Maintaining the quality of air and soil, Waste-water treatment

providing flood and disease control,

Ecosystems such as wetlands filter
or pollinating crops are some of the
effluents, decompose waste through
‘regulating services' provided by
the biological activity of
ecosystems. They are often invisible
microorganisms, and eliminate
and therefore mostly taken for
harmful pathogens.
granted. When they are damaged,
the resulting losses can be substantial Erosion prevention and maintenance
and difficult to restore. of soil fertility

Local Climate Air Quality Vegetation cover prevents soil

erosion and ensures soil fertility
Ecosystems influence the local
through natural biological processes
climate and air quality. For example,
such as nitrogen fixation. Soil erosion
trees provide shade whilst forests
is a key factor in the process of land
influence rainfall and water
degradation, loss of soil fertility and
availability both locally and
desertification, and contributes to
regionally. Trees or other plants also
decreased productivity of
play an important role in regulating
downstream fisheries.
air quality by removing pollutants
from the atmosphere. Erosion prevention and maintenance
of soil fertility
Carbon sequestration and storage
Vegetation cover prevents soil
Ecosystems regulate the global
erosion and ensures soil fertility
climate by storing greenhouse gases.
through natural biological processes
For example, as trees and plants
such as nitrogen fixation. Soil erosion
grow, they remove carbon dioxide
is a key factor in the process of land
from the atmosphere and effectively
degradation, loss of soil fertility and
lock it away in their tissues.
desertification, and contributes to
Moderation of extreme events decreased productivity of
downstream fisheries.
Ecosystems and living organisms
create buffers against natural Pollination
disasters. They reduce damage from
Insects and wind pollinate plants and
floods, storms, tsunamis, avalanches,
trees which is essential for the
landslides and droughts.
development of fruits, vegetables
and seeds. Animal pollination is an
ecosystem service mainly provided by
insects but also by some birds and
bats. In agro-ecosystems, pollinators
are essential for orchard,
horticultural and forage production,
as well as the production of seed for
many root and fibre crops. Pollinators
such as bees, birds and bats affect 35
percent of the world’s crop
production, increasing outputs of
around 75% of the leading food crops
worldwide.
Biological control
The activities of predators and
parasites in ecosystems that act to
control populations of potential pest
and disease vector.
Regulation of Water Flow
Water flow regulation is a key service
provided by land cover and
configuration, but its dynamics are
poorly understood by most policy
makers and land management
organisations.
Ecosystem management is a process
that aims to conserve major
ecological services and restore
natural resources while meeting the
socioeconomic, political and cultural
needs of current and future
generations.
 The principal objective of
ecosystem management is the
efficient maintenance and
ethical use of natural
resources. It is a multifaceted
and holistic approach which
requires a significant change in
how the natural and human
environments are identified
Several approaches to effective
ecosystem management engage
conservation efforts at both a local or
landscape level and involves:
adaptive management, natural
resource management, strategic
management, and command and
control management.
Adaptive management is based on
the concept that predicting future
influences/disturbance to an
ecosystem is limited and
unclear.Therefore, the goal of
adaptive management is to manage
the ecosystem so it maintains the
greatest amount of ecological
integrity, but also to utilize
management practices that have the
ability to change based on new
experience and insights.
The term natural resource
management is frequently used
when dealing with a particular
resource for human use rather than
managing the whole ecosystem.A
main objective of natural resources
management is the sustainability for
future generations, which appoints
ecosystem managers to balance
natural resources exploitation and
conservation over long-term
timeframe.
Strategic management encourages
the establishment of goals that will
benefit the ecosystem while keeping
socioeconomic and politically
relevant issues in mind.
 Strategic management differs
from other types of ecosystem
management because it keeps
stakeholders involved and
relies on their input to develop
the best management strategy
for an ecosystem. Similarly to
other modes of ecosystem
management, this method
places a high level of
importance on evaluating and
reviewing any changes,
progress or negative impacts
and prioritizes flexibility in
adapting management
protocols as a result of new
information.
Command and control
management utilizes a linear
problem solving approach
where a perceived problem is
solved through controlling
devices such as laws, threats,
contracts and/or agreements.
REPUBLIC ACT 9003 ECOLOGICAL
SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT ACT
OF 2000
 In partnership with
stakeholders, the law aims to
adopt a systematic,
comprehensive and
ecological solid waste
management program that
shall ensure the protection of
public health and
environment. The law ensures
proper segregation,
collection, storage, treatment
and disposal of solid waste
through the formulation and
adaptation of best eco-waste
products.
REPUBLIC ACT 9275 PHILIPPINE
CLEAN WATER ACT OF 2004
 The law aims to protect the
country's water bodies from
pollution from land-based
sources (industries and
commercial establishments,
agriculture and
community/household
activities). It provides for
comprehensive and
integrated strategy to prevent
 and minimize pollution through
a multi-sectoral and
participatory approach
involving all the stakeholders.
REPUBLIC ACT 8749 PHILIPPINE
CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
 The law aims to achieve and
maintain clean air that meets
the National Air Quality
guideline values for criteria
pollutants, throughout the
Philippines, while minimizing
the possible associated
impacts to the economy.
REPUBLIC ACT 6969 TOXIC
SUBSTANCES, HAZARDOUS AND
NUCLEAR WASTE CONTROL ACT
OF 1990
 The law aims to regulate
restrict or prohibit the
importation, manufacture,
processing, sale, distribution,
use and disposal of chemical
substances and mixtures the
present unreasonable risk to
human health. It likewise
prohibits the entry, even in
transit, of hazardous and
nuclear wastes and their
disposal into the Philippine
territorial limits for whatever
purpose; and to provide
advancement and facilitate
research and studies on toxic
chemicals.
PRESIDENTIAL DECREE 1586
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
STATEMENT (EIS) STATEMENT OF
1978
 The Environment Impact
Assessment System was
formally established in 1978
with the enactment of
Presidential Decree no. 1586 to
facilitate the attainment and
maintenance of rational and
orderly balance between
socio-economic development
and environmental protection.
EIA is a planning and
management tool that will
help government, decision
makers, the proponents and
the affected community
address the negative
consequences or risks on the
environment. The process
assures implementation of
environment-friendly projects.
SOURCES :
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_mana
gement
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi
/full/10.1111/1365-2664.12016
http://ecac.emb.gov.ph/?page_id=43
http://www.fao.org/ecosystem-services-
biodiversity/background/regulating-
services/en/
https://www.becc.lu.se/research/conservation-
of-biodiversity-and-maintenance-of-ecosystem-
services