSCREEN: A CATCH 22 BLOCKING OF THE PHOTOCATALYTIC ACTIVITY OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOPARTICLES BY POLYMER COATING
Samantha B. Larsen, Cole J. Blum,
Long Beach High School, Lido Beach, NY
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) particles are major components of sunscreens essential for broad spectrum ultraviolet (UV) light protection. However, these particles are known photocatalysts: photons fr
produce free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can oxidize biomolecules. The nanoparticles are also damaging to human skin and are possibly carcinogenic. One novel approach
of photoactive nanoparticles with a polymer to prevent them from infiltrating skin cells and to block the free radicals from reaching other molecules. TiO2 microparticles and two sizes of nanoparti
activity. The particles were coated with a polymer called polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate (pHEMA). Mixtures of uncoated TiO2 particles with guanosine triphosphate (GTP), and mixtures of polyme
exposed to 300nm UV light for two hours. Samples were removed after time intervals to measure GTP concentration over the time period. A decrease in concentration indicated that GTP was de
cytotoxicity, human dermal fibroblasts were incubated with the coated and uncoated nanoparticles. The smallest nanoparticles (less than 25nm in diameter) caused the greatest GTP ox
photocatalysis. The polymer coating successfully blocked the free radicals from destroying GTP for all photoactive particles. The polymer also reduced cytotoxicity to skin cells. Photocatalytic a
environment. Polymer coating was concluded to be a practical method for reducing the detrimental effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles.
Team Tuition Scholarship Award in the amount of $8,000 to be equally divided among the team members Office of Naval Research on behalf of the United States Navy and Marine Corps
2008 BI307
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF CITRIC ACID ON THE BROWNING RATE OF RED DELICIOUS APPLES
Savannah Allyn Poskevich, Daisy Walker, James Carter
Paul M. Dorman High School, Roebuck, SC
The goal of this experiment was to determine which concentration of citric acid, if any, most effectively reduces the browning rate of Red Delicious apples. In research gathered prior to experimen
appeared to be that this browning is caused by oxidation of apple cells after being damaged by the slicing of the apple. Nine similar apples and nine various citric acid solutions ranging fr
concentration), increasing by increments of 0.338 M, were used in this experiment. Each apple was cored, sliced, and then cut into six cylindrical pieces with roughly the same exposed surface a
the citric acid solutions for 45.00 seconds. Digital photographs were taken of each piece under identical lighting conditions at 0 minutes (before being dipped), at 45 minutes, 60 minutes, and 75 m
acid solution. The amplitude of red, green, and blue reflected light in a selected area of each digital photograph of the apple pieces, as well as the brightness difference between 0 and 75
using a software program. It was concluded that different concentrations of citric acid make a difference in the browning rate of Red Delicious apples and, further, that the solution 1.02 M
apples' appearance because this concentration significantly reduced the discoloration, while higher concentrations provided no additional reduction in discoloration.
2009 BI307
THE CHEMISTRY OF HEARTBURN: A STUDY OF STOMACH ACID REDUCERS YEAR II
Danielle Paige Alley, Simona Tarnutzer,
Isabel High School, Isabel, SD
The purpose of our project is to understand how various over the counter (OTC) and/or prescription acid reducers interact with each other. We hypothesized we would be able to observe significan
tested in our project. We obtained the prescription acid reducers from a licensed medical professional and purchased OTC medications. To test the medications, we used a solution of HCL, NaCl,
added the recommended dosage of each medication to the solution. When testing prescription medications, we added the prescription medication followed by the OTC medication. We allowed the
containers and checked the pH 15 min, 30 min, and 1 hour later. As the experiment continued and the pH levels began to rebound we added the recommended dosage of either the prescription or
reaction. We continued adding the different medication another 3 times after it has met its tolerance level. We then checked the pH levels again after 15 min, 30 min, and 1 hour prior to adding the
observe positive synergistic effects in when several of the OTC medication were combined with the prescription medications. However, in other cases your positive combined effect could be obse
project can help individuals and healthcare providers better understand the interactions of acid reducing medications, thus increasing the effectiveness of treatment plans.
2006 BI307
NUTRITORTILLA FOR PIZZA
Enedina Mendez Martinez, Nino Machorro Sara
Colegio de Estudios Cientificos Y Tecnologicos del Estado de Puebla, MEXICO
Few availability of food, low economical resources and few knowledge about food’s selection with high nutritive value, influence in the most of population who lack of good alimentation. Pizza is a
easiness of acquire and eat. For these reasons, we propose to formulate a base for pizza which contains necessary nutrients for organism, different from classical ones, due to, with this product,
population a better nutrition, diminishing the food low in nutrients.We analyzed different compounds to make the best mix for a good product. The project consisted in the search of the formula, lo
acceptance from the potential consumer. Our product offers best options of fast food: price, taste and nutritional value.During the product development, we made modifications that helped to impr
sensorial, physicochemical and microbiologic analysis; monitoring the protein value in each change, being this since beginning of this research from 21.8% to 20.12%. Comparing this last with an
protein value got 13.91%; however, it continues being a product that contributes with a good nutritive value.According with the literature research and experimentation, the product can be sold in s
a conserver (sodium propionate) in a controlled way, the product has more time on shelf due to in 15 days continues conserving its organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics, and there´s
2003 BI307
CRYSTALLIZATION OF LYSOZYME PROTEIN
Darya MarchanyRivera, Sylvette Cuebas, Limary Ruiz
Eugenio M. De Hostos High School, Mayaguez, P.R.
Lysozyme protein crystallization is beneficial because it is used to produced medicine to kill diseasecausing bacteria. This protein is the first known enzyme that lyses cells. The purpose of this
concentration of NaCl, crystals will grow bigger. Larger crystals can be used to modify protein's molecular structure so that it can be used to produce new medicine. The hypothesis is that the sol
better for better crystal growth. In order to carry out this investigation, a 4.6 pH buffer solution was made with sodium acetate, distilled white vinegar and distilled water. Solutions of Lyso
2.5% to 6.0% of NaCl were made with 10ml of the buffer solution and placed each one on tubes to complete eight tubes on an array rack. The tube were kept at room temperature and observed fo
biggest crystals(about imm long); two of them had crystals about 0.5mm long and one tube showed no crystal growth. The biggest crystals were obtained at 2.5% concentration of NaCl: ten cryst
were less than 0.5mm long. In conclusion, the hypothesis was correct, the crystals in solutions with less concentration of NaCl grew larger than the ones with higher contrations. A future investig
and temperatures affect protein crystal growth.
2010 BI307
PREPARATION OF QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE (QCM) BASED NANOSENSORS FOR COCAINE DETERMINATION: TO PREPARE QUARTZ CRYSTAL MICROBALANCE SENSO
ADDICTIVE CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES FROM BLOOD
Ekrem Gundogdu, Sevket Efe Gullerci,
MEV Private Science College, Ankara/Turkey, Ankara, TURKEY
Substance dependence is a chronic and repetitive disorder which may appear by using certain substances (alcohol or other addictive substances) in repetitive doses. Effects of cocaine appear an
epileptic seizures were observed in 3–8% of cocaine users. In treatment studies, an important amount of investment have been made in order to create immunotherapy options by creating antibo
blood circulation before it reaches the central nervous system. However, elongated drug use causes increasing damages in the body. Because of difficulties in the studies performed wi
environment was examined. For the determination of cocaine, an addictive chemical, first a monomer solution was prepared in order to prepared molecular imprinting based polymeric poly (EDMA
recognition. The prepared monomer solution was polymerized on the quartz crystal microbalance chips. Cocaine solution with 1 mg/ml concentration prepared with pH: 7.4 phosphate buffer was g
obtained frequency shift and mass change data, the system successfully performed the determination of cocaine in the water environment with 1microgr/ml concentration. In this study, we prepa
sensor prepared in order to determine the cocaine, one of the addictive substances, from body liquids. So, we reduced the expense of the cocaine determination and we also made the time shorte
2012 BI307
ALPIMIX
Carolina Velazquez Jimenez, Daniel Esteban Sanchez Sanchez,
Colegio de Estudios Cientificos y Tecnologicos del Estado de Puebla, Tecamachalco, Puebla, MEXICO
The birdseed Phalaris canariensis L. is a plant of the grass family Poaceae. It is native to the Mediterranean, but it is grown commercially in some parts of the world its primary use is for domesti
has exceptional nutritional characteristics, because it contains a high concentration of nutrients, but currently its main use lies in the songbird feeding. Studies at the Universidad Autónom
contains an enzyme called lipase, which acts on adipose tissue preventing fat accumulation. It contains relatively higher levels of protein and oil compared to other cereals (Putnam et al., 1996, H
activity and its main antioxidant compounds some sterols, triterpenes and caffeic acid esters (Takagi & Lida, 1980). ALPIMIX. This project aims to harness the birdseed developing 3 foo
popsicles. The snack by the presence of fiber facilitates the digestive processes. The popsicles is made of bird seed extract, which contains an enzyme called lipase that is very effective to puri
just fat deposits. The obtained extract passes through a microfiltration process aimed at the retention of bacteria, thus avoiding the application to the end of the treatment would eliminate the enz
function to facilitating the digestive processes, due to the presence of birdseed fiber Its process includes cleaning, washing, and conditioning, preparation of raw materials, frying and sea
2014 BI307
CHARACTERISTICS OF SULFHYDRIC ACID (H2S) INTERACTIONS WITH LYSOZYME AMYLOID FIBERS
Javier MartinezRodriguez, Indra GonzalezOjeda
Centro Residencial de Oportunidades Educativos de Mayaguez, Mayaguez, Puerto Rico
Amyloid fibrils are conformations of misfolded proteins with a stable βsheet structure. They are believed to be the main cause of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson
to find a way to degrade the formation of these aggregates, so treatments can be developed for the terrible ailments they cause. Amyloid fibers can be formed by applying extreme conditions of t
research was trying to prove that by adding sulfhydric acid (H2S), amyloid fibers can be degraded. The hypothesis was that sulfhydric acid will degrade lysozyme amyloid fibers. Six samples con
solution were elaborated to form the fibers. The samples also contained 20% of acetic acid and 0.1M of NaCl. Three of these samples had 6.99mM of H2S. All were put in an oven at a temperatu
was added to the samples to analyse them via fluorescence spectroscopy. In the samples without H2S, amyloid intensity was observed. However, in the samples with H2S, the fluorescence incr
this can be due to the compound degrading the fibers, exposing more superficial area. Therefore, the results indicate that H2S has some kind of effect on the formation of amyloid fibers. Furtherm
needed to prove this. Knowing this fact allows further investigation into the mechanism responsible for fibril formation, and brings the possibility of using H2S to treat amyloidosis.
2013 BI307
TESTING KIT TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN ARTIFICIALLY AND NATURALLY RIPENED FRUITS
Ishani Goomer, Khanak Bhargava
Amity International School,Mayur Vihar, New Delhi, INDIA
Our project is based on developing a simple testing tool to differentiate between natural and artificially ripened fruits. Calcium carbide is a chemical compound used in artificial ripening of seasona
consume it as well as who handle it. It is used as a source of acetylene gas, which is a ripening agent. Traders and fruit vendors want to make quick money by bringing in artificially ripened fruits
the market. Calcium carbide is unfavorable to the human body because after ingestion, acetylene produces free radicals which initiate detrimental effects on various organs. They play a major rol
onset of cancer, heart disease, stroke etc. Calcium Carbide reacts with water to give out calcium hydroxide and acetylene gas and leave traces of heavy metals like arsenic and nonmetals like p
that are treated with calcium carbide have been compared with naturally ripened bananas by applying tools from biodynamic farming principles (Biodynamic Chromatography),supported with chem
Protein, Fehling's test for sugars. This has enabled us to develop a kit which would be of immense use to a consumer. We have therefore, developed a consumer friendly low cost testing
and naturally ripened fruits to enable people to identify and buy naturally ripened fruitsfor their consumption.
2004 BI307
ASSESSING THE CARCINOGENICITY OF UNIQUE RADIOLYTIC BYPRODUCTS IN IRRADIATED POULTRY
Stephen Ross Fuller, Danielle Lauren Butler, Carly Mills Rosser
Hilton Head Preparatory School, 8 Fox Grape Road, Hilton Head Island, SC 29928
The use of irradiation for sterilization has been criticized for its potential introduction into food of carcinogenic radiolytic byproducts. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the mutagen
the irradiation of poultry fat and packaging material. It was predicted that while the organic nature of the fat tissue would allow it to resist modification by radiation, the synthetic packaging materia
 The Ames fluctuation test was used to test for mutagenicity. Samples of organic and irradiated test material were obtained from the same supplier. Each sample was dissolved and add
auxotrophic S. typhimurium. If the substance added was mutagenic, it would cause a bacterial reversion to histidine prototrophy, which would cause a bromocresol purple indicator to turn yellow.
microplates and incubated for five days. Sterility, negative, and positive controls were used. Plates were scored according to the proportion of yellow wells in comparison to the proportion of spon
irradiated fat and the irradiated packaging material showed an increase in revertants significant at the 1% level. Organic fat and unprocessed packaging showed no evidence of increased mutagen
importantly, the results of a twoproportion ztest showed strong evidence at the 1% level that irradiation was associated with increased mutagenicity in both poultry fat and packaging. 
introduced mutagenic and possibly carcinogenic materials into the test materials, these results are best interpreted as a strong indication that further testing of irradiated materials is needed to en
2007 BI307
ENZYMATIC ADDITION OF PALMITIC ACID TO THE NEURONAL PROTEIN SNAP25
Christina S, Izatt, Elizabeth C. Flores
Timpview High School, Provo UT, United States
This year we studied palmitoylation of the neuronal protein SNAP25 which is involved in neurotransmitter (NT) release. This protein is found in three forms in the body; reduced, oxidized and pali
acids are attached to cysteine on SNAP25. In order to palmitoylate the protein in vitro (inside a test tube), PalmitoylCoA (PalCoA), a source of palmitic acid, was added. These fattyacids are la
the cell membrane during neurotransmitter release. In order to attach the palmitic acid to SNAP25, the enzyme HIP14 (HuntininInteracting protein) is used. In the palmitoylating procedure we in
temperature (37°C) and room temperature (21°C). In order to know if the protein had been palmitoylated we added an oxidizing agent, K3FeCN6. We then ran the solutions in an electrophoresis ge
palmitoylated or not. SNAP25 has never been palmitoylated in vitro. To validate our results, we used PICA, a chemical that binds to palmitoylated SNAP25, is added to the samples which make
room. With a computer we measured the density of the light and drew the conclusions that SNAP25 is able to be palmitoylated at 4°C, and in 37°C, but not at 21°C. This result was expected bec
naturally found in the body. Our conclusions are helpful to the community because with our results more research can be done on mind disorders such as ADHD and schizophrenia.
2013 BI308
CAN ALLELOCHEMICALS BE EXTRACTED FROM BLACK WALNUT SEEDS THROUGH BOILING AND DISTILLATION?
Nabila Rahim, Kaetlynd Vance
Oakleaf High School, Orange Park, FL
For this experiment, we are testing to see whether or not it is possible to extract allelochemicals from allelopathic seeds through boiling and distillation. Allelochemicals can be found in allelopathi
into the soil, volatilize or leach through their leaves, and through decomposition. If this proves to be an effective method, it will open doors to learning to control and concentrate this toxin on spec
species. If we boiled black walnut seeds in water, then the toxin will be released into the water and therefore allow us to distill it out because, the boiling of the seeds will contaminate the water an
remove everything but the toxin. We divided up the trials having each trial with a different quantity of seeds. We boiled the seeds for about 30 minutes and allowed to cool before measur
distilled that contaminated water until all pure water was removed. We measured the amount of toxin in ounces after the liquid cooled and repeated these steps for four trials each with three sets
find that the seeds, after boiling, were just as hard as they were before boiling. We plan to continue this project, but instead take a step further and turn the toxin into a natural herbicide and test it
2003 BI308
METHOD TO DETECT BLEACHING AGENT USED IN BEAN SPROUTS
Soraya Sasungnoen, Chaowalit Chitwichan, Ratsami Khumchanthuek
Sukhui Sawatphadung Wittaya School, Sukhui, Nokhonratchasima, Thailand
The purpose of this project was to develop a method to detect the bleaching agent used in bean sprouts. Six local plants namely Java plum, Terrestrial orchid flower, shoeflower or China rose, se
flower, and mangosteen peel were extracted for color using water at the ratio of 1:10 (w/v). The change in color intensity of the extract solution was measured under daylight lamp after adding 10
extract. The result showed that the extract solution from Java plum had the highest change in intensity of 181 Lux. The Java plum was then extracted by ethanol at various concentration (040%)
time (525 minutes). It was found that the extract from 16% ethanol at 25 degree Celcius for 5 minutes showed the highest change in intensity. And for the purpose of convenience to apply the m
was soaked in the extract solution and then sundried. Various concentrations of bleaching agent (0.0005 – 5%) was dropped onto the paper. Time to change the color on the paper was recorded.
the 50.05% bleaching agent within 10 seconds, while the 0.005% and 0.0005% solution took 30 seconds and 4 minutes to change the color on the chromatography paper.
2004 BI308
COMPUTATIONAL METHODS FOR EXONIC PREDICTION WITHIN INTRONIC DATA AND MODELED INTRONIC DIVERGENCE THROUGH GENETIC ANALYSIS BETWEEN THE HUMAN A
Eric Walter Jeske, Nelson Chan Ray
Mira Loma High School, Carmichael CA, USA
A comparative analysis between the intronic sequences of two different species facilitates the discovery of new genes and the distribution of supposedly random mutations. Novel, undiscovered
would be denoted through highly conserved regions. However, highly conserved regions indicate a nonrandom mutation pattern, which cannot be modeled through stochastic processes. 
mouse sequences thought to be intronic may uncover undiscovered exons. More conserved regions within the comparison represent likely candidates for new exons. There does not exist a purel
new exons, so new exons must be experimentally verified. However, certain features of a DNA sequence indicate the possibility of an exon. Two hundred sequences were examined in depth as li
of conservation were analyzed for open reading frame length in conjunction with splice sites common to exons. An experimental verification of nine sequences returned three previously undiscove
 Mathematical formulas that model the distribution of conserved areas in semiconserved human and mouse intronic sequences have had little accuracy. Simulations were set up (to act as a
“mutate” sequences, and align the original and mutant sequences. Poisson models were used to calculate expected amounts of conserved regions. Analyses were used to test the accuracy of th
the simulated data. When the model was applied with error correction figures, a statistically slight, yet significant, deviation was discovered. 
2006 BI308
A. VULGARE: A THREE YEAR STUDY FINDING A SOLVENT FOR THE EXTRACTION OF THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE
Clara Grace Watson, Cailyn Estey
Grenada High School, Grenada, Mississippi, United States
The purpose of this project is to isolate the pheromone that causes Armadillidium vulgare to aggregate. The aggregation pheromone is found in the fecal matter of A. vulgare. Previous studies hav
between pheromones in male and female A. vulgare. It is hypothesized that at least two separate pheromones will be detected. Male and female A. vulgare were sexed and separated. After collec
females, the fecal matter was crushed. Several organic solvents were used to dissolve the crystalline shaped fecal matter. Hexane, ether, and acetone were used as solvents to dissolve the feca
separately. Gas chromatography was used to determine if there were traces of a volatile component in the solvent. In addition, a reflux technique was also employed to further purify samples, and
was also used. Data charts and graphical printouts from the gas chromatography instrument indicate that there are volatile compounds in the female fecal matter.
2007 BI308
DEVELOPING A FLUORESCAMINE ASSAY TO PROBE CARDIAC PROTEIN STRUCTURE
Virginia Anne Dines, Siddharth Damania
Breck School, Minneapolis MN, USA
This study attempted to determine the structure of pentameric phospholamban (PLB), a 52amino acid protein found in cardiac muscle cells that inhibits calcium flow. To analyze the structure of
are attached to the primary amine of the lysine residue on PLB and then monitored using electron paramagnetic resonance. In this study, an assay was developed to quantify spinlabeled PLB. In
lysine, and the fluorescent intensity was measured using fluorescence spectroscopy. Results showed a linear relationship between fluorescent intensity and primary amine concentration of PLB.
intensity emitted by fluorescamine increased over time, and, due to this variable, the next step is to control time when measuring fluorescence. Once the variable of time is eliminated, the fluores
procedure to determine efficiency of spinlabeling proteins for structural analysis of pentameric PLB. 
2008 BI308
AN APPLE A DAY KEEPS THE DOCTOR AWAY! THE EFFECT OF APPLE CIDER VINEGAR ON HIGH CHOLESTEROL
Haya Naser Aggad, Heba Naser Aggad,
Albuquerque Institute of Mathematics and Science, Albuquerque, NM
A good warning system for heart diseases is the presence of high blood cholesterol in the system. Nearly 100 million Americans have cholesterol above normal level, and nearly 34.5 Americans h
we wanted to test to see if apple cider vinegar lowers high cholesterol. We hypothesized that apple cider vinegar will lower cholesterol, because there are many trace elements and minerals found
pectin and pectin can be used to help lower cholesterol. We had to use a lab with a spectrophotometer. We also needed different types of cholesterol serums; low, standard, and a high. First we m
wrote down our results. Then, with the high cholesterol, we added one drop of apple cider vinegar and measured it. Then we added three, then seven, and finally we added ten drops of apple cider
cider vinegar did lower the high cholesterol level. We concluded that the more apple cider vinegar added to the high cholesterol the lower the high cholesterol would be. Implication for further study
age groups. Study has been shown that rats when fed acetic acid, their cholesterol levels became lower; a future implication is to study and test the effect of apple cider vinegar on rats. This proj
person must be concerned about their cholesterol levels.
2014 BI308
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA) AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION IN HEALTHY TEENS
Colin Norick, Colter Norick
Columbia Falls High School, Columbia Falls, MT, United States of America
The purpose of the study was to determine if a statistical correlation existed between DHA (an essential fatty acid) levels in the blood and cognitive function in teens. The study also looked at the
performance and whether BMI (Body Mass Index) impacted the results. This was a single blind experiment where 29 participants were split into three groups with similar ranges of BMI. We collec
omega 3 levels in the blood, and cognitive function using the CPT, reaction time, and 3 Back Test, working memory. Group 1 took 900mg of DHA, Group 2 took 450mg of DHA, and Group 3 took
and cognitive tests were completed again at the end of two months. Data was collected on a myriad of different cognitive values. Fatty acid analysis in the blood was accomplished using a GCM
results indicate that a strong statistical correlation exists between individuals in the two treatment groups that received DHA supplementation and improved Hit Rate Reaction Time on the CPT, a
the 3Back Test as compared to the placebo group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment groups indicating that the optimal improvement to supplement ratio
The lower dose of DHA was sufficient except for individuals with the largest BMI. BMI did impact the amount of DHA absorption in individuals. This study is important in confirming the correlation
function, and providing evidence that a 450mg dosage is sufficient for cognitive improvement.
2009 BI308
EFFECT OF THE PLANT GRAPTOPHYLLUM PICTUM ON THE HAEMOSTASIA PROCESS OF LUMBRICUS TERRESTRIS
William Pagan Palermo, Stephanie N. RiveraSantiago,
Blanca Malaret, Sabana Grande, PUERTO RICO
The problem under study was: What is the effect of different dilutions of the plant Graptophyllum pictum on the coagulation time and the regeneration capacity of the Lumbricus terrestris (earthwo
there are significant differences between the coagulation time and regeneration capacity of Lumbricus terrestris (earthworm) when the dilutions of this plant are applied to it. To test the hypothesis
different distilled water dilutions were prepared. Thirty six earthworms were collected and separated into different dissection trays. Earthworms in dissection tray “A” received no treatment. Earthw
with a dilution of 5 grams of the plant and 10 mL of distilled water. Earthworms in dissection tray “C” were treated with a dilution of 10 grams of the plant and 20 mL of distilled water and the ones
dilution of 15 grams of the plant and 30 mL of distilled water. A vertical incision was performed to the earthworms and the coagulation time was measured when blood color changed. Regeneration
observed after 24 hours of study. Data analysis evidenced that the coagulation time was reduced and the regeneration capacity was more effective for high concentration dilutions of the plant. It d
natural coagulant and helps the regeneration process of tissues. The projection of this investigation is to perform coagulation tests using human blood samples.
2010 BI308
EFFECTIVENESS OF PLECTRANTHUS AMBOINICUS (INDIAN BORAGE), SALVIA OFFICINALIS (SAGE) AND OCIMUM BASILICUM (BASIL) PLANT’S LEAVES EXTRACTS TO ELIMINAT
FIRE ANT).
Jackeline TorresQuestell, Jamarys Torres Diaz,
Elvira M. Colon Negron, Santa Isabel, PUERTO RICO
The purpose of this research is to eradicate the Solenopsis invicta (Red Fire Ant) using the leaves extract of Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian Borage), Salvia officinalis (Sage) and Ocimum basili
hypothesis was that leaves extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus (Indian Borage), Salvia officinalis (Sage) and Ocimum basilicum (Basil) are effective to eliminate Solenopsis invicta (red fire ant).
using them on the ants. The results of the pH test of the extracts were: Plectranthus amboinicus 5.09, Salvia officinalis 6.12, Ocimum basilicum 6.55 and the mixture of the three extracts was 6.
plants’ leaves extracts including the mixture of the extracts. The flavonoids test was positive for Salvia officinalis and Ocimum basilicum; negative for Plectranthus amboinicus and positive for th
chromatography test for Plectranthus amboinicus was green (Chlorophyll a and b), for Salvia officinalis and Ocimum basilicum was orange and the mixture was green (Chlorophyll a and b) and ora
indicated that the plant’s leaves extracts in different concentrations caused 100% mortality of Artemia salina (brine shrimp). All these plants have allelopathic properties. Each of the different extr
each. The natural extracts of Plectranthus amboinicus, Salvia officinalis and Ocimum basilicum are successful eradicating the ants. The Salvia officinalis extract was effective but the e
eradicating the Solenopsis invicta (ants). The hypothesis was accepted.
2009 BI309
THE FLOWERS PAPAVER RHOEAS, ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA AND DYANTHUS CARYOPHYLLUS AS NATURAL LARVICIDES AGAINST FARVAE FROM THE AEDES AEGYPTI MOSQ
Juan Gabriel Medina Izquierdo, Eduardo Breijo Baullosa,
University Gardends High School, San Juan, PUERTO RICO
The objective of this investigation is to determine if the flowers Poppy “Papaver rhoeas”, Yellow bell “Allamanda cathartica”, and Carnation “Dianthus caryophyllus” can serve as natural larvicides
which transmit the Dengue virus. It is expected that the flowers will work as natural larvicides and that the Carnation will be the most effective one in the extermination of the “Aedes aegypti” mos
possible natural larvicide which will not be harmful to the environment or hazardous to health. Twenty five (25) larvae were placed in each container together with two chopped flower petals, utilizin
containers with 25 larvae each were designated as the control group to observe the effectiveness of the flowers when compared to the experimental group. The experiment had a duration of 5 day
died was kept. The results demonstrated that the flowers were effective in the reduction of larvae since in the experimental group there was a mortality of 37 while the control group had a mortality
the most effective flower. Probably this can be attributed to the fact that this flower contains a chemical known as saponin which is believed to affect the “Aedes aegypti” mosquito larvae. Future
natural product based on the extract of this flower that would work as a natural larvicide against “Aedes aegypti” mosquito larvae.
2003 BI309
ARE WE IDENTICAL?
Megan A. Faulkner, Jessica R. Faulkner
A.J. Dimond High School, Anchorage, AK, USA
Our conjecture that we are identical twins was written into this hypothesis: We are more likely identical rather than fraternal twins. To test this hypothesis we used VNTR analysis. This (Variable N
looks for length differences in amplified sections of DNA from specific loci that are linearly repeated in the genome of individuals. These length differences are highly variable in the general popula
identical genomes) there should be no differences in the repeated sections of DNA. Using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) amplification followed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the PCR prod
pattern of the tandem repeats measured on the gel was observed in the first experiment. This result led to the conclusion that there is a high probability that the tandem repeats analyzed in the ex
fraternal twins. We will need to do more experiments, probably immunological, to clarify our results.
2013 BI309
THE EFFECTS OF LEAF AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF EUCALYPTUS GLOBULUS AND QUERCUS PERSICA PLANTS ON SOME PATHOGENIC BACTERIA
Wlat Abdulaziz Ahmed Khoshnaw, Miran Zyad, Ahmed Ahmed
Private Ishik College, Erbil, IRAQ REPUBLIC
The leaf aqueous extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Quercus persica plants were studied their antibacterial activity against two types of bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli) each plant
(25%, 50% and 100%). we obtained that the both plant extracts have inhibitory effect against two tested bacteria and we observe that the Eucalyptus have more activity than Quercus against tes
Allelochemical, Secondary metabolites, Eucalyptus, Quercus, Staphylococcus aureus and E. coli ,
2014 BI309
A TEST TO DETERMINE THE EFFECT OF ETHYL ALCOHOL ON THE DEGRADATION OF CELLULAR HYDROGEN PEROXIDE BY ENZYME CATALASE
Karen Grace Wilkening, Josee Kapseu
Middleburg High School, Middleburg, FL, United States of America
The original purpose to this experiment was to determine the effects of ethanol concentration on the degradation of hydrogen peroxide by catalase, which forms oxygen and water. We had though
would denature the catalase, thereby inhibiting the reaction between catalase and hydrogen peroxide. However, this was not the case. After researching the reaction, we found that catala
into acetaldehyde and releasing hydrogen. These hydrogen atoms reacted with hydrogen peroxide to form water, thereby decreasing the oxygen output. This experiment contained sever
hydrogen peroxide, and a time limit of 120 seconds. The independent variables were the varying volumes of ethanol. Each reaction of ethanol, catalase, and hydrogen peroxide was tested on a m
a constant rate. The volume of oxygen given off by the reaction was collected using a gas collection apparatus. Success with this investigation led to further research on the application o
was discovered that catalase in the brain breaks down ethanol into a toxin called acetaldehyde. This carcinogenic poison has harmful effects on human tissues including DNA damage, addiction,
culture studies.
2010 BI309
NATURAL VANILLIN EXTRACTION USING CELL SUSPENSIONS
Jorge Adolfo PiedraNavarro, Jose Pablo Corrales Villalobos,
Colegio Cientifico de Costa Rica, Sede San Carlos, Santa Clara de San Carlos, Alajuela, COSTA RICA
Vanilla is one of the most industrialized plants in the world. Vanillin is responsible for giving the peculiar taste and smell to products made from vanilla. The extraction of natural vanillin is an expe
industrialized as synthetic vanillin, which is made from products such as lignin and guaiacol. This study intends to extract vanillin from the callus that comes out of a radical meristem va
this biotechnology process makes the extraction quickly and costeffectively. The callus was produced and placed in a solid MS medium supplemented with 2,4D in order to induce callu
liquid medium in constant agitation for 15 days. The cell suspension was sieved through three different mesh screens in order to assess which one allows a greater number of cells to pass. Subs
(ethylene, carbon dioxide, heat and a blank) distributed in 3 replicates. The cell suspensions were centrifuged, and then isoamyl alcohol and hot water were added to separate vanillin from other c
used to assess which of the 4 treatments, mentioned above, induced a higher production of vanillin. The best results were obtained with the use of ethylene.
2006 BI309
A SCREEN FOR MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER WHICH AFFECTS TRIGLYCERIDE LEVELS
Ryan Wai Tam, Daniel Yeh
Alhambra High School, Alhambra, CA, United States
The success of Drosophila Melanogaster as a model organism has largely been due to its ability to carry out largescale genetic screens in identifying the genes involved in a biological process. A
offunction phenotype, our gene is based on a gainoffunction phenotype, or overexpressed genes. In our project, we overexpress the progeny of our RyanDaniel (aptly named after ourselves) fly
and test them for high or low triglyceride levels which deviate from the calculated average value. We will isolate the progeny with notable deviation because if the lines of the overexpressed gene
means that the genes regulate the triglyceride levels. We want to isolate new genes that change the triglyceride levels of the fly, and we predict that we will find lines causing both an increase and
For our methods, we used various grinded flies, triglyceride reagents and a microplate reader to determine our results. We found that line 5 of our cross had the highest deviation and thus had the
this project, we want to understand fat regulation and find out what role high triglyceride levels play in causing disease in humans.
2008 BI309
KADOK (PIPER SARMENTOSUM) AS AN ANTIULCEROGENIC AGENT
Syahrina Hafiza Ahmad Salim, Nur Farawahidah Mohd Yusof, Fadhlina Abdul Bashir
Tunku Kurshiah College, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, MALAYSIA
Ulcer is an open eroded sore of skin or mucous membrane. Ulcer disease is the main cause of morbidity and health care costs to about 10,000 people per year in Malaysia. Ulcer disease results
and the ability of the gastroduodenal mucosal to protect itself. Consumption of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and Helicobactor pylori infection cause the majority of stomach ulce
disease. In our research, Piper sarmentosum or the famous ‘kadok’ plant is used to demonstrate its ability to prevent stomach ulcer. Hence, the prevention tests were done by using kadok extrac
elucidation of the compound was established through spectroscopic methods: UV, IR and preparative column chromatography. The active compounds from kadok are known as isoasarone and 2
Different concentration of kadok active compounds and 3 synthetic compounds which are the isomer of isoasarone were tested by a qualified scientist. Low dose of 62.5 mg/kg kadok isoasarone
ulcer and pH value of 5.55 while kadok L3 indicated 97.38%, pH 3.02. High dose of 250.0 mg/kg kadok isoasarone compound indicated 100% inhibition and pH value of 4.60 while kadok L3 show
Cimetidine which are prescribed by doctors showed only 88.74% inhibition. Isoasarone and L3 shows the best compound to prevent stomach ulcer. The effects of kadok L3 is 100% harmless to t
Kadok L3 on healing stomach ulcer is conducted by a qualified scientist.The encouraging results prove impressive antiulcerogenic activity of kadok L3 both on preventing and healing. Thus, kad
prevent and heal stomach ulcers that cause ulcer disease. This also signifies the ability of kadok as an alternative to replace drugs in the medical field as an excellent antiulcerogenic agent in pr
stomach ulcer.
2007 BI309
SCREENING, ISOLATION, AND CHARACTERIZATION OF FLUORESCENT PROTEINS FROM NUDIBRANCHS
Ivy Razel Bernardo Ventura, Mara Elaine Dator Villaverde, Janine Cindy Mendoza Santiago
Philippine Science High SchoolMain,Agham Road,Diliman,Quezon City,Philipppines
Fluorescent proteins are important molecules used in the biochemical and medical research fields. However, the Philippines doesn’t have a local source of fluorescent proteins, and thus imports f
isolation and characterization of fluorescent proteins from a potential local source—nudibranchs. Nudibranchs are known for their spectacular color patterns due to special pigment cells in their sk
was used as the fluorescent protein source. Protein extracts from the seven species collected from Batangas were run through ReversedPhase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RPHP
extracts showed which had the most aromatic amino acids, the main component of fluorescent proteins. The extract with the most number of peaks at 280 nm was rerun through RPHPLC for co
examined through fluorescence microscopy using filters with three excitation ranges: 395410 nm, 490505 nm, and 560580 nm. The proteins which fluoresce at these wavelengths were the only
that fluorescent proteins are present in the fractions, mostly in Fractions 1 and 8. Based on observation, proteins which emit at the wavelengths of red and green are generally most abundant. For
genes coding for the isolated proteins must be determined, isolated, and cloned. The discovery of nudibranchs as a local source of fluorescent proteins would eventually provide local researchers
fluorescent proteins for their projects.
2003 BI310
MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF TEM AND SHVTYPE EXTENDEDSPECTRUM BETALACTAMASES USING BIOINFORMATICS
William Truong, Wallace Truong
Campbell Collegiate Institute, Regina, SK, Canada
ESBLs are becoming a major therapeutic problem because they are capable of hydrolyzing betalactam ring antibiotics, which include most of the antibiotics commonly used today. Nucleotide se
determining specific BETAlactamase genes present in strains, however it is labourintensive and can be technically challenging. This project attempted to characterize the TEM and SHVtype en
coli isolates using automated DNA sequencing and bioinformatic tools. E. coli strains were collected from patients in 4 regional health authorities across Saskatchewan. The isolates were then co
then extracted, PCR amplified and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignments were performed with known sequences from NCBI and <www.lahey.org/studies> using DNAssist 2.0 and DNAsis 3.7
computer software (TEMSHVanalysis) and database (TEMSHVdb) designed in the project. Of the 6 isolates successfully characterized for ESBLs, it was determined that antibiotic resistance wa
genes. It was found that TEMSHVanalysis and TEMSHVdb provided a rapid and accurate method for characterizing the TEM and SHVtype genes sequenced. The investigation demonstrated tha
techniques and automated software characterization methods, the characterization of ESBLs can be made less labour intensive, less time consuming and less technically challenging. Since ESB
is expected that the protocol presented here, which is built on the gold standard method of characterizing ESBLs, will significantly facilitate clinical laboratories in the future. 
2007 BI310
THE EFFECT OF SOFT DRINKS UPON DIGESTION
Sara Eutrice Benjamin, Deion Gillis
Mergenthaler High School #410, Baltimore Maryland USA
It was hypothesized that soda would negatively impact digestion. It was also hypothesized that the ground beef would be most difficult to digest. Approximately 0.5 g samples of ground turkey, b
brussels sprouts were tested in 10 ml distilled water, soda, or fruit punch with 10 ml of simulated stomach juice. Digestion produces gases, so the samples were weighed at the beginning of the e
the stomach juice at the two temperature levels. Control samples with no food were included. The data showed that the food samples in fruit juice and water had higher mass change than
levels. Also the ground beef samples took longer to digest and had the lowest mass change. This suggests that soda had a negative impact on the rate of digestion and that beef was the toughes
exaggerated effects of soda upon the food samples it can be inferred that soda slows down digestion. We suspect that the high level of fructose, caffeine, and acid in the soda could be the reaso
Overall, the refrigerated samples did not digest as well as the body temperature samples. This can be due to the fact that the process of digestion works best at body temperature, as we found in
hypothesis was correct. 
2013 BI310
THE EFFECTS OF APPLYING A NOVEL SILICA NANOPARTICLE COMPOUND MEDICATION TO EFFECTIVELY ERADICATE MALARIA
Hassan Nezar Khdary, Khaled Alkozman
Manarat AlRiyadh School, Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA
Malaria kills 1 to 2 million people annually according to WHO reports. The problem is that the malaria parasite resists most medicines used to kill it because there are 12 hours in which the parasi
current project aims at producing a novel compound of medication using silica nanoparticles to effectively eradicate malaria in an expedient timeframe. The procedure starts with producing silica n
diameter. Next, the surface of the particles is functionalized with the Diamine. Then, the silica nanoparticles are linked with 2 active malaria drugs. Then the 4 compounds undergo IR test to deci
silica nanoparticles or not. Finally, the effectiveness of the new compound is tested by comparison with the medicines without silica nanoparticles. It takes 15 minutes to kill parasites with 50 mg
nanoparticles could be linked with 2 drugs will decrease the time to few second it takes one tenth the time that drugs without silica nanoparticles take. Laboratory experiments proved the effective
malaria. Using silica nanoparticles in treating malaria will contribute to eliminating malaria. This new method will open new prospects to eliminating other diseases caused by parasites.
2014 BI310
NOVEL ANALYSIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION ON AMYLOIDBETA, TAU, AND MOTILITY IN TRANSGENIC C. ELEGANS MODELS: TARGETING POTENTIAL THERA
Kimberly Alexis Te, Austen Te,Jinyu Wu
Manhasset High School, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
As the 6th leading cause of death in the United States, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects over 5.4 million Americans. Recent studies have hypoth
as possible AD mechanisms, relating to toxic amyloidbeta (AB) plaque formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the roles of antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents o
tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurodegenerative symptoms) to target potential therapeutics. Three transgenic strains of C. elegans were used: CL2006 (GFPtagged AB), CL2120 (ABrelated par
hyperphosphorylation). The compounds examined were antioxidants alipoic acid and EGCG, and antiinflammatory ibuprofen. Each strain was tested with and without each compound. Data was
age synchronization and inoculation. Fluorescence microscopy with Thioflavin S staining was used to study AB aggregation and tau fibril formation from hyperphosphorylation, while paralysis was
indicator. All data was analyzed with a oneway ANOVA Scheffe posthoc test or Bonferroni posthoc test (p<.05). Day 7 data revealed a significant decrease in AB aggregation for all three treatm
alipoic acid as most effective (p=.0046). Ibuprofen was most proficient in significantly decreasing tau hyperphosphorylation (p=.00426) and paralysis (p<.0001). This study suggests that inflamm
stress in neurodegenerative AD symptoms. However, since each type of therapeutic had different significant effects, combinations of the two types may be synergistically beneficial in future ther
2009 BI310
SUERAMIX
Francisco Javier Andrade Gonzalez, Maria Leonor Lopez Gutierrez,
Colegio de Estudios Cientificos y Tecnologicos del Estado de Puebla, Plantel Tecamachalco, Tecamachalco, MEXICO
Nowadays, the whey obtained of the elaboration of cheese is considered as a residue. It is a by product known as “sweet whey” which is spilled into the rivers or it is used to feed pigs. However,
proteins that has a wide range of chemical, physical and functional properties. Also, it can help us to keep our health as well as to avoid certain diseases. For these reasons, we decided to obtain
products for taking advantage about its properties. Hence, our product obtained is mainly for children who are more vulnerable to suffer of undernourishment problems. For the developme
bibliographic research. It was selected the dried method as well as it passed through a Spray drying process. Besides, the formulas of the products of sueramix malteada and sueramix atole were
evaluated until it was obtained a standardized product. Moreover, physicochemical and microbiological determinations and a final sensorial evaluation were carried out to evaluate the final produc
conclude with our experimental process. So, the use of sueramix prepared for milkshakes, atole and frozen milky desserts could help to obtain products with a better flavor, color, substa
benefits.
2014 BI310
NOVEL ANALYSIS OF OXIDATIVE STRESS AND INFLAMMATION ON AMYLOIDBETA, TAU, AND MOTILITY IN TRANSGENIC C. ELEGANS MODELS: TARGETING POTENTIAL THERA
Austen Gregory Te, Kimberly Te,Jinyu Wu
Manhasset High School, Manhasset, NY, United States of America
As the 6th leading cause of death in the United States, Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects over 5.4 million Americans. Recent studies have hypoth
as possible AD mechanisms, relating to toxic amyloidbeta (AB) plaque formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the roles of antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents o
tau hyperphosphorylation, and neurodegenerative symptoms) to target potential therapeutics. Three transgenic strains of C. elegans were used: CL2006 (GFPtagged AB), CL2120 (ABrelated par
hyperphosphorylation). The compounds examined were antioxidants alipoic acid and EGCG, and antiinflammatory ibuprofen. Each strain was tested with and without each compound. Data was
age synchronization and inoculation. Fluorescence microscopy with Thioflavin S staining was used to study AB aggregation and tau fibril formation from hyperphosphorylation, while paralysis was
indicator. All data was analyzed with a oneway ANOVA Scheffe posthoc test or Bonferroni posthoc test (p<.05). Day 7 data revealed a significant decrease in AB aggregation for all three treatm
alipoic acid as most effective (p=.0046). Ibuprofen was most proficient in significantly decreasing tau hyperphosphorylation (p=.00426) and paralysis (p<.0001). This study suggests that inflamm
stress in neurodegenerative AD symptoms. However, since each type of therapeutic had different significant effects, combinations of the two types may be synergistically beneficial in future ther

2007 BI311
BIOETHANOL FROM BANANA AS AN ALTERNATIVE BIOFUEL
Muhammad Naim Assiddiq Wan Hasamudin, Mohammad Ashraaf R. M. Ridzuan, Aminudin Raheem,
Sek. Sains Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah, Pekan, Pahang, Malaysia
This project was the result of the recent fuel price hike, worldwide. The main idea was to find a suitable renewable source to produce ethanol.Ethanol can be produced from any substances that a
approach, known as fermentation process. Banana was chosen for this project because it is available abundantly through out the year, in tropical countries. The banana was mashed, dil
down the carbohydrates to monosaccharides and then converted into ethanol. Repeated distillation process was carried out to separate the ethanol from water in the resulting liquid. 
gasoline at 1:9 ratio to produce biofuel. Several tests were done to analyze the biofuel properties such as heat of combustion, energy content, and specific gravity. The results show that the com
almost similar to the conventional gasoline. The contribution of this project is to reduce the fuel cost thus will greatly bring positive impact towards the nation’s economy. Seco
just economical but also cleaner and reliable compared to limited fossil fuel. 
2003 BI311
SPONTANEOUS FIBRILLOGENESIS ON CHARGED POLYMER SURFACES
Michelle Simpser, Rikki Frenkel
Stella K. Abraham High School for Girls, Hewlett, NY, USA
In order to study their structure, proteins are routinely crystallized in solution. These crystals, though, have no resemblance to the actual structure of these proteins when they are secreted by cel
matrix. We have found that spontaneous protein selforganization can be induced on polymer surfaces when the charge of the polymer is comparable to that of the cell membrane. Furthermore, u
demonstrated that the fibrillogenesis observed using purified Fibronectin (Fn) is indeed the physiological form that is produced by actual cells on these charged synthetic surfaces. We therefore p
surfaces to study the effects of compounds known to be involved in the aging and disease process. We found that substances that bind to Fn, such as trivalent ions and heparin, inhibit lattice gro
that are formed take on a geometric shape. Furthermore, the fibrils formed are more rigid and we found that their elastic modulus increases in direct proportion to the excess glucose concentration
agreement with the decreased elasticity found in the tissues of diabetics and the elderly.
2010 BI311
MEASUREMENT OF PHOTOPERCEPTION OF BRASSICA RAPA
Amber Jasmine Kazi, Kathleen S. Ralph,
West High School, Madison, WI
Brassica rapa (B. rapa), a variation of the mustard plant, has a short germination period and distinct phenotype, making it ideal for genetic studies in the classroom. The aims of the study were to
response to variations in light intensities, and to determine alterations in circadian rhythm to different light cycles in the wild type B.rapa compared to the Elongated Internode (EIN) mutant seedlin
results of the experiments showed that the Line 9 mutated B.rapa had similar height as the wild type B. rapa in low light conditions however, Line 194 and Line 40 mutant B.rapa were significantly
low and higher light intensities. Timelapse photography under 12hour and 24hour light cycles was used to show changes in the circadian rhythm and document movement of the cotyledons in w
There were no alterations in the movement of all seedlings when exposed to the 12hour cycle. When exposed to the 24hour light cycle, the circadian rhythm was irregular in all groups for a 36ho
cycle, albeit with a shorter range of cotyledon motion than before. These findings suggest that changes in genetic makeup can influence phenotypic response in B.rapa plants which will be usefu
classroom.
2014 BI311
LOW COST EXTRACTION AND PREPURIFICATION OF BROMELAIN DERIVED FROM CROATA (NEOGLAZIOVIA VARIEGATA) BY HIGH PERFORMACE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: A
ANTIFUNGAL ALTERNATIVE?
Francisco Daniel Adriano, Francisco Lima
Escola Estadual de Educacao Prosissional Julio Franca, Bela Cruz, CE, Brazil
The production and application of natural enzymes is an emerging interest. Bromelain is a proteolytic enzyme useful in the production of pharmaceuticals. Brazil lacks lowcost alternatives for the
scenario, a native plant, Croatá (Neoglaziovia variegata) has emerged as an alternative for highthroughput extraction of bromelain. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) is an efficien
literature searches, we found that this bromeliad we study has bromelain in a quantity exceeding pineapple (Ananas comosus), which is usually the industrial source for this enzyme. The presenc
phytochemical analysis of the fruit. We isolated and purified bromelain using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) from Neoglaziovia variegata. We tested microbial activity using mic
SBS363,(Gram negative), Micrococcus luteus A270, (Grampositive), Candida albicans MDM8 (a yeast) and Aspergillus niger (a filament fungus). Preliminary results show Flat Layer Chromatogr
Chromatography (HPLC ) are effective alternatives in the preseparation and purification of bromelain. Secure and precise tests proved the existence of antibacterial activities at peak 22 and antif
This shows that Neoglaziovia variegate is a fruit containing bromelain. We will validated the use of Flat Layer Chromatography (FLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) as alte
as well as to show it´s antimicrobial power.
2013 BI311
ROLES OF SEMAPHORIN7A AND CADHERIN8 IN SYNAPTIC GUIDANCE INFLUENCING AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS
Sania Khalid, Amrita Ramesh
Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) affect over 1 in 88 individuals and the microdeletions of two chromosomal regions, 15q24 and 16q21, have been correlated with autistic phenotypes in humans
Semaphorin7A (Sema7A) protein, an axon guidance molecule; while a gene in region 16q21 codes for the Cadherin8 (Cdh8) protein, a cell adhesion molecule. We investigated the roles of both pr
implicated in ASDs. Immunohistochemistry and Western Blots were performed on Wild type (WT) and Sema7A Knockout (KO) mice brain tissue and sections and blots were imaged and analyzed
expression and localization of Sema7A. In situ hybridization, Immunohistochemistry and Western Blots were carried out on WT brain tissue to profile localization and temporal variation of Cdh8.
peaking during a developmental time period in the thalamus and cortex to influence the early connectivity of these regions. Abnormalities in the anatomy and dendritic orientation of Sema7A KO m
proper somatosensory circuitry. Cdh8 was verified to be a synaptic protein in the striatum, localized to the pre and postsynaptic membranes. Cdh8 mRNA expression peaked during a crucial dev
prefrontal cortex, two brain regions implicated in the development of autistic behaviors. This study explored the roles of Sema7A and Cdh8 in the underlying mechanisms governing the etiology of
understanding of this wide range of disorders in the Autism Spectrum.
2014 BI312
EXPLORING ALZHEIMER'S PREVENTION
Valerie Perea, Julie Giannini
Saint Pius X High School, Albuquerque, NM, United States of America
Curcumin is a derivative of the Indian spice turmeric known for chelating properties. In Alzheimer’s Disease, free metal ions in the brain play a major role in protein degradation and plaque aggrega
free metal ions rendering them incapable of fulfilling their role in the disease. In order to test the effectiveness of metal ion chelation by curcumin the metal ions Fe II, Mn II, and Zn were added to
mimics the pH of human blood which is 7.35 and they were also added to a distilled water and curcumin solution with the pH of 5.00 in order to compare the chelation of metal ions by curcumin in
that curcumin would chelate the specified metal ions more effectively at the more basic solution of pH at 7.35 rather than the more acidic solution of pH at 5.00. The procedure involved
ions into their own vials with buffer or water. The metal ions were each added to their own vial of both buffer and water. They were measured by a UVVIS spectrophotometer to find the concentra
added to each vial and agitated to mix. A second measurement was taken to find the new concentration of free metal ions and of the forming curcuminmetal complex for each vial. 
each test case had a significantly lower concentration of free metal ions suspended in solution and the curcuminmetal complexes increased in concentration. The findings are hopeful in the poss
agent in Alzheimer’s Disease. However research must persist in order to better understand the disease and its prevention.
2013 BI312
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH FACTORS ON THE PROLIFERATION OF BETA CELLS
Jacob Michael Cabrejas, Paula Beatty
Type 1 Diabetes is a growing problem in America and current treatments have been proven ineffective. Islet Transplantation is one such ineffective treatment and in order to increase the supply o
growth factors. By increasing the amount of beta cells with growth factors for Islet Transplantation the procedure will be more cost efficacious. In order to test whether or not the growth factorsIG
proliferation we utilized two assays, the BrdU and Edu Detection Assays. The BrdU detection assay quantified the amount of cell growth by measuring the amount of luminescence created by inc
replicated DNA strand. As a result of both of the assays, it was found that IGF2 by itself demonstrated the most amount of cell proliferation; however, the mixture of IGF1 and IGF2 dud exhibit
than IGF1 by itself. Since the mixture was an even split of IGF1 and IGF2 than a future area of improvement would be to change the concentration of the mixture to allow IGF2 to take a more
act upon the cells but in a lesser manner. Thus from the project it was found that growth factors exhibited a strong possibility for improving the efficiency of Islet Transplantation by increasing the
slow at replicating.
2014 BI313
CARDIOLIPINTARGETED PEPTIDES BLOCK ALZHEIMER’S BETAAMYLOID OLIGOMER TOXICITY THROUGH A TWOHIT APPROACH: FIBRIL FORMATION AND INHIBITION OF NEW
ACTIVITY
Margarita Ren, Yinge Zhao
Hunter College High School, New York, NY, United States of America
Accumulation of betaamyloid peptide in the brain is widely regarded as the primary pathogenic factor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The oligomeric form of betaamyloid has been recently implicat
peptide. It is known to impair mitochondrial function, but the exact process by which this occurs has remained elusive. Here, a possible mechanism of betaamyloid mitotoxicity was characterized
amyloid interaction with a specific form of cardiolipin (CL) and copper (II) ions. From this, two targets for treatment of AD were identified: firstly, inhibition of this mitochondrial oxygenase activity,
permeation by betaamyloid in the first place. An aladan (ald) analog of the drug Bendavia (SS31) has been discovered to be able to treat both of these targets. SS31 is a bloodbrain barrier perme
protective and antioxidant properties through the stabilization of cardiolipin in mitochondria. Here, [ald]SS31 was shown to be able to successfully both inhibit betaamyloid oxygenase activity and
soluble, toxic oligomers to nontoxic insoluble fibrils by more than a four hundred fold increase in speed compared to the natural mechanism, thereby demonstrating its potential as a therapy for AD
2014 BI314
ESTABLISHING THE PARKINSON'SPESTICIDE CONNECTION THROUGH COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR MODELING
Devyani Shekhawat, Dana Abulez,Rachana Kombathula
Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease, and is defined by the loss of dopamineproducing cells and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neutrites. D
so without it symptoms such as unprecedented tremors and loss of movement arise. Recent studies have found that there is a positive correlation between exposure to pesticides and PD. Pestic
of Lewy bodies. Alphasynuclein, Dardarin, PINK1, and UCHl1 are presynaptic neuronal proteins involved in the UPS and are linked genetically to PD. The stereochemical orientation between th
and their degradation can construct a link and provide deeper insight between PD and pesticides. The novel QSAR analysis approach gives the solution for selective specificity of ligands in inhibi
The structural orientation of the pesticide molecules with the target proteins involved in ubiquitin proteasome system and autophagy lysosomal pathway is studied by performing molecul
Molecules are downloaded and placed in docking sites of the optimized target proteins. The placement of the ligands is then analyzed and recorded based on binding affinities and scores. There i
ligands to certain target proteins as shown by the binding scores. The data revealed that many ligands bound with the proteins and yielded high affinities. This approach can be used for other neu
easier, cheaper, and widely available for use than physical trials.
2003 BO001
AZADIRACHTA INDICA (NEEM): APPLICATIONS OF A BIOLOGICAL SUBSTANCE
Thai Thanh Doan
Coon Rapids Senior High School, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, USA
Various extracts from Azadirachta indica (Neem), a tree found in eastern tropical countries, are known to be insecticidal and antiseptic. It was hypothesized that Neem oil and leaves would inhibi
pathogenic bacteria. The oil would also have an insecticidal effect. The KirbyBauer method was used to test the nonpathogenic bacteria. Filter discs, coated with Neem oil, were positioned even
incubated for 24 hours, and then measured every 24 hours thereafter for zones of inhibition areas of successful microbe inhibition via the oil. Due to the fact that the lipid was heavy in nature, a
devised. The oil and leaves were submerged into inoculated nutrient broth solutions for signs of inhibition via translucency differences. Results of both tests do not indicate inhibitory effects. 
four vegetable plant species were grown from seeds in a plant study. Healthy plants were isolated after 45 days and were treated with a light atomization of the Neem oil. After one day of treatme
sheared appearance – an affliction which killed all the plants after 5 days. In conclusion, Neem oil and leaves are severely limited, if not entirely suppressed as antibacterial substances,
substances inhibited the growth of any microbe. The plant study is inconclusive – the plants were adversely affected by the Neem oil and could not be subject to predation by insects. 
2006 BO001
PUERARIA LOBATA (KUDZU): A PESTICIDE?
Tyler R Rowland
Maclay School, Tallahassee, Florida, United States
Pea aphids are small, green insects that cause numerous problems to crops. Aphids have been known to suck juices out of plants, causing them to wilt or grow slowly. Kudzu is an extremely ha
damage to many plants and manmade structures. Its large leaves prevent smaller plants from obtaining sunlight, and its large roots have the capacity to uproot large trees. The purpose of this p
kudzu roots and leaves can be used as an effective pesticide on aphids. Two C3 plants, green beans, were placed on separate sides of a tank. The plant designated as the control was
tank; the plant designated as the test was lightly sprayed with kudzu extract and placed on the left on the test tank. Aphid behavior was observed for two hours and thirty minutes. The trial would
leaf and plant extract. Plants treated with the leaf extract were host to about ten percent fewer aphids than those not treated; plants treated with the root extract also attracted about ten percent fe
behavior changes were observes. The kudzu extract appears to have caused fewer aphids to harm the plants. Further experimentation is needed to confirm its possible use as a pesticid
could lead to an agricultural use of the kudzu as an effective pesticide.
2005 BO001
THE EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT GROWING CONDITIONS ON THE FIRMNESS, DIAMETER, SUGAR CONTENT, AND PH OF RIPENING GRAPE BERRIES
Megan Kathleen Bartlett
F. W. Springstead High School, Spring Hill, Florida, USA
Grape clusters, of the wine variety Cabernet Sauvignon and the table variety Autumn Royal, were subjected to five treatments and their development was assessed over time through berry firmne
titratable acidity (TA). These treatments were: full sun exposure,shade, bagging with foil to reduce the transpiration rate, reduction of cluster size to three berries, and partialsun exposure as a co
would ripen first, with the least firmness and TA and highest pH, diameter and sugar, followed by the 3berry clusters,with faster ripening from the reduction of crop load,then control, shade and ba
to their limited water and nutrient uptake. There was no statistically significant (using chisquared analysis) treatment that increased development the most. For the wine grapes, bagged clusters h
the most TA of all treatments,as predicted. Reducing cluster size hurt softening, unexpectedly. Berry sun exposure had little benefit and may even be harmful, especially for the sunsensitive tab
clusters were the firmest, followed by 3berry, control, shade, and sun clusters, respectively. There were significant differences between all groups, except 3berry and control. I correctly predicte
bagged clusters, but I assumed the shaded ones would not soften as much, and that the 3berry ones would soften more. Removing berries may reduce transport to the damaged cluster, and this
no significant difference for sugar levels, but bagged clusters had the most TA, as expected. There was no difference in either variety for diameter, rate of change in diameter or firmness, or pH. B
may not show variation well. Diameter and rates of change may not be heavily affected by environment as long as resources are adequate.
Fourth Award of $500 Botany Presented by Intel Foundation
2004 BO001
A STUDY OF LIGHTWEIGHT HYDROPONIC MEDIA FOR POTENTIAL USAGE IN SPACE
Thomas Lee Powell
Trinity Catholic High School, Ocala, FL United States of America
Hydroponics is the art/science of growing plants without soil. This practice is very ancient and was used by the Natives of South America, the Egyptians, the Aztecs, and the Babylonians. Over t
knowledge of hydroponics was lost. Recently Europeans and Americans rediscovered hydroponics for use in research laboratories. More recently hydroponics has been widely adapted for food pr
today is involved in the adaptation of hydroponics to the microgravity environment of space. The focus of this project is to study effectiveness of the various lightweight media. 
constructed and stocked with pea seeds. These were placed in one of six different lightweight media (Gravel, Oasis, Bioballs, Volcanite, Filter floss, and Sponge) and automatically watered. The
the superior media in the last study. Plant growth rate, crop yield, plant mass, and plant production rates were recorded. Observations and Data. Data analysis showed Oasis and Volcan
terms of plant growth rate, total crop weight, plant mass, and plant production rate. Gravel and Bioballs also showed good crop yield. Sponge was found to disintegrate and support unwanted alga
several of the media tested showed acceptable properties for microgravity hydroponics, Oasis and Volcanite showed clear superiority in the parameters examined (growth rate, crop yield, plant m
reasons were discussed and future areas of inquiry suggested. 
All expensepaid trip to attend the U.S. Space Camp in Huntsville, Alabama and a certificate National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2005 BO002
ENHANCING A NATURAL SYSTEM TO INCREASE SOIL FERTILITY
Courtney Zasha Monique Rumala
Westgate Christian Academy, Spring Hill, FL, United States of America
 The first study was designed to determine an easier and effective inoculation technique for the nitrogenfixing actinomycete, Frankia. The second study was des
alder leaves used as a biofertilizer. For the first study, 200 alder trees were grown. The 1st control group received sterilized soil and the 2nd control group received sterilized liquid phosp
received soil infected with Frankia and the 2nd testing group received liquid containing spores suspended in phosphate buffer. Based on my results, the Soil Inoculum was determined to
inoculation technique. For the second study, 80 grass “plots” were separated into four different treatment groups. The 1st group was treated with field soil, 2nd group was treated with Oil
synthetic fertilizer, and the 4th group was treated with diced alder leaves, which served as a biofertilizer. Based on my results the BioFertilizer proved to be a better and more effective method fo
third study, eleven soil samples were collected from around the state of Florida. Each soil was nitrogen depleted and water extractions were obtained in order to indicate the presence and concen
were applied to alder seedlings and as a result nodulation occurred. 
2003 BO002
CAN HOYA CARNOSA SPECIES BE SEXUALLY REPRODUCED AND MAINTAINED IN FL.? IF SO, WILL THE PEST RESISTANT GENE BE PASSED ON TO THE F1 GENERATION?
CRYSTAL LYNN SWARTZFAGER
WILDWOOD HIGH SCHOOL, WILDWOOD, FLORIDA, USA
The purpose of this project is to promote genetic variation in the Hoya carnosa species through sexual reproduction, while identifying a unique trait in the Hoya carnosa that will give the breeding p
sexually reproduced and maintained in Florida? If so, will the pest resistant gene be passed to the F1 generation? Hoya carnosa can be sexually reproduced and maintained in Florida therefore pe
responsible for this success and the pest resistance passed on to the F1 generation. First Hoya carnosa flower reproductive organs were positively identified under a microscope. Next t
naturally. After 23 weeks the matured pods burst and the seeds were collected in a net pod bag. The seeds were placed on soil in an 8 inch pot, where they germinated at the following rates: set
germination rates were high set 122 plants, set 248 plants and set 320 plants were tested. 92 plants were exposed, for fiveweeks, to mealybug and scale. Daily observation showed no infestat
 Conclusive evidence of pest resistance was not derived from this experiment. Continued monitoring of the three sets of plants and exposure to mealybug and scale is required. Certainly rese
pest resistance, can be passed onto offspring, and these traits should be used to direct the breeding program. Genetic variation through sexual reproduction ensures conservation of Hoya carnos
 
2004 BO002
BOTANICAL PESTICIDES: DO THEY WORK?
Jennifer Marie Herig
Lawton Chiles High School, Tallahassee, Florida, United States Of America
The purpose of this project was to find out whether garlic, citrus oil, or basil can be used as botanical pesticides. Liquid solutions were made using each of the three substances, and a fourth con
conducted on tobacco hornworms, which were ordered from a science supply company. The majority of the ordered hornworms died of unknown causes, so in order to conduct the experiment,the
complete their lifecycle. The moths mated and laid eggs, and once the eggs matured into larvae, the experiment was conducted. Tomato leaves were used as the carrier for the pesticides. <
for 10 minutes, and was placed, along with a leaf that was not soaked, in a container containing one hornworm. This procedure was repeated for each solution. Three hornworms were tested for e
solution, the first hornworm did not eat the leaf with the solution or the control leaf. The second and third hornworms did not eat the leaves with the basil solution on them, but they ate the control
second hornworms ate both leaves, but the third hornworm did not eat either of the leaves. The citrus oil and control solutions both produced the same results, with all three hornworms from each
shows that basil was the most successful substance for repelling hornworms from tomato plants. 
2006 BO002
ACER PALMATUM IN VITRO YEAR 2
Michael James Bernert
West Linn High School, West Linn OR, United States
This is the second year of a 4year attempt to propagate Acer palmatum (Japanese maple) in vitro. Acer palmatum is a recalcitrant woody species that is difficult to culture in vitro. J.L. Fernánde
to publish on the successful propagation of an A. palmatum cultivar. My project built on previous work to state more comprehensive procedures. Six experiments, numbered six through e
that promoted shoot development in A. palmatum cultures. Some highlights include: In experiment 6, A. palmatum "Red dragon" cultures grown on woody plant medium supplem
(WPM+.045 uM TDZ) experienced 67% reactivity. In experiment 8, A. palmatum "Sangokaku" cultures achieved 86% reactivity. In experiment 9, shoot development was recor
"Sangokaku" cultures. In experiment 11, 72.7% of the reactive "Sangokaku" cultures grown on WPM+.045 uM TDZ showed shoot development after just 13 days. Th
explants, cultivars, and growth regulators that make the culture of A. palmatum in vitro possible. Numerous challenges still need to be addressed. These challenges include the perfection of medi
cultivars, and developing hardening off procedures. Overcoming these challenges and finalizing a protocol will provide a new tool to growers, breeders and scientists interested in Acer palmatum.<
2004 BO003
AN EXAMINATION OF ANTIOXIDANTS AND THEIR CHANGES DURING THE RIPENING STAGES OF A STRAWBERRY GUAVA
Nicholas Michael Duncan
Springstead Highschool, Spring Hill, FL, United States
The purpose of this project is to examine the capacity and activity of antioxidants of a strawberry guava and changes during the ripening stage. The procedure of this project started with the folins
the samples followed by sodium carbonate. Samples were then diluted and then placed in a spectrophotometer. The oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay (ORAC) started with a sample of g
by the free radical AAPH. Samples were placed in a FMax detector and the results were compared to a standard curve of trolox. The High Performance Liquid Chromatography assay (HPLC) sta
order to obtain the needed compounds. The samples were then placed in a HPLC vial and the then placed in the machine. In conclusion to the experimentation and observations of this project, it
accepted and rejected. Since the results from the HPLC did not give much evidence to the increasing trend of the concentration of antioxidants and total soluble phenolics, the results from the OR
a conclusive analysis. The results from the folins assay showed that the hypothesis was correct. On all seven days of the ripening stage the antioxidant capacity increased, where on day 0 it wa
1084.3 ppm. In the results of the ORAC assay it was revealed that the hypothesis stated was incorrect. The average day results showed that on day 0 the average was 13.74 _M TE/g. and on da
to 22.07 _M. The results of day seven showed that the trend no longer was increasing. With a drop of 4.15 _M to get an average result of 17.92 _M TE/g it was observed that the hypothesis was
assay had a larger difference between day five and day seven then it did in the folins assay.
2003 BO003
ANTIBIOSIS AND TOLERANCE TO GREENBUGS, SCHIZAPHIS GRAMINUM IN SORGHUM
Curtis Justin Odgers
Wameo High School, Wamego, KS, USA
This is an investigation into the defense mechanisms of sorghum to a financially destructive pest, the greenbug. Over a fourday period known numbers of greenbus were allowed to feed in small
amount of time they were counted to see the reproduction potential in an antibiotic variety of sorghum. Also the damaged caused by their feeding was measured. This measurement displays the t
the relatively new virulent biotypes of greenbugs. The damage was measured with a SPAD (Soil Plant Analysis Development) chlorophyll meter. The more tolerance a sorghum variety has, the lo
sorghum varieties tested in this experiment were Cargill 607E, Cargill 797, and NC+ 272. The Cargill 607E claims to have antibiotic traits while cargill 797 claims to have tolerant traits. NC+ 272 w
susceptibility to biotype K greenbug damage. From the data collected it can be concluded that greenbugs caused a drastic amount of chlorophyll loss in all of the sorghum varieties.
tolerant traits in the second trial. It had on average 20% more chlorophyll after the four days than the susceptible NC+ 272. The antibiotic variety Cargill 607E held true to its claim of hav
seen that at the 20greenbug cages the variety lost some of the characteristics.
2006 BO003
THE LEAN GREEN SOYBEAN MACHINE
Hannah Ruth Cox
Zane Trace High School Chillicothe, OH U.S.A.
A genetically modified soybean, Nutrium(R), has been developed to have 5% less linolenic acid than other soybeans. The purpose of this project is to determine if the loss of linolenic acid is com
unsaturated fatty acid, and if the genetic modification will persist in the next generation. The hypotheses are that the Nutrium(R) will have 5% less linolenic acid than Roundup Ready(R), that the l
an increase in linoleic acid, and that the genetic modification will persist to the next generation. Ten samples of each of the following were analyzed: Firstgeneration and secondgeneration Nutriu
soybeans were extracted with hexane. Sodium methoxide was used to form the methyl esters of the fatty acids. The methyl esters were analyzed using a gas chromatograph. The average perce
principal fatty acid was calculated. The percent of linolenic acid of firstgeneration Nutrium(R) is 2.4% which is 4.3% less than Roundup Ready(R), within 1.5 standard deviations of the 5% in the h
and oleic acids show no significant change. The compensation hypothesis was incorrect. Only two saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) show a slight increase of 1%. The firstgeneration an
same linolenic concentration but the linoleic acid concentration is significantly greater and the oleic concentration is smaller than those in the firstgeneration Nutrium(R). The genetic modification
generation.
2005 BO003
FREE RADICAL REDUCTION WITHIN THE GLYCINE MAX WITH AEROPONICALLY INDUCED ANTIOXIDANTS
Okaloosa Walton College Collegiate High School, Niceville, Florida, USA
Research concerning antioxidants and plants has been promising. In an effort to create a plant that is useful for human consumption, selected antioxidants were added to plants to create an exce
antioxidants Lascorbic acid, alphatocopherol, and Glutathione were added to the plant Glycine max. Results indicated that the plants uptake of the antioxidants varied. The alphatocopherol and
intakes. The plants were deprived of all nutrients except for distilled water and the selected antioxidants. Ensuring that the plants were not receiving nutrients and/or benefits from the soil, I desig
the antioxidants and support the plants in a soiless environment. All plants that received antioxidants showed significant increases in overall height, root length, fresh and dry weight, and total ant
results were observed from alphatocopherol and Lascorbic acid concentrations .02% and .04%. Evaluation of the total antioxidant activity was expressed through the ABTS/H2O2/HRP method.
when combined with horseradish peroxidase, phosphate buffer pH 7.0, and hydrogen peroxide creates the relativity longlived free radical cation ABTS+. When samples containing antioxidants ar
reaction, which is a blue green color formation. This process was observed through a spectrophotometer at 414nm. The lag time for color formation is directly proportional to the total antioxidant a
plants are absorbing the antioxidants with positive effects and that soil is not a factor.
Third Award of $1,000 Botany Presented by Intel Foundation
2004 BO004
THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN LEVELS ON THE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS IN ZEA MAYS L.
Courtney Zasha Monique Rumala
Westgate Christian Academy, Spring Hill, Florida, United States
This experiment was designed to determine if nitrogen levels effect the protein synthesis of bacillus thuringiensis in Zea mays L. This experiment tested nonBT corn, Thuricide treated corn and B
Twenty (20) nonBT plants were grown in a temperaturecontrolled greenhouse. The BT plants were also treated with different levels of nitrogen. One group had a level of 100 and another group ha
obtained 4 to 5 leaves, they were cut and transferred to petridishes for the fall armyworm to feed on. Larval feeding lasted 14 days for each group of plants and fresh plant cuttings were provided
were weighed and the calculations were recorded. Based on the results, the larvae that fed on the Thuricide treated corn had a mortality rate of 80% and the BT 100 treated corn had a mortality ra
rate of 40% and the NonBT corn had a mortality rate of 20%. Last but not least, the BT 200 group had a mortality rate of 0%. Therefore my hypothesis was determined to be correct. Using less t
mortality rate and using a level of 200 or higher can cause a lower mortality rate. I also believe that the BT 200 didn’t have a mortality rate because the high nitrogen level converted to high energ
2006 BO004
SEEING RED TOMATO PRODUCTION RESPONSE TO REFLECTIVE RED WAVELENGTHS
John Jacob Register
Austin High School, Austin, Minnesota
Early organic tomatoes capture a higher price on the fresh market in Minnesota. Red colored mulches have been reported to give increased numbers, size and earliness of fruit. The use
along with a control (no mulch), in three organic plots each containing ten Whooper® tomato plants. Growing conditions were kept constant, for the three plots, that were separated by ten foot blu
transference. Weights of each tomato were made on a digital scale and then categorized by weight. Quantity and weight results were recorded by date and plant number. The number of
was considered “early harvest” data. The control plot produced 5.1 tomatoes per plant; the red plot had 2.9 and the black plot 2.3, in the early harvests. The control plot produced ten mor
more than the black plot by the end of the season. The control also produced 11,146 grams more total volume of fruit than the red and 17,873 grams more than the black plot. There was no benef
 Blight was a severe problem on all plots this season. Organic controls of blight will be part of future studies as well as comparing different varieties of tomatoes to see if any may have a gen
reflective red wavelengths. Indeterminate and determinate varieties will be compared. 
Third Award of $250 American Society for Horticultural Science
2003 BO004
COMPARATIVE INVESTIGATION OF REPLICATION PROCESSES IN WILDTYPE AND MUTANT STRAINS OF CABBAGE LEAF CURL VIRUS: A TWOYEAR STUDY
Rachel Lauren Zelkowitz, Lake Brantley High School
Altamonte Springs, Fl, USA
The purpose of experimentation was to conduct an indepth comparative investigation of replication processes within the wildtype and mutant strains of Cabbage Leaf Curl Virus (CLCV). 140 mus
with CLCV, 40 with the wildtype strain, 40 with the mutant strain, and 40 with a mixture of the two strains. 20 plants were left untreated to serve as controls. A timecourse study was conducted i
times over a 21day period. The samples were analyzed utilizing polymerase chain reaction and electrophoresis gel techniques. Experimentation yielded anomalous results in that no clear pattern
viral combinations emerged. Two other assays were performed in an attempt to further explain and validate the initial results. The first involved mechanically inoculating zinnias (nonhos
to determine if the viral DNA would still be detected. Experimentation yielded positive results, indicating that at least initially, the inoculum itself is detectable by PCR and electrophoresis gel anal
hypothesis that the area of the leaf from which a sample is taken influences the final reading. Plants were mechanically inoculated with wildtype, mutant,and mixed strains of CLCV. Samples we
(determined by vein patterns) and again subjected to PCR and electrophoresis gel analysis. Results are still pending. In all cases, further experimentation is recommended in order to confirm resu
Second Award of $1,500 Botany Presented by Intel Foundation
2005 BO004
AUGMENTED IMIDACLOPRID: IMPROVING PEST MANAGEMENT; INCREASING PLANT HEALTH
Austin Hensel
Lincoln Park Academy, Fort Pierce, Florida, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine if 2npropylpiperidine increased the effectiveness of the insecticide Imidacloprid and if the application of Imidacloprid augmented with 2npropylpiper
Based on previous years’ research that 2npropylpiperidine is an effective insect attractant and the belief that plants with fewer pests have a higher probability of health, it was hypothesized that
propylpiperidine would increase the Imidacloprid's effectiveness and result in healthier plants. The procedure involved equally dividing 144 tomato plants into four replication groups and f
areas per replication group. Treatments of distilled water, 2npropylpiperidine, 2npropylpiperidine and Imidacloprid, and Imidacloprid were applied to insect trap paper attached to stakes. The sta
per treatment area, and collected weekly. Attracted whiteflies were totaled for 10 weeks. The plants’ height, number of inflorescences and flowers were recorded and the tomatoes were totaled an
hypothesis. The 2npropylpiperidine and Imidacloprid solution attracted a statistically significantly larger total of whiteflies and produced plants that were statistically significantly higher in both th
fruit than the Imidacloprid, 2nproylpiperidine, or distilled water treatments. It can be concluded that augmenting Imidacloprid with 2npropylpiperidine increases Imidacloprid's effectiven
major new discovery is extremely beneficial to the agricultural industry, especially organic farming, as it reduces the amount of insecticide necessary, diminishes insecticide resistance, saves co
2003 BO005
LICHENS AS BIOINDICATORS OF AIR QUALITY IN JUNEAU, ALASKA
Nellie Joy Olsen
Interior Distance Education of Alaska, Galena, Alaska, U.S.A
This project's purpose was to investigate if location relative to downtown Juneau, Alaska affected the abundance, species composition and the metal content of lichens. Research indicated that w
lichen abundance, number of pollutant sensitive species, and tissue levels of nutrient metals would increase, while levels of pollutant metals would decrease. The coverage of lichens an
of Alnus rubra in 10 sites on a transect beginning at the south end of downtown Juneau and continuing southward for 6 miles. Additionally, two samples of Platismatia glauca were gathered at mil
an undeveloped site elsewhere in the Juneau borough. This lichen was analyzed for Ca, Mg, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn by atomic absorption spectrometry. Microenvironment greatly aff
effects of air pollution were undetected. Ca, a nutrient, and the pollutants Pb and Cr had significant correlations at the 99% confidence level supporting my hypothesis. Cd, Cu, Mg, and Zn did not
at mile 1 and 2 but unexpectly low at mile 0. My results suggest a twofold conclusion. My tissue analysis did detect increased levels of pollutant metals in the vicinity of downtown June
detect a correlation between lichen abundance and community composition and distance from development. Thus, any decrease in air quality has not drastically affected the health of these liche
2005 BO005
A TWO YEAR STUDY ON THE PHOTOREACTIVATION OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDITI AND EUGLENA GRACILIS: PHOTOLYASE'S ROLE IN DNA REPAIR
Nadine Sfeir
Lake Brantley High School, Florida, United States
Repair of DNA damage induced by UVBR (Ultra Violet B Radiation) was investigated with Chlamydomonas reinharditi and Euglena gracilis. Due to the rapid decline in stratospheric ozone concent
ambient UVBR has shown to have deleterious effects on living organisms. This year's experimentation focused on several procedures. The most concentrated, focused around isolating photolyas
dilution factors, examining the shielding effect through exposure, and testing at 650nm and 450nm, investigating the effectiveness of these wavelengths towards the photoreactivation of Chlamyd
the previous year's results a kill curve was tested and next a photoreactivation procedure was tested several times. By using a monochromator to isolate the various wavelengths on the light spe
calculated times. After photoreactivation and incubation, the growth of the organisms reflects the appropriate wavelength at which photolyase is ignited therefore repairing the DNA damage cause
and Chlamydomonas 450nm of blue light showed to be most effective in the reactivation process, with a 97% regeneration with Chlamydomonas and 63% with Euglena. The possibilities to use p
against harmful UVBR are endless. With this proposal the next objective is to extract the enzyme and observe its functions with different organisms.
2006 BO005
EVALUATION OF PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF A NOVEL COMPOUND
Taylor Beth Hoskins
Lincoln Park Academy High School, Fort Pierce, Florida, U.S.A
The purpose of this experiment was to investigate whether the novel compound KnockOut Big 6 Plus had the potential to inhibit the growth of plant pathogenic fungi and plant parasitic nematode
because plant pathogens and parasitic nematodes reduce crop yields, and an environmentally safe product is preferable over chemical nematicides and fungicides. The researcher plant
with Phytophthora capsici and 36 bell peppers plants in clean soil. The plants were then predrenched with 0%, 15%, and 25% KnockOut Big 6 Plus. The researcher also planted 36 tomato seed
nematodes and 36 tomato seedlings in clean soil. The tomato plants were predrenched with 0%,15%, and 25% KnockOut Big 6 Plus. Following the experiment, the researcher measure
inoculated with Phytophthora capsici and recorded the gall ratings for the roots of the tomato plants inoculated with root knot nematodes. Treatment 6, with an average disease rating of 0.0, was t
Phytophthora capsici as well as the most effective in controlling the root knot nematodes with an average gall rating of 0.8. This was less than the average gall ratings of treatments 1 through 5. T
drenched, and treated with 25% KnockOut Big 6 Plus. Data from test results do not support the hypothesis. The original hypothesis was that the most effective treatment for the bell pe
capsici infested soil would be no predrench and 15% KnockOut Big 6 Plus. The most effective treatment for the tomato seedlings planted in soil inoculated with root knot nematodes would be no
Plus. To improve this experiment, the researcher would use different percentages of KnockOut Big 6 Plus.
2004 BO005
SUN AND SHADE ACCLIMATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS IN GYMNOSTOMUM AERUGINOSUM
Adam Douglas Yock
Breck School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
In this project, light adaptability was assessed by comparing chlorophyll ratios (chlorophyll a/ chlorophyll b) and the ratio of thylakoid proteins in sun and shadeacclimated moss (Gymnostomum
as moss, are known to lack light adaptability, but the adaptability of moss proteins has not been reported. Moss thylakoids were isolated from moss collected from the banks of a small
chlorophyll ratios were calculated from spectrophotometer measurements, and the protein ratios were determined by gel electrophoresis. The hypothesis that the chlorophyll ratios of sun
not change was supported (p = 0.8868). Shadeacclimated moss demonstrated a fourfold increase in the amount of total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a + chlorophyll b (p = 0.0050). Contrary to the hyp
demonstrated a significantly higher LHCp/RCp ratio than sunacclimated moss (p = 7E2). This indicates that Gymnostomum aeruginosum did adjust thylakoid proteins to differing light conditions
specimen came from the same thylakoid isolation and the low yield of shadeacclimated moss proteins could have caused the apparent discrepancy of protein ratios. Further research co
between the expected lack of change in chlorophyll ratios and the unexpected change in the ratio of thylakoid proteins in moss. This should be done using several thylakoid isolations per specime
protein ratios between sun and shadeacclimated moss demonstrated in this project. 
2006 BO006
HOW DOES MUSIC AFFECT PLANT GROWTH?
Steven Rene Bordelon
Science & Math Acadamy, P.O. Box 482, Vacherie, LA 70090
For my project, I wanted to observe if music actually affected the growth of plants. I wanted to investigate whether my hypothesis is correct that sound waves will most likely affect the size and g
purchased plants of the same type. Then, I placed all the plants in the same window facing the same sunlight exposure daily. They were all watered at the same time every other day. Two of the
Two more of the plants were exposed to heavy rock music (group 20, while two others were exposed to only piano music (group 1). The plants were kept in front of speakers, and the music was k
volume. According to my results, the plants that were shown to have the most growth were the plants that were exposed to the louder heavy rock music. Although all of the plants did sho
group 1 showed the highest rate of growth in height. 
2005 BO006
QUACKWEED
Yun Liu
Houma Jr. High School, Houma, LA
The purpose of this project was to find out if duckweed could survive in a high salinity environment. Duckweeds are tiny aquatic plants found all over the world. They grow on the surface of still fr
base of many aquatic ecosystems. I believed that they could not survive in a higher salinity environment. Duckweeds of the specie Lenma minor were used in the experiment. They are one of the
common. The Lenma minor were grown in 4 different salinities (0, 5, 10, and 15 ppt) for three days and 2 salinities (0 and 10 ppt) for 8 days. Afterwards, the duckweeds were weighed for its dry w
Chlorophyll was also measured from another set of duckweed grown in 2 salinities (0 and10 ppt) for 2 and 8 days. In the end, the results supported my hypothesis that the duckweed cou
appeared that the duckweed could survive in waters with salinities up to 10 ppt for a course of three days. They were unable to survive in the 15 ppt water showing that they could not tolerate ver
growth in 10 ppt water began to decline. The duckweed growing in the 0 ppt water continued to grow throughout the experiment. Chlorophyll contents rose steadily throughout the course of the exp
water and dropped drastically in the 10 ppt water. Therefore, Lenma minor can survive in waters up to 10 ppt through a course of three days, but not for longer periods of time.
2003 BO006
DOES THE COMBINATION OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL AND SUNFLOWER HULLS IN VARYING RATIOS CREATE A NEW EFFECT IN HERBICIDAL POTENCY?
Timothy Jon Guldan
Cathedral High School, New Ulm MN, USA
The purpose of this project is to attempt to enhance corn gluten meal by combining it with sunflower hulls. Corn gluten meal is a natural preemergent herbicide that is effective against dandelions
seeds. Sunflower hulls are known for stopping established growth upon their decay on the ground. An example of this is under a sunflower bird feeder. Combining these two will hopefully create an
seedlings and established dandelion plants, the ultimate natural herbicide. I combined corn gluten meal and sunflower hulls in ratios of 0:4, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1, and 4:0. I hypothesized that the
sunflower hulls would prevent the most dandelions from surviving. This was supported in the non established plots. Unfortunately, the sunflower hulls did not effect the established planti
effective as a preemergent than corn gluten meal. 
2004 BO006
EFFECTIVENESS OF BIOFUMIGANTS VERSUS NATURAL ANTAGONISTS FOR MELOIDOGYNE INCOGNITA MANAGEMENT IN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM
Matthew Jess Richardson
Walton High School, DeFuniak Springs FL, United States of America
Experimental design of this twopart project focused on testing biological nematode control agents. Part I determined susceptibility to Meloidogyne incognita of three plant species, Lycopersicon e
Clitoria ternatea; and the effectiveness of Steinernema feltiae to deter nematodes. Part II evaluated biofumigant effectiveness of foliage incorporated into soil. It was hypothesized combination of
effective. Steinernema would be more effective alone than biofumigant mulch alone. Part I (twice tested) consisted of 84 plants equally divided into three species groups further divided i
Feltiae, Meloidogyne incognita or both) grown under identical conditions. For Part II, 84 Lycopersicon esculentum plants were transplanted into foliage mulch of Lycopersicon, Brassica, and Clitor
Meloidogyne incognita treatments were applied in some groups. Plants received identical conditions. Top and root weight, gall index data were recorded. Part I data suggested Brassica
Meloidogyne incognita infestation, Lycopersicon was not. The Steinernema feltiae inconsistently changed infection rates in Brassica, Clitoria, and Lycopersicon. Part II data revealed Brassica ole
nematode deterrents. Clitoria and Brassica are effective biofumigant mulches. Steinernema feltiae was not consistently an effective nematode deterrent in soil or mulch. Biofumigants c
to decrease damage to susceptible crops such as Lycopersion esculentum. Further, addition of organic matter to soil provides natural fertilizer. Biofumigants and natural antagonists are not harm
wildlife. 
First Award of $3,000 Botany Presented by Intel Foundation
2003 BO007
CAN IMMUNITY FROM CHOLERA BE OBTAINED FROM A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED PLANT?
Tara Elise Barrett
Lincoln Park Academy Fort Pierce, FL U.S.A.
The purpose of this project was to see if mice who had taken extracts from a transgenic tobacco plant, that was genetically engineered to be immune to cholera, would become immune to the dis
experiment entailed two processes. The first process was to feed the mice the extracts from the genetically engineered tobacco plant, while the the control group received extracts from a natural
blood samples were taken from the mice by the qualified scientist, and the ELISA procedure was conducted to test for antibody production. When antibody production was shown as positive in th
tobacco extract, the next step was put into play. In this step the mice were broken into 10 groups. Out of the 5 groups who originally received extracts from the transgenic tobacco plant, only 3 of
cholera toxin. Out of the 5 groups that did not receive extracts from the genetically engineered tobacco plant, 3 of those groups also received the toxin. For a week they were observed, and their
watching for a decrease in appetite among the mice who received the toxin, but did not have the immunization, and for their recovery. The results of my experiment indicated that the mi
extract were not affected by the cholera toxin as hypothesized. However, the mice that received the toxin and not the transgenic plant extract did experience a loss of appetite also as hypothesiz
The results show that tobacco and other plants could possibly be genetically engineered to carry immunity to a certain bacteria or virus and people could ingest its extract by some means and rec
more costeffective than the immunization methods of today.
2006 BO007
VERIFYING GREENHOUSE TECHNIQUES USED TO TEST POTATOES FOR SUSCEPTIBILITY TO POWDERY SCAB
Michaela K. Kaiser
Sargent, Monte Vista CO, United States
The disease, powdery scab, caused by Spongospora subterranea is difficult to recognize in potato foliage and no adequate control measures for root and tuber infection exist. This situation is agg
susceptible varieties. New control measures are urgently needed. Screening potato cultivars for resistance to powdery scab on a small scale in the greenhouse as a preliminary, or in place of field
 Greenhouse techniques were utilized to produce infection and symptom development of powdery scab on three different potato varieties with high (NDC52812R), medium (Yukon Gold),
susceptibilities to powdery scab. Potatoes were grown in three different soil treatments; noninfested soil, naturally infested soil, and artificially infested soil. Watering was consistent and tempera
 Results compared previous field and greenhouse trials and checked for correlation. Differences between use of naturally infested soil versus artificially infested soil were analyzed. R
powdery scab susceptibility is possible. Greenhouse results were similar to field results in regards to relatively ranking of the varieties tested for powdery scab symptom development. The limitat
a factor in the greenhouse and a potato disease is not introduced into fertile unfield soil. Factors such as temperature and water need more consideration for optimum greenhouse results.
the cultivar development program in the early screening of new germplasm for powdery scab resistance. 
Third Award of $500 American Phytopathological Society
First Award of $1,000 American Society for Horticultural Science
2004 BO007
GREEN MANURE VS. MELOIDOGYNE CHITWOODI
Heather Renae Messick
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, CO, U.S.A.
Growing potatoes in the agriculturally reliant San Luis Valley of Colorado is a way of life. Recently, that lifestyle has become threatened by the increasing presence of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, or th
wanted to see if green manure plants could be used as management tools to reduce the soaring number of Columbia Rootknot nematodes. I grew barley, radish, rye, mustard, and sorghumsuda
shoots or the roots of the plants that affected the nematodes I separated the plant parts and then incorporated 40 grams of plant matter into 1000 grams of nematode infested soil. I repeated this
three times each and with the addition of the Controls, placed the 36 resulting pots in incubation for 17 days. Then I took samples from the pots and sent them to Oregon State University for nem
the results that of the five green manures tested, the Moravian 14 barley was the most nematicidal with the root trials showing 53.87% mortality. That number increased to 79.58% mortality in the
average. The roots contributed an increase of 3784 freeliving (beneficial) nematodes and with the 10,577 from the shoots, Moravian 14 barley averaged a 7,181 freeliving nematode increase.
manures may not totally eliminate nematodes, it appears they may reduce populations sufficiently enough that chemical control may then be more effective.
Full tuition scholarship $3,500 per year for four years in state, or $5000 per year for four years outofstate Eastern Oregon University
2005 BO007
PEROXIDASE ACTIVITY IN FRUITS AND VEGETABLES
Javid Gulmahamad
McArthur High School, Hollywood, FL, United States Of America
Many studies in the past have shown that peroxidases can reduce lipid peroxidation (Chopra, 2000). The leading causes of death are heart disease (Folden, 2003), liver failure (Graminex, 2004), d
Alzheimer’s (Goldstein, 2001) which are all linked to oxidative stress. Our bodies wear down in old age because of lipid peroxidation. Therefore, it is imperative to discover new ways to replace th
tests, a DOTBlot, colorimeter, and an electrophoresis assay were conducted to confirm the presence and location of peroxidases. The experiment tests various vegetables and fruits to find whic
location of the peroxidase within the vegetable or fruit. In the DOTBlot assay location of these enzymes were confirmed and resulted in Musa acuminata (banana) ranking highest havin
Raphanus sativas (radish). Brassica rapa (bok choi) ranked third and Daucus carota (carrot) fourth. The MannWhitney statistic was applied followed by a comparative analysis. Since, Us = 180.5
a .05>p>.10. In the colorimeter assay radish and Averhoa carambola (starfruit) both ranked first followed by carrot in third and bok choi in fourth. There was a significant difference in the
and vegetables since, a T = 3.341101 > T = 2.145, reject the null. The electrophoresis assay identified the various peroxidase enzymes in each fruit and vegetable. In conclusion, radishes had th
carrots and bok choi in a comparative analysis of all assays. 
2004 BO007
GREEN MANURE VS. MELOIDOGYNE CHITWOODI
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, CO, U.S.A.
Growing potatoes in the agriculturally reliant San Luis Valley of Colorado is a way of life. Recently, that lifestyle has become threatened by the increasing presence of Meloidogyne chitwoodi, or th
wanted to see if green manure plants could be used as management tools to reduce the soaring number of Columbia Rootknot nematodes. I grew barley, radish, rye, mustard, and sorghumsuda
shoots or the roots of the plants that affected the nematodes I separated the plant parts and then incorporated 40 grams of plant matter into 1000 grams of nematode infested soil. I repeated this
three times each and with the addition of the Controls, placed the 36 resulting pots in incubation for 17 days. Then I took samples from the pots and sent them to Oregon State University for nem
the results that of the five green manures tested, the Moravian 14 barley was the most nematicidal with the root trials showing 53.87% mortality. That number increased to 79.58% mortality in the
average. The roots contributed an increase of 3784 freeliving (beneficial) nematodes and with the 10,577 from the shoots, Moravian 14 barley averaged a 7,181 freeliving nematode increase.
manures may not totally eliminate nematodes, it appears they may reduce populations sufficiently enough that chemical control may then be more effective.
2004 BO008
EVALUATING NOVEL POTATO GERMPLASM FOR POTATO VIRUS Y
Nicole Marie Thomas
Sierra Grande School Blanca Colorado USA
Are lines that are breed for PVY resistance able to express that resistance? It was believed that potato crosses that are developed from wild type and PVY resistant germplasm, will show varying
The breeding program potato crosses will show varying degrees of resistance to PVY and will test positive for the virus using mechanical or physical inoculation. Not all crosses made from germp
will demonstrate degrees of resistance. The procedure was to plant 5 tubers from each variety, including controls. Next, transplant three aphids from PVY positive control plants to the first two pla
control variety. Then, leave middle plants of each variety as a control. Mechanically inoculate the last two plants of each variety. Run ELISA tests on the leaves of all plants to check fo
tubers from each plant, and break dormancy using Gibrillic acid. Plant harvested tubers in winter plots. The data showed that in the first growing season after inoculation, none of the novel potato
showed physical properties for PVY infection. When the plants were retested a month later the same results were shown, with only control plants testing positive. After the second testin
tubers were tested in the winter plots the results showed that six of the varieties were highly resistant, and the rest expressed low to moderate resistance. 
2005 BO008
THE CARBON WARS: CARBON VS. TILLAGE, PART 2
Kate Marie Gearhart
Unioto High School, Chillicothe, Ohio, USA
Soil carbon can be lost in the form of carbon dioxide, CO2. Carbon dioxide is released from soil during soil respiration and when soil is disturbed. As carbon is lost, the amount of organic matter in
soil quality and crop yields. The purpose of this project is to determine if a trend exists in CO2 loss during the growing season for corn and soybean crops. The hypothesis is as follows: If the soi
methods, then CO2 release will be higher than in notill or conservation till methods, and CO2 loss will follow a bell shaped curve during the growing season. The bell curve is anticipated because
summer during pollination and seed fill stages. To test this hypothesis, soil respiration tests were preformed in four different tillage types and fencerows in six fields on three farms. NoTill, Chisel
were tested. Soil respiration rates were calculated and results were analyzed. Because the experiment involved actual field tests, this project was performed in an environment that was not comp
outdoors environment, including weather, can change rapidly and unpredictably. Due to varying results, this experiment is inconclusive. Only the Conventional Till samples and some NoTill and S
curve. Also, tilled samples released the least CO2 on average throughout the summer, contrary to published research. 
2003 BO008
THE EFFECTS OF SEED TREATMENTS IN TUBERIZATION OF POTATOES
Sargent High School, Monte Vista, CO USA
When potatoes are planted, fungicides or “seed treatments” are applied to seed pieces to protect from disease during tuberization (the process whereby the seed piece sprouts and new tubers dev
only protect from disease, but also increase tuber size, uniformity and yield. My hypothesis was that seed treatments would increase yield, size, and uniformity, and the most effective treatment
seed treatments, Kickoff and SP1. I applied two synthetic seed treatments, Maxim MZ and 6%, and two biological seed treatments, Kickoff and SP1, plus a combination of the Kickoff a
Texas Line Norkotah 278's, and Yukon Golds. After treatment, I planted the tubers in pots and placed them in a greenhouse with regulated lights and watering system. After nine weeks’ growing t
the growth. I found that the use of seed treatments did increase tuber size and yield. The Maxim MZ was the most beneficial treatment in yield, uniformity, and size in both the Cherry R
treatment, 6%, was that most beneficial for the Texas Line Norkotah 278s. If the use of a seed treatment can increase tuber yield, then a grower can conserve resources. By using a se
possible to get a larger crop with the same resources. Water could be conserved and efforts to fight the Colorado drought can be enforced. 
2006 BO008
INVESTIGATING BIOCONSERVATIONAL TECHNIQUES AS SOLUTIONS FOR DECREASING ECONOMIC PRODUCTIVITY. PHASE II: THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE REDUCTION ON SUG
Tate BentonMichael Guillotte
The purpose of this project is to determine if tillage reduction will increase sugarcane yields in different phases of growth. Previous research has found that reducing tillage can help control some
peanuts. The issue of tillage reduction with respect to yield has not been addressed in sugarcane. It was hypothesized that the NoTill treatments would not affect yields in soil sample study, yiel
test the hypothesis, the experimenter selected a 12 acre patch and divided it into six treatments. Each treatment was replicated six times within the test patch. The experimenter conducted three
experimenter took soil samples from each treatment and compared the nutrient levels. In the second study, the experimenter conducted a preharvest yield estimate to determine the average sta
the average sugar content of each treatment. In the third study, the experimenter harvested each treatment and extracted the sugar. In the first study, the NoTill stubble treatment had higher nut
had lower levels. In the second study, the NoTill treatments did not have the highest stalk weight and sugar content, but the NoTill plant treatment had the largest stalk population. In the third st
highest in all mill fields, but the NoTill plant treatment did produce the most pounds of sugar. The experimenter also conducted a cost analysis and discovered an average increase of $158.57 pe
plant cane. NoTill in stubble cane resulted in an average decrease of $339.55 per acre net income. The experimenter concluded that the experiment rejected the hypothesis, proving that tillage re
plant cane and in second year stubble. A statistical analysis was conducted and the stalk weight was significantly different within the different treatments.
2005 BO009
HOYA OFFSPRING: CROSSPOLLINATED OR SELFPOLLINATED
Crystal Lynn Swartzfager
Wildwood High School, Wildwood, Florida, United States
The purpose of this study is to prove that the Hoya carnosa not only naturally crosses within its own species, but is also outcrosses with other species of Hoya. Five plants were select
and 7 and a leaf was taken from each plant. A small portion of each leaf was crushed; filter papers soaked up the plant material then were added to a slit in the gel slabs. The slabs were placed in
Enzyme reagent solutions were mixed PGM and PGI, NAD and TPI, each solution was added to a separate slab in a clear glass container and placed in a dark area to react. All offspring
Hoya carnosa. Sets 1,2,4,5 and 6 were all Hoya carnosa parent plant crossed with Hoya carnosa parent plant X. The enzyme movement across the gel showed that the sets 1,2,4,5,and 6 all mat
parent plant X. Therefore the Hoya carnosa crosspollinated within species. Remarkably different were the results for set 7. The known maternal parent plant was Hoya carnosa parent plant; howe
the offspring was the result of an outcrosspollination with another species of Hoya. Isozyme genetic markers prove that Hoya carnosa is a crosspollinating species, within species and
Hoya. There is not genetic evidence of selfpollination.
2004 BO009
WHICH LOCAL RANGE PLANT HAS THE HIGHEST NUTRITIONAL CONTENT?
Tara Janae Elkins
Grants High School, Grants, New Mexico, USA
The Cattle Industry is a very important part of the southwest's economy. However, in our rapidly modernizing world, it becomes harder every year for small herd ranchers to stay in business.
money, they need to increase their production on an already tight budget. To do this, they need to know which feed will benefit their cattle the most. This experiment was conducted in order to de
highest nutritional content. It was predicted that Fourwing Saltbush is the most nutritious warm season plant in our area. Western Wheatgrass was speculated to be the most nutritious cool seaso
eight different range plants were collected and identified. The samples were ground with trichloroacetic acid to break them down into a milky suspension, each sample was digested and put throug
protein, glucose, and amino acid content. After the experiments were completed, it was determined that Bottlebrush Squirreltail is the cool season plant that contains the most protein at 28.8%, th
5), and one of the highest amounts of glucose at 150 mg/dL. Sideoats Grama was found to be the warm season range plant that contains the second largest amount of protein at 18.8%, the most
one of the highest amounts of glucose at 100 mg/dL. In conclusion, in both instances, the hypothesis was proven incorrect.
2003 BO009
DETERMINATION OF PAST MERCURY LEVELS IN AIR FROM WOOD
Jennifer Nell Becnel
St. James High, St. James Louisiana, USA
To see if a correlation exists between mercury concentrations in air using biomonitors (lichens) from previous years and cork taken from tree wood during the same period. Tree cork samples wer
biomonitoring and analyzed for mercury using a Bacharach 50B Mercury Analyzer System employing EPA method 7471A. Cork samples were dated using tree ring data. In addition to taking sam
were taken from the cork for years preceding and subsequent to the desired sample date to determine whether or not variations occured throughout the entire cork. Preliminary data indicates a co
obtained from tree cork samples for the time period of fall,1998spring,1999, and mercury data obtained from an earlier study using lichens during the same time period. Many more analysis are b
viability of the earlier results and at present no definite conclusion can be made.
2006 BO009
BIOSUPPRESSION OF PHYTOPATHOGENS AND ANALYZATION OF THE RHIZOSPHERE INTERACTIONS
Chris Chaeha Lim
John B. Connally High School, Austin Texas, US
Phytopathogens around the world cause billions of dollars in damages, affecting important crop and fruit plants. Fusarium spp. is among one of the most damaging fungal plant pathogen. Howeve
methods to control such diseases. Microorganisms that show antagonism againt such disease may have the capabilities to suppress them in situ and thereby provide a way for control. S
their friendliness to the environment. To properly utilize and understand this method of suppression, a careful look at the rhizosphere is necessary, where complex biological and chemical interact
experiment microorganisms were isolated, identified, and tested for antagonism against Fusarium in vitro. Then they were cultured and coated onto seeds planted into diseaseinfected soilbeds.
reduced symptoms and protected seeds from the pathogen. Population interactions and chemical pathways relating to the suppression were tested and observed as well, revealing changes in dyn
produced by the pathogen.
2005 BO010
WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF PH LEVEL OF SOIL ON PLANTS?
Lena Brodsky
Henry Grady High School, Atlanta, Georgia USA
The purpose of the experiment is to find the effect of the varying pH levels of soil on plants. The first procedure was to buy fifteen seperately potted plants. Then I placed the plants in an area of
three groups, five in the control group, five in a group in which acidic substances would be added, and five to which basic substances would be added. The next procedure was to water th
groups of five.This step was repeated each day, but with an addition of an amount of acidic or basic substance, making the amounts equal to each plant and an equal amount of vinegar (acid) to
soda (basic) to the basic group. The first amount of vinegar/baking soda was .63ml in 50 ml of water. Each day the amount of acidic/basic substance increased, until the final amount of
 Data was recorded for the plant growth and health. The final data showed that there were two healthy acidic plants, although two had yellow leaves, three had wilted flowers, and one was dyin
four of the plants had spotted leaves, three had wilted flowers and two were dying. All of the plants in the control group were healthy. The results show that a strong amount of basic pollu
acidic substance, although both caused the plants to die.
2006 BO010
THE EFFECTS OF ALIZARIN YELLOW ON RAPID PERICYCLE AND MERISTEM GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF MACBRIDEA ALBA: AN INVESTIGATION FOR A NOVEL METHOD O
Zachary Mason Sandoval
Dr. Michael M. Krop High School
A recent problem for farmers worldwide is growing plants with less medium and in turn having a faster quota gain. Significantly, many nations such as Togo, Australia, and parts of the United Sta
production totals. The purpose of this study is to observe the effects of Alizarin Yellow on Macbridea alba (White birdsinanest), which has a similar Pericycle and Meristem structure to sweet co
 In part one, four treatments of different Alizarin amounts (20, 40, 60, and 80 ppm) and a control were administered to the Macbridea alba sprouts for 24 hours. Then changes in the plant
weeks. Using the CBL Probes, changes in chemical ion levels were collected in the medium space (Nitrogen and Oxygen). In addition, the raw weight (in grams) was collected for each sprout. Th
and root system were a focus in the study. This same procedure was repeated in two replication groups. The data showed a significant positive correlation (+0.43) between accelerated p
for 60 ppms. Moreover, plants were most successfully grown in the 60 ppm making it the most effective treatment of all tested. This project creates a way to accelerate agricultural production us
application can be used to feed astronauts in space, military troops oversea, or used in developing nations where space is scarce and growth factors available are limited. 
2003 BO010
XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA; A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTRA CELLULAR MATERIAL AND HEIGHTENED HOST RESPONSE
Lauren Marie Smith, Rampart High School
8250 Lexington Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, a highly pathogenic bacterium, causes multiple plant diseases including bacterial spot of tomato. Extra cellular polysaccharides (EPS) have been assoc
bacteria such as X. campestris. Some strains of X. campestris, hrp mutants, do not cause bacterial spot of tomato. The objective of the experiment was to determine the strain for which cell free
inducing host response in tomatoes (cultivar Agrist 761) to protect against bacterial spot caused by the pathogen. The hypothesis was that supernatant from each stain would result in fewer bacte
most inhibitory of the strains. To measure effectiveness of protection against bacterial spot, mature tomatoes were exposed to the filtrated extra cellular material of hrpG, hrpE1, and wild type Xc
to water to gauge bacterial spot disease on tomato not exposed to EPS. 24 hours after the application of supernatant, plants were inoculated with Xcv and placed in a humidifer chamber to incuba
through examination of randomly selected leaflets from plants representing each stain and water control. Averages were calculated for the quantity of bacterial spot for each treatment and evaluat
most succesful in intiating host responses and preventing disease. Data indicated that every strain of extra cellular material treatment resulted in fewer bacterial lesions, or induced host response
all strains. A comprehensive scientific understanding of Xanthomonas campestris and the process of naturally preventing bacterial blight would significantly alter the world enviroment.
First Award of $1,000 American Phytopathological Society
2004 BO010
TREATMENT OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA INDUCED BACTERIAL BLIGHT WITH UVALTERED BACTERIOPHAGES
Lauren Marie Smith
Rampart High School, Colorado Springs, CO USA
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a highly pathogenic bacterium, causes multiple plant diseases including bacterial spot of tomato. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and lyse s
suspensions to tomato crops is a somewhat effective treatment for prevention of bacterial spot, however, an undetermined amount of UV light alters the phage so it is ineffective at preventing dis
was to determine how much UV exposure Xcv specific bacteriophages can tolerate and still prevent bacterial blight on tomato. The hypothesis was that the phage suspension could be exposed t
maintain the majority of its protective benefits. Phage suspensions altered by varying amounts of UV light were applied to mature tomato plants prior to inoculation with the pathogen Xcv. A contr
bacterial spot on tomato not exposed to phage. Data were collected through examination of randomly selected leaflets from plants representing each treatment. Averages were calculated for the q
treatment. Experimental trials demonstrate that the phage mix can be exposed to up to 6600 mJ/cm2 and still retain the majority of its efficacy. Average bacterial blight disease level data and me
indicate the sevenstrain phage mix loses 50% of its efficacy (LD 50) at 7,831 microJ/cm^2. A better understanding of the UV–phage interaction is vital to develop treatments that enhance the eff
crops.
Second Award of $700 American Phytopathological Society
Intel ISEF Best of Category Award of $5,000 for Top First Place Winner Botany Presented by Intel Foundation
2003 BO010
XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA; A STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EXTRA CELLULAR MATERIAL AND HEIGHTENED HOST RESPONSE
Lauren Marie Smith, Rampart High School
8250 Lexington Drive Colorado Springs, CO 80920
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, a highly pathogenic bacterium, causes multiple plant diseases including bacterial spot of tomato. Extra cellular polysaccharides (EPS) have been assoc
bacteria such as X. campestris. Some strains of X. campestris, hrp mutants, do not cause bacterial spot of tomato. The objective of the experiment was to determine the strain for which cell free
inducing host response in tomatoes (cultivar Agrist 761) to protect against bacterial spot caused by the pathogen. The hypothesis was that supernatant from each stain would result in fewer bacte
most inhibitory of the strains. To measure effectiveness of protection against bacterial spot, mature tomatoes were exposed to the filtrated extra cellular material of hrpG, hrpE1, and wild type Xc
to water to gauge bacterial spot disease on tomato not exposed to EPS. 24 hours after the application of supernatant, plants were inoculated with Xcv and placed in a humidifer chamber to incuba
through examination of randomly selected leaflets from plants representing each stain and water control. Averages were calculated for the quantity of bacterial spot for each treatment and evaluat
most succesful in intiating host responses and preventing disease. Data indicated that every strain of extra cellular material treatment resulted in fewer bacterial lesions, or induced host response
all strains. A comprehensive scientific understanding of Xanthomonas campestris and the process of naturally preventing bacterial blight would significantly alter the world enviroment.
2004 BO010
TREATMENT OF XANTHOMONAS CAMPESTRIS PV. VESICATORIA INDUCED BACTERIAL BLIGHT WITH UVALTERED BACTERIOPHAGES
Lauren Marie Smith
Rampart High School, Colorado Springs, CO USA
Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Xcv), a highly pathogenic bacterium, causes multiple plant diseases including bacterial spot of tomato. Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and lyse s
suspensions to tomato crops is a somewhat effective treatment for prevention of bacterial spot, however, an undetermined amount of UV light alters the phage so it is ineffective at preventing dis
was to determine how much UV exposure Xcv specific bacteriophages can tolerate and still prevent bacterial blight on tomato. The hypothesis was that the phage suspension could be exposed t
maintain the majority of its protective benefits. Phage suspensions altered by varying amounts of UV light were applied to mature tomato plants prior to inoculation with the pathogen Xcv. A contr
bacterial spot on tomato not exposed to phage. Data were collected through examination of randomly selected leaflets from plants representing each treatment. Averages were calculated for the q
treatment. Experimental trials demonstrate that the phage mix can be exposed to up to 6600 mJ/cm2 and still retain the majority of its efficacy. Average bacterial blight disease level data and me
indicate the sevenstrain phage mix loses 50% of its efficacy (LD 50) at 7,831 microJ/cm^2. A better understanding of the UV–phage interaction is vital to develop treatments that enhance the eff
crops.
2003 BO011
EFFECTS OF NITRATE ON THE CIRCADIAN PHOTOSYNTHETIC RHYTHM IN CYANOTHECE SP. 8801
UanChen Yen, The Affiliated Senior High School of National Kaohsiung Normal University,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan
Cyanothece sp. 8801 is a unicellular, photosynthetic and diazotrophic cyanobacterium. It is also the first prokaryote shown to exhibit circadian rhythm which consists of photosynthetic and nitrog
known that the photosynthetic and nitrogenfixing rhythms are temporally separated, very little is explored about their possible interactions or causal relationships between these two systems. In t
equipped with a dissolvedoxygen (DO) meter was used to continuously and automatically record the DO variation in the culture. The data clearly indicated that, in the nitraterich medium, there w
photosynthetic rhythms in Cyanothece sp. 8801 as well as in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a nonnitrogenfixing cyanobacterium. In the nitratefree medium, however, Cyanothece sp. 8801 pres
included a circadian respiration rhythm in the dark period. When nitrate, an inhibitor of nitrogen fixation, was added into the medium, the diurnal respiration rhythm disappeared and the diurnal phot
affected. Moreover, the circadian photosynthetic rhythm was also suppressed. These results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the rhythms of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation i
2004 BO011
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF TEXAS NATIVE PLANTS
Cathleen Rose Garcia
Douglas MacArthur High School, San Antonio, TX, United States of America
It can be traced back into time that plants have been used to treat ailments and diseases; therefore, those plants used most likely contain some antimicrobial properties. The purpose of my expe
plants I selected possessed any antimicrobial properties. I hypothesized that some of the plants would resist bacterial growth and have antimicrobial properties. This year I tested 12 Tex
experiment, I punched out and sterilized discs of Bibulous paper. Second, I prepared the plant mixture. I performed the steps to prepare for inoculation of the bacteria. Next, I dipped the discs into
placed them on known pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria in petri dishes for a 48hour incubation. Finally, I measured the zones of inhibition. My hypothesis proved to be correct; in
inhibition to at least one bacterium. Blackfoot daisy (Melampodium leucanthum) and Mealy blue sage (Salvia farinarea) showed 8 mm zones to nonpathogenic bacteria (largest zones recorded).
found by 9 Texas native plants tested against Staphylococcus aureus, a known pathogen.
2006 BO011
THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS PLANT GROWTH MEDIA ON SYNTHETIC SEED GROWTH THROUGH CLONING AND SHOOT ENCAPSULATION OF SAINTPAULIA IONANTHA
Neela Devi Thangada
Keystone School, San Antonio, Texas, USA
Faster propagation may be the solution to issues like world hunger and restoration of species. Researchers are looking at cloning facilitated with synthetic seed technology to produce higher yield
determine which plant growth medium was most efficient for fastest propagation and highest survival of cloned synthetic seeds of Saintpaulia ionantha (African violet). The hypotheses were that f
perlite medium and the highest survival rate in vermiculite medium. The procedure consisted of two phases, both performed under a laminar flow hood to prevent contamination.
African violet explants at the meristem and leaf petiole. The explants were placed in Murashige and Skoog Agar Medium. Cultures were observed for six weeks until shoot primordia growth develo
experimentation. During phase two, sixty shoot primordia with meristem were excised and then encapsulated with 2% sodium alginate and calcium chloride solution. Subsequently, synthetic seed
perlite, vermiculite, and potting soil. Observations were based upon fastest propagation and highest survival of synthetic seeds. Statistically, no differences among these growth media
conclusion, the hypothesis that perlite produces the fastest germination was proved incorrect. However, statistical evidence showed vermiculite medium was beneficial for highest survival rate. 
2005 BO011
SURVIVING PRODUCTION QUOTAS AND FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS: THE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE REDUCTION ON SUGARCANE YIELDS IN FIRST YEAR STUBBLE.
The purpose of this project is to determine if tillage reduction will increase sugarcane yields. Previous research has found that reducing tillage can help control some diseases in other crops and r
weather. The issue of tillage reduction with respect to yield has not been addressed in sugarcane. It was hpothesized that tillage reduction would not affect yields in the preharvest soil sample st
or the harvest study. To test the hypothesis, the experimenter selected a six acre patch. There were three treatments types: notill, medium till, and full till. Each treatment was replicated six time
fertilized all treatments the same and then conducted three studies. In the first, the exerimenter took soil samples from each treatment and compared the nutrient levels. In the second, the experi
estimate to determine the average stalk population, avearage stalk weight, and the average brix of each treatment. In the third, the experimenter harvested each treatment and hauled the sugarca
the experimenter compared the mill's test data for each patch. In the first study, the notill treatment had higer nutrient levels. In the second study, the notill treatment had the highest stalk weigh
stalk population. In the third study, the notill treatment did not test highest in all mill fields, but it did produce the most pounds of sugar. The experimenter conducted a stistical test on all data co
recovered (the source of a farmer's income) had a statistical significance of P < 0.0235. The experimenter's cost analysis study discovered an average increase of $52.06 per acre net income. Us
that the experiment rejected his hypothesis, proving that tillage reduction does affect sugarcane yields in first year stubble.
First Award of $1,000 American Society for Horticultural Science
2003 BO012
INTRODUCTION OF VERMICULTURING METHOD INTO AGRICULTURE
Igor Victorivich Tykynaev
Olyokminsk National Gymnazium, Olyokminsk, Republic Sakha, Russia
 In this work the method of worm cultivation is studied for solution of agroeconomical problems in local level. During summer period 2002 I've done some of these experiences: 1
experiments on utilizating of waste (cardboard). 1.2 Conducting the experiments on biohumus' influence on field culture in conditions of school grounds(potato, beetroot, grain). 1
morphological observations. 1.4 Discussing received results and conclusions. In 2002 comparison with 2001 'put up the task to define the biohumus in fluence on productivity of
worm areas in agriculture was exposed for transition to waste management and providing with useful ecologically clear manure.
2006 BO012
CREATING POSTTRANSLATIONAL SWITCHES FROM VARIOUS STEROID RECEPTORS
Jia_Ren Liew
Raffles Junior College, Singapore
The floral ABC model describes how floralorgan is determined spatially. The combinatorial action of the three classes of ABC homeotic genes determines the organs that will develop at each par
ABC genes encode for MADS box type transcription factors. However, much remains to be revealed about the regulatory transcriptional cascades downstream of the ABC genes leading to floral o
targets of ABC genes, we aim to create a system of independent switches utilizing various mammalian steroid hormone receptors. We produced plasmid constructs containing cDNA clones enco
(LBD)coding regions of the steroid receptors and a Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) reporter gene. These plasmids were then bombarded into leek epidermal cells to determine the effectiveness
suitability as switches. From our results, Androgen and Estradiol Delta N Delta C Receptors demonstrate high potential as switches as they show distinct nuclear localisation upon hormone treatm
binding in leek epidermal cells. Thus a potential double switch system can be implemented along with transciption factors of MADS box genes to control expression of downstream cascades. Thi
transciption studies in plants.
DO NOT ANNOUNCE Alternate to summer internship Agilent Technologies
2005 BO012
TABERNAEMONTANA PANDACAQUI POIR (PANDAKAKI) AS RICE BUG (LEPTOCORISA ACUTA) ERADICATOR
Daisy Bayani Galapia
Sinait National High School, Sinait, Ilocos Sur, Philippines
The rice bug Leptocorisa acuta attacks rice plants during the milky stage resulting in poor production of grains unfit for human consumption. This study was conducted to determine the
pandacaqui Poir (pandakaki) in eradicating the rice bug during milky stage of the rice cycle. The stems and leaves of pandakaki were gathered, washed and chopped into small pieces. F
of juice was extracted. Three hundred rice bugs were also collected from the rice field using insect catching net and put in a jar covered with cloth. The extracted juice was used in 5 treatments w
treatment had a total volume of 30ml. Fifteen pots with rice plants were prepared and allowed to grow until milky stage. Each pot was placed in a rectangular cage measuring 40cm x 40
meshed nylon screen. Twenty rice bugs were then put inside. These pots were divided into 5 sets of 3 cages each for the administration of the 5 treatments. Mortality of rice bugs in each treatme
DMRT were used to determine whether significant differences in mortality of rice bugs exist among the treatments. The study showed that pure pandakaki extract is as effective as the c
rice bugs since both caused almost the same mortality rate. Costwise, pure pandakaki extract is cheaper, and considering ecological impacts, is more environmentfriendly than chemical pestici
2004 BO012
REVOLUTIONARY EXPRESSION OF CALCIUMDEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASES FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA USING SITESPECIFIC RECOMBINATION
Ravi Bharat Parikh
Lecanto High School, Lecanto, Florida, USA
Sitespecific recombination (SSR) is theorized to generate highly accurate products as compared to other recombination protocols. Manipulating specific attB/P and attL/R sites between entry clo
expression based destination vector, SSR maintains gene purity and increases efficiency in cDNA insert expression. The aim of this study was to establish the viability of SSR as a rec
kinase expression by expressing CalciumDependent Protein Kinases (CDPKs) extracted from Arabidopsis thaliana in E. coli cells. CDPK gene sequence was verified using restriction e
amplified using Adapter Polymerase Chain Reaction. Amplified (400 ng/ul) CDPK genes were ligated to the pDONR vector using BP Clonase and were subsequently sequenced. LR recombination
expression vector pDEST24 was performed. Optimal expression conditions were determined, and proteins were affinity purified using glutathione sulfotransferase. CDPK genes were expressed fr
 SSR occurred successfully for all inserts assessed. One gene was expressed in E. coli BL21 cells at 150 ug/ul according to acrylamide gel analysis. Optimal bacterial strain, inducement p
determined for CDPK expression. This study documents the first successful SSRbased recombination of a CDPK using the devised protocol. Results indicate that SSR is a viable and
kinases in vitro, thus establishing a novel procedure in kinasebased genetic recombination. CDPKspecific results from this study could be utilized in substrate assays in the model species A. th
2003 BO013
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESSURE WATER POTENTIAL DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION TO MEASURING THE CRITICAL RANGE UNDER WATER DROUGHTY STRESS
Pengfei Cao
Beijing No.65 High School, Beijing, P. R. China
The purposes of this study are as follows: First, the xylem water potentials of some wild and home plants were measured by using the pressure water potential device made by myself. Second, w
stress, the relationship between leaf water potential and the other physiological parameters had been analyzed synthetically to determine the critical range (plants could endure limitary). 
pressure water potential device was designed and developed. Then twelve kinds of plants were tested. In addition, under the situation of controlled the soil water content by myself, the relative cu
water content in plenty of plants were drawn. Furthermore, combining with transpiration rate and plasmolysis trend, the critical range had been analyzed and determined. The data showe
potentials clearly. While plants are under water droughty stress, the difference in potentials reducing gradually was discovered. A conclusion was made that the critical range was 0.10.2 Mpa from
content (RWC) reduced to 24%26%. The results of experiments showed the xylem water potential had been measured accurately without any harm to plants. And the conclusions are c
condition. What's more, the critical range can be used to determine the proper time to supply plants with water. Combing with the thermal pulser made by myself, the study is helpful to develop an
2004 BO013
THE ROLE OF MELATONIN IN PLANT RESISTANCE TO DISEASE AND STRESS
Albert Yu Tan Wu
Melatonin is a principal hormone secreted by the pineal gland. The synthesis and release of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light, and also rises and falls on a daily circadian
currently understood for a plant species, it is believed that it may be involved in plant photomorphogenesis and adaptations of plants to seasonal and environmental changes. The purpos
melatonin plays any role in plant resistance to viral attacks and stress and to determine if its effect will be more pronounced during the dark cycle rather than the light cycle. Corn and wh
solutions and underwent a heat stress to determine the role of melatonin in promoting plant resistance. Tomato plants were infected with tobacco mosaic virus and exposed to various periodicities
Melatonin levels were also measured using the ELISA method. After analyzing and interpreting the data, it was concluded that melatonin does promote resistance to disease and stress.
presence of melatonin and appeared to repel the effects of heat stress and germinated more quickly with the increased amount and exposure to melatonin. The size of the lesions created by the
melatonin was applied to the leaves of the tomato plants. The tomato plants infected and grown within longer dark cycles demonstrated increased resistance to disease. The results of this projec
exogenously or developed endogenously in the plant through increased dark cycle, plays a significant role in plant resistance to stress and disease. 
2005 BO013
ANALYZING THE EFFECT OF THE NON CO2 CONSTITUENTS IN CAR EXHAUST ON PLANTS
Eric Victor Griego
Carbon High School, Price, Utah, USA
The purpose of this project is to determine the effect of carbon dioxide and the non carbon dioxide constituents found in car exhaust on plants in the proportions found in car exhaust. 
rapa, Cucumis sativus, Abelmoschus esculentus, and Lycopersicon esculentum) will be given regular doses of car exhaust and carbon dioxide of the same carbon dioxide content (155 liters). Th
for each of the gases (carbon dioxide, car exhaust, and ambient air only as a control) being introduced. The beneficial aspects of the higher carbon dioxide concentration will be shown i
detrimental effects of all the non carbon dioxide constituents in the car exhaust should be evident in the plant growth from all the plants exposed to car exhaust. This will give for a comparison tha
dioxide and the non carbon dioxide constituents on plant growth. 
2006 BO013
MONITORING THE EXPRESSION OF AVP1 IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA TISSUE
Pratistha Koirala
Edwin O. Smith High School, Storrs CT, United States of America
The overall aim of the research is to increase the tolerance of plants towards abiotic stresses such as increased exposure to salts and drought. This is being done by genetically engineering the o
plays a pivotal role in auxin transport. Specifically, it is hypothesized that plants exposed to abiotic stresses will show enhanced AVP1 expression compared to plants in ideal or normal condition
AVP1 in plant tissue, the promoter for AVP1, pAVP1, was inserted in front of the sequence for BETAGlucuronidase (uidA), GUS reporter gene. A 1.5 kb fragment of AVP1 promoter was amplifie
and cloned into vector pGEMT. After it was digested with XbaI/BamHI, the AVP1 promoter fragment was transferred to the plant vector pBC308, in front of the GUS reporter gene. The final cons
using agrobacterium mediated floral dip method. The plants have been screened in order to select healthy transgenic plants for testing.
2004 BO014
MMHC AND GROWTH RATES IN PEAS
Camille Elisabeth Wendlandt
School of Science and Technology, Beaverton, Oregon, United States of America
Maximum Moisture Holding Capacity, or MMHC, is the maximum amount of water a species of seed can absorb per unit dry mass. I began to wonder with what percentage of its MMHC a pea se
greatest rate, so I set up an experiment to discover this. I found the MMHC of Oregon Sugar Pod II Pea seeds to be 118.25% and then saturated 11 populations of 20 seeds each with different pe
levels ranged from 0% to 100% with intervals of 10%. Each population was planted in a dish of lowmoisture soil and its germination and growth rates were measured for 16 days. Two days befor
small, equal amounts of water to each of the dishes daily so they would remain alive throughout the datataking period. I hypothesized the seeds would grow at their greatest rate when saturated
experimentation period, I discovered the seeds that grew most quickly were those that had been saturated with only 20% of their MMHC, while seeds saturated to 60% MMHC showed about half
growth were affected by moisture in the soil, they indicated that pea seeds could grow at greater rates when exposed to smaller, rather than larger amounts of water.
2005 BO014
THE USE OF SEAWEED COMPOST AS AN ORGANIC FERTILIZER
Augusto Raul Perez
Colegio San Jose, San Juan, Puerto Rico
ABSTRACT: In this research seaweeds were used as organic fertilizer. A total of six cubic feet of dry seaweeds were collected from Pinones Beach in Carolina, Puerto Rico. To produce
microbiological decomposition was used. They were washed with water, exposed to the sun until dried, and shredded in small pieces. Three plants were used in the experiment: Kidney Beans (A)
(Coriandrum Sativum) and Basil(C) (Ocimum Basilicum). Three soil types were used. First, Common backyard soil, was used as control. Second, the control soil was mixed with a commercial fer
known and finally the control soil mixed with the seaweed manure. Twenty seven plants were used. The plants were placed on a backyard. Twelve of the twenty seven plants germinated. In group
clay soil (control), did not sprout. Also, the Kidney beans did not germinated in any of the three soils. First, with a minimum time and effort (eighty days of composting), the seaweeds released en
of basil and coriander plants. Second, it was scientifically demonstrated that the only cause for the plant growth in groups 3(B) and 3(C) was the nutrients released from the seaweed compost. Re
which could lead to proving scientifically the utility of using seaweed compost, and thus the opportunity of converting a nuisance to public beaches into a solution to the need of an ecological use
Second Award of $500 American Society for Horticultural Science
2006 BO014
MYCOREMEDIATION OF HEATING OIL CONTAMINATED SOIL BY PEARL OYSTER MUSHROOMS (PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS) TO ALLOW PLANT GROWTH
Cailey Ann Neary
Juneau Douglas High School, Juneau, AK, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to discover if the presence and length of growing time of Pearl Oyster Mushroom culture in heating oil contaminated soil affects bean plant height and mass. M
Pearl Oyster Mushroom culture is grown in oilcontaminated soil before the bean plants are planted, the taller the beans will be and the greater their mass will be. I planted 15 bean plants in three
one with mushroom culture that was allowed to ferment for three weeks beforehand, one with mushroom culture that had fermented for two weeks and one without mushroom culture. I then measu
throughout the experiment and recorded the mass of the bean plants at the end of the experiment. My conclusion supported my hypothesis that bean plants grown with mushrooms that
more mass than those with shorter mushroom fermentation. While the bean plants grown without mushroom culture did not sprout at all the average height and mass of the sprouted bean plants i
g. The average height and mass of the bean plants in the two week tank was 3.42 cm and 2 g. This data could be useful in discovering less expensive ways to deal with soil polluted by leaking o
2003 BO014
INVESTIGATIONS OF THE FERN LIFE CYCLE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Arie Anne Schiller, Central Lee High School
Donnellson, IA, U.S.
The purpose of this project is to investigate the sexual stages of the fern life cycle under changing environmental conditions. Experiment 1: Placed Ceratopteris spores in petri plates.
diameters of gametophytes. Added 0.5 ml. of nitric or sulfuric acid separately to petri plates, each with pH level of 4.5. Completed two trials (10 gametophytes per trial) for each plate containing d
 Experiment 2: Followed same procedure, but after gametophytes developed sporophytes, counted the number of sporophytes weekly. Experiment 3: Poured agar into petri plat
plates. Ten days later, collected gametophytes and observed antheridia. Once fern sperm released, added environmental acids to sperm cells at pH levels ranging from pH 7.0 (neutral) to pH 4.0,
length of time sperm swam under acidic conditions. Experiment 4: Poured melted agar into petri plates. Placed Ceratopteris spores of one variety in center of plates. Once spores germin
hermaphrodites. Planted spores of Polkadot hermaphroditic gametophyte variety. Gametophytes placed at distances of 1 cm 2 cm in vertical line from earlier planted male gametophyte.
ranging from horizontal to 90 degrees, at 10degree intervals. As sporophytes developed, phenotypes recorded. Gametophytes of ferns were affected under acidic conditions and sporoph
acidic conditions. Sperm viability was reduced as concentration increased. As inclinations increased, crossfertilization decreased. 
Award of $500 for Distinguished Technical Communication in a Display Presentation Society for Technical Communication
2004 BO015
NOVEL USES OF DATE SEEDS
Harshini Ramachandran
Shri B S Mootha Girls Senior Secondary School, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) has been found with human civilization since 5000 B. C. India annually imports large quantities of dates, most of it with seeds. The seeds of this nutritious fruit
discarded. The purpose of this project was to study date palm seed powder (DPSP) and find out several possible uses for this wasted material. Nutrient analysis by UV and ato
as several other test procedures showed the presence of phosphorus, potassium and several other minerals. Experiments have been carried out and the data analyzed to show an increased grow
potential candidate for biomanure. The DPSP is also rich in vitamins A, C, E and has high fiber content. Hence, experiments have been done to probe its possible use as a co
content of carbohydrates, proteins and vitamins indicate that it has a potential to be used in health drinks. The report concludes that date palm seeds, which are wasted current
a variety of ways. 
2005 BO015
DO YOUR VEGETABLES PUMP IRON?
Charlton Claire Starcke
Seguin High School, Seguin, TX, USA
Do Your Vegetables Pump Iron? Squash, radishes, broccoli, and carrots were grown in two soil groups. One group, the control, grew in a generic soil (Top Notch Premium Soil Mix) with no addit
the test group, grew in the same base soil, to which iron supplements had been added. After fertilizing the test group with HiYield IRON Plus 11% Ammoniacal Nitrogen, 13% combined Sulfur, a
specimens were cultivated under ideal conditions, including necessary sunlight and plenty of water. Once the vegetables produced fruit, an IroninFoods laboratory experiment was done to analyz
each group. Color standards where contrived using iron(III) chloride hexahydrate, and run through a spectrophotometer to determine the percent transmittance the amount of light that can pass th
then used to form the standard curve. After the vegetable samples were tested, they too, were run through the spectrophotometer to obtain their percent transmittance which would then be compa
Three of the four vegetables’ iron concentration increased, while the carrot’s iron content did not. These results did not support my null hypothesis. The iron fertilization did increase the amount of
While differences in the iron concentrations were not vast they were measurable and evident.
2003 BO015
GROWTH REGULATORS OF AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS: PHASE III
Sara Jo Weirather, 2493 Peach Orchard Rd., Montrose, IA, USA, 52639
Central Lee High School, Donnellson, IA, USA, 52625
Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a crown gall pathogen that causes the formation of large galls on infected plants, attacks plants in over sixty families. It is a soil borne bacterium that infects plants t
agent, Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 84, produces an antibiotic substance which slows most strains of bacteria. Tomato plants are hosts which are susceptible to most strains of bacteria. 
which time of application of Agrobacterium radiobacter strain 84 best controlled growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens in tomato plants. Three application times were tested: before cancer injection
cancer injection. Measurements were taken every four days over a three month period. Results showed that application at time of cancer injection best controlled gall growth while application afte
gall growth. 
2006 BO015
THE POSITIVE IDENTIFICATION OF MUTANT AND WILD TYPE CYTOSKELETAL COMPONENTS IN CERATOPTERIS RICHARDII THROUGH FLUORESCENT AND HISTOLOGICAL STAI
Anna Pilishvili
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills NY, United States
Polka dot mutation in Ceratopteris richardii causes an expression of a brilliant phenotype. It is believed that the cytoskeleton of the fern is affected by the mutation; however, tangible knowledge o
nonexistent. This research involves the meticulous analysis of the Ceratopteris richardii cytoskeletal filaments and their interactions with one another. Rhodamine phalloidin staining technique wa
bundles within the polka dot and wild type cfern cells. Fluorescence microscopy enabled the collection of data that helped deduce the extent of polka dot mutation’s involvement with the actin fila
Safranin O and counterstain Fast Green staining methods were implemented. Lastly, DAPI staining process was applied to enunciate the intermediate filament proteins in wild type and polka dot
that microtubule and actin filament fractions of the cytoskeleton would be affected by the polka dot mutation in the greatest degree with some involvement of intermediate filaments. The results in
filament distribution and further portrayed absence of intermediate filaments in the wild type Cfern. 
2006 BO016
THE EFFECTS OF BUCKMINSTERFULLERENES ON HYDROPONICALLY GROWN BRASSICA RAPA IN VARIED ENVIRONMENTS (YEAR TWO)
Lindsay Mallissia Liles
C.H. Yoe High School, Cameron Texas, U.S.A.
Buckminsterfullerenes, C60, were first discovered in 1985 at Rice University. C60 research increases as C60 becomes more applicable to varying fields of science. C60 plant research, however,
the effect of C60 on hydroponically grown Brassica rapa plants. To test CO2 production rates of the plants exposed to C60, a growing chamber and data collecting system was setup. T
hours in both Light and Dark environments to varying concentrations of C60 as well as a Control (distilled water). Using a TTest, the Dark C60 concentrations of 5ppm, 1ppm, and .1ppm
96.04% significant difference between 06 hours, 99.97% difference between 612 hours; 98.24% difference between 612 hours; 97.29% difference between 06 hours, and 95.60% difference betw
In the Light C60 concentrations of 5ppm, 1ppm, and .1ppm, the CO2 production rates were 98.24% different between 06 hours, 99.87% different between 612 hours, 99.95% different between 12
hours; 96.35% different between 612 hours, 96.95% different between 1218 hours, and 99.10% different between 1824 hours, respectively. To investigate the effects of C60 on plant r
hours of exposure with a stereoscope. 5 sites were chosen around the meristem and measured for thickness in mm of the root border cells. Root border cells in the 5ppm Light concentration and
significantly wider. Root lengths measured in mm after exposure were not significantly different. 
2004 BO016
COMPARATIVE GROWTH EFFICIENCY OF BRASSICA RAPA IN VARIED CORN COB CHARCOAL COMPOSITIONS
Megan Arvee G. Soriano
Waipahu High School, Waipahu HI, USA
Charcoal has properties that are beneficial to plants; for example, its porosity allows for retaining moisture in the soil. The purpose of the experiment is to determine if charcoal affects plant growt
plant because of its short life span. It was hypothesized that if the corncob charcoal was mixed with soil, then the groups with 20 to 40 percent composition will have a greater dry mass and seed
independent variables are the varied charcoal compositions. The dependent variables are the plants’ dry mass and seed count. 40 seeds were planted per soil condition; they were grown
seed count were totaled. It was found that Groups 3 and 4 (20 and 40 percent charcoal composition respectively) did statistically better than the control for the seed count; Group 3 produced 496
Student Ttest, and Group 4 produced 461 seeds, which has 99.5% significance. However, Group 3 showed a 50% data significance on the dry mass data, while Group 4 proved had 99.5% data
prove my hypothesis false. Since Group 3 produced 50% accuracy for the dry mass and 95% for the seed count, the data might have been due to chance. However, Group 4, with the 20% charc
confidence in both tests. Further research of charcoal effects in later progenies on their DNA structures will be done in the future.
2005 BO016
THE ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF APHANIZOMENON FLOSAQUAE, A SPECIES OF MICROALGAE FROM UPPER KLAMATH LAKE
LueAnn Melinda Zaske
Klamath Union High School, Klamath Falls, Oregon, USA
My project focused on a botanical phenomenon in my community: Yearly algal blooms in Upper Klamath Lake, a 324 squarekilometer hypereutrophic lake in Southern Oregon. My research ques
hidden benefits. I found a scientific article regarding antimicrobial effects of Aphanizomenon flosaquae (AFA), the most predominant species of algae in this lake. This particular species is nont
 Bacterial growth of environmental samples (lake, soil), saliva, S. aureus and E. coli was assessed by culturing on Petrifilm. Culturing bacteria from the lake sample in the presence of AFA sh
methanol extract from AFA were tested against these bacteria. Antimicrobial effect was found in both extracts. This was confirmed on data from AFA samples collected across the growing seas
particular interest was my observation that the AFA water extract inhibited the growth of E. coli. This is novel data, as the scientific paper only reported an effect in the methanol extract. The mos
extract is Phycocyanin. Since Phycocyanin is present in the photosynthetic system of all bluegreen algae, and since no effect was found in the water extract in the previous study of AFA, this s
Upper Klamath Lake. Further work is in progress to identify these novel component(s) in high and low molecular weight fractions of the water extract. It is possible that this may contribute to the b
2003 BO016
A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF JUNIPERUS SPP. IN THE BIG HORN RANGE
Casey Albert Lipp
Greybull High School, Greybull, WY, USA
This research uses morphology and genetic fingerprinting to investigate junipers in the Shell Canyon area of Wyoming. This information could provide evaluations of species distribution and the e
species. During fieldwork, it appeared there were more species of juniper than literature suggested. These were identified as distinct from known species through morphology, indicating possible e
hybridization. One goal of this research was to identify juniper species residing in NW Wyoming. Samples were collected and morphological traits compared to known regional species. Traits inclu
scale structures and overall tree appearance. Each individual tree was photographed to aid in comparison. This showed morphological differences between species and determined species distrib
evidence of hybridization. Current research states that hybridization is possible, but there is no solid evidence to support this hypothesis. To gather evidence, a DNAeasy plant kit was used to ex
added and PCR was used to increase DNA concentration. After PCR, restriction enzymes were added to product DNA fragments for fingerprinting. This product was loaded into agarose gels and
gels were stained and destained until banding was visible. The results of this research show a strong possibility of hybridization among juniper in the Shell Canyon area, as well as evidence of ha
associated with this region. This information should be used as a basis for additional research, perhaps finally solving the mystery that lies within the leaves of the Shell Canyon juniper.
2004 BO017
RHIZOBIA INOCULATION OF WHEAT: A SURROGATE HOST FOR SLOWLY ESTABLISHING PRAIRIE LEGUMES
Thai Thanh Doan
Coon Rapids High School, Coon Rapids, MN, USA
Worldwide nitrogen consumption continues to increase each year. Continual expansion toward the production of nitrogen fertilizer could prove counterproductive, seeing as environmental nitrogen
a result. Nitrogen fixing nodules form on the root and stem systems of various prairie legumes via infection of mutually symbiotic N2fixing bacteria, known as rhizobia. Variances in legume germ
possible rhizobia sustainability through rhizopheric establishment of the bacteria in wheat. Eight winter wheat cultivars were inoculated with a mixed strain of rhizobia, and monitored for 28 days fo
Roughrider maintained the highest level of bacteria, suggesting potential as individual hosts.
2006 BO017
INVESTIGATION OF POSSIBLE NUTRITIVE SOIL VALUE OF TAMARIX RAMOSSISIMA
Katheryn Ann Smith
Malta High School, Malta, MT USA
Tamarix ramossisima(saltcedar), is a large invasive shrub that infests drainage systems in the U.S., replacing native plants and grasses. Saltcedar increases soil salinity and releases salt accum
above and below ground, hindering native species. The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the possible nutritive value of Tamarix ramossisima for soil and native plants, and t
present in soil where saltcedar grew and in interstitial soil nearby. Soil samples were taken from the Fort Peck areas where saltcedar grew and nearby areas with no saltcedar growth.
plants, each planted in twentyone conetainers of each soil type. The plants were kept in a growth chamber and watered weekly with (distilled) water. Before thinning, plants were counted to recor
measured in centimeters to record growth. Wet and dry weights were recorded of each plant type for each soil. Plants grown in the soil where saltcedar was present demonstrated higher overall w
plants grew taller in the saltcedar soil. Soil analysis results showed the salt content of the interstitial soil was .29 mmho/cm, whereas salt content of saltcedar soil was .47 mmho/cm. Mo
the cause of increased height in the saltcedar soil. It is possible that saltcedar may leave nutrients in soil beneficial to native plants, although the presence of the plant hinders the growth of nativ
2003 BO017
DIAGNOSIS OF PREGNANCY IN CATTLE (PUNYAKOTI PREGNANCY TEST)
Varun Kumar Nagaraja
Sri Vani Public School, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
The project attempts to develop a simple bioassay for diagnosing pregnancy in cattle based on a unique technique practiced in ancient Egypt (ca 2200BC). Papyri recovered from excavations in E
pregnancy status of woman can be diagnosed by assessing the germination response of barley and wheat seeds when soaked with urine of the woman. This project explores the possibility of ext
pregnancy in cattle. The urine of cows was diluted with water in 1:4 ratio. Wheat, paddy (monocots) and green gram (dicot) seeds were soaked in the diluted urine in petridishes. Seeds were also
observed that the seeds treated with diluted urine of the pregnant cow strongly inhibited in their germination and seedling growth compared to those treated with diluted urine of nonpregnant cow a
for inhibition of seeds by the urine of pregnant cow were also investigated. The urine samples of pregnant cows were found to have relatively higher concentration of urea and surprisingly of ABA
chemicals are involved in inhibiting germination and growth of seedlings.Based on these results, a field level diagnostic kit is proposed to be of a great practical use in the rural areas of developin
identifying the repeatbreeders and thus saves millions of dollars that is not being realized due to unavailability of simple diagnostic tools.
2005 BO017
MECHANISMS OF FLOWERSTALK LAYDOWN AFTER FERTILIZATION AND REERECTION AFTER SEED MATURATION IN DANDELION
Miho Ishikawa
Yachiyo Shoin High School, 727 Murakami, Yachiyo, Chiba Prefecture, JAPAN
The flower stalk of a dandelion grows upward until blooming, but lays down after blooming. It then reerects itself when the seeds mature and elongates further to release the seeds. I investigated
and reerection of flower stalks. Laydown did not occur when flower buds were removed before flowering, or when fertilization was arrested. However, the laydown was observed after indole acet
analysis showed that transportable IAA was synthesized remarkably in the flower after fertilization. Reerection of flower stalks occurs following seed maturation. At the same time the thickness o
and the transpiration of water from the flowers decreases, suggesting that water transport from flower stalk to the flower becomes blocked before reerection. As I thought that the increased turgo
possible cause of reerection, the transport of red pigment used for food coloration through vascular bundles from the flower stalk to flowers was tested. In young flowers the pigment was transpo
bundles but such transportation was blocked when seeds matured. A remarkable morphological change due to cell necrosis but not due to absciss layer was observed in the vascular bundle conn
results indicate that, in dandelions, IAA is involved in the laydown phenomenon of flowerstalks, and that reerection and elongation of the stalk during the seed maturation phase are regulated by
2006 BO018
TISSUE CULTURE ROOT DEVELOPMENT WITH GROWTH HORMONES "ROOT ON WITH GROWTH HORMONES"
Chelsea E. Obrebski
Hamilton Freshman School, Hamilton, Ohio USA
This study was undertaken to determine which concentration of growth hormone in a leaf disc and explant tissue culture would produce the best adventitious root growth. If a mid level concentrati
best adventitious root growth development, then the plant’s natural auxin in addition to the highest level of growth hormone, .01 mg/ml, may reach levels toxic to the plant. Two herbaceous plants
using leaf discs of the Peperomia obtusifolia, and the second, explants of Sinningia speciosa. Leaf discs and explants were cultured on half strength Murashige & Skoog medium with five differen
mg/ml, .005 mg/ml, .0075 mg/ml and .01 mg/ml. Indole3acetic acid was selected for the leaf discs and indole3butyric acid for the explants. Five trials were conducted for each concentration in
cultures each of the leaf disc and explants on growth medium with no auxin. Cultures were incubated for 4 weeks for the leaf disc and 3 weeks for the explants at 25 degrees Celsius with 16 hour
dark. The greatest adventitious root growth occurred in the .001 mg/ml concentration for the leaf disc and the .01 mg/ml concentration for the explant. The hypothesis was proven incorrect, as the
mg/ml, did not encourage the best adventitious root growth, nor did the highest level concentration of an auxin, .01 mg/ml, reach toxicity. 
2003 BO018
THE EFFECT OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD ON THE GERMINATION OF THE PHASEOLUS VULGARIS
Yamil Javier Colon
Colegio Marista, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico
This investigation studied the effect of the magnetic field on Phaseolus vulgaris' germination. The hypothesis was that the magnetic field would accelerate the process of germination in the Phase
vulgaris seeds were exposed to a static magnetic field that varies between 257G and 266G, and the results were compared with the control group, which consists of another 15 Phaseolus vulgari
The temperature remained constant for both groups. The aspects taken into account were: the length of the stem, the mass, the length of the roots, leaf quantity, time of germination, th
the growth hormone gibberellin. In the length of the stem the mean of the control group was 18.18cm. and the experimental group 1.7cm. In the mass of the plants, the mean of the control group w
1.57g. In the length of the roots the mean was 8.7cm. and the experimental group was 1.47cm. In leaf quantity the mean was .73 and in the experimental group was .07. In the width of the stem,
and in the experimental .21cm. 80% of the control group plants germinated, and .07% of the experimental group germinated. In the presence of the Gibberellin hormone, on a scale from 1 to 10, t
the experimental group had a mean of 2. 
2005 BO018
A CORNUCOPIA OF A GREEN SALAD OF COVER CROPS: SOLICAM PHYTOREMEDIATION
Holli Joy Linman
Hotchkiss High School, Hotchkiss, Colorado, USA
Will phytoremediation work on a persistent herbicide? In the summer of 2004, some vegetables that were being grown in a former apple orchard in Western Colorado were distorted, dieing
planted in apple trees, it was sprayed with a herbicide. This phenomenon was occuring where the previous tree rows had been. The researcher filled 192 pots with contaminated soil and
These were planted with six different seed varieties to see which cover crop would phytoremediate the herbicide the best. The seeds were: vetch, garden peas, buckwheat, fava beans, oats, and
compost, incorporated activated carbon, and sprayedon activated carbon. A set of untreated pots was used as a control. The plants that grew in the contaminated soil turned white and m
grow for approximately six weeks. The plants were then cut off. The plant matter was weighed, chopped up and incorporated back into the soil. Cucumber seeds were planted into the pots. <b
contaminated soil soon turned white and died. The plants that grew in the compost lived the longest.
2004 BO018
INFLUENCE OF LEAF CHARACTERISTICS ON 'SUDDEN OAK DEATH' SUSCEPTIBILITY
Allison Marie Blackwell
Gold Beach High School, Gold Beach, Oregon, United States
Sudden Oak Death (SOD) is caused by the plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. SOD was first discovered in the United States in 1995 and has since spread to twelve counties in California an
been identified are all located in the coastal fog belt. SOD can be transmitted from plant to plant by arial movement and by infected bark, rainwater, and soil. Thirtyeight plant species are now kn
ramorum. 'Wettability' is the ability of a leaf to retain water on its surface. In humid areas, plants possessing leaves with greater wettability may have a higher risk of developing certain ba
purpose of this research was to determine if wettability is a determining factor in which plant species become infected with SOD and which do not. Five species known to be susceptible
susceptible were selected for testing. Two measures of wettability were used: (1) grams of water retained per square centimeter of leaf area, as determined by a leaf submergence test and (2) the
water droplet from the top or bottom leaf surface. Leaves known to be susceptible or of unknown susceptibility were exposed to Phytophthora ramorum to see if there was a correlation be
leaf necrosis. A surfactant was also applied to leaves of susceptible species to assess the effectiveness of a surfactant in reducing wettability and leaf necrosis.
First Award of $1,000 American Phytopathological Society
2003 BO019
A TRANSGENIC SCREENING APPROACH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARABIDOPSIS MUTANTS DEFICIENT IN THE SYNTHESIS OF PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE CARBOXYLASE KINA
Bryan Armando Lemus
Dr. Michael M. Krop Senior High School, Miami, FL, USA
This research develops an efficient way of producing a population of mutant plants deficient in the synthesis of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK), a protein kinase vital to the C4 p
function in C3 plants is unknown. The creation of this mutant population provides a means to decipher PPCK function, since characteristics of these plants will reflect their lack of PPCK. In order
purpose it has certain characteristics: full deficiency in the function of the gene family, the availability of a mutation marker for subsequent identification, physical stability of the mutation througho
unrelated mutations. The approach taken consists of saturating the genome of a population of plants with mutations by random insertion of foreign TDNA. The TDNA serves as both a mutagen a
gelblot methods were developed to screen a transformed population of 60,480 lines and to identify individual mutants. Complete mutation of the gene family was achieved through multiple geneti
lines. Genomic Southern blots with TDNA probes confirmed the lack of any unrelated mutations. Attempts to purify the kinase from mutant tissue showed that heterozygotes maintain the ability
homozygotes do not. Levels of malate and corresponding kinase levels were measured throughout a 24hr period in wild type and homozygous mutant plants. PPCK/malate assays suggest that t
C4like biochemistry, discarding the possibility of a vestigial presence. The created population provides a definite basis for the determination of PPCK function in C3 plants and the related evoluti
transgenic screening methods presented here provide a foundation for the effective creation of mutant populations for any gene of interest. 
2004 BO019
DELAYED DEVELOPMENT: A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF PACLOBUTRAZOL ON VARIOUS PLANT SPECIES
Jennifer Lee Nagel
Dekalb High School, Auburn IN, United States of America
This study is the result of experimentation regarding the effects of Paclobutrazol treatment on common plant species. It was designed to determine the effectiveness of treatment through subirrig
and manners. Analytical experimentation was also completed to observe the possibility of residual buildup in plant matter. The first stage of experiments implemented Brassica Rapa a
varying concentrations of Paclobutrazol, and were administered in a single application and also through daily application. The method of administration included subirrigation, surface application, a
fertilizer and varying water sources were used in some test groups. The next phase of testing eliminated many of the test groups, and only studied the effectiveness of subirrigation as opposed to
bedding plants were used. To analyze Paclobutrazol concentrations within individual plants at the end of treatment, HPLC was utilized. The more refined tests produced more discernab
sensitive to the Paclobutrazol, and in the stronger concentrations, the Paclobutrazol proved to be herbicidal. Rather than lower the concentration, which obstructs the likelihood of practical applica
focus using a different treatment regimen and plants such as petunia, snapdragon, and calibrichoa. With these plants, correlation existed between plant height, diameter, shoot fresh weight, lengt
concentration in plant matter. Subirrigation produced desired results; this study led to the prospect of continued study of residual effects of Paclobutrazol. 
2006 BO019
STUDY OF THE EXTRACT OF THE LEAVES OF THE RUE CHALEPENSIS AS A NATURAL INSECTICIDE AGAINST THE COCKROACHES BLATELLA GERMANICA.
Francisco Jose Gotay
Colegio Maria Auxiliadora, Carolina , Puerto Rico
This research main purpose was to find an insecticide against cockroaches using the rue plant. First, the rue plant was taken to the laboratory to work with it in the preparation of two extract, one
prepare the whole leaves extract 10g were weighed using a digital scale. Leaves were mixed with 500ml of distilled water and boiled for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered and, after cooling, it w
ground extract, leaves were crushed using a blender and mixes with 500ml of distilled water previously warmed for 10 minutes. The mixture was filtered and, after cooling, it was placed in a plasti
the rue whole leaves and ground leaves, the work with cockroaches was continued. 36 cockroaches were trapped and placed in three fish tank that were prepared using soil and hamster bedding
solution of ground leaves. Tank B was sprayed daily with solution of whole leaves. Tank C was sprayed with water (control). After a week of daily observations the ground leaves extract was mor
cockroaches after 2 days. The whole leaves extract was effective, but only after 7 days.
2005 BO019
THE IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF A. PALMATUM AND ITS VARIOUS CULTIVARS
Michael Bernert James Bernert
West Linn High School, West Linn, Oregon, United States
This project sought to develop a protocol for the in vitro propagation of Acer palmatum. The numerous factors affecting the success of in vitro propagation, in conjunction with the lack of publishe
this an imposing proposition. A protocol would allow A. palmatum specific genetic, environmental, and stress studies to be carried out. In trial #1, 400 tubes, containing eight different m
failed to provide any conclusive data due to 97.45% contamination. However, it provided two successful samples which acted as models for further research. Trial #2 tested the effect of three dif
growth. Greatly improved procedures aided by numerous controls attempted to curb and identify contamination sources. Contamination occurred at 100% in trial #2, but it showed the primary sou
 Trial #3 tested the effect of whole vs. partial buds as well as varying lengths of explant exposure to bleach on contamination. Trial #3 showed that the contamination rate for whole buds
10% bleach. Because the survival rate for partial buds was much higher than whole buds, the outer bud scales seem to be a substantial contaminate. Trial #4 will test the effect of using new grow
trials will be conducted as necessary. This research suggests that A. palmatum can be grown in vitro and that a protocol can be developed. Despite progress, further research is necess
2006 BO020
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE USE OF EXTRACTS OF PADINA ALGAE SP, HALIMEDA SP, AND GRACILLARIA SP AS NATURAL HERBICIDE FOR THE CYPERUS ROTUNDUS.
Kevin E. Molina
Colegio Maria Auxiliadora, Ave. Sanchez Castano blq. 122. Carolina Puerto Rico
The purpose of this research is to ascertain the possible use of certain algae as a natural source of herbicides. According to literature some species of algae may be used based on their alkaline
stands out as possible alternatives: Halimeda sp, Padine sp, Gracillaria sp. To prepare an extract of each algae a digital scale was used to weigh 100g each of whole algae tissue. This tissue wa
distilled water and the solution was filtrated using commercially available filters paper. The solutions were stored in plastic containers properly identified after the pH for each solution was measure
combining equal weights (33.3 gm) of each specie in 200 mL of water. To test the solutions an area in which Cyperus rotundus ,a common weed that usually grows in acidic soils, was selected a
were sprayed daily during a period of 20 days with the solutions. After 20 days of observations the best solution in eradicating the weed turned out to be the combined extract. Our results sugges
which C. rotundus grows with algae extracts is an effective way to control weed growth and avoid environmental damage from commercially available herbicides. Future studies will attempt to exp
present in the mixture that are not explained on the basis of pH alone. 
2004 BO020
CLONING CDNA OF A PREDICTED GENE IN THE 'EVERGROWING' LOCUS OF PEACH ('PRUNUS PERSICA')
Chelsea Lynne Reighard
South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics, Hartsville SC, USA
The identification of dormancyrelated genes in peach ['Prunus persica' (L.) Batsch] adds new insight in understanding dormancy of deciduous trees. The recessive allele in the 'Evergrowing' gene
peach. These mutant evergrowing peach trees do not follow the same dormancy pattern of other woody plants. The lateral buds of affected trees go into dormancy, while their terminal buds contin
contains a large deletion affecting at least six potential genes including a Calcium Binding Protein (CaBP) gene. The first objective of this project was to isolate the 3' and 5' ends of the CaBP cDN
normal, deciduous phenotype, to verify the predicted intron and exon structure of the gene. The second objective of the project was to compare isolated cDNA to the genomic DNA sequence to d
genome was isolated. A linear amplification protocol previously used on MADSbox genes was used to obtain the 3' end, and a standard PCR protocol was used to find the 5' end. The resulting cD
Despite repeated efforts to isolate the CaBP gene transcript, it could not be found in a June sample; however, this gene was expressed in an October sample of another peach rootstock.
was not expressed in the summer RNA sample and is potentially expressed only during dormancyinducing conditions in the fall. Future research plans are to collect samples monthly for analysis
elucidate this gene's pattern of expression.
2003 BO020
A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TRAPPING MECHANISMS OF CARNIVOROUS PLANTS
Justin Phillip Hirsch
Horace Mann School, Riverdale, New York, United States of America
Due to nutrientdeficient environs, carnivory in plants has evolved separately, several times. The Drosera (Droseraceae), Dionaea (Droseraceae), and Sarracenia (Sarraceniaceae) adapted by mod
mechanisms. These mechanisms produce extrafloral nectar, additional pigmentation, and digestive enzymes in order to attract and digest nutrient rich quarry. Scanning Electron Microscopy has
among the modified leaves. All the plants are grouped under the order of Nepenthales, implying that certain characteristics will be shared. Since the Dionaea and Drosera are in the same family, D
demonstrate having more in common with one another than either does with the Sarracenia. Characteristics shared may prove to be an advantageous adaptation and evolutionarily successful to t
unique to plants may become obsolete. While they all catch their prey, each uses a different method of doing so. The Dionaea uses an active method with trigger hairs activating a shut mechanis
mixture of hairs and hairless regions causing the victims to slip down to the eel trap region. It appears that the Drosera is a combination of both the Dionaea and the Sarracenia with a passive agg
caught up in the sticky mucous and then the digestive glands actively move towards the flies to help in digestion. Accordingly, each of these species has a number of shared characteristics whic
evolution of carnivory in plants.
2005 BO020
WHAT MECHANISM DOES THE BACTERIUM XYLELLA FASTIDIOSA EMPLOY TO PROGRESS THROUGHOUT THE XYLEM? WHAT CONCENTRATION OF GELRITE IS OPTIMAL FOR V
MOVEMENT?
Melanie Nicole Amerson
Spalding High School, Griffin Georgia, USA
The purpose of this project is to find out if the bacterium Xylella fastidiosa uses an as yet undiscovered mechanism to move through the xylem of a plant. Also, to find which concentration of Gel
movement. I took four cultures and made cell suspensions for each one, and also made different concentrations of Gelrite media. After these were made, the cell suspensions were placed on the
Gelrite that was found to be the most favorable for viewing under the microscopes. These concentrations and PW were placed into the Petri dishes and fourchambered coverglass systems.
placed on the media in Petri dishes and coverglass system. I then viewed the plates under the Leica DMIRB microscope with the Openlab computer program. Pictures and video were taken and a
showed me that the mechanism X. fastidiosa employs to progress throughout the xylem is still unknown. My hypothesis on the mechanism cannot be proved or disproved. However, my hypothes
was. The .3% was favorable along with many other concentrations such as .5% all the way to 1.1%. The proper conditions must be met before the bacterium's morphology can be determined. So
follows: proper media, proper thickness of the media, a fresh culture, and proper temperature. The process of finding these conditions is trial and error and takes time to determine what is best.
2003 BO021
RAPID VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION USING BENZYLADENINE SOLUTION
Tiffany Nichole Swann
Houston County High School, Warner Robins, Georgia, USA
Everyday gardeners as well as commercial growers need an efficient method to produce new plants from their original stock. Previous experimentation has shown misting to be a reliable method
Benzyladenine (BA). This experiment focuses on which concentration of BA produces the highest percentage increase. The hypothesis is that ramets misted with 800 parts per million (ppm) BA s
increase. Six groups of 75 equally mature ramets of Hemerocallis cv. “Stella De Oro” were planted in a random block design. Six concentrations of BA solution, consisting of 0 ppm (control), 10 p
3,000 ppm, were prepared. Two milliliters of Regulade, a surfactant used to allow absorption of BA, were added to each solution, including the control group. Solutions were stirred with magnetic m
time. Each ramet was misted with 8 mL of solution, which was adequate to wet all leaves. The plants were allowed to grow for 103 days. The number of new ramets produced was recorded. The c
ppm group, 9%; the 100 ppm group, 54%; the 800 ppm group, 52%; the 1,500 ppm group, 40%; and the 3,000 ppm group, 45%. The group of ramets yielding the largest percentage increase was
should be noted that only slightly lower results were recorded for the plants treated with 800 ppm BA.
2004 BO021
THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRESSURE WATER POTENTIAL DEVICE AND ITS APPLICATION TO MEASURING THE CRITICAL RANGE UNDER WATER DROUGHTY STRESS
Pengfei Cao
Beijing No.65 High School, Beijing, P. R. China
The purposes of this study are as follows: First, the xylem water potentials of some wild and home plants were measured by using the pressure water potential device made by myself. Second, w
stress, the relationship between leaf water potential and the other physiological parameters had been analyzed synthetically to determine the critical range (plants could endure limitary). 
pressure water potential device was designed and developed. Then twelve kinds of plants were tested. In addition, under the situation of controlled the soil water content by myself, the relative cu
water content in plenty of plants were drawn. Furthermore, combining with transpiration rate and plasmolysis trend, the critical range had been analyzed and determined. The data showe
potentials clearly. While plants are under water droughty stress, the difference in potentials reducing gradually was discovered. A conclusion was made that the critical range was 0.10.2 Mpa from
content (RWC) reduced to 24%26%. The results of experiments showed the xylem water potential had been measured accurately without any harm to plants. And the conclusions are c
condition. What's more, the critical range can be used to determine the proper time to supply plants with water. Combing with the thermal pulser made by myself, the study is helpful to develop an
2006 BO021
USING ASYMBIOTIC METHOD AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO GROWING ORCHIDS SEEDS.
Jonathan Ore Ibasco
Samoana High School, Pago Pago American Samoa
Using an agar solution or nutrient jelly to mass produce orchids, which cannot be grown by ordinary means, produces hundreds or maybe even thousands of plants depending on the amount of se
This project is full proof because it has been tested and mastered by famous plant growers (botanists) including scientists all around the world, while my work is to spread this discovery to the pe
alternative and the good uses of this project. Using different ingredients such as elements will be difficult to obtain but can mass produce valuable species of plants; flowers, taro, banana, breadfr
two or more depending on the type of plant in order for it to be at the right stage or age to be weaned out of its jar and introduced to the uncontrolled climates of the environment. After a few days
growing epiphytically or lithophytetically.
2005 BO021
THE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF POLKA DOT AND WILD TYPE CERATOPTERIS RICHARDII BY ELECTROPHORETIC PROTEIN COMPARISON
Anna Pilishvili
Forest Hills High School, Forest Hills NY, United States
The polka dot mutation in Ceratopteris richardii is a remarkable mutation that allows the gametophytic and homozygous sporophytic stages of plants to portray a unique polkadot appearance. The
clumping of organelles around the nucleus suggest a possible disturbance of the cytoskeleton by the mutation; however, a concrete knowledge of the mutation is nonexistent. Thus, this experime
mutation’s role in the Ceratopteris richardii cytoskeleton. Actin filaments are involved in the process of cytokinesis and the microtubules are involved in chromosomal separation during cell divisio
polka dot mutation, Cfern cell reproduction would be halted. Furthermore, the possible disruption of the intermediate filament proteins (which anchor organelles in place and provide mechanical su
trials enabled the comparison of wild type (control) and polka dot Cfern proteins. The protein comparison clarified the polka dot phenotypic expression as involving not only the intermediate filame
2004 BO022
THE EFFECTS OF BOWIE COUNTY SOIL SERIES ON SOYBEAN GROWTH
Elizabeth Catherine Bledsoe
Pleasant Grove Hight School, Texarkana, Texas, USA
The effects of different soil samples on soybean growth in Bowie County, Texas were examined. Soil series were taken from thirtyfive locations in Bowie County, Texas to determine which would
equal numbers of soybean seeds were placed in separate pots and subjected to the same growing conditions. It was hypothesized that the thirteen soils in Bowie County that were loamy and wel
Plant growth was measured throughout the four week experiment. After comparing the final yield and plant conditions, evidence to support the hypothesis was not found. The soils that were more
grow the best.
2003 BO022
WHAT ROOT SUPPORT MEDIA PERFORMS BEST IN THE HYDROPONIC ENVIRONMENT?
Thomas Lee Powell
Trinity Catholic High School, Ocala, FL, USA
Hydroponics is the art/science of growing plants without soil. This practice is very ancient and was used by the Natives of South America, the Egyptians, the Aztecs, and the Babylonians. Over t
knowledge of hydroponics was lost. Recently Europeans and Americans rediscovered it for use in research laboratories. More recently hydroponics has been widely adapted for food production. A
that little research has been done on the suitability of various media for the hydroponic system. The focus of this project is to study the effectiveness of the various media. Procedure. T
and stocked with pea seeds. These were placed in one of six different media (gravel, organo, bioballs, lavarock, hydroton, and styrofoam) and automatically watered. The control media was grave
last study. Plant growth rate, crop yield, plant mass, and plant production rates were recorded. Observations and Data. Data analysis showed gravel to be the superior growth media in te
plant mass, and plant production rate. Lavarock and bioballs also showed good crop yield. Organo and styrofoam were found to support unwanted algae growth. Conclusion. While severa
properties for hydroponic propagation, gravel showed clear superiority in the parameters examined (growth rate, crop yield, plant mass, and plant production rate). Possible reasons were discusse
 
2005 BO022
CHEMICAL RESTORATION OF CHLOROPLAST FUNCTION AFTER HEAT DAMAGE
Casey Renee Morgan
Latta High School, Ada, Oklahoma, United States
The purpose of this experiment was to examine how varying periods of heat exposure to which chloroplasts are exposed affect the rate of photosynthetic activity. An additional purpose was to de
be restored after being subjected to heat damage. A final purpose was to examine the use of various chemicals to restore the photosynthetic function of chloroplasts. It was hypothesize
the function of chloroplasts, and increasing thermoperiods of heat exposure would cause greater impairment of chloroplast function. It was also hypothesized that the chemical 1,5diphenylcarbaz
could restore chloroplast photosynthetic function after heat damage. Chloroplasts were isolated from spinach leaves. The chemicals DPC, 3(3,4dichlorophenyl)1,1dimethyl urea (DCM
added to reaction tubes containing the chloroplast suspensions. Chloroplasts were heat damaged in a water bath at 55°C for 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 minutes. The chloroplast tubes were exp
read every minute for five minutes. Photosynthetic activity was measured by using the reduction of blue 2,6dichlorophenol indophenol (DCPIP) into a colorless solution. Light absorbency was tes
a spectrophotometer. The results supported the hypotheses and indicated that increasing thermoperiods of heat exposure did significantly impair the chloroplast photosynthetic function
especially DPC, can help repair the function of the chloroplasts after becoming heat damaged. 
2006 BO022
M. SATIVA, A SUSTAINABLE AND NATURAL TECHNIQUE FOR THE REMEDIATION OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION
Keely Ann Goodgame
San Jon School, San Jon, NM, United States
Phytoremediation is a group of technologies that use living plants to reduce, remove, degrade, or immobilize contaminants. Compared to alternate remediation strategies, phytoremediation is rela
the public. Phytoremediation may be the only econcomically feasible and sustainable choice for many areas throughout the world that cannot afford conventional remediation techniques. <br
metals and compounds, phytoremediation could be utilized to “mine” precious metals. It has been wellknown for some time that plants can uptake gold from soils. Some living systems not only u
compounds, often as nanoparticles. Gold nanoparticle formation in living alfalfa plants has been documented (GardeaTorresdey, 2002). This experiment will elucidate the utilization of liv
sustainable, economical, aesthetically pleasing, insitu technique for the remediation of heavy metal contaminated water and soil. Alfalfa plants were grown in media containing 75, 150 and 300pp
days. The plants were harvested and the metal uptake analyzed using an ICPMS. Plant stems were analyzed utilizing a SEM for Pt content, with WDS/Xray mapping. The alfalfa significantly (p
with the plants containing as much as 25 times the amount found in the soil and the controls. The WDS/Xray mapping documented Pt uptake and possible nanoparticles formation in the stems.
plants to remediate heavy metal contamination is a promising and viable technique. 
2005 BO023
THE EFFECTS OF SOIL PH VALUE ON TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.'S GROWTH
Stacey Lee Vosters
North Daviess High School, Elnora, Indiana, United States
The pH level of a soil is the measure of hydrogen ions that are present in the soil. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14 with 7 being neutral. If a soil pH value is from 714 then it is considered to be alk
then it is considered to be acidic. Several different types of tests can be done to determine a soils pH value such as a simple test that can be done at home with a basic test kit or samples can b
complete soil analysis can be made. This technological advancement allows the American farmer to be able to produce enough food for America and many other countries. During my re
a soil affects the crops ability to extract nutrients from the soil. Therefore I believe that the lower the pH the less the wheat growth will be. The results of my project differed greatly from
project I came to the conclusion that the lower pH valued group grew better than my groups with a higher soil pH. My test group A had the greatest average growth of 179 grams, but also had the
next best with an average growth of 169.4 grams, while test group C grew the least with an average growth of 166.6. 
2006 BO023
THE EFFECT OF AN APPLIED MUCOID LAYER ON WINTER WHEAT GERMINATION AND EMERGENCE UNDER DROUGHT LIKE CONDITIONS AND COLD TEMPERATURE EXTREMES
Kari Lynn Gillespie
North Toole County High School, Sunburst, Montana, United States of America
The purpose was to determine if a mucoid layer from camelina applied to winter wheat seeds will increase emergence rates under droughtlike conditions and cold conditions and germination rates
was hypothesized that treated seeds would have increased germination levels under varied water conditions and increased emergence rates under droughtlike and cold conditions. A pr
layer and applying it to winter wheat seeds was first developed. Groups of 100 treated and untreated seeds were placed in Petri dishes with paper toweling and varied amounts of water (0 milliliter
milliliters). Germination rates were counted after 24 and 48 hours. For the water variance emergence study, 40 seeds were planted for each water level; 0 milliliters, 10 milliliters, 20 milliliters, and
after three days. This was repeated giving the pots 20 milliliters of water initially. For the cold study, pots were either given initial water (20 milliliters) or none, and then placed in the freezer for 24
initial water were given 20 milliliters 1 hour after removal. There was a significant decrease in emergence levels in the 40 milliliter group that received initial water. In the seeds that were
significant increase in germination rates. There was a significant increase in emergence rates of treated seeds when given initial water and exposed to 24 hour freezing conditions.
2004 BO023
MODERN LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL CULTURES; A WAY TO OVERCOME HUMAN OVERPOPULATION PROBLEMS
Gustavo Antonio Rodriguez
Colegio De la Salle. Bayamon, Puerto Rico
Human population growth creates the need for high efficiency sowing in the least amount of time possible. Therefore, it is important to know what medium allows a better production of Lycopersic
hypothesized that if 30 plantlets of equal size are sowed, varying the medium only; then the plantlets in the hydroponic medium will show a better development. To test this hypothesis ten Lycope
were potted in three different mediums (vegetal compost, soil and hydroponic), two plants for per pot. Hydroponic growing medium consisted of a mixture of moss and Perlite. Nutrients added incl
Calcium nitrate and Tomato formula 41838 in water. Irrigation and light factors were kept constant for all the mediums. Plant height, stem diameter, quantity and size of tomatoes as well as flow
of Variance (OneWay ANOVA) were performed to test for significant differences between sowing mediums for the variables measured. The media that evidenced a significantly better developme
formulated hypothesis was accepted. 
2003 BO023
NATURAL OILS AS ALTERNATIVE POTATO SPROUT INHIBITORS
Dona Sarah Sharma
Sunnyside High School, Sunnyside, WA, USA.
OBJECTIVES: 1) To determine which citrus and mint oils inhibit sprouting in potatoes. 2) To determine which application method is the most effective. 3) To determine if the citrus and mint oil tre
potatoes. METHODS: Grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, tangerine, peppermint and spearmint oils were individually applied to Russet Burbank, Red and Norgold potatoes using misting, the
length and weight were measured over a threeweek period. Glucose was measured spectrophotometrically and starch was measured qualitatively with IKI. Treated potato sprouts were planted to
 RESULTS: 1) Both citrus and mint oils inhibited sprout growth in treated potatoes. 2) Misting and thermal aerosol applications were more effective than wick application in preventing sprout g
sprouts to grow on the treated potatoes. All the untreated potatoes had sprout growth. 3) Treated Russet Burbanks showed the least sprout growth while sprout growth in Red potatoes was signific
treated potatoes was generally higher than the untreated potatoes. 5) Both misted Norgolds and Russet Burbanks had qualitatively more starch than the untreated potatoes. CONCLUSIO
applications of the natural oils inhibited sprouting in all three potato varieties. Lime oil was the most effective sprout inhibitor in all three varieties in the wick application but the results were not sta
differences were not statistically significant. There was more glucose in the grapefruittreated Russet Burbanks compared to the other varieties and the controls. 
Second Award of $600 Institute of Food Technologists
2004 BO024
EFFECTS OF MINT, CREPPING CHARLIE, AND MARIGOLD EXTRACTS ON AGROBACTERIUM TUMIFACIENS AND SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE.
Amber Elyse Hughes
Buean High School, Sierra Vista, Arizona, USA
First I decided to use Mint, Creeping Charlie, and Marigold extracts on Agrobacterium tumifaciens and Saccharomyces cerevisiae because these plants all showed to have certain antibacterial c
tumifaciens is a tumor causing bacteria that attacks plants in the rose family, which just happens to be a large source of where our crops come from. Both Agrobacterium tumifaciens and Saccha
I was interested in seeing if the plant extracts would make a difference on either eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. The broth and good were made up, measured with distilled water along with the pla
were sterilized, I then inoculated them with either Agrobacterium tumifaciens or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Both racks of forty tubes were incubator over night, and then twenty drops of Formalde
gathered with a colorimeter. Each tubes liquid was placed into a clear block to go through the colorimeter. All of the results were collected and then averaged. To determine weather the results we
agar instead of broth. The end results showed that the plants extracts did nothing to the growth of the bacteria on the agar. I think this is due to the fact, in the liquids the bacteria and plant extrac
in the air.
2003 BO024
DISPROPORTIONATE GROWTH RATES OF ROOT AND SHOOT TISSUE IN MAIZE, ZEA MAYS
Philip Christopher Redding
Cookeville High School, Cookeville, TN USA
The goal of this project was to determine if proportional growth of root and shoot tissues is isometric or allometric during early development of maize, Zea mays. Also tested were the effects of ge
conditions on proportional growth. Aztec and Silver Queen varieties were planted at two sites with different soil types and environmental conditions. Plants were randomly sampled from each site
Maximum lengths and wet and dry weights were measured for roots and shoots. Genetic variety did not significantly affect shoot:root proportions, but site conditions did. The relationship between
with a transition from faster shoot to faster root growth around 10 g total biomass regardless of variety or site.
2006 BO024
ALLELOPATHIC TENDENCIES OF DIFFERENT PLANT PIGMENTS
Hillary M Lansdowne
Bonneville High School, Ogden, UT, US
The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether or not different pigments of leaves possess allelopathic compounds, which affect the growth of various plant species. It was predicted th
and catechins would have the most toxic effect on the growth of seedlings. The extracts were taken from the leaves to isolate the allelopathic compounds. Over a period of six days the seedlings
their growth was monitored. It appeared that the leaves containing anthocyanins(red pigment) effected the growth of the seedlings most. The roots from seedlings exposed to the red pigments we
seedlings. The red extracts seemed to have a negative effect on the seedlings growth. These findings could be used in developing natural herbicides, which could help control invasive species.
2005 BO024
THE EFFECTS OF TRICLOSAN DIOXINS (TD’S) FROM BIOME CHEMICAL SOIL RUNOFF BIOACCUMULATION: AN INVESTIGATION FOR AN INNOVATIVE USE OF CRINUM AMERICAN
Zachary Mason Sandoval
Dr. Michael M. Krop High School
Triclosan is a chemical used in detergents, pesticides, and household products. It has never been proven if Triclosan runoff is destroying local biomes in the Florida Everglades. The purpose is to
microscopic and chemical properties. If harmful, the study will try to use Crinum americanum to reverse its effects. To conduct my research in test one, four groups (one being the c
100, and 1,000 ppm); were administered to the samples once and observed for nineteen days. Using the CBL Probes (Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Oxygen); the changes in chemical levels were observ
data. In addition, the Enviroviewer microscope allowed careful observation of the microscopic population changes of Florida Green Algae, Paramecium, Anabaena, and Caulerpa bruchypus. In st
repeated with the addition of adding sprouts of Crinum americanum. At the completion of this experiment, the conclusion formulated was that the higher the Triclosan runoff ppm inc
growth rate of pervasive plants such as Caulerpa bruchypus, which also causes vital gasses to become “unbalanced”. When sprouts of Crinum americanum are added, the normal balance of the
Triclosan are better silenced. This project proves the theory that Triclosan in fact impacts biome stability and that botanical species can directly serve to rebalance their harmful effects and perha
in chemical warfare) as well as for pharmaceutical development. 
2003 BO025
IDENTIFYING QUANTITATIVE TRAIT LOCI (QTL) ASSOCIATED WITH LEAF YELLOWING OF LOLIUM PERENNE
Emma Lucy Smith
Aberaeron comprehensive school, Wales UK
High palatability and digestibility make Lolium perenne highly valued for dairy and sheep forage systems. Plants lose their green colour through the genetically controlled process of senescence.
the genetic variation in green leaf retention in a population of plants extensively mapped with various genetic markers. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) or clusters of genes influence leaf yellowing, a
sequential manner during senescence. As the plants in the study all experienced the same environment only a small proportion of the phenotypic variation could be attributed to environm
were conducted to collect the phenotypic data. One experiment involved the use of a Chromameter whereby numerical values relating to different parameters of colour were assigned to cut samp
involved measuring relative chlorophyll content of leaf blades attached to different plants. By utilising software called Map QTL, the probability of linkage between leaf yellowing and a particular m
 Numerous QTL were found to be controlling leaf yellowing. In addition the action of the different genes involved were also established; some were found to be dominant, recessive or even he
has economic and environmental implications: from reduction in general costs to the reduced application of fertilisers. There is also opportunity for extended research: investigations into the effec
green QTL to investigating the effects of different temperatures on the QTL expressed.
2004 BO025
THE EFFECT OF LAGUNCULARIA RACEMOSA (WHITE MANGROVE) BARK EXTRACTS ON INFECTIONS CAUSED BY STREPTOCOCCUS ORALIS, STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES, ST
COLI.
Abimael Cruz Maldonado
Junior High School Luis Muñoz Marín
Believers in natural medicine use gargles of Laguncularia racemosa (White mangrove) to cure throat infections. The investigator considered that Laguncularia racemosa bark peelings extracts are
Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria which are present in throat infections. This investigation was made with the pure extract and
and 1/1000) of Laguncularia racemosa bark peelings. Each of these samples was then inoculated separately into a culture of each type of bacteria cultivated in a TSA medium. The results demos
Laguncularia racemosa inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria; but there were no visible effects over Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus pyogenes and Escherichia coli. The ive
research, other varieties of mangrove as for example: Conocarpus erectus, Rhizophora mangle and Avicennia germinans to corroborate the inhibiting growth effects (if any) on these four and som
2005 BO025
EFFECTS OF THE BIOCONTROL AGENT ON THE GROWTH OF WATER HYACINTH
YuYi Lu
Shanghai Jianping Century High School Shanghai China
Purpose:The water hyacinth is one of the most productive plants and known as a troublesome weed in the world.It has become one kind of the social pollution in agricultural, urban and recreation
uses of the water, Lantanamay become a novel biological modulator to control the aggression of water hyacinth and reproduction of this weed in public water system. This project approach to use
hyacinth, and speed up the process of its natural death. Procedure: This project aims at using the aqueous leachate of lantana to inhibit the growth of water hyacinth and speed up the p
about the influence of lantana leachate on the growth of water hyacinth and aqueous leachate of lantana on the activity of SOD.Meanwhile., more experiment was done to look for the most effecie
water hyacinth. Conclusions: The results showed that the extraction of lantana suppressed the growth of water hyacinth plant and killed the whole plant after two weeks. The results of S
leaves in treated group showed that SOD activity were significantly influenced by lantana leachates with treated time increased.The approach on the optimum leachate concentration of the inhibit
showed that 4% is optimun, 34% leachate may be used in the practical experiment. This is also the first report about using biological modulator to control infestation of water hyacinth in China.<
2006 BO025
EFFECT OF ULTRAMICROACTIVE CALCIUM FERTILIZER ON TOMATO GROWTH AND PHYSIOBIOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Yuechen Zhong
Beijing No.101 Middle School,Beijing,China
Calcium is an essential element for growth of crops.However, the traditional calcium fertilizers, mainly consist of calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate, normally are insoluble
by crops. The ultramicrogranule active calcium fertilizer is more active and soluble, and easier to be absorbed by plants because of its high content of calcium and ultramicro size. 
the ultramicrogranule active calcium fertilizer was tested on the tomato, including yields and physiobiochemical characteristics. By comparison with the blank control, it turned out that with the u
yield increased as much as 49.61%, and the contents of vitamin C and carotene in fruits had increased 48.84% and 285.81%, respectively. The physiological and biochemical assays of the toma
showed that the contents of chlorophyll in leaves and calcium in roots, stems and leaves were substantially elevated, In addition, the specific activities of nitrate reductase and glutamine synthet
seedling and fruit phases. Therefore, the conclusion is that the ultramicroactive calcium fertilizer can enhance the activities of the key enzymes in N metabolic pathway and the photosynthesis o
growth but also improves the quality of tomatoes. From literature survey, no similar studies on ultramicrogranule active calcium fertilizer used in crop planting have been found so far.
2005 BO026
THE USE OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO FUNGICIDE FOR THE PREVENTION OF THE GROWTH OF FUSARIUM GRAMINEARUM ON SEED CORN
Nicole Elizabeth Frisk
Mankato West High School, Mankato, MN, USA
The purpose of my experiment was to test a new biocontrol for inhibiting the growth of the fungus, Fusarium graminearum. The biocontrol consisted of bacteria found in a previous experiment con
my experiment, I compared the biocontrol to a commercially available biocontrol, TJ1300, a seed treatment/fungicide, Maxim/Apron, and a control (sterilized seed in sterilized soil. First, I mixed t
sterilized beaker to make the new biocontrol. I disinfected fourhundred kernals of seed corn in a bleach solution. I then separated the corn into groups of onehundred kernals. I treated each of th
left one group untreated as a control. I planted the treated seeds in flats with soil inoculated with Fusarium graminearum. I planted the untreated seeds in sterile soil. Each flat had fifty seeds with
control. Finally, I allowed two weeks for plants to sprout and recorded the results. The first time I conducted this experiment, the seeds were grown in a greenhouse where they were kept at 75 de
treated with the Maxim/Apron, 99% of the corn treated with TJ1300, 94% of the corn treated with the biocontrol mixture, and 89% of the control germinated. This data shows that both biocontrols
fungus than the chemical treatment, Maxim/Apron.
2003 BO026
BREAKING SEED DORMANCY OF NATIVE WILDFLOWERS: PHASE II
Kathryn Lyn Sanford, Wilson High School
Reading, PA, USA
The approach of this study was to evaluate the effect of smoke on seed germination of Midwestern wildflowers. Prior to the intervention of man, prairie fires were a part of the natural ecosystem o
observed that increased germination frequently occurred after these fires. Using smoke to accelerate seed germination could aid in the reestablishment of prairie wildflowers and benefit growers b
 The seed species used in this study included: Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea pallida, Echinacea paradoxa, Echinacea tennesseensis, Ratibida pinnata, Rudbeckia subtomentosa, Rudb
oblique, and Callirhoe bushii. Three types of smoke were tested: (1) smoke generated from burning three native Midwestern grasses, (2) Kirstenbosch® South African smoke, and (3) Wri
seeds from each seed species were soaked in the treatment solutions prepared from each type of smoke. The Kirstenbosch® smoke showed positive results by increasing germination r
smokes depended on the concentration of the treatment solution. 
2004 BO026
RELATIONSHIPS AMONG ENVIRONMENT, DURATION AND NUTRIENTS USED IN THE ROOT INITIATION OF THE SOLANACEAE/SOLANUM TUBEROSUM (WHITE POTATO): PHASE II
Lee Ellen Carter
Central High School, Macon, Georgia, USA
I decided to use seven different rooting agents/solutions in Phase III on the plant propagation of the white potato (Solanaceae/Solanum Tuberosum). From the seven rooting agents/solutions used
B6 vitamins, coconut milk, Folic Acid, salt and the controldistilled water, I hypothesized that Auxin would be the most suitable agent to produce roots in the shortest amount of time on the cuttin
by cutting twentyone eyes off of the potatoes. After filling twentyone small cups with 5 mL of fine sand, I placed the eyes halfway into the fine sand. I prepared the solutions by taking 1.2 gram
vigorously stirring this into 500 mL of distilled water. Each of the seven agents were put into separate plastic containers and kept in a refrigerator. I fed every plant each day with their prospective
each agent on the potato plant piece was recorded. After the plant cuttings began to grow roots, they were transported into small pots filled with potting soil. These plant pieces were fed with 10 m
conclusions, from three different tests, were that the B1 solution propagated the majority of the potato pieces, with the aid of sand, soil and environment. The ingredients in this solution helped g
propagate the small cuttings into new plants. I conducted a watch glass experimentation with each of the seven solutions for a twentyfour hour period. I hypothesized that salt would hav
having an effect on the plant cuttings fed with the salt solution. I poured 5 mL of each solution into seven separate watchglasses, which were put in the exact location of the plants. After the twen
salt had evaporated, while residue was left on the other six watchglasses.
2006 BO026
ORGANIC MENDEL: A GENETIC COMPARISON OF ORGANIC AND INORGANIC PLANTS
Carla Jane Harper
Del Rio High School, Del Rio, TX, USA
Since everything starts at a molecular level if there are any genetic differences between inorganic and organic plants, then organic plants should be healthier. Yet if there are no differences betwe
money on something if there is no difference between the two. The problem is this, if there are genetic differences between inorganic and organic plants, then there is a possibility that on
is no genetic difference (and everything starts on a molecular level) then why spend more money on the term “organic” if they do the exact same thing for a person’s body as inorganic produce do
 1. Extract DNA from vegetables 2. Add a Restriction Enzyme (EcoRI) 3. Conduct Electrophoresis 4. Stain gels and let sit 5. Analyze gels and compar
results from my experiment showed that there are minimal and minute differences between inorganic and organic vegetables, by a mere difference of millimeters. I believed there were no
inorganic vegetables. With the conducting and results from electrophoresis, my hypothesis was proven true. Even with minimal differences, that is not enough evidence to show actual genetic dis
difference that is conclusive to say that inorganic and organic foods are nutritionally equal and taste the same. 
Winners receive an all expense paid trip to Operation Cherry Blossom in Tokyo, Japan. Each trip winner will also receive three $1,000 U.S. Savings Bonds, $300 from the Association of the Unite
certificate of achievement. United States Army
2003 BO027
THE EFFECT OF EXCRETED ANTIBIOTICS UPON PLANTS
Basil Harbi Shadfan
Since the 1920's, antibiotics have been widely used all over the world. It has been found that the modern water treatment plants around America have not been completely filtering antibiotics take
and now the antibiotics are entering our water supplies. The purpose of this project was to add amounts of quinacrine, chloroquine, metronidazole, and oxytetracycline, similar to levels fo
and runoff water, and determine their effects upon corn, soybean, wheat, and lettuce growth. I hypothesized that plant growth would be stunted and seed production would be reduced in the prese
was expected that antibiotics have an effect upon plants. The results showed that treating the plants with a mixture of antibiotics did prove to have a negative effect on the plant size, root length,
The results also showed that treating the plants with individual antibiotics had a negative effect as well. Two different concentrations were used, a 10 ppt solution and a 20 ppt solution. The 10 pp
limiting root growth and damaging the plants. The 20 ppt solution was similar, only more extreme. Looking at the reproductive cycle of plants with the Brassica rapas, it was shown that antibiotics
plants, limiting the number of flower buds grown. This project indicates that the pervasive use of antibiotics on humans and livestock can potentially diminish crop yield by hampering gro
2004 BO027
STUDIES ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE RED MANGROVE (RHIZOPHORA MANGLE) AERIAL ROOTS AT PUERTO MOSQUITO BAY, VIEQUES PUERTO RICO
Viviana ColonPagan
Casiano Cepeda High School, Rio Grande, Puerto Rico
Mangrove are trees that possess morphological and physiological adaptations specially suited to let them grow in salty overflowed grounds. The mangrove tree under study is the Red Mangrove (
extend from the branches and the trunk to the water. This research intends to analyze the role of Red Mangroves aerial roots in tree oxygen flux. Does R. mangle aerial roots produce more oxyge
the aerial roots are more active in photosynthesis, while wet roots appear to be more active in cell respiration. The experiments were performed at the Puerto Mosquito Bay Natural Rese
stations were established and roots' oxygen intake measured at each station. Measurements were made using a Vernier Oxygen Sensor and a TI83 silver plus graphic calculator. 
more active absorbing oxygen, but they also exhibit some oxygen release at a lower rate. The opposite is also true when the roots are dry. Further research is needed to fully describe the physiol
switching in the roots' oxygen flux.
2005 BO027
GROWTH OF PLANTS IN RESPONSE TO DIFFERENT WAVELENGTHS OF LIGHT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS
Christian Aric Larsen
Bountiful High School, Bountiful Utah, United States of America
The purpose of this project was to see if different wavelengths of light and electromagnetic fields had any effect on the growth of plants. In order to do this I obtained the use of two lasers, of diffe
the other at 910 nm, used mostly for medical therapy, and an electromagnet used for the same purpose. The growth of the plants, or the height, was measured in centimeters, and the en
lasers and electromagnet was measured in joules. Seven plants were planted and allowed to grow for six weeks. Each of the seven plants were given specific combinations of lasers and electrom
joules of energy was given to each plant, each night for three weeks, and measurements were taken once every five days. After the three week period elapsed and the data was organiz
between the plants was observed. The plant to which the 632.8 nm laser was applied grew to be the tallest, 34.2 cm. The plant to which only the electromagnet was applied grew to be the shortes
the 632.8 nm laser and the electromagnet were applied grew to be the second shortest, 24.2 cm. The control plant grew With this data I concluded that different wavelengths of light did a
632.8 nm laser made the plants grow taller because it was at a lower frequency, closer to the bluegreen frequency of light which plant naturally use. I also concluded that the electromagnet didn't
2006 BO027
EFFECTS OF NITROGEN ON CORN, PHASE IV, NUTRIENT STUDY
Brandon David Wilson
West Central Valley High School, Stuart, IA, United States
There is no agreedupon nitrogen application rate. Many who, in search of higher yields, apply excess nitrogen thereby reducing their yields. It is important to be as nitrogen efficient as possible. I
economic value to the application of higher nitrogen levels, even if there is a disadvantageous effect on the yield. The purpose of this project is to determine at which nitrogen level corn has the h
between nitrogen level and nutrition value of the corn. It is hypothesized that all nutritional values and density will vary directly with the nitrogen level, and the yield will increase followed by a peak
into 10 blocks 17.5 by 15 feet with six feet between each block. Nitrogen was applied at 25 pound increments to plots. The corn was planted at rates of 30,000 plants per acre. Three rows of each
One gallon of each sample was collected. As the nitrogen level increased there was only an appreciable correlating trend between the nitrogen level and starch content. The yield increased to the
226.75 bushels per acre. Starch was the only nutrient level to show a correlating trend. All data is statistically sound. The hypothesis was supported in that the yield did increase, peak and, gradu
only nutrient value to show correlation to nitrogen level.
2005 BO028
THE EFFECT OF CAFFEINATED WATER ON A SEED'S ABILITY TO REPAIR ITSELF FROM DNA DAMAGING UV RAYS
Brady L. Thompson
T.H. Bell Junior High, Ogden, Utah, USA
The purpose of the project was to test whether caffeine would inhibit the G2 arrest phase in seeds exposed to UV light. Exposure to UV light causes DNA damage which forces the seeds into G2
checkpoints that are activated by DNA damage. Radish and grass seeds had a shorter germination period than other seeds available to me at the time. These seeds were placed in wells accordin
were to receive. During the UV damage, the seeds were in contact with their appropriate liquid which they were also watered with over the course of the 10 day observation period. The liquids use
caffeine/ml water, and 388.4 mg caffeine/ml water. My data showed that the dose 194.2 mg caffeine/ml water did inhibit the G2 phase and increased the number of seeds germinated. The 388.4 m
toxic to the seeds. This led me to conclude that controlled amounts of caffeine inhibit G2 arrest allowing seeds to continue to grow even though they are damaged. 
2004 BO028
STUDY ABOUT THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME TREES FROM PUERTO RICO TO THE PRESENCE OF TILLANDSIA RECURVATA ( BALL MOSS )
Zaimarie Varela Class
Emilio R. Delgado , Corozal Pueto Rico
Tillandsia recurvata is an herbaceous epiphyte from the Bromeliaceous family.Its growth is very dense with fine and sharp leaves that twist themselves.This research dealt with the susceptibility
was expected that all susceptible trees to Tillandsia recurvata possessed a rugose bark.To develop this investigation information about Tillandsia recurvata and some trees from Puerto Rico was
that Tillandsia recurvata can destroy trees in a long term period.Field visits were made to find out what type of trees were susceptible to Tillandsia recurvata and then pictures were taken of them
charts.It was found that after studying thirty three (33) species of trees,chosen at random , fifteen (15) of them had smooth bark and plentiful foliage without the presence of Tillandsia recurvata.E
had Tillandsia recurvata on their branches and trunk.It was also found that those eighteen (18) trees had rugose bark.Three (3) of the eighteen (18) trees with Tillandsia recurvata were ''maga'' tree
(Ceiba pentandra) , and prickly palm (Acrocomia media).These trees are endangered species.Therefore it is necessary to do something about this plague before it destroys more trees.There are m
to eliminate Tillandsia recurvata but there's nothing similar in Puerto Rico to protect our trees.
2003 BO028
THE EFFECT OF BRADYRHIZOBIUM JAPONICUM INOCULANT ON YIELD, HEIGHT, NODULE FORMATION, AND POD COUNTS OF GLYCINE MAX
Taysha Lee Short
Millcreek West Unity, West Unity, Ohio, USA
The purpose of the experiment was to determine whether inoculating soybeans is beneficial. The hypothesis of the experiment was that inoculated beans would produce higher yields than the non
the extra money inoculating the seed. The experiment consisted of an acre field test plot of soybeans. Nine rows were inoculated and nine rows were noninoculated. The inoculant was B
after the beans were planted was the first three rows were inoculated, the next six were noninoculated, and the next six after that were inoculated, and the last three were noninoculated.
were recorded during experimentation and yield was calculated afterwards. A 7 gallon bucket was strapped in the hopper of the combine to collect the inoculated and noninoculated beans. <b
inoculated soybeans produced 23 bushel per acre while the noninoculated soybeans produced only 12.5 bushel per acre. Ttests showed a significant difference between the two groups for heigh
nodule counts (p<=.04). This research shows the effectiveness of using inoculants to help farmers increase yields.
2006 BO028
FREE RADICAL INHIBITATION AND ALLEVIATION BY ANTIOXIDANTS TO PREVENT AGRICULTURAL DEVASTATION FROM UNFAVORABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WITH TH
OkaloosaWalton College Collegiate High School, Niceville, Florida, USA
After experimenting with the relationship between plants and antioxidants and observing positive effects, this experiment was designed to see if the antioxidants enhanced plants were more resilie
antioxidants. The testing procedure was designed to see if the antioxidants could suppress or alleviate the effects of increased free radicals that were brought on by the extreme environmental co
ABTS/H2O2/HRP method was used to test for antioxidant levels in the plants. The antioxidants used were a combination of three: .01% solution of AlphaTocopherol .01% solu
solution of Glutathione ~Making one solution containing all three antioxidants together to form a .03% solution of antioxidants. During the hurricane, 80% of the plants were damaged. Of
combination antioxidant solution before the hurricane recovered at a rate of 73%. They had less breakage and regained new growth faster than the control. The drought experiment produced plant
weeks longer before succumbing to the lack of water. The surviving fruit from the Lycopersicon esculentum continued to remain fresh for nearly 3 months. The antioxidants extended the life of th
possibility of an important economic impact on the shelflife of produce. Also, the ability to apply this to fields of crops is not only easily applicable, but it is also economically feasible 
2004 BO029
POTENTIAL INSECTICIDAL ACTIVITY FOUND IN SPATHODEA CAMPANULATA FLOWER BUD
Julissa Raquel GonzalezVillegas
Sotero Figueroa Junior High School , San Juan, Puerto Rico
The use of plants as household remedies has been widely documented. Several researches have been developed for the search in plants of medicinal new sources as of substances to control pl
Spathodea campanulata is an ornamental tree with beautiful flowers and it is used in the landscape designing for wide areas. Although the tree is commonly used there's no special use recorded f
study pretended to find out if it is possible to use the liquid inside the Spathodea campanulata flower bud as an insecticide against Entom pterigota (common termite). Four concentrations were te
solvent. Water was used as control. Each solution was applied to four (4) different plastic plates containing four (4) termites each in a simulated habitat. Tests were performed for each solution se
mortality and temperature were recorded for each test. Results demonstrated an inverted relationship between time of mortality and solution concentration; and a direct relationship between morta
The more concentrated the solution the less time of mortality and greater mortality percentage. 
2005 BO029
HOW EFFECTIVE IS BETA CAROTENE IN FIGHTING CANCER IN PLANTS?
Margarita N. Trevino
Franklin High Shool, El Paso, Texas, USA
Cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases around the world regardless of gender, race or ethnicity. Research has been conducted to determine the effect of beta carotene on various plant spe
humans. In view of the variations in plant metabolism, further research is needed to better describe the cancerfighting properties of beta carotene on a wider set of plant species. This paper pres
to stock harmony plant. Subject plants of set A and C were watered with a 40 mg/L beta carotene solution since germination. Sets B and D (the control) were watered with tap water. Cancerous c
in the fifth week by infecting them with Agrobacterium tumefaciens using an inoculating needle. A generally positive effect on the plants treated with beta carotene and infected with Agrobacterium
the lack of tumors. Group B exhibited a rather small but visible bulge in the area next to the inoculation point suggesting the formation of cancerous cells.
2006 BO029
SEARCHING FOR NEW SOURCES OF ANTIBIOTICS
Lourdes Desiree Alicea
Colegio Nuestra Senora del Carmen, Hatillo, Puerto Rico
Indiscriminate use of antibiotics has developed pathogenic bacterial strains with resistance characteristics towards them. Due to this situation, it is necessary to search for new antibiotics.
recognized and this research tries to investigate that if Pluchea carolinensis has chemical substances with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae, then,
sample of 125g of grinded Pluchea carolinensis in 90mL of sterile water are used to investigate its antimicrobial activity over the Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Two Thioglyc
of Pluchea carolinensis solution and the other without it, were inoculated by the use of two transference loops of 10 µL, with one colony of Staphylococcus aureus from a blood agar culture.
prepared, but with one colony of Klebsiella pneumoniae coming from a MacConkey agar culture. After 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, one colony from each tube was transfered to four Petri dishe
incubated for 24 hours at 37°C. It was observed that 60% of the growth of S. aureus was inhibited by Pluchea carolinensis, but Klebsiella pneumoniae did not show any inhibition. It appears that P
substances with antibacterial activity over S. aureus, but not over K. pneumoniae. A plant extract may have diverse antibacterial effects over bacteria depending on its concentration, extraction m
of bacteria to be attacked.
2003 BO029
THE RATE OF INFESTATION OF PARASITOIDS (BRACON CEPHI) AND WHEAT STEM SAWFLY (CEPHUS CINTUS) ON SPRING WHEAT COMPARED TO BARLEY
Laine Frances Lybeck
JoplinInverness, Joplin Montana, U.S.A
Wheat stem sawfly dominates mostly spring wheat, but recently has been spotted in different types of winter wheat. When feeding on the inside of the stem the sawfly damages the phloem tissu
head of the plant, and leaving dark areas below nodes of ripening plants. The only natural biological control (parasitoid) reducing wheat stem sawfly is the Braconid wasps (Bracon cephi) and (Bra
research was to observe if the rate of infestation of parasitoids (Bracon cephi) and wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus) on spring wheat is different compared to barley. Six fields were located for
barley, one field of Fortuna, Lew, and HiLine spring wheat. Four samples were taken from the west of each field, each individual stem was analyzed for no sawfly infestation, sawfly infestation, s
sawfly, stem cut, stem uncut, and parasitoid (wasp). No significant difference occurred between the rate of sawfly infestation in field one of Harrrington barley statistically compared to Fortuna sp
no statistical significance between the rates of sawfly infestation of Lew spring wheat compared to HiLine spring wheat (p=0.006, df=6). The rate of sawfly infestation in barley is rising at the sam
therefore barley is not an effective control as farmers in the community thought.
First Award of $1,000 in Crops American Society of Agronomy
2005 BO030
INVESTIGATING THE PROPERTIES OF ENDOPHYTIC BACTERIA IN BRASSICA RAPA
Hilary Anne Peterson
Conrad Weiser Area High School, Robesonia Pennsylvania, USA
Microbial infestations result in millions of dollars of loss in the agricultural industry each year. Naturally occurring endophytic bacteria may supplement a plants chemical immune response to micr
endophytic bacteria residing in Brassica rapa. Leaves were randomly gathered from the plant set, detoxified in a dilute bleach solution followed by a hydrogen peroxide solution and shre
used to show the existence of an endophytic microbe population. Diskdiffusion testing (KirbyBauer method) with a liquid culture of the endophytic population and soil bacteria was used to determ
defend against soil microbes. The diskdiffusion test results indicate the endophytic microbe population is effective in inhibiting growth of the soil microbial population. The initial point of plant inoc
attenuated bacterial slurries onto the flower. The endophytic microbes exhibit a symbiotic relationship with the plant leaves. The microbes may enhance the defense system of the plant
environment by the plant. Exploitation or enhancement of the symbiotic relationship could be developed to improve agriculture crops yields while reducing the dependence on chemicals.
2004 BO030
THE EFFECT OF ROSETTE AGE ON SURVIVAL AND FECUNDITY OF BOLTONIA DECURRENS, A THREATENED WETLAND SPECIES
Jessica Lynn Arnold
Edwardsville High School, Edwardsville Illinois, USA
The purpose of this project was to determine if the age of Boltonia decurrens rosettes affected their survival in the field. Fifty rosettes, grown from seed, were kept in a greenhouse. The mature ro
their health. A second group of 50 newly formed rosettes was collected. All vegetation was removed from a 6 m x 5 m plot at the Watershed Nature Center, and all rosettes were transplanted.
One year old rosettes were designated Group A 150, and newly formed rosettes were designated Group B 150. The rosettes from the two groups were planted alternately .5 meter apart. Wire ca
over the newly planted rosettes to prevent disturbance by animals. Cages were removed in April and survival of the plants was noted. Monitoring of the plant's height, health, flower production, an
monthly. Only 36% of Group A rosettes survived until October while 62% of the Group B plants survived. This was a significant difference as shown by the ttest. Rosette production between the
older plants produced rosettes earlier. Flower production data was incomplete. Therefore, introducing greenhouse cultivated B. decurrens into a natural environment does not appear to be an adva
plant in wetland areas.
2006 BO030
KUDZU VS. NITROGEN: EFFECTS OF INOCULANTS ON THE NITROGEN USE RATE OF PUERARIA LOBATA AS COMPARED TO KNOWN LEGUMINOUS PLANTS
Lindsay Marie Stewart
Grove High School, Grove, OK USA
Pueraria lobata (kudzu) is a rapidly growing perennial leguminous vine that has researchers over the past fifty years shifting from propagation to eradication. Perhaps our economy could reap grea
eradication. One characteristic of legumes is that they have a symbiotic relationship with nitrogenfixing bacteria. These bacteria are called Rhizobia, which have the ability to transform
soil for the plant to use. Inoculating insures that there are enough of the proper Rhizobium bacteria to help form root nodules that convert nitrogen from the air in the soil. The pu
Pueraria lobata (kudzu) is an efficient nitrogenfixing plant, with and without inoculants compared to other nitrogen fixing legumes. It was hypothesized that kudzu will be an effective nitro
inoculants, and kudzu will produce more nitrogen with inoculants and also that all plant types will be more efficient nitrogen consumers with the inoculants. To determine this three differe
alfalfa, field peas, kudzu and soybeans prior to planting. One group used was a control without inoculant. After two months of growing, the soil and plant tissue was tested for nitrogen, phosphoru
hypothesis that kudzu would be an effective nitrogen fixation plant is not supported. Nitrogen fixation was not observed in kudzu. The hypothesis that kudzu would produce more nitrogen
kudzu tissue nitrogen levels were higher in all inoculants groups as compared to kudzu in the control group. The soybeans were the most efficient nitrogenfixating plant tested during the
the second most efficient with fie
2003 BO030
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF SOLVENT CONTAMINATION USING LEMNA GIBBA
Blake Robert Wilde
Fremont High School, Plain City, UT, U.S.
A plume of solventcontaminated water occurring during and after World War II has caused a contamination problem in the peripheral areas surrounding Hill Air Force Base. Engineers have estima
over 30 years. Hill Air Force Base is currently remediating contaminants in shallow aquifers using physical processes. There is a need for remediation processes for seeps and springs surroundin
process of remediating unwanted contaminants from the biosphere using plants. Lemna gibba (duckweed), a plant known to remove contaminants in sewage lagoons in third world countries, is us
phytoremediatory organism. A slowflowing maze was constructed to simulate springs, seeps, and retention ponds. Stagnant trays were used to represent ponds with no outlets. Polluted aqueous
solventlike chemicals were added to the slowflowing maze and the stagnant trays. Lemna gibba was then added and left for periods of time. The aqueous solutions were monitored for changes i
controlled at the same pollution levels as the variables. It was clear that lemna gibba phytoremediated the polluting contaminants. The difference between the control and the variable was the net
2003 BO031
WONDER DRUG: A BROADSPECTRUM ANTIBIOTIC SUBSTANCE FROM SIBUKAU TREE (CAESALPINIA SAPPAN LINN.)
Eigen Israel M. Rara
Integrated Developmental School of MSUIligan Institute of Technology, Philippin
A broadspectrum antibiotic substance is obtained from Sibukau tree (Caesalpinia sappan Linn.). The crude component was first extracted with pure methanol, methanol and toluene (3:1), pure wa
water for one hour. The crude extracts from the different parts of the plant: trunk, leaves (fresh and dried), and fruits (rips and unrips) were compared as to the presence of the antibiotic substance
contain the highest concentration of the active substance followed by the trunk. Methanol is the most effective extracting solvent. Initial purification of the antibiotic substance was done
stepwise with methanol:hexane. Isocratic elution followed using methanol:hexane (6:4 v/v) with silica gel as stationary phase. All fractions were monitored by thein layer chromatography.
principle has a retention time of 12.78 minutes using a reverse phase eilica gel eluted with methanolhexane (6:4 v/v). Active fractions revealed effective antibiotic activity against all test microorg
subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) showing a similar pattern of potency as that of the commercial antibiotic Streptomycin. FTIR spectrophotometry revealed
validates the solubility of the compound in methanol and is therefore polar. Our initial suspicion is that the active compound likely to contain a peptidelike structure.
2005 BO031
FLORA DIVERSITY COMPARISONRIPARIAN RESTORATION PROJECT
Natalie Benally
Wingate High School Fort Wingate, NM United States
Abstract The purpose of this project was to analyze plant diversity and abundance in a riparian zone with and without tamarisk and to monitor changes after Tamarisk is removed. Two s
without tamarisk. Changes and the amount of vegetation were monitored by the Greenline/Crosssection transects. First, a box was set up at both sites with the channel running through it. The m
which run along the channel, and recorded the number of steps, and the dominant plants in that area. When the monitor observed a change in dominant plants occurred, the monitor stopped; reco
the area. When that was done, the monitor moved on to the next area and recorded what dominant plants were found there. This also applied to the Crosssection transects, which actually run ac
completing all transects for both sites, the percentage of vegetation was found using this formula: Percent of vegetation=# of steps to each individual plant (# of steps to each p
method would show whether or not differences in the riparian zone’s vegetation diversity and abundance existed. After percentages were calculated, charts and graphs were made for comparison.
tamariskinvaded site and three were nonnative to New Mexico. Ten species of plants were found at the nontamarisk site and all were native. 
2004 BO031
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF TRICHLOROETHYLENE USING LEMNA GIBBA: PHASE II
Blake Robert Wilde
Fremont High School, Plain City, UT, US
As a result of historic dumping of solvents, a contaminated plume exists in the peripheral areas of Hill Air Force Base in Ogden, Utah. The superfund site is currently being remediated using the p
for a primary method of treating seeps and springs. There is also a need for a secondary or tertiary method of treating groundwater. The main contaminant of concern is trichloroethylene (TCE), a
the process of removing contaminants from the biosphere using plants and their associated microorganisms. Lemna gibba (duckweed) is a plant known to phytoremediate contaminants such as s
wastes. It is important to know the fate of phytoremediated xenobiotic contaminants in order to determine the contaminated plant’s effectiveness, risk, and quantifying it’s impact on the environm
identifying which type of phytoremediation occurs when Lemna gibba is applied to an aqueous solution containing TCE: phytovolatilization, phytoextraction, phytodegradation, and/or rhizofiltration
used to test for phytoremediation and rhizofiltration. Plant tissue analysis using headspace gas chromatography was used to test for phytoextraction and phytovolatilization. Metabolite analysis u
used to test for phytodegradation. All variables are controlled. Phytovolatilization occurred when Lemna gibba was applied to a spiked aqueous solution of TCE.
2006 BO031
ONE "MITE"Y MISSION: BIOLOGICAL COMPENSATION SUPPRESSION OF CONVOLVULUS ARVENSIS IMPLEMENTING HOST SPECIFIC ACERIA MALHERBAE: PHASE II
Kaitlyn Jeanne Lingus
Branson High School, Branson CO, USA
Question: What are the effects of Aceria malherbae on Convolvulus arvensis in its natural setting? Procedure:1)Retain mites from government distribution agency. 2)Fill out and
 3)Locate area with infestation of Bindweed 4)Measure out two (2) 10 x 10 ft. land plots with infestation of Field Bindweed. 5)Mark using orange highway spray 6)Find
center bindweed plant with mites. 7)Locate with a wooden stake. 8)Locate four (4) corner bindweed plants.Mark corner bindweed plants with highway spray. 9) Take cou
flower count, and seed production in 10 x 10 plot (dependent variables) 10)Take number of bindweed plants located within 10 x 10 ft. plot for plant concentration. 11)Pace out and
area around plots. 12)At end of growing season (September), take dependent variables measurements. 13)Locate movement of mites, by visually looking for galled effect exhibit
reduction is seed/ flower count, 31% reduction in stem count, non physical conclusion of reduction of stem length. One infested Field Bindweed plant infests an average of 31 feet in diameter. 
2005 BO032
KUDZU: THE ULTIMATE INVADER: ALLELOPATHIC STUDY OF PUERARIA LOBATA ON THE GERMINATION OF QUERCUS PALUSTRIS AND SELECTED VEGETABLES
Lindsay Marie Stewart
Grove High School, Grove, Oklahoma, USA
Pueraria lobata (Kudzu) is one of the most aggressive growing vines in the world. Today an estimated 7 million acres of land in the southeast United States are infested with Kudzu, killing native
The purpose of this research is to determine if the chemicals released from the Pueraria lobata (Kudzu Vine) will effect the percent of germination and survival rate of the Quercus palustris (Pin O
 It was hypothesized that the Kudzu leaves, stems and roots will produce allelochemicals, therefore decreasing the germination rate of the acorns and vegetable seeds. 
chemicals were prepared by mixing distilled water with the Kudzu leaves, stems, and roots. Selected vegetable seeds (Green beans, summer squash, and cucumbers) were moistened as need w
10 seeds each. One group only received distilled water. Quercus palustris (Pin oak) acorns were collected and put into cold stratification for 30 days. Four trays with forty acorns in each were mo
chemicals until germination. The results were that the Kudzu did produce lower germination rates in the vegetable seeds and the pin oak acorns. The leaf leachate had the strongest alle
2003 BO032
A STUDY ON THE ANTIAGING EFFECTS OF PORTULACA
Chen Ling
JinCai Senior High School, Shanghai, China
Objective: To prove the effects of portulaca on antiaging in fruit flies and mice respectively and to discuss the possible causes of portulaca’s good effect on antiaging. Methods: In this
divided into portulaca group and the control group respectively for observing their lifespan and testing some physiological functions and biochemical parameters which are closely related to lifesp
resistance, the flying ability, SOD activity, and Lipofuscin, etc. Results: (1) The lifespan of the fruit flies was longer, the death rate in the cold (or heat) condition and the level of Lipofus
SOD activity of the fruit flies was higher in the purtulaca group than that of those in the control group (p<0.05). (2) The memory maintenance was higher, the time of rod climbing was longer, the le
lower, and the SOD activity in liver and brain of the mice was higher in the portulaca group than that of those in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The result of experiments sugges
the above functions of fruit flies and mice. And portulaca also could result in a good effect on antiaging. Whether it has the same effect on human beings depends on further study. 
2006 BO032
STUDY OF FIBONACCI PATTERNS IN COMMON FLOWERS OF PUERTO RICO
Angel Adrian Aponte
Francisco Morales High School, Naranjito, Puerto Rico
 The purpose of this investigation is to determine if there is a high index of patterns of Fibonacci in the common flowers of Puerto Rico. The patterns of Fibonacci in the petals of the flow
or Golden Section” in honor to the Italian mathematician Leonardo Fibonacci. This series of numbers is present in different natural events. There are several problems postulate
of patterns of Fibonacci exist in the flowers of Puerto Rico? If it is true, which is the most common number? Will the color, the flower type or the size be related with this phenomenon? T
in the Botanic discipline, to classify plants according to common characteristics. This investigation began with the observation of flowers that exhibit these patterns and flower
samples of flowers was photographed and observed rigorously. Once the facts were abridged, the data was organized into tables and graphs. According to the results, the conclusion was that the
Puerto Rico, that the number that repeats most is five and the color is violet. The size and the flower type are related with these characteristics. A significant observation about red flowe
they are small, but when they grow they develop five petals. This relationship between color and number of petals is peculiar for each plant species. 
2004 BO032
INVESTIGATION OF VERTICAL TRANSMISSION POTENTIAL OF CABBAGE LEAF CURL VIRUS: A THREEYEAR STUDY
Rachel Lauren Zelkowitz
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, FL, USA
The purpose of experimentation was to determine whether the wildtype strain of Cabbage Leaf Curl Virus could be transmitted vertically from the parent to the F1 generation in three species of pl
sets of twentyfour mustard tendergreen plants, and three sets of twentyfour kidney beans were planted and infected with CLCV using Bemesia argentifolia vectors. Presence of the virus was co
reaction and electrophoresis gel techniques. All infected beans failed to produce seed. An assay utilizing mechanical inoculation with differing inoculums was performed to determine if s
inoculum source. Infected plants again failed to produce seed, suggesting that CLCV may interfere with the reproductive process of the bean. Seed from infected mustard tendergreens and Fast P
produce the F1 generation. Results show evidence of a 0% infection rate in the Fast Plant F1 generation, though statistical analysis indicates that this does not differ significantly from the infectio
for the final repository of CLCV detected the virus in immature pod and seed tissue and mature pod tissue of mustard tendergreens. Statistical analysis suggests that there exists a significant dif
and immature tissue. Additional research is being conducted both to further analyze this discrepancy and to locate other repositories of CLCV linked to reproduction (such as pollen). At present, n
vertical transmission of CLCV. 
2005 BO033
EBB, FLOW, AND RAFTING IT'S NOT THE COLORADO! HYDROPONICS PART II
Lauren Marie Maloney
Plymouth North High School, Plymouth MA, USA
Hydroponics is a cost effective way to cultivate plants by utilizing a higher planting density per acre to yield more per acre than soil grown plants. Hydroponic systems are used to grow crops in p
or has other unfavorable conditions. The purpose of this project was to compare the growth of dwarf/bush bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris) using an Aggregate Culture, to the growth of dwarf/bush
hypothesis was that the Ebb and Flow Method would grow larger plants than the Rafting Method, and also that the resulting seeds would germinate healthier and faster when sowed in rockwool as
measurements, the number of leaves, the stem length, and the leaf length were collected. Standard Benjamin Moore paint chips were used to compare leaf color. The dwarf/bush bean plants grow
larger average stem length and higher average root masses than the average of the dwarf/bush bean plants grown in the Rafting System. The Rafting System had longer average leaf lengths and
dwarf/bush bean plants grown in the Ebb and Flow System. Continuation of data collection may alter or support this conclusion.
2006 BO033
DENTED AND DAMAGED
Jeremiah Wayne Corrigan
Southeastern High School, Augusta, Illinois, Hancock
The purpose of this project is to synthesize hail damage by artificial defoliation. Analysis of corn yield will be correlated with proposed insurance payments made by crop hail insurance companies
artificial corn defoliation will cause a decrease in yield similar to that of the insurance claims and possibly, a greater increase in yield loss at certain growth levels. Six plots of corn were
rows and each row had twentyfive plants. Included in each test plot were a control row, 50% defoliation row and 100% defoliation row. Each of two plots were cut at the V6 stage of corn growth. T
stage. The last two plots were cut at the V10 growth stage. Once these plants had grown into maturity, hand harvesting was done. The yield was placed in separate seed corn bags. The yield from
 Calculations of estimated yield were also done. The results indicated that artificial defoliation hail synthesis yields were similar to suggested insurance claims. The only variation wa
V6 growth stage. Insurance companies do not cover damage sustained throughout the V6 growth stage of corn. It is concluded that the corn does have a yield loss at this stage. It is possible tha
their rate of payment. However, further investigations are necessary to support this claim. 
2004 BO033
DETERMINATION OF THE MOST EFFICIENT CONSTRUCT FOR INSERTION OF THE GUSA GENE INTO BMS MAIZE CELLS: OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN
A. Noel Suri
Harding High School, St Paul, MN, USA
Most research pertaining to the production of transgenic maize has involved animal feed maize, and little work has been done with sweet maize used for human consumption. Almost 30% of swe
lost to diseases, pests, and herbicides, and it is imperative that mutants of sweet maize resistant to these destructive factors be identified. This study addresses that problem and, as a first step
appropriate construct for genetically modifying Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize cells. It compares the efficiency and effectiveness of 3 constructs of the pCambia series – 1301, 130135S, an
expression level of the reporter gene, gusA, contained in them. It was hypothesized that this gene would have the highest expression level in construct 1301. The procedure involved the preparat
cells, addition of the antibiotic hygromycin, and preparation of 88 plates. DNA plasmids of the 3 constructs were then isolated from E.coli, and restriction digests carried out to confirm the identity
then introduced into the BMS culture cells using biolistic bombardment (repeated 7 times/construct), and the expression of the GusA protein detected using 2 methods: histochemical staining, an
histochemical staining indicated that the number of colonies of the maize cells using construct 1301 was 208% and 395% higher than the corresponding numbers for constructs 130135S and 13
assay results indicated that the average rate of increase of the GusA protein in the BMS maize cells for construct 1301 was 236% and 1459% higher than that of 130135S and 1301Ubi. Both re
1301 had the highest concentration of the GusA protein, and, as a result, the highest expression of the gusA gene.
2003 BO033
EFFECTS OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTANTS ON CONSTRUCTED COASTAL MARSH SYSTEMS
Sarah Brittany Bounds
Mercy Cross High School, Biloxi, MS, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to examine the ability of constructed marsh systems modeled after Gulf Coast marshes to filter nonpoint pollutants, and study the effects of nonpoint source
 An original pump and reservoir system was designed to simulate tidal flow. Twelve “minimarshes” were constructed using mud and water from an intertidal marsh, and the marsh grass Spar
the marshes were maintained for one month, allowing adaptation and algae film formation. Predetermined doses of fertilizer, animal waste, and used motor oil were then added to the marshes to s
Quantities of pollutants were calculated based on reallife observations. Salinity, temperature, and water levels were monitored on a nearly daily basis, and visible changes in the Spartina alternifl
Samples of reservoir water were taken immediately after treatment, ten, and twenty days. Hydrocarbon, fecal coliform, and extensive nutrient analyses were run. Constructed marshes w
animal waste and phosphate. The combination of chemicals in fertilizer makes it an especially dangerous pollutant because it can completely alter the marsh ecosystem, chemically and physical
compounds actually increased in fertilizer treated marshes. Weed killer in the fertilizer appeared to inhibit normal plant function. The marsh environment least successfully filtered the motor oil.
Spartina, it affected their immunity to fungus and microscopic life. 
2004 BO033
DETERMINATION OF THE MOST EFFICIENT CONSTRUCT FOR INSERTION OF THE GUSA GENE INTO BMS MAIZE CELLS: OPTIMIZING CONDITIONS FOR PROTEIN PRODUCTION IN
A. Noel Suri
Harding High School, St Paul, MN, USA
Most research pertaining to the production of transgenic maize has involved animal feed maize, and little work has been done with sweet maize used for human consumption. Almost 30% of swe
lost to diseases, pests, and herbicides, and it is imperative that mutants of sweet maize resistant to these destructive factors be identified. This study addresses that problem and, as a first step
appropriate construct for genetically modifying Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize cells. It compares the efficiency and effectiveness of 3 constructs of the pCambia series – 1301, 130135S, an
expression level of the reporter gene, gusA, contained in them. It was hypothesized that this gene would have the highest expression level in construct 1301. The procedure involved the preparat
cells, addition of the antibiotic hygromycin, and preparation of 88 plates. DNA plasmids of the 3 constructs were then isolated from E.coli, and restriction digests carried out to confirm the identity
then introduced into the BMS culture cells using biolistic bombardment (repeated 7 times/construct), and the expression of the GusA protein detected using 2 methods: histochemical staining, an
histochemical staining indicated that the number of colonies of the maize cells using construct 1301 was 208% and 395% higher than the corresponding numbers for constructs 130135S and 13
assay results indicated that the average rate of increase of the GusA protein in the BMS maize cells for construct 1301 was 236% and 1459% higher than that of 130135S and 1301Ubi. Both re
1301 had the highest concentration of the GusA protein, and, as a result, the highest expression of the gusA gene.
2005 BO034
OXIDATIVE DNA DAMAGE DURING SYMBIOSIS BETWEEN SINORHIZOBIUM MELILOTI AND THE ALFALFA PLANT
Balaji V. Sridhar
Cherry Creek High School, Greenwood Village, Colorado, USA
Sinorhizobium meliloti, a bacterium, fixes inert atmospheric nitrogen into usable ammonia for its plant host. The bacteria work symbiotically with plants by eliciting root nodule formation on the alf
the oxidative elements in the environment affect the bacteria and cause damage to the bacterial DNA. It is hypothesized that the bacteria have mechanisms to quickly repair these mutations and
symbiosis. The goal of this experiment is to remove known repair genes to discover if there is actually any oxidative DNA damage during symbiosis. The genes recA, uvrA, sufC, and m
If Sinorhizobium is exposed to oxidative damage and does not have the necessary proteins encoded by these repair genes, it may not survive. The uvrA, and recA were successfully tra
Sinorhizobium chromosome. It was found that bacteria deficient in the recA and uvrA gene are sensitive to UV light, suggesting DNA damage did occur. When these mutants were placed on steri
The same was true of the wild type (used as a control) suggesting that some contamination occurred during experimentation even after sterilization. Once it is possible to identify oxidati
can be applied to the human system. The alfalfa and Sinorhizobium system is similar to that of the Brucella pathogen and the human cell. If it is possible to target and remove similar DNA repair
infect the human cell. 
2004 BO034
THE EFFECTS OF PRIMING ON VEGETABLE SEED GERMINATION
Kathryn Lyn Sanford
Wilson High School, West Lawn, PA, USA
The approach of this study was to evaluate the effect of priming on vegetable seed germination. Seeds spend a significant amount of time (lag time) absorbing water from the soil in order to begin
seeds prior to planting, they were able to germinate earlier since the germination process was initiated but stopped before radical (primary root) emergence occurred by removing the seeds from th
dried to near their original weight for storage until sowing. The method of priming used in this study utilized soaking the seeds for specified times to allow the germination process to begin.
included: Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Capsicum annuum (pepper), and Zea mays (corn). Three treatments were used in this research along with a control, which had no soaking period.
glycol (Peg8000®), Potassium Phosphate (KH2PO4), and distilled water, all used as a priming solutions at either 1, 3, or 5 day periods. The Peg8000® and potassium phosphate were used to su
nutrients essential for protein synthesis during germination. The general trend was that the distilled water priming and the Peg8000® priming, showed positive results by reducing the ger
planted. The priming method used in this study is costeffective and can enable technology deficient countries to use priming as an inexpensive way to enhance their crops. 
2006 BO034
EFFECTS OF NATURAL CHEMICALS ON THE SEED DISPERSAL OF TRIBULUS TERRESTRIS
Jonathan Daniel Homrighausen
Sunnyside High School, Sunnyside, Washington, USA
Title: Effects of Natural Chemicals on the Seed Dispersal of Tribulus Terrestris Objective: To find what natural chemicals retard the seed dispersal of Tribulus terrestris. Methods
force were determined. Thorn penetration, rubber retention, and seed dispersal were performed on old and new bicycle tires. Seed dispersal was performed on boots. Results: In the rubbe
cinnamon in a 10% concentration was the most effective in hindering the embedding abilities of the seeds. In the seed compression test, the cloves in a 25% concentration was the most effectiv
easier to crush. In the thorn penetration test, the orange rind in a 10% concentration stayed in the tire the longest. In the cloth retention strength test, the nutmeg in a 10% concentration was the m
ability to stay embedded in the cloth. Conclusion: In the cloth retention test, the nutmeg was the best inhibitor. In the rubber retention strength test, the cinnamon solution had a similar ef
puncturevine seeds soaked in cloves were crushed more easily. In the thorn penetration test, the orange rind decreased the embedding power. 
2003 BO034
THE POTENCY OF BRASSICA RAPA POLLEN
Neha Chauhan
Snider High School, Fort Wayne, IN USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine if pollen can still fertilize as well as fresh pollen after a period of time. At the beginning of this experiment, 108 plants were planted in 6 qua
were put into each cell to provide as a back up. These seeds were watered daily and kept under an artificial light. Twentyfour plants were planted in intervals of one week for the next mo
pollen from one set of the plants. I immediately pollinated two other sets of 24 plants to serve as a control. These plants were marked as Week 0. Every week after that, I pollinated a ne
the seeds were ready to be harvested, I dried the reservoir out and prepared to count my seeds. Since different numbers of plants came up, I decided to count my seeds as seeds per pod.
 First, I had a run a program that gave me a description of my statistics. This program also calculated my standard deviations. Even though they were different numerically, I had to chec
statistically. I ran Bartlett's Test and Lavene's Test and those tests showed that my deviations were statistically the same. ANOVA was the next program run and it showed that week's data were
Third Award of $100 and a plaque American Statistical Association
2006 BO035
SPORES OF MYRIOSTOMA COLIFORM: WITH THERAPEUTICS PROPERTIES?
Maria Paula Diaz
Instituto Vocacional Concepcion Concepcion, Tucuman Argentina
The mushroom Coliform Myriostoma grows in Tucuman woodland , known popularly as Land Stars" used by vernacular medicine. Surveys in residents and interviews to faith healing do
coagulant, healing, to cure burns, and calves and humans umbilical infection . Interviews to specialists indicate ignorance of this species. The spores of 3.5 to 5 microns, obs
show ovoid, warty, hairy form and brown coloring. Tests of spores with bovine blood show the formation of clots when both substances come into contact. For the identificatio
spores 2 g of them was weighed and treated with ethanol; macerated (24 hs), heated (bainmarie ,15 min) and filtered. Ferric chloride Reaction was carried out to 1 ml of the filtrate (result: negativ
coloring, characterize flavonoids). The rest of the filtrate went to dryness. The residual was treated twice with HCI and filtered. The insoluble rest was recaptured with Cl3CH, and shake
 Afterwards it was treated with SO4Na2, filtered and the Reactions of LiebermanBurchard (result: positive, dark green coloring, characterizes triterpenes and steroids nuclei) and Börntraeger (
characterizes antraquinones) were carried out. The reaction (Foam) for the saponin identification was negative. The presence in the spores of interesting chemical groups from
new perspectives to investigate and validate the popular use attributed to Coliform Myriostoma. 
2004 BO035
WHERE CORN GROWS
Jason Christopher Buss
Southeastern High School, Augusta, IL, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine which state soil grows corn the best. The state soil for each state will be used to determine the best soil for growing corn. The exhibitor hypothesiz
corn the best due to its continuous high rankings for yield over the last several years. To perform the test, soil samples were gathered by sending letters to each state requesting a one g
obtaining the samples the experiments were conducted; three separate growth tests were performed with two plants in a four inch pot for each soil sample received. Leaf collar, height, and bioma
 The exhibitor concluded that the state with the best state soil for growing corn is Indiana. Indiana was the only state to have an average biomass over 3g. So, Indiana has the best soil, give
environmental factors will effect how well the soil can grow corn in its natural environment. 
2003 BO035
THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIATION ON STOMATA COUNTS
Catherine Genevieve Fontana, Divine Child High School
Dearborn, MI, USA
The purpose of this experiment is to determine which canopy of an oak tree contains the most stomata in the given area of a leaf from the specific canopy. Environmental variations, such as carb
are all variables that affect the count of the potential stomata. To conduct this experiment, obtain 100 leaves from the upper, middle, and lower canopies of an oak tree. Then, create epi
vein of the leaf and examine under 400x power. There is an average stomata count of 56 stomata in the lower canopy, 69 stomata in the middle canopy, and 70 stomata found in the upp
upper canopy’s leaves do contain more stomata in relation to the lower and middle canopies. These results can prove that the upper canopy is the healthiest canopy. 
2005 BO035
EXAMINING FOREIGN GERMPLASM TO CONTROL FUSARIUM HEAD BLIGHT
Kimberly S. Richards
Walter Murray Collegiate, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan
North American barley production is threatened by Fusarium Head Bright (FHB). FHB results in yield reduction, decreases value of grain, and poor seed quality. The fungus produces a mycotoxin
and unwanted in the brewing industry. Breeding resistant cultivars is an effective strategy to manage FBH, but faces challenges as resistant genes are dispersed in the genome, quantitative trait
environments, and most QTLs for resistance result from pleiotropic effect of morphological and developmental genes. Ten phenotypic traits and DNA profiles for 72 newly identified resistant barle
ISSR gel images revealed 107 polymorphic bands against 117 primers, and the genetic variability among the 72 barley accessions was considerable. Relationships were found between agronomic
content and FHB germplasm similarity occurred related to region of origin (Western Russia, Central Asia, Asia, and North America); no similarity was found for any FHB resistance factors.
RAPD primers revealed similar clusters of geographic origin, but not disease or plant traits. I found significant differences between two row vs. six row and between hulled and hulless barleys for
Using this information will aid barley breeding programs and reduce the crop’s genetic vulnerability to FHB.
2003 BO036
ANOTHER SHOCKING DEVELOPMENT: THE EFFECT OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON THE GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF BRASSICA RAPA
Chelsey Cierra Spriggs
Renaissance High School, Detroit, MI, United States
The purpose of this project was to determine whether there is an optimum period of time that Brassica rapa can be exposed to electric current to improve the yield of plants and minimize adverse
of 50 seeds were examined for a period of 15 days. Planters for each variable group received 6 volts of current generated from batteries in circuits, with lead wires buried 10cm below the
on the length of time that current was supplied and determined by different expected stages of plant development: emergence of the embryonic root (24 hours, Variable 1); cotyledon emergence (
first true leaves (5 days, Variable 3); and opening of flower buds (15 days, Variable 4). Plants were observed and measured daily for germination rate, development, and any anomali
plants (92), compared to 24 plants in Control (48%); matured at a faster pace; and had 230% more flowers and 270% more axillary buds than Control. Other variable groups had germination rates
yields were greater than Control but lower than Variable 1. Variables 24 also displayed significant anomalies in height, internodal length, leaf size and shape, and mortality. This project s
embryonic root could improve germination rate and flower yield in Brassica rapa. This suggests a potential benefit for agricultural yield of Brassica crops.
2004 BO036
NEED WEED?
Howard Keith Bynum
Andrews High School, Andrews, Texas, USA
The purpose of my experiment is to determine if the aquatic Spiny Naiad (Najas marinas), is capable of being both food and fertilizer. The experiment involved invertebrate earthworms and verteb
received pondweed, a mix of fish food and pondweed, and fish food only. The worms were fed pondweed, a mix of pondweed and cornmeal, and only cornmeal. The study is to determine which s
after several weeks. The fertilization process was to determine if the Najas marinas has any effect on the growth of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results showed that the goldfish lost
Half and Half was 32.1 grams, and the control at 33.2 grams, which shows that the Spiny Naiad is not suitable as goldfish food. The earthworm results were: Cornmeal only at 30.9 grams, half an
32.5 grams; therefore a suitable food supplement for the worms. The wheat showed excellent results. Group I: average height of the two tanks that received 5 grams of Spiny Naiad was 28.7 cm,
with no Naiad was only 17.7 cm. Group II showed heights in respective groups of: 27.5 cm, 21.6 cm, and 18.1 cm. Lab analysis showed Naiad high in Calcium (29.26%), Zinc (959ppm) and Iron (
definite future possibilities for harvesting and using as a plant fertilizer.
2005 BO036
THE ALLELOPATHIC EFFECT OF THE ALBIZIA PROCERA TREE ON PANICUM MAXIMUN
Niomi Michelle RodriguezSanta
CROEM School, Mayaguez, PR
The term allelopathic effect is defined as the harmful or beneficial effects that one plant has over another. The objective of this investigation was to determine what part of the Albizia procera prod
maximun, and which chemical components can be associated with this effect. The experimentation done to test the hypothesis, consisted of two phases: the identification of the tree parts (leave
could produce the allelopathic effect, and the separation of the chemical components present in the extract of the Albizia procera. For the first phase, four groups of plants planted in flowerpots w
three for the experimental groups. The experimental plants were sprinkled with extracts from the trunk, leaf and roots of Albizia procera, separately. The extracts were prepared using methanol, w
plant. The results obtained demonstrated an allelopathic effect, mostly produced by the leaves. For the second phase, the extract of Albizia procera leaves was tested with a Gas Chromatograph
components in the chromatogram was used as a characterization method. According to this data, some possible fragments compatible with common herbicides, such as CF3, Cl, and N were iden
environmental friendly alternative to control tropical weeds without using chemical herbicides. In a third phase, the extract will be tested on the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance to identify the compo
2006 BO036
PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HIGH LEVEL B CONTAINING AGRICULTURAL AREAS BY USING HYPERACUMULANT PLANT: POLYGONUM EQUSECIFORME (POLYGONACEAE)
Hasan Sevim
Private Cag Fatih Highschool, Istanbul, Turkey
This study was carried out to identify boron (B) hyperaccumulating plant species in an actively Bmined area of Bigadiç, Balýkesir, Turkey. Only a plant, Polygonum equseciforme (Polygonaceae
soils of Bmining areas. The species P. equseciforme was found growing successfully under high soil B concentrations from 1.19 to 6.96 ppm. Further more P. equseciforme contains significantly
142.26±1.75 to 160.15±1.84 ppm). This study shows that P. equseciforme was not only able to grow on heavily Bcontaminated soils, but was also able to accumulate extraordinarily high concen
genotype to explore the mechanism(s) of B hyperaccumulation which may lead to identifying the gene(s) conferring Bresistance and to phytomining of contaminated soils, especially where Btox
available on the phytoremediation of metalliferous soils that contain excess amounts of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, Pb, Al and Ni. But there are only a few reports available on the hyperaccumulation of B.
2004 BO037
PROPAGATING ORCHIDS THROUGH NATURAL METHODS
Pita Malota Gurr
Leone High School, Pago Pago, American Samoa
The purpose of my project, "Propagating Orchids Through Natural Methods", was to experiment with various methods of propagating dendrobium orchids to determine if orchids could be reproduc
been growing orchids in our family's greenhouse, propagating them through laboratory methods. I wanted to discover a simpler method of multiplying orchids so that my experiment could be replic
researching orchid propagation methods, I carried out three experiments. For experiment I, I removed leafless orchid canes from plants growing in our greehouses, and placed them on a table.
the canes, and I cut the cane between keikis and planted them into pots of clean, crushed, volcanic rock. For experiment II, I propagated orchids by separating them when they became
and aerial roots to two inches, dipped the roots in a solution, and planted the orchids into pots filled with volcanic rocks. For experiment III, I propagated orchids with a full cane and a sin
developed a single keiki at the end of it, I planted the entire cane and keiki into a pot of volcanic rocks. I repeated experiment I 476 times; experiment II, 900 times; and experiment II, 84
experiments I conducted, 95100% of the orchids survived. I was able to prove my hypothesis was correct: dendrobium orchids can be grown through natural methods.
2005 BO037
THE EFFECT OF BARK PEELINGS AND MARROW EXTRACTS FROM THE FOUR TYPES OF MANGROVES IN PUERTO RICO ON INFECTIONS CAUSED BY STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREU
Abimael CruzMaldonado
Padre Anibal Reyes Belen High School, Hatillo, PR
Believers in natural medicine use gargles of different types of mangroves of Puerto Rico to cure throat infections. Knowing that many bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics it is important t
The investigator considered that the extracts obtained from the bark peeling and the marrow of the mangroves: Laguncularia racemosa (white mangrove), Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove), Con
Avicennia germinans (black mangrove) are effective inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus which is present in throat infection. Different extracts from the bark peeling and the marrow of
made. Each one of these samples was then inoculated separately into a TSA cultivated medium of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The obtained results proved that the extract of the bark p
(white mangrove), Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) and Conocarpus erectus (button mangrove), inhibit the growth of the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The marrow extracts from Avicennia g
racemosa (white mangrove) and Rhizophora mangle (red mangrove) inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. The marrow of Conocarpus erectus (button mangrove) and the bark peel
mangrove) did not inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. A future study could be made to find out the active ingredients in each of the extracts from all four types of mangroves tha
aureus.
2006 BO037
PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN13 (IL13) IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
David Wang
Type 1diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, life threatening, autoimmune disease. Currently there is no effective therapy for this disease. Accumulated evidence suggests that Tlymphocytes including T h
crucial role in T1D development. The disease is primarily mediated by Th1 lymphocytes that synthesize inflammatory cytokine interferon ã (INFã), whereas the Th2 cells, which produce antiinfla
protective role. Thus, induction of selective deviation (skewing) of harmful Th1 responses towards a protective Th2 phenotype using Th2 cytokines such as IL13 represents the most promising a
objective of this study is to produce large amounts of IL13 in transgenic plants and test if the plantderived cytokines can be used for oral administration to treat T1D. The human IL13 gene was
gene encoding the mucosal carrier CTB protein that will facilitate effective delivery of the CTBIL13 recombinant protein to the gut mucosal cells. CTBIL13 and IL13 were cloned into a plant tra
constitutive expression promoter. Lownicotine tobacco was used for Agrobacteriummediated genetic transformation. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgenes in the transgenic pla
13 in the transgenic plants was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and western blot analysis. The availability of transgenic plants producing IL13 and CTBIL13 recombinant proteins pro
development of a plantbased, safe, costeffective, oral therapy for treatment of T1D.
2003 BO037
THE EFFECT OF SIMULATED HERBIVORY ON INFLORESCENCE, ACHENE, AND BASAL ROSETTE PRODUCTION IN BOLTONIA DECURRENS, AN ENDANGERED SPECIES
Jessica Lynn Arnold
Edwardsville High School, Edwardsville, Illinois, U.S.A.
The purpose of this project was to determine if simulated herbivory affected the production of inflorescences, achenes, and basal rosettes in Boltonia decurrens,an endangered species. Fifty bolte
and planted in pots 10cm x 10cm x 35cm. One month later, twenty two pairs, were selected by height. Two plants were determined to be another species and four were damaged. These six plant
was used as a control. The other plants were clipped to 50% of their original height to simulate mammalian herbivory. Plants were maintained during the summer. Five inflorescences from each p
of achenes per flower was determined. The inflorescences were counted on each plant. Total achene production for each plant was calculated. Basal rosettes were also counted. Thirteen pairs of
Inflorescences in the other pairs were lost due to collection problems. The ttest for nonindependent samples at a confidence level of .05 and 12 degrees of freedom (t=2.179) showed that there w
quantity of inflorescences, achenes or rosettes produced by the controls and the clipped plants. The simulated herbivory had neither a positive nor a negative effect. Clipping late in the plant's gro
technique for the propagation of this species. 
2006 BO037
PRODUCTION OF INTERLEUKIN13 (IL13) IN TRANSGENIC PLANTS FOR IMMUNOTHERAPY OF TYPE 1 DIABETES
David Wang
Type 1diabetes (T1D) is a chronic, life threatening, autoimmune disease. Currently there is no effective therapy for this disease. Accumulated evidence suggests that Tlymphocytes including T h
crucial role in T1D development. The disease is primarily mediated by Th1 lymphocytes that synthesize inflammatory cytokine interferon ã (INFã), whereas the Th2 cells, which produce antiinfla
protective role. Thus, induction of selective deviation (skewing) of harmful Th1 responses towards a protective Th2 phenotype using Th2 cytokines such as IL13 represents the most promising a
objective of this study is to produce large amounts of IL13 in transgenic plants and test if the plantderived cytokines can be used for oral administration to treat T1D. The human IL13 gene was
gene encoding the mucosal carrier CTB protein that will facilitate effective delivery of the CTBIL13 recombinant protein to the gut mucosal cells. CTBIL13 and IL13 were cloned into a plant tra
constitutive expression promoter. Lownicotine tobacco was used for Agrobacteriummediated genetic transformation. PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the transgenes in the transgenic pla
13 in the transgenic plants was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and western blot analysis. The availability of transgenic plants producing IL13 and CTBIL13 recombinant proteins pro
development of a plantbased, safe, costeffective, oral therapy for treatment of T1D.
2003 BO038
THE EFFECT OF AUXINS AND ELECTICAL STIMULATION ON PLANT ROOT GROWTH IN THE PRESENCE OF GRAVITY
Kavita Vasant Betkerur
Hoover High School, Canton OH, Stark County
Auxin is a plant hormone that allows roots to grow downward with gravity; a process known as gravitropism. Naturally, the root creates electrical potentials because of the fluxes of ions through th
causes changes in the surface potentials, which causes the root to grow against gravity. The problem that is being tested is the effect of auxins and electrical stimulation on root growth in the pre
there will be more curvature against gravity when both factors are affecting the root. In order to make this comparison, there are four setups containing a root submerged in water for an
The setups are as follows: control growth of root, root treated with auxins, root stimulated with an electrical field, and one pretreated with auxins and then electrically stimulated. The experiment w
and length of growth. The root in the electrical field showed significant curvature against gravity and the auxin treated roots had minimal curvature against gravity. When both electrical fields and a
had minimal curvature against gravity. This leads to the possible conclusion that the electrical fields stimulate the auxins and cause them to be distributed symmetrically in order to achieve straig
is to establish as to which factors are responsible for the roots response to gravity. 
2006 BO038
ION CHANNEL BLOCKERS
Kaitlyn Anne Feeley
North Attleboro High School, North Attleboro MA, USA
Research indicated that studies of mice with Cystic Fibrosis, when treated with the spice turmeric, suggested that the spice is an ion channel blocker (Cystic Fibrosis is caused by a faulty ion ch
ions across a cell's membrane. Ion channel blockers can effectively disrupt this movement. Gravitropism is a process whereby hypocotyl cells grow in response to gravity, caused by th
must move freely through the cells for gravitropism to occur. Thus, if the turmeric suppresses the calcium and the hypocotyls do not grow downwards, it would indicate that it is an ion channel blo
germinated. When their hypocotyls were 23cm long, the kernels were rotated 90 degrees and agar, with concentrations of EDTA (a chelating substance), Calcium Chloride (calcium encourages th
tips. Hours later, the roots exposed to turmeric had not bent and grown downwards but had grown in directions other than down, a good indicator that turmeric is an ion channel blocker. 
kernels were again germinated, until their hypocotyls were 23cm long. They were then rotated and agar with concentrations of Verapamil (wasp venom, an ion channel blocker) or turmeric were p
the turmeric appeared to have suppressed the calcium just as well as the Verapamil had. From these results, turmeric's usefulness should be considered as a possible alternative therapy for Cys
2005 BO038
ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PINUS CONTORTA ON SERPENTINE SOIL
Sheila Marie Van Prooyen
Gold Beach High School, Gold Beach, Oregon, USA
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) is a major conifer species in North America. Five races of lodgepole pine are recognized. The Del Norte race is found on serpentine soils in Del Norte County, CA.
Curry County (OR) on serpentine soil, but the taxonomic status of this Red Flat population is unknown. The purpose of this project was to compare the morphology and DNA of the Red Flat popul
populations: southern Cascades lodgepole pine, southwestern Oregon/northwestern California shore pine and one Del Norte population. Needle length, twist angle, and twist direction and
compare the populations. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH. Elemental analysis by neutron activation was run on both soil and needle tissue samples to determine elements prese
variance, Chisquare, and cluster analysis were used to analyze results. DNA was isolated from bud tissues. PCR was run on DNA with a specific lodgepole primer. Gel electrophoresis was run a
bands. The number of DNA base pairs in each band was calculated and populations were compared with cluster analysis. Most morphology and genetics tests indicated a close relation
the Del Norte race. Soil analysis indicates the Red Flat and Del Norte populations are found on similar soils, which may be the factor determining similar genetic differentiations levels.
2004 BO038
A STUDY ON THE ANTIAGING EFFECTS OF PORTULACA
Chen Ling
Jincai Senior High School, senior three, Shanghai, China
Objective: To prove the effects of portulaca on antiaging in fruit flies and mice respectively and to prove the possible causes of portulaca's good effect on antiaging. Methods: In this ex
into portulaca group and the control group respectively for observing their lifespan and testing some physiological functions and biochemical parameters which are closely related to lifespan, suc
flying ability, SOD activity, and Lipofuscin, etc. Results: (1) The lifespan of the fruit flies was longer, the death rate in the cold (or heat) condition and the level of Lipofuscin of the fruit fl
the fruit flies was higher in the purtulaca group than that of those in the control group (p<0.05). (2) The time of rod climbing was longer, the level of Lipofuscin in liver and brain was lower, and the
was higher in the portulaca group than that of those in the control group (p<0.05). Conclusion: The result of experiments suggested that feeding portulaca could improve the above functio
also could result in a good effect on antiaging. Whether it has the same effect on human beings depends on further study. 
2005 BO038
ENVIRONMENTAL DIFFERENTIATION OF PINUS CONTORTA ON SERPENTINE SOIL
Sheila Marie Van Prooyen
Gold Beach High School, Gold Beach, Oregon, USA
Lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) is a major conifer species in North America. Five races of lodgepole pine are recognized. The Del Norte race is found on serpentine soils in Del Norte County, CA.
Curry County (OR) on serpentine soil, but the taxonomic status of this Red Flat population is unknown. The purpose of this project was to compare the morphology and DNA of the Red Flat popul
populations: southern Cascades lodgepole pine, southwestern Oregon/northwestern California shore pine and one Del Norte population. Needle length, twist angle, and twist direction and
compare the populations. Soil samples were collected and analyzed for pH. Elemental analysis by neutron activation was run on both soil and needle tissue samples to determine elements prese
variance, Chisquare, and cluster analysis were used to analyze results. DNA was isolated from bud tissues. PCR was run on DNA with a specific lodgepole primer. Gel electrophoresis was run a
bands. The number of DNA base pairs in each band was calculated and populations were compared with cluster analysis. Most morphology and genetics tests indicated a close relation
the Del Norte race. Soil analysis indicates the Red Flat and Del Norte populations are found on similar soils, which may be the factor determining similar genetic differentiations levels.
2006 BO039
USE OF DIGITAL PHOTOGRAPHY FOR ASSESSMENT OF WHEAT LEAF COLOUR CHANGES
Zuzana Tvaruzkova
Gymnazium Kromeriz, Kromeriz, Czech Republic
I evaluated the changes of leaf colour in 30 cultivars of winter wheat registered for growing in the territory of the Czech Republic in the growing period following the flag leaf appearance.
Hewlett Packard photo smart hp 315 digital camera software. I worked with Lab (CIE L*a*b*) color model in which every color is represented by luminosity (L), a green/red component (a), and a bl
paramether L+a for assessment the leaf color changes effected with wheat genotype, various wheat leaf insertions, different terms of evaluation and infection with leaf diseases. I found s
in L+a levels under the influence of all factors. The L+a levels of fully physiologically active leaves could be found between 10.0–20.0, the first changes due to the ageing indicate levels between
characterized with the increase of levels up to 50.0–60.0 and dead leaves with no green colour had L+a near 80.0 finaly. Winter wheat cultivars Bill, Batis, Svitava, Semper, Vlasta, Ludw
colour in both infected and diseasefree plots. These genotypes belong to different groups of early or late ripening. It seems to be probable that leaf green colour change is completly indepedent tr
were confirmed with fluorescence as the standard method for the assessment of leaf photosynthetical activity. 
2005 BO039
THE EFFECT OF THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD IN THE GERMINATION AND STEM INCLINATION OF THE LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL AND PORTULACA OLERACEA PLA
Luis Alberto Vega Otero
Colegio Congregación Mita, San Juan, PR
Electromagnetism is the part of physics that studies the electromagnetic field: a field composed of an electric and a magnetic field. This research investigates the effect of an electromagnetic fie
of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill and Portulaca oleracea plants. The hypothesis established that the quantity of germinated seeds exposed to the electromagnetic field was less than the ones not
showed a stem inclination to the electromagnetic field. For this investigation two groups of seeds were prepared: one as the control group with no interaction with the electromagnetic field, and the
the germinated seeds were exposed to the electromagnetic field. The electromagnetic field was created with a 12 volt battery and rolled cables connected on top of the boxes with the plants.
measured the height of the plants as they grew up, and calculated the degree of stem inclination in all the groups. It was found that the experimental group showed less quantity of germinated see
inclination was observed in the germinated seeds exposed to the electromagnetic field. This concludes that the created electromagnetic field affected the quantity of germinated seeds and its deg
plants. As a future investigation the quantity and diameter of the leaves and other qualitative and quantitative properties in a long period of time can be studied. 
2003 BO039
EFFECTS OF CORN STEEP LIQUOR ON WEED SEED GERMINATION
Jennifer Elizabeth Goedhart
Unity Christian High School, Orange City Iowa, USA
This project was designed initially to answer the question of whether corn steep liquor (CSL) would prevent weed seeds from germinating. Further experimentation led to testing its effects on gras
used to answer the above questions. In the first experiment spotted spurge was grown on agar with corn steep liquor added at concentrations from 0 to 40 percent. This experiment was unsucces
concentration. In the second experiment, the germination of redroot pigweed and crabgrass sown on filter paper saturated with concentrations of CSL varying from 0 to 33 percent was tested. Incr
percent inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth. Seedling growth was more sensitive than germination in pigweed, with an 86 percent reduction in seedling growth at 3.3 percent CSL.
radish and buckhorn plantain could not be determined because of the low germination at all CSL concentrations. The third experiment tested the effect of CSL on established perennial ryegrass re
0 to 400 grams per square meter resulted in a 17 percent increase in dry matter produced after three weeks. In conclusion, since the CSL both inhibited weed seed germination and increased gras
available product may serve as an environmentally friendly and valuable part of a weed and feed program for turf.
Third Award of $400 Institute of Food Technologists
2004 BO039
FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS: AN OPTIMIZED METHOD FOR FLUORESCENT TAGGING OF FULLLENGTH GENE PRODUCTS OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA
Michelle Louie
Kings Park High School, Kings Park, New York, United States of America
Arabidopsis thaliana is a model system in botany. Increasing what is known will lead to enhanced productivity in plants of economic and cultural importance and provide fundamental knowledge. <
Arabidopsis has been successfully sequenced, the function and intercellular location of the gene products remains unknown. The purpose of this project was to establish an optimized protocol for
intracellular localization and function of the proteins in Arabidopsis. The establishment of a refined protocol will enable systematic characterization on a large scale. Fluorescent Tagging
focuses on proteins of unknown function, tags them internally, and utilizes the native gene regulatory sequences. FTFLP constitutes (1) selection of a functionally unassigned gene, (2) prediction
fluorescent tag insertion site, (3) amplification in two parts, (4) introduction of fluorescent tag, (5) bombardment of gene into plant tissue, (6) analysis of expression patterns and localization. The s
to determine its role in the cell. The protocol was generated and tested with the gene, At1g07040 and control construct, TY2. After FTFLP was conducted, gel electrophoresis confirmed
generated, indicating that At1g07040 was successfully isolated, amplified, purified, and tagged with YFP. The control construct was bombarded into onion plant tissue and localized in the plasma
intracellular transport. An optimized protocol was developed consistent with the goals of this project and the principles of functional genomics. To date, this protocol has never been perf
2003 BO039
EFFECTS OF CORN STEEP LIQUOR ON WEED SEED GERMINATION
Jennifer Elizabeth Goedhart
Unity Christian High School, Orange City Iowa, USA
This project was designed initially to answer the question of whether corn steep liquor (CSL) would prevent weed seeds from germinating. Further experimentation led to testing its effects on gras
used to answer the above questions. In the first experiment spotted spurge was grown on agar with corn steep liquor added at concentrations from 0 to 40 percent. This experiment was unsucces
concentration. In the second experiment, the germination of redroot pigweed and crabgrass sown on filter paper saturated with concentrations of CSL varying from 0 to 33 percent was tested. Incr
percent inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth. Seedling growth was more sensitive than germination in pigweed, with an 86 percent reduction in seedling growth at 3.3 percent CSL.
radish and buckhorn plantain could not be determined because of the low germination at all CSL concentrations. The third experiment tested the effect of CSL on established perennial ryegrass re
0 to 400 grams per square meter resulted in a 17 percent increase in dry matter produced after three weeks. In conclusion, since the CSL both inhibited weed seed germination and increased gras
available product may serve as an environmentally friendly and valuable part of a weed and feed program for turf.
Second Award of $500 Weed Science Society of America
2005 BO040
BUCKMINSTERFULLERENES: FRIEND OR FOE?
Lindsay Mallissia Liles
C.H. Yoe High School, Cameron, Texas, United States of America
Buckminsterfullerenes, C60, were discovered in 1985 at Rice University. The affect of C60 on plants has not been determined. The experiment was performed to determine the affect that C60 p
SiO2, have on Wisconsin Fast Plants. Four independent hydroponic growing systems were set up with 2L of distilled water and 285mL of a commercial fertilizer solution to grow Wiscons
30 sprouted seeds were collected and put into the tanks. A control tank with no added chemicals was used and concentrations of 5ppm, 1ppm, and .1ppm of the test chemicals were added to the
of 2 weeks, the seeds were measured for length and mass. A TTest showed a 91.61% difference of length between the Control and 5ppm tank in the SiO2 test group, a 98.02% differen
difference in the .1ppm tank. There was a 92.42% difference of mass between the Control and the 5ppm tank, a 97.38% difference in the1ppm tank, and a 97.36% difference in the .1ppm tank.
difference of length from the Control in the 5ppm tank in the TiO2 test group, a 52.45% difference in the 1ppm tank, and an 83.82% difference in the .1ppm tank. There was a 60.26% difference o
a 69.09% difference in the 1ppm tank, and a 96.79% difference in the .1ppm tank. A TTest showed a 99.88% difference of length between the Control and 5ppm tank in the C60 test g
tank, and a 70.83% difference in the .1ppm tank. There was 99.49% difference of mass between the Control and 5ppm tank, a 46.77% difference in the 1ppm tank, and an 87.73% difference in th
2003 BO040
BURNING BRUSH: AN URBAN DILEMMA...AN AGRICULTURAL OPPORTUNITY
Kate Elizabeth Klinkerman
Memorial High School, Victoria, TX, United States
There is a continuous need to dispose of the brush in Victoria County. There are already 400,000 cubic yards of brush piles that have accumulated. The hypothesis for this project was that if brus
and burned, then the quality of the soil will be improved. To test this hypothesis, an experiment consisting of four different treatments was designed. These were actual burning on site, application
fertilizer rate, and a control site with no treatment. Each treatment being tested was replicated three times to validate any results drawn. A 15 by 20 foot site was staked off and twelve smaller plo
site measuring 5 feet by 5 feet. An initial soil sample was taken to establish a base. Wood was burned for the on site burning and ashes plots, fertilizer was spread on the fertilizer site, and seed
weeks after planting, more soil samples were taken from each plot and sent for testing to see if there was any effect. These results showed that the burning brush on site treatment and the ashes
statistically increasing 5 macro nutrients nutrients that all plants require to grow. While this is beneficial to slightly acidic and highly acidic soils, both of these treatments can also be detrimental
neutral and high pH soils.
2004 BO040
FRUIT QUALITY OF PRUNUS PERSICA (L.) BATSCH TREES INOCULATED WITH PEACH LATENT MOSAIC VIROID
Duy Duc Nguyen
Governor's School for Science and Math, Hartsville,South Carolina, United States
Surveys indicated that consumers would be willing to pay more for better fruit quality in stone fruits such as peaches. Coronet peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] inoculated with Peach Late
studies to increase fruit yield. The objective of this study was to find out whether it also increased fruit quality. Results showed no significant differences existed for weight and % soluble solid co
and noninoculated fruits. Significant differences were found for firmness, pH, and acidity. The titratable acidity was higher whereas the pH was lower for PLMVdinoculated fruits. Firmness was a
peaches. Furthermore, it took four days longer for PLMVdinoculated fruit to go from commercial ripe to soft ripe than the noninoculated fruit giving farmers more time to pick their fruits.
Coronet peaches did have better fruit quality than the noninoculated control peaches.
2006 BO040
'OHELO: PHASE II IDENTIFY BIOACTIVE COMPOUND ANTIBIOTIC EFFECT OF NATURAL PRODUCTS ON BACILLI SP.
Jessie Ann Ka'iulani Pa'ahana
Kamehameha Schools Kapalama Campus, Honolulu, HI, USA
Historical accounts confirm that the leaves of ‘öhelo (Vaccinium reticulatum) were made into a tea and administered to patients to treat throat congestion by Hawaiian medicinal practitioners or ka
of ‘öhelo were the source for the extract solubilized in ethanol (EtOH) used for biological and analytical testing in phase I that produced prominent growth inhibition zones against both gramnegati
purpose of phase II of this project is to isolate and identify the biologically active antibacterial component in ‘öhelo and evaluate its effectiveness at inhibiting the germination of sporeforming gram
biotic resistant microorganisms. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was conducted to separate the individual components of the ‘öhelo extract. Individual fractions were removed from the
tested against suspension cultures of Bacillus subtilis and the spores of Geobacillus stearothermophilus. Of six fractions isolated from the TLC plates, one fraction (Rf=0.9732) inhibited the growt
suspension culture assays. Ongoing experimentation is focusing on determining the molecular structure of the active component and its effectiveness against antibiotic resistant bacteria and the
Award of $1,000 American Indian Science and Engineering Society
2003 BO041
A TAXONOMIC REASSESSMENT OF THE PHAEOPHYCEAEN (BROWN ALGAE) ORDERS ECTOCARPALES AND SCYTOSIPHONALES BASED ON RIBOSOMAL SMALL SUBUNIT (18S)
Sudeep Banerjee
Clovis West High School, Fresno California, USA
Evolutionary relationships within the Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae) have long been a source of discussion and speculation. Previously the Orders Ectocarpales and Scytosiphonales had bee
recent analysis of the Order Scytosiphonales nullified its existence and grouped these species within the larger Order Ectocarpales. This taxonomic hypothesis has been put forth with limited tax
morphological differences and molecular data based research, I predict that sufficient speciation has occurred so that Scytosiphonales is monophyletic and sister to the Ectocarpales. After selec
species for the Orders Scytosiphonales and Ectocarpales, I chose Laminariales as outgroup set based on taxonomic divergence. After undergoing DNA isolation, purification with Phase Lock Ge
Purification, Cycle Sequencing, Cycle Sequence Reaction Purification, lyophilizing and finally sequencing I obtained DNA sequence of two species, other taxa was collected from GenBank. The d
parsimony and maximum likelihood. Although the species from Order Scytosiphonales formed their own clade, they were not independently monophyletic of the entire Order Ectocarpales, disprov
based on the 18S SSU strongly suggests the nonexistence of the Order Scytosiphonales. Because previous studies, based on alternate DNA regions, have indicated that sufficient speciation ha
conservation on the small subunit is too great to make valid analysis of this ordinal divergence. The original tree which separated Order Scytosiphonales and Ectocarpales based on morphologica
experiment.
2006 BO041
ARABIDOPSIS PHOSPHOLIPASE A1'S: NOVEL SEQUENCE ANALYSIS AND STEPS TOWARD FUNCITONAL CHARACTERIZATION
David Andrew Levary
Parkway Central High School, St. Louis MO, USA
Phospholipases play broad roles in plant signal transduction, cytoskeletal rearrangement, membrane trafficking, and degradation. This research focuses on phospholipase A1s (PLA1s), an unders
bioinformatics approach, a putative PLA1 conserved domain has been discovered and a number of PLA1 candidates identified. Biochemical and physiological characterization is being pursued fo
predicted mitochondrial localization. In this work, a transgenic strain of Arabidopsis, generated using TDNA as an insertional mutagen, has been isolated that appears to be deficient in At1g30370
insertion’s left and right border flanking sequences has revealed that there are in fact two inverted TDNA insertions located approximately 200 bp above the coding region as well as a sequence r
the start of the gene. The finding appears to be consistent with phenotypic observations of the mutant plants revealing shortened developmental cycles and substantially reduced rosette formatio
currently being employed to definitively correlate At1g30370 gene expression level and phenotypic response.
2004 BO041
THE EFFECTS OF CYTOSKELETAL DISRUPTING AGENTS IN GOSSYPIUM HIRSUTUM
Carol Margaret Eisenstat
John F. Kennedy High School, Merrick, NY, USA
This research examines whether the manipulation of cytoskeletal elements during the cotton fiber initiation phase of ovule development in Gossypium hirsutum can result in increases in fiber prod
stabilizing agents can either promote or interfere with cytoskeletal function. The application of taxol, a microtubule stabilizing and promoting agent, to developing ovules resulted in a significant in
development, but this increase was not sustained to the termination of the experiment. Application of oryzalin, a microtubule disrupting agent, resulted in a significant decrease in fiber production.
consistent with the hypotheses that proper function of microtubules is required for cotton fiber production and that there is a narrow “window of opportunity” during fiber initiation when fiber product
microfilaments in fiber, through the application of cytochalasin, results in the largest reduction in fiber production. This provides the first evidence that microfilaments, in addition to microtubules m
epidermal cells will become cotton fiber. Results from these experiments indicate that fiber production can be increased using techniques (pharmacological or molecular) that augment cytoskeleta
2003 BO041
A TAXONOMIC REASSESSMENT OF THE PHAEOPHYCEAEN (BROWN ALGAE) ORDERS ECTOCARPALES AND SCYTOSIPHONALES BASED ON RIBOSOMAL SMALL SUBUNIT (18S)
Sudeep Banerjee
Clovis West High School, Fresno California, USA
Evolutionary relationships within the Class Phaeophyceae (brown algae) have long been a source of discussion and speculation. Previously the Orders Ectocarpales and Scytosiphonales had bee
recent analysis of the Order Scytosiphonales nullified its existence and grouped these species within the larger Order Ectocarpales. This taxonomic hypothesis has been put forth with limited tax
morphological differences and molecular data based research, I predict that sufficient speciation has occurred so that Scytosiphonales is monophyletic and sister to the Ectocarpales. After selec
species for the Orders Scytosiphonales and Ectocarpales, I chose Laminariales as outgroup set based on taxonomic divergence. After undergoing DNA isolation, purification with Phase Lock Ge
Purification, Cycle Sequencing, Cycle Sequence Reaction Purification, lyophilizing and finally sequencing I obtained DNA sequence of two species, other taxa was collected from GenBank. The d
parsimony and maximum likelihood. Although the species from Order Scytosiphonales formed their own clade, they were not independently monophyletic of the entire Order Ectocarpales, disprov
based on the 18S SSU strongly suggests the nonexistence of the Order Scytosiphonales. Because previous studies, based on alternate DNA regions, have indicated that sufficient speciation ha
conservation on the small subunit is too great to make valid analysis of this ordinal divergence. The original tree which separated Order Scytosiphonales and Ectocarpales based on morphologica
experiment.
2005 BO041
RAPID AND REVERSIBLE PHOTOBLEACHING IN A GREEN PLANT, THE SPIDERWORT BOATLILY, TRADESCANTIA SPATHACEA (FAMILY COMMELINACEAE)
Philip Christopher Redding
Cookeville High School, Cookeville, Tennessee
Rapid and reversible photobleaching of leaf color occurred in intact and detached leaves of Tradescantia spathacea after exposure to 1.522.0 klux incandescent light. The bleaching effect was po
incident light and time of exposure. Photobleaching was induced by blue light and, to a lesser degree, red light. Apparent chlorophyll content was inversely correlated with bleaching. Because of it
photobleaching response, T. spathacea may be a good model organism for additional research on cellular mechanisms of photoprotection. 
2003 BO042
EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON PLANT HEIGHT
Bridger Westcott Bach, Park City High School
Park City, UT, USA
This experiment was done to determine if electromagnetic energy would effect plant heights. I made three electromagnets by wrapping 32awg magnetic wire around three ten pound iron rods and
power supply. The number of wire wraps around each rod determined the varying intensity of EMFs. I have a 2 wrap, 1 wrap and a 1/2 wrap electromagnet. I germinated radish seeds and planted
pots. Eight plants were placed on four glass plates and place on the three magnets and one control rod. The plants were placed under 2 GE 48 inch wide spectrum grow lights for 15 days and I m
plants were watered from the bottom daily. I unplugged the light to simulate night and day and recorded their height in centimeters while observing the stems and leaves for any differences. <
plant heights were very close. The growth rate of the plants on the 2 wrap magnet was minimally higher. Through research and this experiment, I have learned many things about plants,
have on plants. If I had to draw a conclusion, I would say that the plant height differences between the plants over the control rod and those grown over the magnets were not significant enough to
2004 BO042
INOCULATION STUDIES WITH GAEUMANNOMYCES GRAMINIS VARIETY GRAMINIS ON ZOYSIAGRASS VARIETIES
Alexander Kenneth Biholar
Plano Senior High School, Plano TX, United States of America
The first objective was to determine an effective single leaf assay of Gaeumannomyces graminis variety graminis (Ggg) that produces comparable results to the ectotrophic root infecting fungus
to identify a variety of Zoysiagrass that has a genetic resistance to Ggg. The ETRI assay consisted of inoculating 28 Zoysiagrass varieties with Ggg, and allowing the fungus
cleaned plant under a stereoscope to determine the extent of the Ggg growth. The single leaf assay was performed by placing eight leaves of each of the 28 varieties into a container of water aga
mixed Ggg inoculant. Measurements of the disease growth were taken at four, seven, and 44days. All methods showed variety J36 as being resistant to Ggg. The results pro
leaf assays were too erratic in order to be used as an effective assay, however the 44day assay showed comparable results to the ETRI assay. The single leaf assay will ben
that effectively produces results comparable to the ETRI assay while reducing the physical testing space and cost of performing an assay of Zoysiagrasses. Planting Zoysiagr
fungicidal applications required to control its growth in the long run and provide an effective, environmentally safe, and inexpensive means of Ggg control. 
Fourth Award of $200 American Phytopathological Society
2005 BO042
A COMPARATIVE STUDY FOR MARKETABILITY OF THE F1 GENERATION OF CUCURBITA PEPO
Laura Jo Bruner
Pettisville High School, Pettisville, Ohio, United States of America
The American producer and consumer need knowledge of the contribution of Cucurbita pepo to a healthy diet. Will commercially produced F1 hybrids of Cucurbita pepo possess the comparable c
of sugar content, dry matter, and yield in order to achieve consumer acceptability and profitable marketability? The F1 hybrids of Cucurbita pepo were hypothesized to possess acceptable charac
breeding project. The breeding program consisted of the harvesting and preparing of eighty fruit for testing. The evaluation of the characteristics included the Brix test for sugar content, the dry m
The data supported the hypothesis. All the F1 hybrids when compared to the industry standards gave the indication for profitable marketability and consumer acceptability based on the characteri
lowest percentage of Brix was higher than the standard by 2.70%, the lowest percentage of dry matter was higher than the standard by 0.45%, and the lowest percent yield of pounds of fruit per p
The analysis of variance compares the statistical differences between varieties within a plot and the unaccounted error which cannot be attributed to the variety. The analysis of variance indicated
would continue to be studied in a commercial breeding project.
Third Award of $250 American Society for Horticultural Science
2006 BO042
DESIGN OF A NOVEL WAVE REACTOR FOR IN SITU CULTURING OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII PHASE I. EFFECT OF WAVE MIXING
Caroline Janet Lang
Independence HS, Yardley, PA, USA
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a potential source of renewable energy. Culturing the algae in a sulfurdeficient medium alters regular photosynthesis to produce hydrogen instead of oxygen. One of
production, though, is the development of efficient, largescale photobioreactors. For the current project, a novel bioreactor was designed. This reactor could be scaled up for in situ culturing of C.
50gallon aquarium was fitted with a wave generator I designed to simulate the wave action of oceans or bays. Light was provided by two 40watt fluorescent tubes on a 12 hour light/12 hour dark
aquarium was also controlled. The bioreactors themselves were polyethylene bags that rode on top of the water and were stirred by the wave action. Two experiments were conducted to determin
reinhardtii. In the first experiment, it was hypothesized that cell density would be greater in the wave reactor than in the control reactor, which floated on still water (no waves). Cell density, as me
spectrophotometer, was greater (P < 0.03) with the wave mixing. A second experiment measured the effect of wave mixing on the flagella of the alga, since mechanical mixing is known to shear
that phototaxis would be impacted negatively by wave mixing. Phototaxis was measured with image analysis of timelapse photography. Wave mixing did not affect the phototaxis of C. reinhardti
2004 BO042
2006 BO042
DESIGN OF A NOVEL WAVE REACTOR FOR IN SITU CULTURING OF CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII PHASE I. EFFECT OF WAVE MIXING
Caroline Janet Lang
Independence HS, Yardley, PA, USA
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is a potential source of renewable energy. Culturing the algae in a sulfurdeficient medium alters regular photosynthesis to produce hydrogen instead of oxygen. One of
production, though, is the development of efficient, largescale photobioreactors. For the current project, a novel bioreactor was designed. This reactor could be scaled up for in situ culturing of C.
50gallon aquarium was fitted with a wave generator I designed to simulate the wave action of oceans or bays. Light was provided by two 40watt fluorescent tubes on a 12 hour light/12 hour dark
aquarium was also controlled. The bioreactors themselves were polyethylene bags that rode on top of the water and were stirred by the wave action. Two experiments were conducted to determin
reinhardtii. In the first experiment, it was hypothesized that cell density would be greater in the wave reactor than in the control reactor, which floated on still water (no waves). Cell density, as me
spectrophotometer, was greater (P < 0.03) with the wave mixing. A second experiment measured the effect of wave mixing on the flagella of the alga, since mechanical mixing is known to shear
that phototaxis would be impacted negatively by wave mixing. Phototaxis was measured with image analysis of timelapse photography. Wave mixing did not affect the phototaxis of C. reinhardti
2004 BO042
2003 BO043
NATURAL SUBSTITUTES FOR PH INDICATORS THAT UTILIZE THE POWER OF ANTHOCYANINS
Arjun Gopalratnam
Charter School of Wilmington, Wilmington, Delaware, United States of America
The purpose of this project is to find substances that are environmentally safe and that can serve as better pH indicators of titration points than phenolphthalein. Natural substitutes found through
by promoting the “green movement”. Solutions of different pH levels are placed in the columns, and extracts of possible indicators are placed in the rows of well plates. Natural indicators
is a distinct change in color between acids and bases. Wellperforming indicators are further tested in solutions of every pH level from 7 to 14 to examine more precise color changes. Also, differe
indicator components only exist in certain segments (i.e. skin, flesh, leaves). The leading contributors to the success of natural indicators are the anthocyanin pigments in plant cells.
that contribute to its color and are affected by varying pH levels, as discovered in this project. This experiment is successful in proving the hypothesis, as it shows that many natural sub
is acidic or basic. Some indicators can even clearly differentiate between various basic pH levels. It is also shown that anthocyanins play a significant role in the substance’s ability to identify ac
than phenolphthalein. These indicators cost significantly less and are also environmentally friendlier than phenolphthalein, a known carcinogen. These factors make the use of natural pH indicator
use. 
2006 BO043
WAVELENGTHS AND PLANTS
Maia Yang
Lakeside Jr. High, Hot Springs Arkansas, United States
Research for this project was prompted from an interest in the way plants grow, and in how to achieve a more improved way to grow plants that are healthy at a quicker rate. This interest resulted
different wavelengths of light affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants. The hypothesis for this experiment, if a longer wavelength is used, then the photosynthesis rate will become faster, was d
Photosynthesis rate was determined by measuring the average growth of each set of Chinese mung bean sprouts. These beans were placed under four different colored lights, in example, red, gr
watered everyday for three months. They were measured once a week and recorded in a data log. Throughout the experiment the white light’s plants were the healthiest and longest in sp
then the green, and last the blue. During the third month both the green and the blue plants died. The white light’s plants remained the healthiest accompanied by the red with its plants not as hea
light was added to see if a mixture of wavelengths would lead to any interesting results. The results of this project complimented the hypothesis, which stated if a longer wavelengths is used, the
faster. The longest wavelength, the red light, caused the most growth. 
2004 BO043
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS NITRATE LEVELS ON PLANT TISSUE CULTURES
Ryan Richard Brock
Lakeview High School , Columbus NE, USA
To test the effect of various nitrate concentrations on the viability of plant tissue cultures, many tests will be performed. The goal was the optimum concentration of nitrates for certain plants bein
then be related to genetic engeneering in attempts to decrease the time required for cultures to grow and new generations formed. The results expected were that the plants would show
added until a certain concentration was reached. Beyond that concentration, the plant cultures’ growth was expected to decrease as the nitrates become overly concentrated and begin to burn the
technique was necessary, as any contamination in the cultures could affect the tests’ results. Seeds were sterilized by flaming the pods. The seeds were then removed and transplanted onto gro
tubes were sterilized using an autoclave, and tools were sterilized with a bacticinerator. The media was mixed by adding nitrate solutions in place of distilled water. Plants were transpla
tubes for testing. Changes in height and chlorophyll were recorded. The plants were removed from the tubes and the second tallest viable leaf was removed for chlorophyll reading. 
nitrates showed better growth than those without nitrates and those with higher nitrate concentrations. The exact level for optimum growth is yet undiscovered. Further testing may show more acc
 
2005 BO043
IN SEARCH OF A NATURAL TREATMENT FOR PUCCINIA HEMEROCALLIDIS
Kyle James Yawn
Warner Robins High School, Warner Robins, GA, USA
Puccinia hemerocallidis (daylily rust) has been in North America for four years. This fungal disease has devastated the gardens of thousands of daylily growers. Currently no fungicide has been a
natural remedies are known. The purpose of this project is to find an environmentally safe, method to make daylilies more resistant to this. Soluble silicon was chosen because it has shown resis
The hypothesis of this experiment is, if a potassium silicate, a sodium/potassium silicate and an ammonia silicate is applied to the daylily ramets that have a history of daylily rust, then the silica
the rust. Onehundred and twenty Hemerocallidis cv. ‘Pardon Me’ and 120 Hemerocallidis cv. ‘Stella De Oro’ were planted in five plots equally. With in each plot they were futher divided into 4 sec
the applications. The applications were applied once every week at 80ml of 1 part silicate to every 100 parts water. These were sprayed onto the foliage of each ramet. Water was applied to the o
control group. After nine weeks the pustules of rust spores were counted. The ammonia silicate averaged less pustules than any other application on either cultivar. These results confirm the hyp
solution can help daylilies resist infection. Further experimentation is planned to determine the optimum methods.
Second Award of $700 American Phytopathological Society
2004 BO044
THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION ON THE PRODUCTION OF L ASCORBIC ACID IN BRASSICA RAPA
Mei Ling Liu
Saginaw Arts and Sciences Academy, Saginaw, Michigan, USA
The purpose of this project, "The Effects of Elevated Carbon Dioxide Tension on the Production of Ascorbic Acid in Brassica rapa", is to test to see whether different concentrations of carbon dio
Based on the previous researches, I hypothesize increased concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will increase the quantity of L ¨Cascorbic acid plants produce. However, if the carbo
would have adverse effect on the plants, instead of a positive effect. Additionally, the effects of different concentrations of oxygen have been tested for the production of L ¨C ascorbic acid.
grown in the 1000, 3200, and 10000 ppm of carbon dioxide environment produce a greater quantity of L ¨C ascorbic acid, compared to the other plants that are grown in the normal room temperatu
group of Brassica rapa that grown in the different environments, statistic test indicates the plant heights were not significantly different (p> 0.05). 
2005 BO044
PARTHENIUM, AS A FRIENDLY PLANT!
Anitha P R
Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya, Shivaragudda
Parthenium hysterophorus L (Asteraceae family), one of the world's worst obnoxious and allergenic weed cause problems for humans, livestock and landscape. This project suggests that Parthen
utilizing the pesticide properties of Parthenium hysterophorus. Aqueous extract of Parthenium hysterophorus, is a promising bio pesticide. Our 28 experiments are proof enough. Fresh le
chopped, ground, squeeze pressed and filtered to obtain the aqueous extract. The effects on pests, when sprayed upon, are documented. A controlled experiment was done on a populat
of aqueous extract of Parthenium, fractioned extract of Parthenium, Neem extract, and a chemical insecticide, Dimethoate. The results graphically show that the aqueous extract of Parthenium h
pesticide and is much better bio pesticide than Neem extract. Parthenium,the Bio pest Buster has so many advantages like, it is free easy to apply, bio pesticide, Leftover can be compo
More experiments and field trails need to be done before developing a Standard Operating Procedure for the Public and commercial use of the bio pesticide from Parthenium hysterophorus. <
hysterophorus is exhibited through these experiments. The effective utilization of Parthenium's bio pesticide potential will be its good riddance. 
2003 BO044
PHASE II: WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THREE PLANT CLONING GELS ON KALANCHOE, CARROT, AND SNAKE PLANT CUTTINGS USING WATER AND MOIST SAND AS GROWTH M
Lee Ellen Carter
Central High School, Macon, GA, USA
This experiment determined whether Clonex Cloning Gel, Olivia's Cloning Gel, or Doc's Cloning Gel stimulated through distilled water and moist sand will create a clone of a kalanchoe, carrot, or s
effectiveness of the three gels, while comparing which plant produces the most clones when grown in plant root stimulants. It also tries to determine whether distilled water or moist sand will prov
cuttings. My experiment involved twentyseven petridishes. Each petridish was an environment for three plants, covered in a cloning gel, rooting in a growth medium. First, I cut twenty
cuttings with a scalpel. With a borer, I cut the core of a carrot out, which was cut into twentyseven oneinch pieces. Nine carrots were dipped into Clonex, Olivia's, and Doc's Cloning Gels.
three gels, as well as nine kalanchoe pieces. Three carrots that were dipped in Clonex gel were submerged into water, three into gel, and three into moist sand. I repeated this process with all of t
into a growth medium and held in a 20 mL petridish, which was held in a 100 mL petridish. The larger petridishes held approximately 2 mL of water, excluding the cuttings submerged into the sa
and cloning gels were stored in an incubator set at 30°F. The other cuttings were stored underneath a large lamp. Once the cuttings rooted, the pieces were moved to a pot, surrounded by potting
conclusion, Olivia's Cloning Gel produced the most plant pieces, the kalanchoe plant was the easiest to clone, and the sand provided a better growth medium.
2006 BO044
DETERMINATION OF CYANIDE CONTENT IN PHILIPPINE CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA)
Oliver Glenn Villarin Hernaez
De La Salle High School, Concord, California, United States of America
Cassava is a staple crop in many third world countries that is an edible but poisonous plant. It produces a cyanogenic glucoside called linamarin. Using the picrate test method, cyanide levels fro
were determined. Linamarase enzyme was used to enhance linamarin hydrolysis. The question being answered was: “Is the hydrogen cyanide content of the Philippine cassava root, sap, leaf, an
thirty ppm?” Picrate paper and phosphate buffer paper with pH of 6.0 were prepared with the use of filter paper. In conducting the experiment, phosphate buffer paper was placed in a film canister
sample was added followed by 0.5 mL of water. After that, a picrate paper was inserted before the container was sealed and set at room temperature overnight. A color chart was used to determin
of each kind, roots, leaves, sap, and flour, were tested. Sample averages were 23.5 ppm for the roots, 15.5 ppm for the leaves, 8.0 ppm for the sap, and 7.0 ppm for the flour. These are below th
cyanogenic glucosides through varieties of cassava samples would conclude which type of species of cassava have higher levels of cyanide. The picrate test method is essential in determining
ensure the safety of populations consuming cassava crops.
2003 BO045
HOW CHILLING TIMES AND AUXIN APPLICATIONS AFFECT ROOT INITIATION OF CRANBERRY CUTTINGS?
Katie Bartula
Plymouth North High School, Plymouth, MA, USA
Cranberries (Vaccinium marcrocapron Ait.) go through a dormant period from October through early May. It was hypothesized that cranberry cuttings exposed to a greater amount of chilling time a
IBA (Indolebutyric Acid) would produce a greater number of roots more quicly than the control cuttings. It was also hypothesized that application of a second rooting hormone, NAA (Naphthalene
roots more quickly than the control cuttings but the measurement of root weight would be larger than the IBA group. Cranberry cuttings were removed from a commercial bed immediately
subjected to chilling times of 0, 2,4,6, and 8 weeks at 3 degrees Celsius, and were planted with either NAA, IBA, or no (control) rooting hormone. These results suggest that cranberry growers can
increase the number and quantity of roots and improve the uniformity of rooting.
2004 BO045
THE INCREASE OF ENERGY EFFICIENCY WITH AN INCREASE IN CHLOROPHYLL IN PANICUM VIRGATUM (SWITCHGRASSS)
Jordan Leigh Costello
Hamilton High School, Chandler, Arizona USA
The purpose of my experiment was to find a way to decrease the cost and increase the efficiency of biomass as a means of alternative energy. It was hypothesized that through a feeding of a ch
would be able to produce more energy. To do this, 3 groups were tested: grasses watered with 0%, 10%, and 25% chlorophyll concentrations. After germination, one of the two pails of the 10% a
was not given chlorophyll anymore, but only water to try to increase cost efficiency. After the first phase, the grass was put in an oxygen bomb calorimeter to determine the amount of energy that
concluded that the grass given the chlorophyll greatly increased its energy yield: comparable from 3 to 6 times the amount of the grass fed without the chlorophyll mixture. This proves that alterin
energy produced and subsequently decrease the cost of this form of energy.
2005 BO045
NUTRACEUTICAL INTERVENTION OF THE NFKB PATHWAY TO REDUCE ADVERSE EFFECTS OF INFLAMMATION AND TUMORIGENESIS
Aaron TucLon Cheung
South Carolina Governor's School for Science and Mathematics; Hartsville, SC; US
This research project investigates the pathways by which nutraceuticals are able to prolong physical endurance. Nutraceuticals are naturally occurring compounds that have healthpromoting prop
have previously been shown to prolong physical endurance. However, the specific pathway by which they did this is unknown. Cytokines are chemicals released during inflammation that have be
and affect cancer development. The hypothesis that was tested in this research was whether the nutraceuticals were able to prolong physical endurance by inhibiting the NFKB Pathway, a pathw
production. If the specific pathway by which these nutraceuticals act upon is pinpointed, it may be possible to more effectively and efficiently inhibit the same pathway in the future. Coincidentally
activation of the IKB molecule, which has been shown in previous research to significantly increase cancerous tumor growth and size. Therefore, if the nutraceuticals are able to inhibit the NFKB
candidates for cancerous treatment. Tests were conducted on mice macrophages determining the extent to which three selected nutraceuticals, Astragalus, Curcumin and Muscadine, inhibited cy
were then introduced to Luciferasetransfected mice macrophages to establish whether they inhibited cytokine production via the NFKB pathway. The results strongly suggested that both Astraga
inhibitors of cytokines via the NFKB Pathway. However, Curcumin had no measurable impact on cytokine inhibition.
2006 BO045
THE INVESTIGATION OF NATURAL ALTERNATIVES FOR PHASEOLUS VULGARIS PRODUCTION
Michael Louis Ginsbach
PURPOSE: To determine if herbal extracts can be used as an alternative to commercial bactericides or insecticides on green snap beans, and the effects of these herbal solutions on the yield, q
and the nutrient content in the soil. PROCEDURES: Collected three different types of herbs (Rosemary, Chamomile, and Thyme) along with two chemicals (Bonide bactericide and Temp
chemical application rates were then prepared. TEST PLOT STUDY: Measured four 10x12 foot areas, and then applied solutions onto an actual agricultural setting. The beans were allow
pickings were performed, two weeks apart. After each picking, the beans were counted and analyzed for iron and ascorbic acid content. After the final picking, each plant was measured and the g
 PATHOGEN STUDY: Tested a bactericide and three herbal extractions (Water and Ethanol) on bacterial bean pathogen growth. INSECT STUDY: Performed a test checking how the
solutions affected the fatality rate of Green Peach Aphids. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY: Checked the impact each solution had on the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron, su
found in soil, and how the solutions affected the pH of soil. CONCLUSION: After observing all parts of my project, I found that Rosemary was the superior solution. Overall, I feel that her
to commercial bactericides and insecticides for the production of green beans.
2004 BO046
REDESIGNING NATURE: THE LIFE SPAN OF A GENETICALLY ENGINEERED TOMATO
Sophia J Powers
Soquel High School, Soquel, CA, USA
Genetically engineered (GE) crops have the potential to change the future of agriculture. Transgenic crops may be the solution to environmental problems, such as the runoff of pesticides, herbic
tributaries and oceans. My goal was to determine if genetically modified tomatoes will have a longer usable life span passing the economical benefit on to the agricultural industry and the environm
simultaneous suppression of expansins (EXP) and hydrolase polygalacturonase (PG) would cause the tomato to ripen slower and the skin of the tomato to deteriorate at a slower rate. I designed
transgenic tomatoes and nontransgenic tomatoes: storage, refrigeration and counter. To determine usable life I measured the circumference, firmness, weight, and percentage of mold. Eleven pe
simultaeously suppressed proteins, EXP and PG, grew mold. Thirtysix percent of the control group grew mold. My research and investigation indicated that suppressing EXP decreases cell wall
the ripening of the tomato. As expected, the tomatoes with the proteins, PG and EXP, suppressed had a longer usable life. On the average the transgenic tomatoes lived about 16 to 20 days long
genotype. This experiment has created an extension to the usable life of a tomato. Accepting GE tomatoes as a commercial crop, could be the key to returning GE foods back as an environment
2005 BO046
THE HORMESIS PHENOMENON: IMPLICATIONS FOR USING LOW DOSES OF HARMFUL AGENTS TO STIMULATE PLANT GROWTH
Jordan Dexter Crafton
Uniondale High School, Uniondale New York, USA
Over the past couple of years, there have been concerns regarding the authenticity of harmful chemicals at large doses becoming beneficial when given in small doses. Those applications involv
physical/chemical agents that are harmful at larger doses which are beneficial at smaller doses is known as hormesis. My research primarily focused on shocks of radiation and temper
Glycine max seeds were sterilized and germinated over 24 hours at which they were planted in oasis horticubes. These horticubes were placed in small planting pots so they could fit directly und
allowed me to blast the seeds with 1second spurts of Cold CO2. It is common knowledge that plants can die due to excessive coldness caused by frost, therefore “Cold Shock” was only adminis
24 hours to recover from each shock and only until seedling growth was visible. The second pretreatment consisted of administering “Cold Shock” once and exposing the seeds to a minute expos
Ultraviolet Radiation) which was 10 minutes. The same treatment was performed, however the exposure period was changed to a much larger dose which was 20 minute. Each pretreatm
experimental group that way I was able to observe how the Glycine max seeds reacted in varying environments. These treatments have shown that the true purpose of hormesis is not to harm th
optimum efficiency. As a result of the minute dosage periods of UVC and minute shock periods of Cold Shock that plants exhibited a significant increased growth cycle when comparing them to
2006 BO046
TEA...AGRICULTURE'S SILENT FRIEND
Megan Marie Meyer
Hankinson High School Hankinson, ND United States
Purpose: To determine if tea extracts could be used as growth promotants. Also, to see the inhibiting effects of tea extracts on the growth of pathogenic bacteria. Finally, to test the teas for their
 Procedures: Collected 20 teas (10 black and 10 green), and prepared solutions by blending 10 grams of tea with 200mls of distilled water. (20:1) Plant Study: Compared four barley s
germination percentage of the plants, while using tea as a growth promotant. Pathogen Study: Tested twenty teas for their inhibitory properties on three pure cultures of bacteria. 
mealworms and giant mealworms and timed their fatality rate to determine the insecticidal properties of tea. Caffeine Extraction: To determine the caffeine content of teas and observe th
 Conclusion: For the plant study, nineteen of the twenty teas promoted the growth of barley, as compared to distilled water. In Kirby Bauer, all of the teas had an inhibition zone of 1925 millim
green tea had the fastest fatality rate, as compared to black tea. The caffeine content of black tea had almost twice the amount of caffeine, compared to green tea. Overall, I feel that tea has the
promotant and pesticidal agent. 
2003 BO046
THE MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF DEVIL’S CLUB, OPLOPANAX HORRIDUM
Brittany Noel Hales
Polaris K12, Anchorage, Alaska, U.S.
The medicinal effects of devil’s club were researched and examined. Devil’s club is a member of the ginseng family, Araliaceae, and ginseng is known to have medicinal uses. I hypothesized tha
properties. I tested devil’s club infusions, decoctions, tinctures, and extracts of both root and inner bark against known antibiotics (Tetracycline, Streptomycin, Gentamicin, Chloramphenicol, Kan
in nutrient agar plates inoculated with nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus. I measured the zones of inhibition that formed around sterile disks soaked with the devil’s club preparat
antibiotic sensitivity disks were also measured. None of the devil’s club preparations had an affect on E. coli, but the decoctions, tinctures, and extracts inhibited the growth of B. cereus. All of th
of bacteria, except for Vancomycin, which didn’t have any affect on E. coli. The devil’s club inner bark tincture showed the largest average zone of inhibition for B. cereus (8.19 mm). My results s
antibiotic properties.
2006 BO047
AUTUMN OLIVE: IDENTIFICATION, CONTROL, AND UTILIZATION
Patricia Jean Sefton
Parkersburg High School, Parkersburg WV, USA
Initially, control of the invasive Autumn Olive plant (Elaegnus umbellata)was sought. However, after further research the potential usefulness of the nitrogen fixing bacteria Frankia as a potential s
areas were studied. First the control of the plant, then the utilization of the plants root nodules in aiding the growth of other plants. After some research, it was discovered that similarities
of Frankia and tuberculosis. Antibiotics that would destroy tuberculosis, would have a similar effect on Frankia. Rifamycin was chosen to be used in the autumn olive seeds to prevent or stop roo
drug for every 250mL of water was selected. The drug was expensive so minimal use was chosen. Growth was determined by root length and measured every 2 weeks after germination.
effected by adding the antibiotic. This area proved the vital role the bacteria played in the success in the plant. Next, utilization of the plants root nodules for agricultural benefit was stud
up Autumn Olive trees and removing the large nodules on the roots. Then nodules were placed in a food processor and added to soil mediums where beans (legumes) and carrots (nonlegumes) w
the effects the bacteria played in aiding growth of both plants. The results were interesting as well as beneficial to humanity. With a deeper understanding of our microscopic friends, herb
same time so can fertilizers. 
2005 BO047
ORGANIC FERTILIZERS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON THE PINTO BEAN PLANT
Bryce William Robinson
American Fork High School, American Fork, Utah, USA
Animals housed on pastures urinate and defecate all over the plants they feed and live on. Nitrogen is an important element in plant nutrition and in the ecosystem. This study deals with plant gro
mass spectrometry analysis is used to observe the nitrogen cycle from the plant to the animal, and isotope ratios of 15N and 14N. Urine and Feces nitrogen aid in plant growth and health.
concentrations, it can be harmful to the plants. Deficeincies become present in those plants not receiving sufficeint amounts of the animal excrements. In beginning this expirement, pinto bean pl
Growing media. hydroponics was selected as the growing media for the study. Control solutions were made by creating complete fertilizer solutions. For the urine and feces solution, a complete s
excrement was added. Growth was measured for treatments of 0, 10, 50, and 100ml of urine and fecal from alpaca, goats and horses. The plants were analyzed in a mass spectrometer to find is
growth, the urine for all the animals is quite detrimental in high concentrations. Plants receiving small amounts of urine grew well, but showed signs of deficeincy. Feces helped plants in health an
to growth of the control plants. in comparison with the mass spectrometer data, high 15N numbers correlated with poor growth. in conlusion, animals urine gives plants nitrogen they need, but ext
growth and health of plants because they contain the appropriate ratio between 14N and 15N that plants prefer.
2004 BO047
LOCATION OF GENES INFLUENCING WAX COATINGS ON BARLEY SPIKE TISSUE
Megan Marie Wolf
Mandan High School, Mandan, ND USA
There are more than 1000 morphological marker genes identified in barley and less than half have been located to chromosome. Only a small portion of that half has been mapped to a specific ch
conducted to determine whether or not markers in barley are actually different markers or if they are the same marker expressing a different allele. Markers first had to be morphologically and mol
determine their placement on the Barley chromosomes. The first step was to score the F2 plants growing. To obtain the molecular markers DNA Extraction procedures were preformed. T
template for each sample. Once the PCR was finished with its cycles gel electrophoresis was done. Pictures were taken so the gels could be scored and compared with the morphological marker
two populations: cerzt and cerzb. Cerzt is located within 30.3 cM of Bmag0134 and cerzb is located within 48.5 cM within Bac0113. None of these morphological genes had been previously ma
linkage was found it was determined that the markers are in fact separate markers.This information will to be helpful to geneticists as they manipulate genes to develop barley with improved agron
2003 BO047
THE ALLIUM GENUS AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL (YEAR THREE)
Michael Thomas Jacobsen, LaurelConcord High School
Laurel, Nebraska, USA
The Allium genus (garlic and onions) has long been known as having therapeutic effects. This researcher analyzed these effects in a high school research lab. Specifically, microbiological and en
genus were analyzed. For this year’s research, the chemistry and the insect repellant abilities of garlic were investigated. For the chemistry investigations, separation of the garlic compo
chromatography stationary phase and a WD40 mobile phase. Furthermore, alternative extracts, steamdistilled and oil extracted, were shown to have antibacterial effects. For the insect
organisms were studied. First, the Bean Leaf Beetle, a significant Nebraska soybean defoliator, was studied. Soybeans were sprayed and data was recorded on BLB defoliation prevention. Secon
dependent on the fast plant Brassica rapa, was studied. Cabbage butterfly oviposition (egglaying) prevention was researched. Oviposition measurement was achieved by using spray procedures,
 The therapeutic effects of the Allium genus shown here and in the literature make isolation of the key compounds important. In economically frugal situations, these procedures may be
genus. Additionally, this genus may have importance in pest management as an insect repellant. 
2003 BO048
PLANTS WITH A PURPOSE THE ROLE OF PHYTOREMEDIATION ON NONPOINT SOURCE GLYCOL AND HYDROCARBON POLLUTION IN JEFFERSON PARISH CANAL BOTTOMS
Elizabeth Anne Lopez
East Jefferson High School, Metairie LA, USA
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects that plants in Jefferson Parish drainage canals have in water purification by removing glycol (antifreeze) and refined lube oil pollution throu
 This project focused on automotive nonpoint source (NPS) pollution in urbanized areas that travels into storm drainage canals, and how natural processes, such as phytoremediation, may he
began as an attempt to find and identify NPS contamination caused by draining / leaking antifreeze and used lube oil from neighborhood vehicles. After three trials, the local canal water was foun
glycol / hydrocarbon contamination. After some study, it became apparent that there were processes in action that were aiding in the removal of contaminates from the canal water. These proces
degradation from weathering, biodegradation from bacterial action, and phytoremediation from plant life. The procedure used in this study involved “harvesting” canal bottom plants and th
concentrations of oil and glycol added into their systems. After 5 days, 100ml was drained and the oil and glycol concentrations were determined. Loss of contaminates was attributed to phytorem
one plant and soil control, and one water spike control. 
2006 BO048
SUGAR LEVELS IN APPLES INCREASE WITH TIME
Joshua David Wade
Sherando High School, Stephen's City, Virginia, United States of America
The question that was answered in this experiment was “How does time affect the amount of sugar present in apples?” The independent variable in this investigation was time and the dependent
amount of sugar present in apples. The hypothesis was that if more time passes, then more sugar will be present in the apples. The hypothesis was tested using three tests on four diffe
circumference of each apple was measured in millimeters. Then a quarter sized slice of skin was removed using a knife. Pressure was tested with a penetrometer. Juice was collected during the
this juice was put on the handheld refractometer. The apple was cut in half horizontally and the top half was placed in a pan that had iodine in the bottom to soak for two minutes. The apple was t
The results were recorded and the process was repeated until all apples had been tested. Results proved the hypothesis by showing a correlation between time and sugar levels. The st
present as time progresses. This test measures the amount of starch in apples because iodine stains the starch. As starch in the apple turns to sugar less staining occurs. However, the pressure
did not agree with this starchiodine test. While there are discrepancies, there is evidence enough for support of the hypothesis. 
2004 BO048
EFFECTS OF NITRATE ON THE CIRCADIAN PHOTOSYNTHETIC RHYTHM IN CYANOTHECE SP. PCC 8801, A UNICELLULAR DIAZOTROPHIC CYANOBACTERIUM
UanChen Yen
The Affiliated Senior High School of NKNU,Kaoshiung, Taiwan
Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 is a unicellular, photosynthetic and diazotrophic cyanobacterium. It is also the first prokaryote shown to exhibit circadian rhythm which consists of photosynthetic and n
be known that the photosynthetic and nitrogenfixing rhythms are temporally separated, very little is explored about their possible interactions or causal relationships between these two systems.
equipped with a dissolvedoxygen (DO) meter was used to continuously and automatically record the DO variation in the culture. The data clearly indicated that, in the nitraterich medium, there w
photosynthetic rhythms in Cyanothece sp. PCC 8801 as well as in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, a nonnitrogenfixing cyanobacterium. In the nitratefree medium, however, Cyanothece sp. PCC
which included a circadian respiration rhythm in the dark period. When nitrate, an inhibitor of nitrogen fixation, was added into the medium, the diurnal respiration rhythm disappeared and the diurn
affected. Moreover, the circadian photosynthetic rhythm was also suppressed. These results reveal that there is a strong correlation between the rhythms of photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation i
2005 BO048
THE KILLER IN THE GARDEN: THE ALLELOPATHIC EFFECTS OF ACER SACCHARUM MARSH, CORNUS FLORIDA L., AND MAGNOLIA GRANDIFLORA L.
Amanda Josephine Compadre
Little Rock Central High School, Little Rock, AR, United States of America
This experiment was designed to determine if common landscape trees have allelopathic effects against lawn grasses and garden plants, and to identify the structure of the most allelopathic com
common landscape trees have allelopathic effects against both lawn grasses and garden plants, and these effects are produced by unique compounds. Leaves from three common landscape tree
the dogwood (Cornus florida L.), and the magnolia (Magnolia grandiflora L.), were used to make the extracts. Then, a screening experiment was conducted with two concentrations of each extract
directed fractionation was then conducted to determine to location of the most allelopathic compounds. The most allelopathic compound was isolated and injected into a Gas Chromatogram/ Mas
showed that at both concentrations all three extracts were significant in inhibiting the growth of the radish and rye seedling. The results of the experiment also showed that the inhibition of germina
seeds. The results of the bioassay directed fractionation confirmed the results of the screening experiment, and the most allelopathic compound was found in the dogwood extract and named CF3
found to be very polar since their location was towards the bottom of the thinlayer chromatography plates. Thus, water could easily leach the allelopthic chemcials of decaying leaves into lawns a
was identified as a glycoside compound.
2006 BO049
OPTIMIZING TISSUE STERILIZATION IN CYPRIPEDIUM REGINAE MERISTEM CULTURE
Joseph Paul Dexter
Green Mountain Union High School, Chester, Vermont, United States of America
Cypripedium reginae (Showy Lady’s Slipper) is an impressive terrestrial orchid native to northeastern North America. While meristem tissue culture has developed into a widely used form of orchid
culture technique remains to be developed for C. reginae. Determining a sterilization procedure for tissue explants that kills contaminating microorganisms without severely damaging the explants
meristem culture method for any orchid species. In this investigation, C. reginae explants were cultured axenically on Steele’s (1995) modified Harvais (1982) medium. Prior to culturing, the expla
in varying time intervals and concentrations. In the cultures that did not become contaminated, the tissue degradation caused by each sterilization procedure was observed and compared to deter
the quality of the explants while still eliminating all contamination. A baseline sterilization procedure of 0.60% sodium hypochlorite for 30 minutes was initially derived from Steele’s
reginae seed. This was expected to represent the optimal sterilization technique for C. reginae tissue. However, it was demonstrated that sterilization procedures deviating from the baseline seem
it appears that increasing the concentration of the sodium hypochlorite concentration while decreasing the sterilization time minimizes explant damage compared to using lower concentrations for
mathematical model for the relationship between explant damage and sterilization procedure has been developed. 
2003 BO049
THE PRODUCTION, PURIFICATION, AND REBINDING OF THE EXTRINSIC PROTEINS TO PHOTOSYSTEM II
Jessie R. Azure
Rolette High School, Rolette, North Dakota, United States
Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy from the sun and water undergo chemical reactions to produce glucose and oxygen. The extrinsic proteins of photosystem II are extremely im
photosynthetic cycle. By gaining an understanding to this process by studying and experimenting with these proteins, it is desired to gain structural and functional data. In this project, photosyste
Escherichia coli were purified and manipulated to produce the extrinsic proteins linked to photosystem II. The cells were grown, harvested, and run through a column to extract photosystem II and
was then later washed to remove the extrinsic proteins. The extrinsic proteins grown in E. coli cells were then rebound to photosystem II. SDSPAGE gels were conducted to confirm the presenc
oxygen assays showed photosystem II with removed proteins had lower oxygen rates than photosystems with extrinsic proteins fully intact. Oxygen production assays also indicated that attemp
proteins proved to be unsuccessful. In the future, research will hopefully lead to the successful rebinding of the extrinsic proteins to photosystem II. It will also include further study of the extrinsi
mechanistic data by finding which amino acids are involved in oxygen production. 
2005 BO049
EFFECT OF CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT ON EXTENT OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Yun Song
Herschel V. Jenkins High School, Savannah GA, USA
Photosynthesis is an essential process for both aquatic plants and other organisms in their environs: it provides plants with food and animal life with oxygen. In lakes and rivers where oxygen lev
aquatic vegetation with high photosynthetic rates may raise oxygen levels. Because being able to examine leaf color (a greener color indicates higher chlorophyll content) to determine an aquatic
simplest, the effect of chlorophyll content on the rate of aquatic plant photosynthesis was examined. Chlorophyll converts light energy into chemical energy necessary for photosynthesis, so it wa
content would provide for a higher rate of photosynthesis. Elodea and Acorus Variegatus were used for the research. Extent of photosynthesis was measured through water pH variations caused
are due to CO2 consumption during photosynthesis, a plant with greater pH increases must also have a higher rate of CO2 consumption, and thus greater extent of photosynthesis. Elodea was fo
than Acorus Variegatus. Chlorophyll content was measured by extracting chlorophyll from plant leaves using MgCl2 and methanol, and measuring absorbance values at 650 nm and 665 nm using
chlorophyll b contents were then calculated using absorbance values. Both chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents were higher in Elodea than in Acorus Variegatus. Therefore, chlorophyll conten
chlorophyll content results in greater extent of photosynthesis.
2004 BO049
THE PESTICIDAL ATTRIBUTES OF NOXIOUS WEEDS
Andrew John Friskop
Hankinson High School, Hankison, ND
PURPOSE: To determine if the flowers of noxious weeds can be beneficial to the agricultural industry. Also, to observe the potential usage of the flowers as an antifungal agent and naturally safe
Collected three different types of weed flowers (Curly Cup Gumweed, Perennial Snow Thistle, and Canadian Thistle) along with two chemicals (Servin insecticide and Mancozeb fungicide). Weed
were then prepared. TEST PLOT STUDY: Chose a 15x65 foot area to conduct a threemonth wheat test plot study to apply solutions onto an acual agricultural environment and then anal
and agricultural value. PATHOGEN STUDY: Tested five types of weed flower extractions (Water, Enthonal, Methanol, Acetone, and Alkaloid) on fungal pathogens' growth. Additionally, te
fend off attacks of Stagonospora nodorum on wheat plants. INSECT STUDY: Completed two tests in this study to directly and indirectly observe the actual impact of the natural solution
the Indian meal moth larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY: Observed the effects of the solutions on beneficial annelids (night crawlers and wonder worms), and also on the soil nutrient lev
observing all aspects of this research study, I found that Curly Cup Gumweed was the superior solution. In addition several aspects of the project were found to possess statistical significance.
weeds can be used as a safe and effective alternative to commercial pesticides.
Scholarship award of $5,000 per year for four years Oregon State University
2004 BO050
ACCELERATING THE FAST PLANTS
Andrea Dawn Melcher
Northwestern High School, Kokomo, Indiana, United States
The purpose of the project was to determine the optimum balance of humidity and soil pH for the growth of Wisconsin Fast Plants. The effect on growth was observed by growing some plants in a
and some in a room with higher humidity (7376%). In each of these locations there were plants grown in soil treated with lime to reach a pH of at least 8.0, acidic soil treated with acid rain from s
6.0, and untreated soil that was approximately neutral. A highly significant difference was found for the height of the acidic and high humidity test group (ttest=4.20>t0.001=3.646), as well as for
test=7.925>t0.001=3.690) and the number of leaves (ttest=3.35>t0.01=2.750). The high humidity with untreated soil group showed significant results in height (ttest=2.10>t0.05=2.042) and in st
and highly significant results in number of leaves (ttest=4.51>t0.001=3.646). High humidity/basic results were significant in height (ttest=2.44>t0.05=2.042) and highly significant in number of le
average humidity and acidic soil results were significantly different for average number of leaves (ttest=2.67>t0.05=2.042). All of the significant ttest results were lower than that of the control an
appearance of the high humidity plants and the brown color of their cells. Therefore, deviation from neutral soil and average humidity does not accelerate or improve the growth of Wisconsin Fast
parameters.
2006 BO050
IN SEARCH OF A NATURAL TREATMENT FOR PUCCINIA HEMEROCALLIDIS PHASE III
Kyle James Yawn
Warner Robins High School, Warner Robins GA, USA
Puccinia hemerocallidis, commonly known as daylily rust, has only been in North America since the fall of 2000. Not much is known about it and there is currently no fugicide that specifically lists
harmful chemicals are being used to treat this fungus. In past studies with daylily rust, the application of silicate solutions helped cause resistance to the rust and an ammonia silicate did this bet
varying concentrations of ammonia silicate were applied in this experiment to try and find an optimal mixture for resistance to daylily rust. A plot was laid out with 160 daylilies of the cultivar “Miss
4 and each group was randomly assigned one of five application concentrations, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 15 g/L, 20 g/L, and a control group that received water. Rust infected plants were introduced. The p
each plant were counted to reveal its resistance to the rust. The applications worked very well with the highest concentration, 20 g/L, working the best. The untreated control group averaged over
concentration averaged one pustule per four plants. The chlorophyll content of the plants was also measured using a SPAD meter. The chlorophyll content of the treated plants was higher than th
rose as the concentration of ammonia silicate increased to 20 g/L concentration.
Forth Award of $200 American Phytopathological Society
2005 BO050
ÒHELO: INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Jessie Ann Kaìulani Paàhana
Kamehameha High School, Honolulu, HI USA
The purpose of this project is to test for the medicinal properties of Vaccinium reticulatum, commonly known as ohelo in Hawai'i. Historical accounts confirm that the leaves of the ohelo were mad
to treat throat congestion by Hawaiian medicinal practitioners or kahuna laau lapaau. Therefore, the leaves were the source for the extract used for biological and analytical testing. A biological su
conducted to evaluate the inhibition of bacteria grown in vitro on LB agar by ohelo extract. The fact that such outstanding inhibition zones were detected against both grampositive and gramnega
the inhibiting abilities of penicillin, implies that this plant may be an important addition to the medical world. These results in relation to the emerging concern that grampositive antibacterial agent
subdued are developing an increasing resistance to those antibiotics. Prominent inhibition zones led to the second part of this project, which was to identify the antibacterial component within the
Layer Chromatograms were conducted to visually display the various molecules, which make up the ohelo extract. Current experimentation is attempting to identify which of these molecules are r
growth. If the component of interest can be identified and synthetically replicated, it could significantly reduce the growing epidemic of antibioticresistant bacteria.
2003 BO050
THE INTERACTIVE EFFECTS OF SOIL NUTRIENTS, NATURAL FERTILIZER, AND SULFENTRAZONE ON THE GROWTH AND MATURATION OF TRITICUM AESTIVUM AND BRASSICA K
Adam Richard Wohl, Minot High School Magic City Campus
Minot, ND, United States of America
This study was conducted using a 2x3x4 design. There were two field soil conditions: balanced soil and nutrientdeficient soil; and three seeding conditions: noncompetition, intraspecies compet
Additionally, four soil treatments were applied: control, natural fertilizer, sulfentrazone herbicide, and a combination of fertilizer and herbicide. Natural fertilizer amounts were based on nitrogen ana
total of five replicates of each condition in two runs, which were overplanted with wheat and vernalized wild mustard seeds, then thinned to ensure the desired ratio. Each run was conducted for s
growth and environmental conditions. Maximum available natural light was provided to the plants, supplemented daily using grow lights. The plants were watered every fourth day through subirrig
given to the soil surface, if needed. After the study, the plants were photographed and staged, heights were recorded, and biomasses were obtained. Wheat maturation was greater in balanced so
negatively affected plant growth, but the effect was more notable in the intraspecies competition. The fertilizer plus herbicide combination treatment increased wheat growth in the nutrientdeficie
thus indicating the positive effects of additional nutrients and limited competition. Wild mustard growth was significantly hindered by the herbicide. Statistical analysis with the Fvalue, ttest, ANO
SPSS Systems confirmed these results (confidence level 95%).
2005 BO050
ÒHELO: INHIBITION OF BACTERIAL GROWTH
Jessie Ann Kaìulani Paàhana
Kamehameha High School, Honolulu, HI USA
The purpose of this project is to test for the medicinal properties of Vaccinium reticulatum, commonly known as ohelo in Hawai'i. Historical accounts confirm that the leaves of the ohelo were mad
to treat throat congestion by Hawaiian medicinal practitioners or kahuna laau lapaau. Therefore, the leaves were the source for the extract used for biological and analytical testing. A biological su
conducted to evaluate the inhibition of bacteria grown in vitro on LB agar by ohelo extract. The fact that such outstanding inhibition zones were detected against both grampositive and gramnega
the inhibiting abilities of penicillin, implies that this plant may be an important addition to the medical world. These results in relation to the emerging concern that grampositive antibacterial agent
subdued are developing an increasing resistance to those antibiotics. Prominent inhibition zones led to the second part of this project, which was to identify the antibacterial component within the
Layer Chromatograms were conducted to visually display the various molecules, which make up the ohelo extract. Current experimentation is attempting to identify which of these molecules are r
growth. If the component of interest can be identified and synthetically replicated, it could significantly reduce the growing epidemic of antibioticresistant bacteria.
2006 BO050
IN SEARCH OF A NATURAL TREATMENT FOR PUCCINIA HEMEROCALLIDIS PHASE III
Kyle James Yawn
Warner Robins High School, Warner Robins GA, USA
Puccinia hemerocallidis, commonly known as daylily rust, has only been in North America since the fall of 2000. Not much is known about it and there is currently no fugicide that specifically lists
harmful chemicals are being used to treat this fungus. In past studies with daylily rust, the application of silicate solutions helped cause resistance to the rust and an ammonia silicate did this bet
varying concentrations of ammonia silicate were applied in this experiment to try and find an optimal mixture for resistance to daylily rust. A plot was laid out with 160 daylilies of the cultivar “Miss
4 and each group was randomly assigned one of five application concentrations, 5 g/L, 10 g/L, 15 g/L, 20 g/L, and a control group that received water. Rust infected plants were introduced. The p
each plant were counted to reveal its resistance to the rust. The applications worked very well with the highest concentration, 20 g/L, working the best. The untreated control group averaged over
concentration averaged one pustule per four plants. The chlorophyll content of the plants was also measured using a SPAD meter. The chlorophyll content of the treated plants was higher than th
rose as the concentration of ammonia silicate increased to 20 g/L concentration.
2004 BO051
THE EFFECT OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ON PLANT GROWTH
Kimberly Renee Hardeman
Lewis County High School, Vanceburg, KY, USA
Electromagnetic fields are found everywhere on the Earth; some are natural and others are manmade. These fields may inhibit or influence plant growth. It is believed that by increasing the stren
plants, plant growth will increase. This experiment was designed to either prove or refute the hypothesis. Through the process of growing numerous corn plants and changing the voltage of each p
researcher has came to the conclusion that plants grow best within their own natural fields and without any extra outside influence. The data showed that Plant Five, which had no artificial field, g
the highest strength of electromagnetic field of six volts, grew the least. Thus refuting the researcher's hypothesis.
2005 BO051
EFFECTS OF AYURVEDIC COMPOUNDS ON PISUM SATIVUM PHASE II
Megha Vipul Patel
Brunswick High School, Brunswick, Georgia USA
The purpose of this experiment is to use Ayurvedic plants and spices to determine the findings of specific nutrients to the soil. By matching them to the ones found in Ayurveda, compounds and
sativum sprouts to grow faster. The hypothesis of using ayurvedic remedies and compounds will help the Pisum sativum plant grow, bloom, and form seedpods faster than those not given Ayurve
hypothesis is that the rose and chamomile remedy will cause the plant to grow and form bigger leaves. The procedures are: Take eighteen ceramic twelve inch pots Ma
being added Place three cups of potting soil into each pot Add 1 seed of the Pisum sativum to each pot; add two more cups of potting mix Add 250mL of water daily for
controlled lab Let grow until sprout and record, then every three days Make compounds weekly Add sixty mL of compounds to its marked pots Analyze data, Dr
was supported. Using ayurvedic compounds does help the Pisum sativum plant grow and sprout faster than those not given the remedy. The second part of the hypothesis was also supported. E
to 2°C and the plants wilted and died the plant growth varied enough to draw conclusions. The project will be continued next year under college settings. 
2005 BO051
EFFECTS AYURVEDIC COMPOUNDS ON PISUM SATIVUS, PHASE II
Megha Vipul Patel
Brunswick High School, Brunswick, GA
The purpose of this experiment is to use Ayruvedic plants and spices to determine the findings of specific nutrients to the soil. By matching them to the ones found in Ayurvdea compounds/reme
sativum sprouts to grow faster. The hypothesis stated that using Ayurvedic remedies and/or compounds will help Pisum sativus plants to grow blooms and form seed pods faster that those not g
and chamomile remedies/compounds will cause the plant to grow and form bigger leaves. Procedures were as follows: Eighteen ceramic pots were labeled according to the compound/re
soil was place in each pot, and one seed was planted in each cup, and covered with two more cups of potting soil. The the pots was added 350 mL of water daily for 10 weeks. Pots were placed
was recorded every three days. Compounds/remedies were applied weekly to the plants. Analyze results and draw conclusions. The hypothesis was supported by the results. Using Ayu
plants grow faster than those not given the remedy. Plant growth was terminated when the temperature dropped to freezing. Enough growth had occurred to get valid results and draw conclusions
2003 BO051
HOW DO FERTILIZED FIELD PEAS AFFECT THE POST SEEDED WHEAT CROP?
Drew Larson
Mott, Regent High School, Mott, North Dakota, USA
Field peas is a legume crop that fixates nitrogen. The plant lives in symbiosis with nitrogen fixing bacteria. The crop is beginning to be used in rotation with wheat for advantage of fertility in South
to find out how the fertilized field peas affected the outcome of the post seeded wheat crop. Did fertilization make more or less nitrogen podding on the peas? If so, what was the outcome in the p
a continuation project by fertilizing and seeding Gunner Wheat in the field pea test plots. The crop was sprayed and then harvested and four samples were taken from each of the four filed pea tes
our local elevator and also sent to North Dakota State University, Department of Cereal Science. I was able to find which plot was the most economical due to greater protein levels and higher mi
data, my conclusion and my hypothesis were the same. My gain in fertilization came not in the field pea crop, but in the post seeded wheat crop. With plot one fertilized with 11520, my pea plan
the soil, therefore increasing the wheat’s protein level. Due to the higher protein content of the wheat, higher loaf volume, lower ash content, and better milling qualities were recorded. 
2006 BO051
SOIL MOIST VS. VERMICULITE
Margo L Woodall
TGUGranville, Granville, North Dakota, U.S.A
My research question, To what extent does rooting powder affect the rate of growth of geraniums? I had three control groups in my experiment; soil, soil moist, and vermiculite. I also had three te
with soil moist and rooting powder, and soil with vermiculite and rooting powder. These groups were placed under a growing light in a growing cart. I monitored them 5 times a week, and I watered
this experiment was, soil moist with rooting powder would grow at a rate faster, than the vermiculite with rooting powder and the plain soil with rooting powder. My conclusion was that my hypothe
had rooted well. Yet, vermiculite with rooting powder had grown more in the experimental process. If I could do this experiment again I would test for a longer amount of time. My procedure was, c
place them into growing trays, monitor their growth, and record all data into my log book.
2004 BO052
THE EFFECT OF NACL STRESS ON THE GROWTH OF TOMATO PLANTS
Crystal Monique Richardson
Massaponax High School, Fredsericksburg VA, United States
The purpose of this experiment is to see the reaction of various amounts of a NaCl solution on the height and growth of tomato plants. The three levels used in this experiment are 0% NaCl soluti
solution. In the experiment height will be measured along with other qualitative measurements in a series of observations. The NaCl solutions were made by mixing water with 0%, 5% and 10% ta
were put in each of the eight trials. After the solution was put in the trials from that point on no more of the solution was added and the tomato plants were watered normally. By the end of nine da
the NaCl solution had died. The plants that grew the tallest were the control plants (0% NaCl solution). The plants that were next in height were the 5% NaCl solution. The plants that grew the leas
hypothesis was proved wrong because I predicted that only half of the 5% tomato plants would die and all of the 5 %NaCl plants died. I also thought that because the plants continued to be water
solution daily, then it would not have such a great effect on the plants.
2005 BO052
AN ECOFRIENDLY APPROACH TO CONTROLLING THE FILARIASIS AND DENGUE FEVER VECTOR, AEDES POLYNESIENSIS, IN AMERICAN SAMOA
Andrew Pati Ah Young
Tafuna High School, Tafuna AS
The present phase of the study aimed to evaluate and confirm the toxicity of turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) and nonu (Morinda citrifolia) leaf extract compared with malathion and pyrethrin for
larvae. The collection of larvae was done by placing containers filled with rainwater and yeast in locations conducive for Ae. polynesiensis breeding. Extracts were made using a traditional extract
nonu leaves were blended separately in dechlorinated water using a blender, and filtered through a fine cloth. Pesticide concentrations were prepared according to the amount of active ingredients
recommended doses. Mortality data were noted every 24 hours, compiled and analyzed using a POLOPC computer program to identify lethal concentrations for each solution.
turmeric, nonu, malathion and pyrethrin in 24 hours were 1.79 ml/L, 11.9 ml/L, 0.3 ppm and 2.95 ppm. Low concentrations of malathion and pyrethrin were toxic to Ae. polynesiensis larvae, primar
that kill pests by disrupting their nervous system. Results also indicate the effectiveness of extracts of turmeric and nonu as larvicides against Ae. polynesiensis. Although low concentrations of
they did, however hinder the development process of Ae. polynesiensis. Results clearly suggest that natural compounds present in turmeric and nonu extracts are promising larvicides against Ae
search for newer, more selective, and biodegradable larvicidal agents to be used in official combat programs and at home. 
2003 BO052
DEVELOPMENT OF A SALINE TOLERANT SAFFLOWER BY APPLYING A NEWLY FORMULATED INVITRO METHODOLOGY
Brian Lee Fisher
Mandan High School, Mandan, ND, USA
This experimentation will create a saline tolerant Safflower plant through the use of plant cell culturing. Since plant cell culturing is very specific for not only every species but also every cultivar,
established for the cultivar used in this experiment. This methodology for culturing this cultivar of safflower was formulated through the research of different types of cell culturing. The plant tissue
germination, regeneration, and selecting of the saline tolerant cells has already been performed. Therefore the methodology that needed to be defined was for shoot proliferation and root initiation.
then be applied to creating the saline tolerant Safflower. After testing methods of shoot formation and root initiation, it was observed that the elongation media for shoot formation had a n
concluded that the callus should be cultured on rooting media where it will form shoots and roots. This method for rooting then became part of the methodology for culturing. This method can be u
through successfully selecting for the saline tolerant cells and rooting them into a plant. This experiment made extraordinary accomplishments not only in creating a newly formulated m
Since this plantlet has developed roots, it can be transferred to soil and will mature into a saline tolerant Safflower that can grow in saline seeps effectively. 
2004 BO053
METHODOLOGY OF PHYTOMINING BY GROWING AVENA SATIVA AND MEDICAGO SATIVA TO NUCLEATE GOLD NANOPARTICLES FOR NANOAPPLICATIONS
Rachael Ann Scott
N.W.M.H.E.A., Como, MS, USA
This experiment created gold nanoparticles in an environmentally friendly methodology through the use of phytomining. The objective of this study was to determine if easily grown crop plant culti
sativa (alfalfa), could uptake and sequester gold nanoparticles. The mining process uses harsh chemicals to extract gold from the ore and does not recover 100% of the gold.
small to mine. The gold mixed with chloride or cyanide leaches into the soil around the tailings causing pollution. All together, I grew 150 Avena sativa and 390 Medicago sativa for two
to observe if the plants grown in the gold chloride saturated soil died, had stunted growth, or any ill effects at all. They both had the same germination and appearance, except those treated with t
rate. The HAu(III)Cl 3H O rich environment simulated contaminants in the tailings from a mine. I performed my tests at the USDA. I prepared 12 plant specimen slides using silver stain
size of the gold 100500 fold. I observed the gold in the root vascular system of the plants grown with HAu(III)Cl 3H O. The gold was stored in the plant cell's vacuoles. This methodology
important elements while ridding the soil of contaminants. It needs further studies to determine all the possible applications of the gold nanoparticles.
2005 BO053
THE AGRICULTURAL IMPACT OF DETRIMENTAL WEEDS ON WHEAT CULTIVARS
Andrew John Friskop
PURPOSE: To determine if flowers of detrimental weeds could be a useful alternative in the agricultural community. Also, to see if these flowers could be deemed a universal pesticide for agricul
Collected two different types of weed flowers (Curly Cup Gumweed and Spotted Knapweed) along with three chemicals (Tilt fungicide, Puma herbicide, and Warrior insecticide). Weed dilutions and
prepared. TEST PLOT STUDY: Measured a 30x30 foot wheat test plot area and applied solutions onto an actual agricultural setting. Wheat was then allowed a threemonth growing period
analyzed and milled into flour for baking. Following baking, the loaves were analyzed for mass, volume, and quality. PATHOGEN STUDY: Tested four types of weed flower extractions (W
on wheat fungal pathogen growth. Furthermore, analyzed the weed solutions ability to fend off wheat fungal attack when applied directly onto wheat. INSECT STUDY: Performed two test
nuisance and beneficial insects. Examined the fatality rate of bothersome insects (Green Peach Aphid and Hessian Fly) and tested the migratory characteristics of beneficial Convergent Ladybug
Observed the solutions’ effectiveness in controlling Green Foxtail. Initially, tested the solutions’ herbicidal effects on the Green Foxtail seed growth and plant. CONCLUSION: After obser
Cup Gumweed was the superior solution. Overall, I feel that flowers of detrimental weeds can be used as a safe and effective solution for the agricultural world. 
2003 BO053
THE EFFECT OF CUPROUS OXIDE CONCENTRATIONS IN BOTTOM BOAT PAINT ON HYDRILLA VERTICILLATA’S STEM LENGTH, COLOR, ROOT LENGTH, AND NEW STEM GROWTH
Thomas Hampton Freeman
Spring Valley High School, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
The purpose of this research was to find the effect of cuprous oxide concentrations on the height, color, and root length of Hydrilla verticillata. Since the 1960’s, hydrilla an aquatic weed, has inva
congesting the area. It was hypothesized that differing concentrations of cuprous oxide would have differential effects on the condition of the hydrilla. Four ten gallon tanks , which were assigned
(0%, 39%, 42%, 66.5%), were divided into four separate testing areas, and ten hydrilla stalks were planted in each area. Planks of wood painted with boat paints containing the various concentrat
aquariums. The planks of wood were left alone to float in testing areas for a period of 35 days with observations made weekly. It was found that height was unaffected. Initial stalks from all testin
black. Root length in the control and 39% were significantly longer than that of the 42% and 66.5% groups at the 95% confidence level. Also, amount of new growth was significantly greater in the
that of the 42% and 66.5% groups at the 95% confidence level.
2005 BO054
PLANT GERMINATION AND GROWTH IN FLYASHAMENDED SOIL
Natalie Marie Schuetz
Notre Dame Academy, Park Hills, KY, United States of America
The effects of flyash on the germination and growth of the crop plants wheat and radishes were tested between the months of JanuaryMarch 2005. Twentyfour Styrofoam cups were filled with po
10%, and 20% potting soil and flyash. Wheat and radish seeds were then planted and placed in a greenhouse where they were observed and watered as needed over a period of twenty days.
plants were uprooted. Wet and dry masses of roots and leaves were determined separately. From the results, it was found that concentrations of flyash in the presence of potting soil tend to retar
the plants was not affected by the concentration of flyash present in the soil. In addition, the average leaf mass of wheat had no considerable differences with the exception of the leaf mass of pl
reduced. The average leaf mass of radishes showed no pronounced difference, regardless of the flyash concentration. The average root mass of wheat was enhanced in 5% and 10% concentratio
radishes showed no noticeable difference. It was concluded that concentrations of 5%10% flyash in the presence of potting soil can successfully sustain the growth of crop plants.
2004 BO054
THE EFFECTS OF GENETIC MODIFICATION WITH THE BT GENE ON CORN'S ABILITY TO RESIST DISEASE
Emma Leigh Flemmig
GliddenRalston CSD, Glidden, IA 51443
2003 BO054
ANALYSIS OF A POSSIBLE APHID TOXIN IN ZUUIKI TARO (COLOCASIA GIGANTEA), YEAR 3: CONTINUED TOXIN ISOLATION AND PROGENY TESTING FOR TRAITTRANSFERENCE
Richard Jean Rodrick
Kapaa High School, Kapaa, Hawaii, USA
The purpose of this study was to attempt to isolate the substance in Zuuiki taro responsible for aphid resistance and to analyze two progenies from a successful C. esculenta x C. gigantea cross
the Zuuiki parent. For the hybrid testing, five hulis (vegetative stock) each of Bunlong, Zuuiki, (C. esculenta x C. gigantea) #1 and (C. esculenta x C. gigantea) #2 were planted in individu
months. Bunlong host plants were also planted and infested with aphids. After 4 month, stems from each of the four plant types were cut and placed among the infested Bunlong plants.
for one week. After such time, aphid infestation levels were recorded and analyzed. For the toxin isolation a crude Zuuiki extract was made then subjected to TLC. Using a solvent comb
and 0.3mL Acetic Acid, 3 distinct fractions were obtained. Fraction solutions were then brushed onto Bunlong stems and placed amongst the aphid infested plants. Aphids were then allowed to m
Based on the data collected it was shown that both of the hybrids are significantly more aphid resistant than the Bunlong. Also, the hybrids exhibited the same degree of aphid resistance as their
was found that, although there was an apparent difference between the fractions, there was no statistically significant difference between the fractions. However, each fraction was significantly di
 
2004 BO055
TRANSLATABILITY OF GENE FUNCTION BETWEEN PLANT SPECIES: FROM ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA TO NICOTIANA TABACUM
Moriah Katherine Nachbaur
Crystal Springs Uplands School, Hillsborough CA, USA
To investigate the conservation of gene function among plant species, the translatability of two, morphologygoverning genes, BREVIPEDICELLUS LIKE (BPL) and NO APICAL DOMINANCE (NA
Arabidopsis thaliana lines overexpressing the BPL gene exhibit dwarfism and short flower pedicles; lines overexpressing the NAD gene display reduced apical dominance. In a previous year,a ne
developed from a published method and used to introduce the overexpressed Arabidopsis BPL and NAD genes into Nicotiana tabacum. This year, the phenotypes of these T1 generation transform
expression was verified through RTPCR analysis. The expected, Mendelian inheritance of these transgenes was confirmed through Chisquare assessment of T2 generation seedlings.
genes in Nicotiana tabacum produces stable, heritable, architectural effects similar to those found in the analogous Arabidopsis thaliana overexpression lines. Such translatability suggests that c
plant morphology in evolutionarily divergent species. The preliminary results of this project contribute to the growing evidence that Arabidopsis phenotypes are translatable to other flowering plants
thaliana as a model species, and demonstrate that Nicotiana tabacum may be a useful second species in which to investigate other Arabidopsis lead genes.
2003 BO055
MINERAL UPTAKE AND ACCUMULATION IN LOWLAND TARO (C. ESCULENTA V. MAUI LEHUA) AS AFFECTED BY ELEVATED LEVELS OF COPPER SULFATE YEAR 3 STUDY
Whitney Takeo Haraguchi
Kapa'a High School, Kapa'a, Hawaii USA
The purpose of this project was to find out two possible effects of copper sulfate on treated lowland taro: 1) will elevated but nontoxic levels of copper sulfate in the water increase copper concen
elevated copper levels affect the uptake of other micronutrients. Topcuttings (hulis) were planted in pots filled with perlite and placed in 5 gallon buckets with water to simulate lowland c
for 2 months while being fertilized every 2 weeks. After 2 months, the plants were then transferred to buckets filled with 8 liters of water. Half of these were given the copper treatment of 250 ppm
the control. Plants were allowed to grow for 4 weeks. After 1 week, leaves were harvested and flown to UHCTAHR at the Agricultural Diagnostics Service Center, in Honolulu. 
magnesium, manganese, iron, boron, phosphorus, sodium and zinc were determined via Inductively Coupled Plasma/Atomic Emissions Spectroscopy (ICP/AES) using an Atom Scan 16 with an
ThermoSPEC Sequential Analysis software. Tissue analyses were repeated 4 weeks after treatment. Based on the results, the first hypothesis was proven correct, as the first week’s d
the taro leaf tissue samples. However, after 4 weeks, the copper content in the taro plants dropped to normal levels which indicate that the plants stabilize in time. The opposite of the second hyp
levels of all minerals except calcium in the leaf tissue samples from the plants treated with copper sulfate. Again, however after 4 weeks, all mineral content in the leaves dropped to normal level
2005 BO055
DETERMINING GAMMA SENSITIVITY OF DOUBLE MUTANT ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA FOR DNA REPAIR GENES XPF AND ERCC1
Vibha Mahendra
Mira Loma High School, CA, USA
This project is meant to determine Arabidopsis thaliana sensitivity to ionizing radiation in plants that are mutant for the DNA repair genes XPF and ERCC1. XPF produces a protein that works in a
repair DNA that has been damaged by ionizing radiation. The first hypothesis states that it is the defective XPF protein in the XPF/ERCC1 complex that inhibits the DNA repair. This hypothesis im
corrected with mutant XPF, regardless of whether or not ERCC1 endonuclease are present. The second hypothesis still recognizes that the XPF protein is defective/absent, but instead attributes
which, without its active partner XPF, inhibits additional proteins that would otherwise repair the damaged DNA. The purpose of the experiment is to identify and irradiate Arabidopsis tha
whether or not the absence of XPF coupled with the presence of ERCC1 causes gamma sensitivity in these plants. Through PCR, gel electrophoresis, restriction digests, irradiation tests, and pla
preliminary data indicates that the second hypothesis is incorrect. It appears that plants that are double mutant are equally, if not more, gamma sensitive than those that are mutant for only the X
2004 BO056
ABSTRACT SEPARATING PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS USING CHROMATOGRAPHY
Zachery Lemuel Goad
Heizer Freshman School, Hobbs, New Mexico, US
Plants are important because they take carbon dioxide and water and change them into oxygen and chemical energy in a process called photosynthesis. In order to photosynthesize, they must c
The leaves of plants have a variety of pigments to absorb the energy of the sun. Different pigments are able to capture the different wavelengths of light. Chromatography is a method used to sep
pigments found in leaves.
2003 BO056
DO NEGATIVE IONS AFFECT PLANT GROWTH AND NUTRIENTS?
Rachael Ann Scott, NWMHEA
Senatobia, MS USA
The purpose of this investigation was to prove that negative ions cause plants to have more iron and increased metabolism; therefore the plants grow more rapidly than plants grown without the io
more efficiently. I exchanged rooms from last year. I planted 16 cucumber and 16 pepper seeds on May 1, 2002, in two separate south facing rooms near a window. They received the sa
one room had a negative ionizer. I checked them daily and made notes of any changes. The seeds beside the negative ionizer germinated only 2 1/2 days before the seeds without it. Th
appeared healthier, flowered and produced fruit 3 weeks earlier than the cucumber plants grown without it. Some plants without the ionizer died before they flowered. I then planted 4 kale
beside the negative ionizer grew bigger and firmer. The kale grown beside the negative ionizer had a higher content of iron, which resulted due to the increase of electrons in the air for the plant to
electrons to produce ATP and NADPH. This investigation shows that the negative ionizer increased iron uptake and metabolism in the plants.
2005 BO056
NEW CHALLENGES TO FIGHT AGAINST FUNGAL DISEASES OF PLANTS
Zuzana Tvarùžková
Gymnázium Kromeriz, Kromeriz, Czech Republic
The objectives of this work were to detect fungicidal effects in some plant extracts and their mixtures on intact plants. Plant extracts from 17 species of medicinal plants were tested for their effe
(Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) under glasshouse conditions. Extracts were tested in the following concentrations: 2.5%, 10%, 20% and their twocomponent and fourcomponent mixtures and m
GREEMAX and extract 20% + olive oil. All treatments created from plant extracts showed statistically significant suppression of powdery mildew development. Plant extracts of Abies b
fungicidal effect. The treatment was effective under all concentrations tested, especially in mixture with olive oil. Other effective treatments included extract from Lavandula officinalis Chaix et Ki
sativum L. all in mixture with oil and Ligusticum changxiong Hort. Thirteen plant extracts from a total of seventeen tested showed increased fungicidal effects when in combination with p
activity was obtained when four plant extracts were combined: Alium ursinum, Pinus nigra Arnold, Ligusticum changxiong Hort. and Schisandra chinensis (Turcz). Addition of GREEMAX to this m
compared to original extracts as well as when in mixture with plant oil. 
2005 BO057
EFFECTS OF INDOLE3BUTYRIC ACID ON WILD AND DOMESTICATED GRAPEVINE ROOT FORMATION
Sun Qiu
Greenwood Laboratory School, Springfield, Missouri, USA
Wild grapevines are good genetic materials to generate new grape cultivars with higher hardiness. The goal of this experiment is to find a better method of propagating three wild grapevines.
(IBA), which is a plant rooting hormone, on root formation on hardwood cuttings of three wild grapevines (Vitis acerifolia, Vitis aestivlalis, and Vitis rupestris)in comparison with one domesticated
collected 120 hardwood cuttings of each grape species and grouped them into 12 bundles. I dipped 3 bundles in each of the four IBA solutions of 0ppm, 1000ppm, 10,000ppm, and 100,000ppm f
immersed ends in soil. I recorded the number of roots on each cutting and performed data analysis. The data showed that the highest concentration of IBA resulted in the highest numbe
aestivalis did not form any roots for any concentration. Vitis acerifolia had no roots for 0ppm, average of 0.86 roots per cutting for 1000ppm, 3.66 for 10,000ppm and 12.5 for 100,000ppm.
0ppm, 2.8 for 1000ppm, 10.2 for 10,000, and 15.3 for 100,000ppm. Vitis vinifera had average of 2.2, 10.2, 6.2, and 16.8 roots per cutting for 0ppm, 1000ppm, 10,000ppm, and 100,000ppm, respec
hardwood cuttings with IBA solution of 10,000ppm is adequate for rooting two wild grapevines (Vitis acerifolia and Vitis rupestris). Rooting behavior is also different among the four grape species.
2003 BO057
FRACTAL NATURE OF PLANT VASCULAR SYSTEMS
Kathleen Suzanne Hanson
Clear Brook High School, Friendswood, TX, USA
Fractal analysis can be used to optimize crop genotypes in soils where nutrients and water are scarce. Plant lines with high root fractal dimensions, indicating extensive branching and an increas
productivity is increased. The purpose of this experiment was to find if the root systems of Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) plants are fractal in nature and how the plants and their fractal n
availability of fertilizer and water. Experimentation was conducted by growing lima bean plants under varying water and fertilizer regimes. After three weeks the plant root systems were e
dimensions and properties. The number of roots present increased with decreasing water availability, showing that when resources are restricted, plants produce more roots to extend into
necessary water. Root diameter also decreased with decreasing water, thus increasing the surface area to volume ratio of the roots and allowing for increased external area for water intake. <
exhibit a fractal structure. Resulting fractal dimensions generally ranged from 1.42 to 1.62, agreeing with previous research of crop root systems. The fractal dimensions of the roots increased wit
the idea that plants produce roots with higher fractal dimensions in response to decreased water to maximize resource intake efficiency. The fertilizer amounts used in this project created no sign
fractal dimensions.
2004 BO057
DOES BURNING MATTER?: PHASE II THE EFFECT OF POSTHARVEST BURING ON SUGARCANE YIELDS UNDER STRESSFUL CONDITIONS
Catholic High School, New Iberia, Lousisiana, USA
The purpose of this project is to determine if postharvest burning will increase sugarcane yields. Combine harvesting was introduced to Louisiana farmers in 1995. The combine cuts the cane into
along with the leaves are then placed on a slatted elevator chain. When the cane and the leaves reach the top of the elevator, an extractor fan remove the leaves from the billets and blow them o
off the elevator and into the loading wagon. It was hypothesized that the unburned patch with lime would have higher nutrient levels in the soil, higher average soil temperature, higher preharvest
at the mill compared to the burned patch. To test the hypothesis, he selected a patch and divided it into four sections. He burned one half and did not burn the other half of the patch. Following th
of both the burned and unburned sections. He then conducted four experiments. In the first experiment, he took soil samples from each patch and compared the nutrient levels. In the second, the
temperature during a twentyfour hour period in each of the four sections. In the third, he conducted a preharvest yield estimate to determine the average stalk population, the average sugar cont
average tons per acre of each patch. In the fourth experiment, the experimenter harvested each patch and hauled the sugarcane to the mill for sugar extraction. Then he compared the mill's test d
experiment supported the hypothesis, but the second, third, and fourth experiments did not support the hypothesis. The experimenter concluded that postharvest burning does not increase sugar
increase sugarcane yields.
2003 BO057
FRACTAL NATURE OF PLANT VASCULAR SYSTEMS
Kathleen Suzanne Hanson
Clear Brook High School, Friendswood, TX, USA
Fractal analysis can be used to optimize crop genotypes in soils where nutrients and water are scarce. Plant lines with high root fractal dimensions, indicating extensive branching and an increas
productivity is increased. The purpose of this experiment was to find if the root systems of Phaseolus lunatus (lima bean) plants are fractal in nature and how the plants and their fractal n
availability of fertilizer and water. Experimentation was conducted by growing lima bean plants under varying water and fertilizer regimes. After three weeks the plant root systems were e
dimensions and properties. The number of roots present increased with decreasing water availability, showing that when resources are restricted, plants produce more roots to extend into
necessary water. Root diameter also decreased with decreasing water, thus increasing the surface area to volume ratio of the roots and allowing for increased external area for water intake. <
exhibit a fractal structure. Resulting fractal dimensions generally ranged from 1.42 to 1.62, agreeing with previous research of crop root systems. The fractal dimensions of the roots increased wit
the idea that plants produce roots with higher fractal dimensions in response to decreased water to maximize resource intake efficiency. The fertilizer amounts used in this project created no sign
fractal dimensions.
2004 BO058
A STATISTICAL VALIDATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DORU TAENIATUM (GOLDENWINGED EARWIG) AND HARMONIA AXYRIDIS (ASIAN LADYBIRD BEETLE) AS BIOLOGICAL
Scott Brian Perry
Wellington Community High School, Wellington, Florida, USA
This project was designed to see which predator the Doru taeniatum (GoldenWinged Earwig) or the Harmonia axyridis (Asian Ladybird) is the more effective predator of Sipha flava (Yellow Sugarc
help growers determine which one is the more effective natural biological control. The project used statistics to analyze the data during the testing period, which included about 18 days o
determine different bits of information about the three different test plant subjects: aphids without predators, aphids and earwigs, and aphids and ladybirds. The different groups were also compare
for a statistical comparison of the similarity or dissimilarity of the different applications. A WallerDuncan Multiple Mean Separation Test was also performed, which coincided with the ttests.
proved that the two biological controls were very similar to each other in terms of the amount of aphids on a plant on any given day. Also, the two biological controls were nothing similar to the pla
 By determining the differences or similarities of the three test groups the researcher was able to conclude that the biological controls were effective. This knowledge helps support the th
biological controls out into the wild. This project, therefore, has important application to commercial growers. 
2005 BO058
THE EFFECTS OF WOUNDING ON THE INDUCTION OF AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Nahid S. Shaikh
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, New York, USA
Two trials were carried out in this experiment to prove that the production of a phenolic compound, acetosyringone, by Arabidopsis seedlings could occur and be quantified without the use of woun
A348virEgfp strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a virEGreen Fluorescent Protein (gfp) fusion. This fusion enabled the release of acetosyringone to be monitored. Whenever the plant releas
plant’s root hairs would fluoresce green. In this experiment it was found that plants release acetosyringone without wounding, but less than wounded plants and can be quantified using flow cytom
2003 BO058
PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME PRODUCTION IN THE INSECTIVOROUS PLANT SUNDEW (DROSERA ADALAE) IN RESPONSE TO PREY STIMULATION
Samuel James Asarnow, Oregon Episcopal School
Portland, Oregon, USA
Insectivorous plants, including the sundew, Drosera adalae, have come under study because of the unique ways in which they have adapted to the marshy, nutrientpoor environment in which the
leaves, digesting them with a proteolytic enzyme, and using the proteins in the insects to supplement the nutrients in the soil. This experiment attempted to determine whether the proteolytic enz
produced only after the sundew captures an insect. A fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) was placed on a leaf and the leaf was removed from the plant after 0, 24, 48, 72, 96 or 144 hours.
piece of filter paper containing the enzymes was placed on a petri dish containing a milkprotein jelly (the proteolytic enzyme digests the protein in the jelly, changing the jelly’s color slightly).
around the filter paper was measured, and the ring’s area calculated. The total areas were compared using ttests, and it was determined that the amount of enzyme present in the leaf increases
around 48 hours. After the fly has been on the leaf for 48 hours, the enzyme level remains constant until it has been on the leaf for 144 hours, which was the longest period of time tested.
Scholarship award of $5,000 per year for four years Oberlin College
2005 BO058
THE EFFECTS OF WOUNDING ON THE INDUCTION OF AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Nahid S. Shaikh
Lawrence High School, Cedarhurst, New York, USA
Two trials were carried out in this experiment to prove that the production of a phenolic compound, acetosyringone, by Arabidopsis seedlings could occur and be quantified without the use of woun
A348virEgfp strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens with a virEGreen Fluorescent Protein (gfp) fusion. This fusion enabled the release of acetosyringone to be monitored. Whenever the plant releas
plant’s root hairs would fluoresce green. In this experiment it was found that plants release acetosyringone without wounding, but less than wounded plants and can be quantified using flow cytom
2005 BO059
THE EFFECTS OF ELEVATED HUMIDITY ON THE RATE OF PLANT GROWTH
Hudson Taylor Dunn
Wolford High School, Wolford, North Dakota
In this experiment the effects of elevated humidity were demonstrated on a group of twenteight bean plants. Prior to the experiment, it was hypothesized that the plants grown under increased hu
those grown under normal conditions. Sixty bean sees were sprouted and split into two groups. One group of thirty was placed in a plexiglass terrarium to be grown under elevated humidity levels
and was grown under normal conditions. Both groups of plants received equal amonts of water and sunlight. During the experiment it was observed that two of the bean seeds placed in the terrari
elevated humidity grew much faster than those grown under normal conditions. These results suggest that humidty is an important factor in determining the growth rate of beans.
2004 BO059
ADAPTATIONS OF PLANTS TO DROUGHT IN THE TROPICAL DECIDUOUS DRY FOREST AT ESTERO DEL YUGO, MAZATLAN SINALOA, MEXICO
Julia Edith Briones Tirado
Centro de Bachillerato Tecnologico Industrial y de Services No. 51, MEXICO
How does a tropical forest resist from seven to eight months iwthout water? When water is limited resource, nature is capable to make some extraordinary adaptations to correct problem. The trop
characteristics, but it generally grows in places where there is a warm tropical eather, it is called shot forest because it has from eight to twelve meters of height. It is called deciduous because th
adaptation, the trees drop their leaves during the dry period, but the raining season comes the leaven starts to grow again. The lost of leaves is the most visible to water scarcity, but it is not the
roots, flowers, leaves and other, have to have mechanisms to save water, this is to conserve and preserve life. This investitation project has a purpose, to create and ecological conscience, beca
unknown, not only in Mexico, all over the world it has been destroyed, and it is in danger of extinction, because with do not understand the meaning of it. Learning to value this diversity of plants
also the adaptation efforst that they make to keep existing all over the year, will teach us to preserve them for our future.
2003 BO059
THE EFFECT OF GROWTH RATE ON THE COMPETITIVE SUCCESS OF EPIPHYTIC CRUSTOSE LICHENS
Christa Ruth von Behren
Epiphytic crustose lichens compete with each other for space and resources. It has been suggested that the growth rate of a lichen thallus could affect its competitive success. A fast growing th
neighboring thalli. In this study, the relative growth rate of a lichen was compared to its thallus area, which is a measure of competitive success. Crustose lichens on four hawthorn (Crataegus ros
Only lichens in twothallus interspecific competitive encounters were studied. Boundaries between neighboring thalli were analyzed using a geometric method, and inferences were made about rel
analyzed in eleven competitive encounters. Four patterns of growth were discovered. Results indicate that a high growth rate can be a competitive advantage. It was found that the results of succ
predicted with a geometric analysis. 
2004 BO301
PLANT TISSUE CULTURING
Randy William Hudson, Justin Tyler Whitlatch
Meigs High School, Pomeroy, Ohio, United State of America
The purpose of this project was to determine, when culturing Venus Flytraps and Boston Ferns under identical conditions, which plant will have a higher success rate in terms of growth and produ
Boston Ferns were cultured in solid Murashige mediums and in liquid Murashige mediums. The experiments were preformed in a hortizontal laminar flow hood in the tissue culture lab. In solid Mu
more successfully cloned and more successful in mass production of the plant than the Boston Ferns. However, the Boston Ferns had a much higher success rate in the liquid Murashige medium
the present research has significant economic value in horticulture. The tissue culture method produced large amounts of healthy plants rapidly, which was demonstrated in the actual mass produ
raising project at the school.
2003 BO301
INDUCTION OF HOST PLANT IMMUNITY TO VIRUS BY AN INSECT BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT
Rajiv Bahl, Christopher L. Beckman, Elizabeth C. Violin
Lake Brantley High School, Altamonte Springs, Florida, USA
The purpose of the experiment is to determine the effects of the fungus, Paecilomyces fumosoroseus, on a mustard seed plant’s immunity to cabbage leaf curl virus. The protocol for the experim
mustardseed plants. Cultivate Paecilomyces fumosoroseus (PFR) onto agarose gel dishes, and run through a hemocytometer to distinguish the number of spores. Spray PFR solution onto 24 pla
and spray onto 24 plants. Allow the remaining 24 plants to be used as a control. Permit the solutions to cultivate on the plants and expose whiteflies to the cabbage leaf curl virus (CLCV). Distribu
the environment. Allow two to three weeks for the virus to show. Visually collect data on the number of affected plants. Take circular samples from the youngest leaves and run PCR on the samp
an electrophoresis gel bed and collect data. Visual analysis revealed that the control group yielded 13 plants with active CLCV; the actiguard group yielded 11 plants; the PFR group yield
PFR’s superiority as a barrier to CLCV over “Actigard™”. At the alpha = .05 level, the rate of infection between the control and “Actigard™” groups is not statistically significant (P=.2819), wherea
control and PFR groups (P=.0395). In conclusion there is a statistically significant difference in the effectiveness of the methods to prevent the cabbage leaf curl virus. 
2005 BO301
IMPACT OF LICHEN (XANTHOPARMELIA CHLOROCHROA) TOXICITY ON ELK POPULATIONS POSSIBLE ROLE OF CLIMATE
Erin Dianne Michelena, Amy Kathleen Feller
Greybull High School Greybull, Wyoming USA
On Feb. 8th, two cow elk were found that could not rise and run when approached. As Game and Fish field crewmembers searched, the number of elk affected increased to nearly 300, scattered
wildlife habitat area near Rawlins, Wyoming. Scientists found Xanthoparmelia chlorochroa in the stomachs of affected elk. The hypothesis was that climate would play a role in varying usnic acid
obtained from Wyoming department of Game and Fish. The lichen was grown under four different temperature conditions (freezer, refrigerator, room temperature, and in an Environmental Chambe
any affect on the toxicity of the lichen. The conditions were maintained for a two week period. Usnic acid was extracted from the lichen by placing a total of 1.0g of dried, crushed liche
acetone was poured into the same flask. The resulting mixture was then filtered by gravity, and the filtrate was collected in a 10 mL flask. The acetone solvent was then evaporated, leaving behin
material was recrystallized from acetone and ethanol and the yellow crystals that formed were collected by vacuum filtration and dried. Finally, the yellow needles of usnic acid were weighed and
The same procedure was repeated for each sample of lichen. It was found that the hypothesis was correct. Climate seemed to have a greater effect on the acid levels in the lichen when
normal. We are able to indicate that climate was a possible factor in increasing the acid levels that were in the lichen. These results may contribute to a final answer to the “Red Rim Elk Mystery”
2006 BO301
HOW MUCH SAP COULD A SAPSUCKER SUCK IF A SAPSUCKER COULD SUCK SAP?
LiaLucine Lara Cary, William Colin Read
Jensen Beach High School, Jensen Beach, FL, USA
The purpose of this experiment was to determine what factors encourage Aphyrapicus varius to bore holes in particular species of trees. It was hypothesized that the sapsuckers would prefer tree
and greater amounts of sap over trees with thick bark, hard bark, little amounts of sap, or sap with decreased sugar content. Trees chosen with sapsucker holes were Australian Pine, Black Olive
chosen without sapsucker holes included Gumbo Limbo, Orange Tree, and Pigeon Plum trees. A core sampler was inserted into each type of tree and a crosssection taken of the sampl
from the crosssection. A probe was swung as a pendulum providing equal force during each test. The penetration distance of the probe was used a measurement of bark hardness. Sap was colle
trees using a pipette, and the sap quantities compared. Equal amounts of sap were diluted with equal amounts of water and frozen. Freezing time was used as a measure of the sugar content in t
sapsuckers choose trees based on soft bark, sweet sap, and large amounts of sap. The results indicated that thinner barks did not play a part in the sapsucker’s targeted species. Identification o
target is the first step in finding a strategy to protect certain ornamental trees from the damaging effects of the inflicted wounds. 
2004 BO302
TRANSLOCATION OF MRNA THROUGH GRAFTING GLYCINE MAX
Laura Denise Johnson, Angelica K. Liu
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington OH, United States of America
This study investigated if Glycine max, soybeans, have extracellular translocation of mRNA from the rootstock to the grafted scion and if so, whether the genetic material would influence the phe
subsequent leaves and seeds. By grafting soybean plants that have unique characteristic, this study was able to determine if certain traits translocated to the scion thus indicating movement of g
xanthophyll deficient lacking the xanthophyll protein; food grade large, white hilum beans; field grade (conventional) small, black hilum beans; and Roundup Ready resist to the Round Up herbi
made over the course of six month; 120 of which were for seed production and the remaining 110 were used for leaf growth. The hypothesis was; mRNA and genetic material can be translocated
grafted scion. The null hypothesis stated the translocation would not occur. The hypothesis was accepted, the null was rejected, since the conventional scions on food grade plants
consistent with the traits of the food grade plants. This implies a phenotypic change. This information can be applies in the evergrowing world of genetic research; and can hel
field of genetic engineering, more specifically mRNA translocation. This study will be extended to study more proteins and traits to gain a more comprehensive understand of how substances, esp
the body of a plant 
2004 BO302
TRANSLOCATION OF MRNA THROUGH GRAFTING GLYCINE MAX.
Laura D. Johnson, Angelica K. Liu
Upper Arlington High School, Upper Arlington Ohio, United States of America
This study investigated if Glycine max, soybeans, have extracellular translocation of mRNA from the rootstock to the grafted scion and if so, whether the genetic material would influence the phe
subsequent leaves and seeds. By grafting soybean plants that have unique characteristic, this study was able to determine if certain traits translocated to the scion thus indicating movement of g
xanthophyll deficient lacking the xanthophyll protein; food grade large, white hilum beans; field grade (conventional) small, black hilum beans; and Roundup Ready resist to the Round Up herbi
the course of six months; 120 of which were for seed production and the remaining 110 were used for leaf growth. The hypothesis was: mRNA and genetic material can be translocated from the ro
scion. The null hypothesis stated the translocation would not occur. The hypothesis was accepted, the null was rejected, since the conventional scions on food grade plants produced se
with the traits of the food grade plants. This implies a phenotypic change. This information can be applies in the evergrowing world of genetic research; and can help lay the foundation
engineering, more specifically mRNA translocation. This study will be extended to study more proteins and traits to gain a more comprehensive understanding of how substances, especially gene
plant 
2006 BO302
DIRECT EVIDENCE OF THE SYMPLASTIC PATHWAY IN THE TRAP OF THE BLADDERWORT UTRICULARIA GIBBA
Sonya DiChiao Juang, Tanya ChunChiao Juang
Wu Fu Jr. High School, St . Dominic High Sch., Kaohsiung, Taiwan Chinese Taipei
To capture prey, Utricularia gibba, a unique aquatic angiospermic carnivorous plant, is equipped with specialized bladders containing bifid/quadrifid glands for nutrient absorption. Several studies h
and subsequent transportation in the bladderworts; more specifically, the apoplastic pathway has been demonstrated employing radioactive uranium salts. Nevertheless, the symplastic pathway h
demonstrated. Herein we initially used food dyes as tracers to monitor the absorption processes by light microscopy. We then confirmed the observed symplastic pathway using another vital trac
CFDA itself is a membrane permeable dye which is converted into carboxyfluorescein (CF) by cytosolic esterases. Since CF is membrane impermeable, it serves as a reliable fluorescent tracer o
and transportation of the CFDA inside the traps were observed using epifluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our data clearly suggested that the tracers were transp
following order: terminal cells, stalks, pedestal cells, basal cells, surrounding epidermal cells, nearby leaves and finally stems. The process was found to be light sensitive, suggesting that it is en
fluorescent dye was observed within seconds while that of food dyes required 2 to 3 hours. Thus, CFDA provides better resolution while the food dyes afford prolonged tracing procedures.
that the symplastic pathway is an important transportation process, which has never been shown, in this carnivorous plant.
2003 BO302
A STUDY OF THE RESISTANCE OF NATIVE SPEARMINT TO VERTICILLIUM WILT AS COMPARED TO BLACK MITCHAM PEPPERMINT AND SCOTCH SPEARMINT
Maggie Sara Fairhurst, Tanya Marie Lazenby
North Toole County High School, Sunburst, Montana, United States
During testing, our goal was to determine if there was a significant difference between the kinds of proteins produced in Native spearmint, Scotch spearmint, and Black Mitcham peppermint when
Agrose gel electrophoresis was used to profile the proteins in the different mints. However, being unable to determine any visual difference between these proteins, the project was extended to pla
performed: the droplet test, the filter paper test, and the conidia test were performed to determine if the plant extract had an effect on different stages of verticillium growth. While performing these
both stem and leaf material to determine if they produced an effect on the pathogens growth. Since contamination posed a problem in this test, the project was extended to another phase.
but also adding a count test to determine if there was a difference in the number of bacteria present in the different parts of the plants and in the different kinds of mint. Upon completion of the ex
significant difference in the bacterial counts between the three varieties of mint. There was also a significant difference in the bacterial counts between the leaf and stem tissues. In the fungal cor
difference between the varieties, but not between the leaf and stem tissue.
2005 BO302
UNDERSTANDING ROLES OF GENE FAMILIES THROUGH STUDIES OF GENE AT1G68780 IN ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA DEVELOPMENT
John James Hutchison, Varun Rajendra Hippalgaonkar
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando Florida, United States
Arabidopsis thaliana is a plant often used in biological experiments. Scientists make use of its relatively small genome, short life cycle, and compact growing area in expirements. Too Many Mou
that plays a role in a positiondependent signaling pathway that controls the plane of patterning divisions. It is also suggested that TMM plays a role in signal transduction. TMM is in the same ge
structure, to gene At1g68780, the gene being studied. The role of At1g68780 in Arabidopsis is unknown to scientists therefore the knowledge of its gene family is limited. Methods such as DNA is
(PCR) were used to further understand this gene. Gene At1g68780 is predicted to play a role in asymmetric divisions, having a similar function to that of TMM but not having a redundant role. Init
in the stomatal shape, elongation or distortion of guard cells was noticed when gene was not expressed, or possibly in the division of stomata in the epidermis of the Arabidopsis leaf. The initial re
in the stomata, but its role was not the same as the role TMM plays. Irregularity in stomatal shape during the closing stages was noticed, these stomata were incapable of closing properly. Additi
and increases the understanding of the relatively unknown topic that is gene families, giving indications that gene family members do not have redundant roles. This study can further help scienti
plants aswell. Because of At1g68780s structural similarities to defense mechanisms in plants this research will help scientists understand plant defense mechanisms allowing them to help stop p
The research conducted also contributes to the study of plant tissue, essential to furthering success in agricultural fields.
Fourth Award of $500 Team Projects Presented by Ricoh
2005 BO303
BIODIESEL: FUELS OF THE FUTURE
Darrick Richard Ohr, Harold Klausner
Woodlin School, Woodrow, Colorado, USA
The purpose of our project is to grow Canola and Brown Mustard, apply nitrogen and sulfur to each plant type, and observe the growth and overall appearance. Analyze each biofuel ratio and oils
Plant cultivars of Canola and Brown Mustard seeds. Vary the amounts of sulfur and nitrogen. Examine the cultivars overall appearance. Mix different ratios of diesel to biofuel oils. Test for viscos
different oils. The plants height, leaves and condition were observed, measured, and on appearance. None of the Canola plants died. Changing the amount of applied sulfur did not show any affec
height. Applying equal amounts of sulfur and nitrogen (6:6) was the most productive ratio for Brown mustard. The cloud point and pour rate were analyzed. Palm Oil is the only oil not recommende
freezing, although it may be suitable for warm temperature locations. BlueSun Soy and used restaurant oil were suitable to the 50 percent mixtures at below zero temperatures. The researchers c
biofuel use in 0 to 10 degrees Celsius conditions, Iowa soy oil can be used up to a 50:50 ratio with conventional diesel.
2004 BO303
GERMINATION OF ASPHODELUS BENTORAINHAE UNDER DIFFERENT CONDITIONS CONTRIBUTION TO ITS PRESERVATION
David Jose Ascensao Filipe, Ana Gomes Barata
Escola Secundaria com 3o Ciclo do Fundao, Portugal
Asphodelus bentorainhae is an exclusive endematic of Serra da Gardunha being first described by A. R. Pinto da Silva in 1956. In what concerns its status of conservation it is considered to foll
classifies it as an area of an occurrence inferior to 5000 Km2 and an area of occupation inferior to 500 Km2, in a unique place. It is not surprising then it is mentioned as a priority in the II suplem
investigation the seeds of the plant have been subjected to different conditions where the controlled variable was the temperature. The germination has been carried out in Petri dishes and after th
vases. With this research assignment we can contribute to the preservation of Asphodelus bentorainhae and to a better knowledge of its germination conditions and life cycle. 
2003 BO303
SUPPRESSION IN BRANCHING IN TREES
Senthalir P, Sharanya S
Avila Convent Matric. Hr. Secondary School, Coimbatore 641 025 Tamil Nadu, India
Neem Oil, besides possessing insectgrowth disruption properties also acts as suckericide in Tobacco (Joshi,1986). Therefore its effect on suppression of branches in Ecalyptus tereticornis was
stem Biomass. In the first experiment lateral branches of the selected trees were pruned. Neem oil concentrations of 80%, 40%, 20%, 10% and control (untreated cut branches served as control)
branches. In the experiment 2 regenerated branches were repruned and two Neem oil treatments viz., 100% and 80% were applied with control. In the third experiment the apical shoots were top
with control. Data on regeneration, and branch length were recorded on 20th, 30th & 60th days after the treatment and subjected to statistical analysis following the Panse and Sukhatme (1967).<
regeneration of branches was suppressed and there was a parallel between the magnitude of suppression and concentration of Neem oil. Compared to control, the percent reduction in branching a
second experiment pruned and regenerated lateral branches exhibited severe repression in regenerating ability (81.8%) under 100% concentration relative to control. In the third experiment, coppic
was as high as 176% as against 3.75 % under 100 % oil. Reduction in coppicing shoot was 98.3%. By pruning the lateral branches, wasteful consumption of photosynthesis can be precluded and
2006 BO303
UNDERSTANDING LEUCINERICH REPEATS AND THEIR ROLES IN GENE FAMILIES THROUGH THE STUDY OF GENES AT1G68780, AT1G13230, AND AT428560 IN ARABIDOPSIS THA
John James Hutchison, Varun Rajendra Hippalgaonkar
Lake Highland Preparatory School, Orlando Florida, U.S.A.
Arabidopsis thaliana is one of few organisms with its genome fully mapped. This map is a valuable tool, helping to determine specific gene functions. A number of gene functions in Arabidopsis h
(At1g80800) TMM, which is known to play a role in the asymmetrical division in the epidermis of plant leaves; however, there has never been in a conclusive study of genes At1g68780, At1g1323
the genes as a group, because they are all leucinerich and in the same gene family. The concepts and understanding of gene families has seldom been the subject of a concentrated focus, thus
is vital for the understanding of genetics as a whole. After additional data collection, the idea that At1g68780 had a role in the formation of stomata was strengthened. Recent chlorophyll extractio
also be chlorotic, containing less chlorophyll in their leaves. When genetically crossed with a mutant TMM the resultant offspring have a radically ney phenotype. The generation of plants was red
susceptible to fungi. This indicates a possible strong correlation and large overlapping function for the two genes. Observations of mutant At1g13230 have indicated that the gene plays a role in d
out, the plant grew larger, much more rapidly. Lastly, the gene At4g28560 appears to play a role, similar to that of TMM's, in the division of cells on the epidermis of the leaf. This was documente
frequency of smaller epidermal cells. The structural similarities be

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