Calculus of Several Variable Functions

Foundation of Mathematics Unit 8
Unit 8 Calculus of Functions of Several Variables

Structure:
8.1 Introduction
Objectives
8.2 Partial Derivative
8.3 Chain Rule
8.4 Differentiation of Implicit Functions
8.5 Exact Differential
8.6 Extreme values
Maxima
Minima
Saddle point
8.7 Methods of Lagrange Multiplier
8.8 Jacobians
8.9 Double and Triple Integrals
8.10 Summary
8.11 Terminal Questions
8.12 Answers
8.1 Introduction
So far we studied functions of single independent variables and its
applications in differential calculus. In this chapter, we will study the
differential calculus of functions of several variables.
Objectives:
At the end of the unit you will be able to
 Explain Partial derivatives in practical problems
 Explain implicit functions, its differentiation and applications
 Solve problems related to double and triple integrals.
8.2 Partial derivatives:

Let us suppose that a function is of single variable i.e. . Then the
derivative of means rate of change of as changes.
But what happens if the function is of several variables. Then how we are
going to define the derivative.
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So there comes the concept of partial derivative.

Look in case of function of single variable the derivative of function depends
only on one variable. But in the case of function of several variables it
depends if we only want one of the variable to change or if we want more
than one variable to change. It may be the case that one variable could be
changing faster than the other variables.
So in case of partial derivatives, we change only one variable and other
variables are kept fixed. For example, let us consider a function of two
variables i.e. . Now, we will find the rate at which the function
is changing at a point .
We start with the case by fixing and changing i.e. and is

varying. Thus we get a function say depending on only. That is
Now is a function of single variable. Since we know the derivative of

function of single variable so we can differentiate at
Thus, we call the partial derivative of with respect to at
and we denote this as .
Now, let us consider the case when is fixed and allow to vary. That is,
and is varying. Thus we get a function depending on variable only,
say,
Now we can differentiate . That is
Here is the partial derivative of with respect to at and
we denote this as .

Definition: The ordinary derivative of a function of several variables with

respect to one of the independent variable keeping all other variables
constant is called partial derivative of function with respect to the variable.
Let be a function, the partial derivative of with respect to
is
It is also denoted as respectively.
Note:
1. or , or is called first order partial derivative of
2. The second order partial derivatives is defined as
In a similar way we can find all other higher order partial derivatives.
3. are often called mixed partial derivative.
Example: Find , at the point (1,2) where
Solution: We have
Then, at (x,y) = (1,2)
at (x,y) = (1,2)

Example: If , find
Solution: We have
Then,
Example: Find all the second order derivatives for
Solution: We have
Example: Find for
Solution: We have

= =
Example: Find for
Solution: We have
Example: Verify that , where
Solution: We have
Now,
Again,
Hence,
SAQ 1: If verify that
SAQ 2. If prove that
SAQ 3. Examine the equality of where

8.3 Chain Rule

In this section we will study chain rule for the function of more than one
variable. But for the sake of completeness let us quickly revise, what we
understand by chain rule for the function of single variable.
Let . Then
We can also define chain rule as if then
For example: Let here
Therefore,
Now, lets move to the functions of more than one variable. Consider
function of two variables
Case – I: If is differentiable function of i.e. and be
differentiable function of single variable i.e. then
possesses continuous derivative with respect to t and
Example: If Compute .
Solution: By definition of Chain rule, we have
Therefore,

Now, put in the above equation, we get
Alternative method: We can also compute by first substituting the

values of in and then differentiating it w.r.t. .
That is, ,
Example: If Compute at
Solution: We know by chain rule that
Therefore,
At
Example: If Compute
Solution: We know by chain rule that

Therefore,
=( )
Now, put the values of in the above equations, we

get
Case-II:
Then the chain rule for becomes,
Example: Find for
Solution: By chain rule, we have

Put the value of y in above equation, we get
Example: Let
Example: Let
Case-III: If be differentiable function of two independent variables say

u,v and is differentiable function of i.e. . Then
possesses continuous derivative with respect to u,v and
And
Example: If Find

Now, put the values of x, y in the above equation, we get
Similarly,
Example: Find for
Again

Note: In a similar way we can find the chain rule for more than two variables
as if is a function of variables say and is a function of
variables say . Then
Example: Let and Find .
Solution: We know by chain rule,
SAQ4: Evaluate for if .
8.4 Differentiation of Implicit Functions

First lets recall the definition of implicit function. Implicit function is a function
in which the dependent variable has not been explicitly expressed in terms
of independent variables. That is, it is a function in which the dependent
variable is not expressed in terms of some independent variables.
It is denoted by
For example:
Differentiation of implicit function:

Let (defines y as a function of x) be an implicit function. Then by
differentiation of implicit function we differentiate each term with respect to x

keeping in mind that if there is a term containing powers of y, we will first

differentiate it with respect to y and then multiply it by to get it
differentiated with respect to x.
Thus, for , differentiating it with respect to x, we get
………………(1)
If the higher partial derivatives of are continuous we can obtain the

higher derivatives of y by successive differentiation of (1), provided
So,
Example: Find if
Solution: We have
Differentiating it with respect to x, we get
Therefore,
Example: Find at (2,4) for
Solution: We have

Or,
At (2,4),
Example: Find for .
Solution: We have
Or,
Example: Find the slope of the tangent at the point (2,-1) for the curve
Solution: We have . ……(1)
To find the slope of the tangent we need to find
Differentiating (1) with respect to x, we get
Or,
(

At (2,-1)
That is, the slope of the tangent at (2,-1) is -4.

Example: Find the second derivative of the implicit function .
Solution: We have ,
……. (1)
Again differentiating it with respect to x, we get
SAQ 5: Find if
SAQ 6: Find if
8.5 Exact Differential

Let be a function of two variables. Then we know that gives
the rate of increase of in direction respectively. But what will be

the direction and increase of if both increases. This increase in

is given by
is called total differential or exact differential.
Definition: Let be a function of two real variables such that has

continuous first partial derivative. Then the exact differential (total
differential) denoted by , and is given by
We can also write as
Where
Note:
1. is said to be exact differential if
As, implies
implies
Since the partial derivatives are continuous so
2. is exact differentiable then it is integrable and is independent of

path of integration
Example: Find for .
Solution: We know that

Example: Find exact differential for at (1,2)
At (1,2)
Example: Find exact differential for
Example: Find exact differential of where is the volume of

cylinder and verify that it is an exact differential equation.

…….(1)
Now, (1) is said to be exact differential equation if
Since and
Hence (1) is an exact differential equation

SAQ 7. Is is an exact differential. If yes,
find the original function.
8.6 Extreme Values

As we are studying the functions of several variables so now we are going
to define the extreme values (maximum, minimum, saddle point) for
functions of several variables. There are many practice situations in which it
is necessary to know the largest and smallest values of functions of two or
more variables.
Definition: (Maximum Value) Let be a function defined in a domain
and let . Then is said to have maximum value at
if is greater than all the values in the neighborhood of .
That is,
Minimum Value: is said to have minimum value at if the

value of at is less than all the values in the neighbourhood of .
That is , for all small positive and negative values of
and

Critical Point: A point in the domain of a function is called a
critical point (stationary point) of if or if
one or both the partial derivatives do not exists at .
Saddle point: It is point where function is neither maximum nor minimum.

At such point is maximum in one direction while minimum in another
direction
P max
P min
Fig. 8.1
Working rules to find Extreme Values
1. Find and equate it to zero. Solve these equations
simultaneously for and find the roots i.e.,

The points are called stationary point or

critical points.
2. Find . Calculate at points
i) If , for a pair of root say , then has a

maximum point for the pair .
ii) If , for a pair of root say , then has a

minimum point for the pair .
iii) If then has a saddle point there.
iv) If then case is undecided and further investigation is

necessary to decide it.
Example: Find the maximum or minimum of
.
Solution: We have
First let us calculate
Now to find the stationary points we have to equate
Implies

Or … (1)
… (2)
Subtracting (1) & (2), we get
Implies either implies
Or implies
Put in (1), we get
Implies
Again putting or in (1), we get
Or,
Implies,
So
Hence, are the possible critical points.
Now, we will find which of the point are maximum point, minimum point,
sadle point for the function
Now, at

Now,
Since, , so (3,3) is the minimum point of
At (5,-1)
Now,
Since, , so function has saddle point at (5,-1)
At (-7,-7)
Now,
Since, , so (-7,-7) is the maximum point of
At (-1,5)

Now,
Since, o there is neither maxima nor minima at (-1,5)
Example: Find the maxima and minima of the function
Solution: We have
Therefore,
Implies
On solving, we get x=1, y=3

So the point is (1,3)
At (1,3), we have
Now,
Since, o (1, 3) is minimum point for .

Example: Find the extreme values of
Solution: Here
Now,
At (0, 0), we have
Now,
Since, o (0, 0) is saddle point for .
Example: Show that the minimum value of is
Solution: Here
Now,
….. (1)

….. (2)
Solving (1) & (2) simultaneously, we get
That is, either
But, does not hold from (1) & (2), which is not our case
Therefore, we have and form (1), we get
and so we have
At (a, a), we have
Now,
Since, o (a, a) is minimum point for
Hence, the minimum value is
Example: Discuss the maximum or minimum values of when
Solution: We have

Now,
That is,
implies …. (1)
implies ….. (2)
Put in (1), we get
Now, from (1), we have when
But does not satisfy (2), so it is not a solution.
Hence the solutions are: (0,0), (a,a)

At (0,0), we have
Now,
Since, o (0,0) is neither maximum nor minimum point for .

At (a,a), we have
Now,
Also, if .
Hence there is maximum or minimum according as
SAQ 8. Determine the stationary value, if any of the function
SAQ 9. Find all maxima and minima of
SAQ 10. Find all maxima and minima of
SAQ 11. Examine for minimum and maximum values of
8.7 Lagrange’s Method of Undetermined Multipliers

So far we determined the extreme values of those functions which were
without any constrain. Now, we will find the extreme values of functions of
more than one variables with constrains or restrictions.
Let …..(1)
Subjected to …..(2)
For stationary points, we have
Differentiating (1), we get

……(3)
Differentiating (2), we get
……(4)
Now, multiplying eq (4) by and then add it to (3), we get
( )+ ( )=0 ……(5)
This equation is called Lagrange Multiplier equation.
Implies ( =0
Implies …..(6)
…..(7)
……(8)
Where is the Lagrange multiplier.
On solving (2), (6), (7), (8) we can find the value of x,y,z, for which
has maximum or minimum.
Note: Lagrange method gives only the stationary values of . The

nature of stationary values cannot be determined by this method.
Example: Find the extreme values of
subjected to the condition
Solution: We have
For stationary points, we have
implies 2x +
…..(1)

implies 2y +
……(2)
implies 2z + …….(3)
Multiplying (1) by x, (2) by y and (3) by z and adding , we get

2( )+
Implies
(Since
Or
Now, put the value of in (1), (2), (3), we get
2x
2y
2z
Or 2(x-y)
Or
Or
Similarly, we get
Therefore,
But
Implies,
Example: Determine the maxima and minima of when

Solution: Let …….(1)
…….(2)
Now, we have by Lagrange multiplier function
( =0 ……(3)
Now,
, ,
Put it in (3), we get

…….(4)
Implies,
Or, …….(5)
…….(6)
…….(7)
Multiplying (5) by x, (6) by y and (7) by z and adding , we get
Or …….(8)
Using (1) and (2), we get
Put in (5), (6), (7), we get
That is,
SAQ 12. Find maximum and minimum value of , where
and

Solution: Let …..(1)
Given that ……(2)
and ……(3)
from (1), (2), (3), we get
…….(4)
…….(5)
……..(6)
Multiplying (5) & (6) by and adding to (4), we get
Equating the coefficients of dx,dy,dz, we get
=0
The above three equations are Lagrange equation and we call it (7)
Multiply (7) by x,y,z and adding, we get
Or , using (1), (2), (3)
Or
Therefore, from (7), we have

Or
Or
Substituting these values in (3), we get
Or
Or
Or
Or
Which gives the maximum and minimum value of u.
8.8 Jacobians
Jacobians is an important tool for finding the inverse function, transformation
of variables from one coordinate system to another coordinate system e.g.
changing from Cartesian coordinates to polar coordinate, polar coordinate to
spherical coordinate etc., area and volume for surface and volume integral.
Definition: Let i.e., are functions of two
independent variables . Then the jacobian of with respect to is
the determinant

and is denoted by
For, if be functions of three

independent variables . Then the jacobian of with respect to
is
Similarly,
if
are n functions of n independent variables say , then
Properties of Jacobian
Jacobian have property of behaving like derivatives of functions of one
variable. For the determinant is simply .
1. If then i.e., ,
where

Proof: Since . (1)
…(2)
Differentiating (1) & (2) with respect to , we get
or …(3)
or …(4)
or …(5)
or … (6)
Now,
…. (7)
Putting (3), (4), (5) & (6) in (7), we get
That is,
2. If are functions of and are again functions of , i.e.,
Then

Proof: We have
Differentiating partially with respect to , we get
…..(1)
…..(2)
…..(3)
….(4)
Now,
Using (1), (2), (3), (4) in above equation, we get
Note: Similarly,
3. If are three independent variables and are not independent,

then
Proof. As are independent then

…. (1)
Differentiating (1) with respect to , we get
….. (2)
….. (3)
….. (4)
Eliminating from (2), (3) & (4), we have
=0
Interchanging rows and columns, we get
=0
Implies
4. If are implicit function and i.e.,

then
Example: Find , where
Solution: By the definition of jacobians, we have

So,
Example: Find , where
Now,

So,
Example: If show that

and find

Therefore,
Also, we know that
Therefore,
Example: If find
So lets calculate

(as )
Therefore,
Example: Verify chain rule for jacobians if
Solution: Since
….(1)
Now, solving for in terms of , we have
We have,
Therefore,

= ….(2)
From (1) & (2), we have
Example: if show that
Solution: let ,
Now,
And
Thus, =
Hence proved.
SAQ 13. If where then
prove that
SAQ 14. If are roots of equation in

, find

8.9 Double and Triple Integral

Let a function of two independent variables x, yare defined in a
closedregion of the - plane.Divide the region into sub-regions by
drawing lines parallel to Co-ordinate axes.
O X
Fig. 8.2
Let be the numbers of rectangles which lie entirely inside the region R. Let
be any point inside the rectangle whose area is .
Consider the sum

=
….(1)
Let the number of these sub-regions increase indefinitely, such that the
largest linear dimension (i.e. diagonal) of approaches zero. The limit of
the sum (i), ifit exists, irrespective of the mode of subdivision is called the
double Integral of over the region and is denoted by
In other words,
which is also expressed as

Example: Evaluate
Solution: Let I =
= (treating x as constant)
Example: Evaluate over the area between .
Solution: The area is bounded by the curve
When
That is area of integration is bounded by
Therefore,
Fig. 8.3

Example: Evaluate
Solution:
= e-1-e+ ½ +1 = ½
Example: Evaluate over the positive quadrant of the circle
Solution: The region of integration here is the quadrant OABO of the circle
as shown in fig.

Fig. 8.4
Here the coordinates of A and B are (1,0) and (0,1) respectively as the
radius of the given circle is 1.
Here the given integral is =
 (x  y 2 ) dxdy over the region in the positive quadrant

2
SAQ 15: Evaluate
for x  y  1.
SAQ 16. Find where D is the region in the first quadrant

bounded by the hyperbola and the lines .
Triple Integral: Triple Integral is generalization of double integral. Let
be a function defined at every point of . Then for triple
integration of function, we start it by keeping constant and then
integrating it with respect to z. Thus

Then in we can keep x constant and integrate it with respect to y.

Thus
Finally, is integrated with respect to x from a to b
That is,
Example: Evaluate
Solution: Let
8.10 Summary
In this unit, we studied the basic concept of functions of several variables.
The basic concepts like derivatives maxima, minima, integration which we
studied for the function of single variables are studied for the functions of
several variables with the help of sufficient number of examples.

8.11 Terminal Questions

1. Verify that for the function
(a). (b) x tanxy (c)
2. Show that satisfies

except at point for which .
3. Given , find all first partial derivatives and verify

that
4. If and show that
5. If and show that
6. If is a function of and prove that the

equation
is equivalent to
7. a) Find if
b) find the tangent to the folium of Descartes at he

point (3,3).
8. If find .
9. Find the total differential dz when

i)

ii)
10. Test the function for maxima and minima for

the points not at origin.
11. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function
12. Find the point where the function is

maximum or minimum.
13. find the maximum and minimum value of
14. Find the minimum distance value of when
15. Find the maximum value of where the variables x,y,z are
subjected to the condition .
16. Find the maximum and minimum value of subjected to

condition
17. Find the maximum and minimum values of when
18. If find .
19. If are the roots of equation in and , then find
20. If . Show that the jacobian of
with respect to is 4.
21. Evaluate over the area bounded by the ellipse

22. Find the area lying between the parabola and the line
8.12 Answers
Self Assessment Questions
1. Solution: we have
Hence proved.
2. Solution: Given
Therefore,
Therefore,

Or,
and
implies,
Hence proved.
3. Solution: We have
Then,
Hence,
4. Solution: We have by chain rule,
Now,

= …..(1)
We know that are functions of
Therefore,
…(2)
Now, we will evaluate
……..(3)
Now put (2),(3) in (1), we get
5. Solution: we have,

6. Solution: Differentiating with respect to x, we get
Again differentiating the above expression with respect to x, we get
(because )
7. Solution: The differential

is said to be exact
differential if .

Here
And
Hence, is an exact differential.
Now, since
Now, integrating it with respect to (x), we get

….. (1)
Where is a constant of integration
Now, differentiating (1) with respect to y, we get
……(2)
But
Implies, (from (2))
Implies, (by integrating)
Therefore,
is the required function.

Now,

……..(1)
……..(2)
From (1), we have , put it in (2), we get
Or
implies x = 0 or x = 2
When x = 0, y = 0 and when x = 2, y = 2. So the stationary points are

(0,0), (2,2).
At (0,0), we have
Now,
Since, o (0,0) is neither maximum nor minimum point for

.
At (2,2), we have
Now,

Since, o (2,2) is minimum point for .
Now,
…..(1)
…...(2)
From (2), x = 2y
Put it in (1), we get
Or y = 1
So x = 2.
Thus (2,1) is the only critical point
At (2,1), we have

Now,
Since, o (2,1) is undecided point.
Now,
On solving , we get x = 0, y = 0 and
As does not holds good if we take x = 0 , y = 0
Hence (0,0) is the only stationary point.

At (0,0), we have

Now,
Since, o (0,0) is minimum point
So the minimum value is (0+0)e0=0

11. Solution: Here
Now,
…..(1)
…..(2)
Subtracting (2) from (1), we get
or
Implies
From (1),
Or
Or
Therefore,
That is,
At ( , ), we have

Now,
Since, o ( , ) is maximum point
And the maximum value is
13. Solution:
Now,
Or
And =
Therefore,
14. Solution: Given
Implies =0
Sum of roots = ….(1)
Product of roots = …(2)

...(3)
Eq (1). (2), (3) can be written as
= (-1)(-2)(-1)

Therefore,
15. Solution:
Y
Y=1-x
O N, y=0 A X
The region of the integral in the triangle OAB, for this region x varies from O
to A that is from x = 0 to x = 1 and for any intermediary value x at N say y,
varies from the x – axis i.e. y varies from y = 0 to y = 1-x.
Hence the given integral is

16. Solution: We have (1) (2) (3) (4)
From equation (1) and (2), we get
Similarly, intersecting point of (1) and (4) is (8,2).

To evaluate the given integral, we divide the area OABEO into two parts by
AG as shown in figure.
Then
Terminal Questions:
7. a)
b) x+y = 6
8.
9 i) tan(xy)(ydx+xdy)
ii)
11. Max ( ), Minimum = ( ),

12. Maximum (1/3,1/3)

13. Max (0,1/3)
14. which gives the maximum and minimum values.
15.
16. Minimum value is 27

17. maximum value = 3, Minimum value = 2.
18.
19.
21.
22.

Calculus of Several Variable Functions

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Foundation of Mathematics Unit 8

Unit 8 Calculus of Functions of Several Variables

8.2 Partial derivatives:

So there comes the concept of partial derivative.

We start with the case by fixing and changing i.e. and is

Now is a function of single variable. Since we know the derivative of

Thus, we call the partial derivative of with respect to at

and we denote this as .

Now we can differentiate . That is

Here is the partial derivative of with respect to at and

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Definition: The ordinary derivative of a function of several variables with

It is also denoted as respectively.

1. or , or is called first order partial derivative of

2. The second order partial derivatives is defined as

3. are often called mixed partial derivative.

Example: Find , at the point (1,2) where

Then, at (x,y) = (1,2)

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Example: Find all the second order derivatives for

Example: Find for

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Example: Find for

Example: Verify that , where

SAQ 1: If verify that

SAQ 2. If prove that

SAQ 3. Examine the equality of where

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8.3 Chain Rule

We can also define chain rule as if then

For example: Let here

Solution: By definition of Chain rule, we have

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Now, put in the above equation, we get

Alternative method: We can also compute by first substituting the

Solution: We know by chain rule that

Solution: We know by chain rule that

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Now, put the values of in the above equations, we

Then the chain rule for becomes,

Example: Find for

Solution: By chain rule, we have

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Put the value of y in above equation, we get

Solution: By chain rule, we have

Solution: By chain rule, we have

Case-III: If be differentiable function of two independent variables say

Solution: By chain rule, we have

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Now, put the values of x, y in the above equation, we get

Example: Find for

Solution: By chain rule, we have

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Example: Let and Find .

Solution: We know by chain rule,

SAQ4: Evaluate for if .

8.4 Differentiation of Implicit Functions

Differentiation of implicit function:

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keeping in mind that if there is a term containing powers of y, we will first

If the higher partial derivatives of are continuous we can obtain the

Differentiating it with respect to x, we get

Example: Find at (2,4) for