Renata Grzywacz, Patrycja Żegleń

Principles of Tourism
and Recreation

Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Rzeszowskiego

Rzeszów 2014

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Table of contents

Table of contents ........................................................................................................................ 2

Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter I Theoretical principles of tourism......................................................................................... 6
1.1. Tourism terminology – introduction ............................................................................................. 6
1.2. Tourism beginnings in the world ................................................................................................ 14
1.3. Tourism beginnings in Poland .................................................................................................... 17
1.4. Contemporary tourism and its development factors ................................................................... 19
Chapter II Physical recreation as a social phenomenon ........................................................... 24
2.1. The concept, scope and types of recreation ................................................................................ 24
2.2. Barriers concerning participation in physical recreation ............................................................ 26
Chapter III Chosen aspects of tourism ..................................................................................... 28
3.1. Forms of tourism ........................................................................................................................ 29
3.2. Functions of tourism ................................................................................................................... 37
3.3. Tourism and national economy ................................................................................................... 40
3.4. Trends and tendencies in travel industry .................................................................................... 47
Chapter IV Institutions of education for physical recreation ................................................... 54
4.1 Family as institution of education for physical recreation .......................................................... 54
4.2 The impact of educational institutions for educating young people in physical recreation ........ 57
4.3 Physical recreation in selected age groups .................................................................................. 78
Conclusions .............................................................................................................................. 84
Bibliography: ............................................................................................................................ 85
VOCABULARY ...................................................................................................................... 87

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Introduction
To the current threats of civilization of particular importance must be attributed to the
physical activity, and above all in the active leisure behaviour. Living and working conditions
in a highly urbanized and industrialized society impose the need to participate in physical
recreation that compensate for a shortage of physical activity, what is observed not only in
adults but also in children and adolescents. Physical recreation as tourism activities,
considered to be the youngest discipline of physical culture, is experiencing a period of
dynamic changes of quantitative and qualitative. The scale and scope of these changes, decide
on the shape of the future pattern of the use of physical activities in creating lifestyle. Physical
recreation also known as sport for all has become a phenomenon of global dimension.
Statistics Clearing House (Brussels) report that in mass sport has been attending more than
one billion people around the world and in Europe – about 400 million [Dąbrowski 2003].
Active Recreation (physical) has turned over the 20th century from an elite form of
leisure to popular and available forms of activity. Studies show that the percentage of the
population practicing sport in Poland generally ranges to less than 40% [Parnicka 1997]. It
can be concluded that the Polish society is not enough involved in recreation. Source of this
passivity are stuck in the public consciousness, group beliefs and value systems, in cultural
patterns. In society as a result of the conflicting information on sports, different barriers have
been emerging.
Physical activity undertaken on a regular basis and not incidentally and maintained
within the limits of its tolerance gives as a result not only muscle mass, strengthen the bones
and joint connections, but also higher heart weight, (which makes it much stronger), lowering
of blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate exemption, etc. These are all indicators of
training process occurring in human. So for example. athletes generally have a higher size
parameters and the weight of the heart than people who do not practice sport. Moreover, not
only the mass of the heart muscle is its functional efficiency, but also the number of beats
man’s heart rate. And therefore, the heart of training person is working more efficiency.
Similar examples from the world of sport, one can multiply using the parameters of lung
capacity, metabolism, water, gas and thermal regimes, etc. This resulted in the Romanowski’s
research to claim that the physiological standards are the size of various parameters observed
among people, who systematically do exercisers While, the generally accepted size of these
parameters, much differ from these observed in athletes, indicate degeneration of societies
without the natural stimulus, which is the activity [Bondarowicz, Owczarek 1997].

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 In summary, physical recreation is an integral component of the full development of
human personality, and is now considered to be an integral part of the general education of
man. A wide range of options "for" physical activity gives a chance to all social groups.
Physical recreation has also to human health importance as a preventative, therapeutic, or
rehabilitative one. It is an effective way to relieve tension and mental stress and prevent social
various pathologies from spreading [Kiełbasiewicz-Drozdowska, Siwiński].
So what exactly is this sounding pomp and last so fashionable “education for
recreation”, “education to leisure”? Based on the definition given by R. Wroczyński in the
written position entitled "Social pedagogy" as a recreational education one understand
planned action, organized and carried out during the whole of human life, and particularly in
the age of children and juvenile. The purpose of education to leisure is to equip the unit in the
skills and habits of the proper organization of leisure. To achieve this purpose different
activities in the field of leisure ought to be served: physical, artistic, technical, cultural,
entertainment facilities and social activities, providing valuable entertainment and pleasure,
what at the same time contributes to comprehensive development of personality [Wroczyński
1979].
Principles of Tourism and Recreation is directed to all the students who are interested
in tourism and recreation phenomena. The handbook is directed to students studying Tourism
and Recreation, especially in English. The handbook fulfills the gap of English-written
literature in the field of tourism, recreation and related disciplines.
The main aim of the book is to develop knowledge and understanding of the history of
tourism and recreation and seeing how it was increasing through the years. Additionally,
readers will get to know about the terms and definitions connected with tourism movement
services and reaction; they will understand people’s behaviour and its connection with
tourism. Moreover, amongst expected learning outcomes one should enumerate: to be able to
prepare a tourist offer according to tourists’ needs and wants as well as to get appropriate
attitude to tourism branch. Moreover, it is very important to be familiar with rules which take
place in tourism industry, development of analyzing the processes as well as assessment of the results
of tourism industry and its effects concerning the whole economy.

The handbook has been divided into four chapters.

The first chapter concerns issues connected with a terminology of tourism, its genesis
and beginnings in Poland and worldwide. It also presents factors influencing tourism’s
development through years and it shows a contemporary tourism as a mass phenomenon.

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 Chapter Two includes introduction into recreation as well as definitions and the scope
of the phenomenon. It shows how it was creating over centuries and how it looks like
nowadays. There are also shown barriers of recreation and its meaning in today’s life.
In the third chapter the authors presented chosen aspects of tourism, which means
tourism and its forms, functions of tourism, tendencies and trends on tourist market. It is also
said that tourism plays a very important role in the whole economy of separate countries all
over the world.
Fourth chapter concerns didactic tools and forms used in recreation; didactic rules and
methods used in education of recreation as well as organization process of recreational events.
There are case studies, review questions, tasks for elaboration as well as tips concerning
additional literature to students particularly interested in the subject.

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Chapter I Theoretical principles of tourism
1.1. Tourism terminology – introduction
There are as many definitions of tourism as there are disciplines and investigators, but all
share commonalties. From an anthropological perspective, a tourist was originally defined as
“a temporarily leisured person who travels away from home for the purpose of experiencing a
change” [Smith 1977].
From a management perspective tourism was defined as “an industry catering to tourist
needs, or the science, art and business of attracting and transporting visitors, accommodating
them and graciously catering to their needs and wants” [McIntosh 1977].
According to Wahab [Wahab 1975] „anatomy of tourism is composed of three elements:
man, the author of the act of tourism; space, the physical element to be covered; and time, the
temporal element consumed by the trip and the stay”.
According to Pearce [Pearce 1992] “tourism is an origin-linkage-destination system
involving the temporary movement of people from an origin to a destination and usually back
home again after at least one overnight stay”.

Definition:

“Tourism comprises the activities of persons travelling to and staying in places outside
their usual environment for not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and
other purposes.” [UNWTO 1993]

“Tourism is the sum of the phenomena and relationships arising from the interaction among
tourists, business suppliers, host governments, host communities, origin government,
universities, community colleges and non-governmental organisations, in the process of
attracting, transporting, hosting and managing these tourists and other visitors.” [McIntosh,
Goeldner, Ritchie 1995, after: Weaver, Opperman 2000].

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 Picture 1. Definitions of tourism
Source: Peter M. Burns: An Introduction to Tourism & Anthropology.- London, New York
1999.

Basic Tourism System is determined by migrations of travellers to regions, tourist

destinations, institutions as well as organisations taking part in the movement. The definition
of tourism system is presented below.
“The elements of a tourism as a system are tourists, generating regions, transit routes,
destination regions and a tourist industry.”

Picture 2. Basic Tourism System

Source: Cooper/Fletcher/Gilbert/Shepherd/Wanhill: Tourism - Principles and Practice.
Harlow 1998.

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 Study of tourism - Choice of discipline and approach
Tourism is linked to many disciplines and sciences; it is connected with psychology,
sociology, economics, physical education, geography, etc. Therefore, authors present study
approaches and tourism connections with these disciplines to show the importance of tourism
phenomenon in all aspects of human life.

Picture 3. Study of tourism/choice of discipline and approach

Source: Cooper/Fletcher/Gilbert/Shepherd/Wanhill: Tourism - Principles and Practice.
Harlow 1998.

Tourism Elements can be presented in the following way:

All forms of tourism – international, domestic, business related, pilgrimage or family
visits – require participants to have three essential elements, best expressed as an equation:
tourism=leisure time + discretionary income +positive social sanctions.
LEISURE is the time when individual is neither employed at gainful work nor attending to
essential daily tasks. At leisure, one has a choice to do virtually nothing, such as lie in a
hammock and read, or meditate. Or one could participate in recreational activities that are
usually close to home, such as dining with friends, playing ball, swimming, or “jamming”.
 Tourism arises out of a movement of people to, and their stay in, various destinations.
 There are two elements in tourism – the journey to the destination and the stay
(including activities) at the destination.
 The journey and stay take place outside the normal place of residence and work, so
that tourism gives rise to activities which are distinct from the resident and working
populations of the places through and in which they travel and stay.

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  The movement to destinations is temporary and short term in character – the intention
is to return home within a few days, weeks or months.
 Destinations are visited for purposes other than taking up permanent residence or
employment.
Tourism definitions are unusual in that they are driven more by demand-side than by
supply side considerations. Some writers find this surprising: Defining tourism in terms of
the motivations or other characteristics of travelers would be like trying to define the
health-care professions by describing a sick person” [Smith 1989].
In part, attempts to define tourism have been led by the need to isolate tourism trips from
other forms of travel for statistical purposes. These “technical” definitions jay down minimum
and maximum lengths of stay and strict purpose of visit categories. Some countries also
include a distance consideration, but this is not really practical (for example, a trip has to be
over 100 miles to be qualified as a tourist trip).
Supply-side definitions are less well-developed. Leiper [Leiper 1979] suggests one
supply-side definition: “The tourist industry consists of all those firms, organizations and
facilities which are intended to serve the specific needs and wants of tourists”.
The major problem concerning supply-side definitions is the fact that a spectrum of tourism
businesses exists, from those who are wholly serving tourists to those who also serve local
residents and other markets. One approach to the problem is to classify businesses into two
types:
 businesses which would not be able to survive without tourism,
 businesses which could survive without tourism, but in a diminished form.

Tourists can be classified by “purpose of visit category”. These are three main categories:
1. Leisure and recreation – including holiday, sports and cultural tourism, and
visiting friends and relatives (VFR)
2. other tourism purposes – including study and health tourism
3. business and professional – including meetings, conferences, missions,
incentive and business tourism.

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 Free to Travel at most times

Price sensitive

Able to plan in advance

Leisure and recreation

Other tourism purposes
Business and professional

Travel times limited

Price insensitive

Picture 4: Airline pricing

Not always ableand purpose
to plan of visit categories
in advance

Source: the authors’ elaboration

WHAT IS TOURISM?
When we think of tourism, we think mainly of people who are visiting a particular place
for sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They
may spend they leisure time engaging in various sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking
rides and so on.

FOUR DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF TOURISM CAN BE IDENTIFIED:

1. The tourist. The tourist seeks various psychic and physical experiences and
satisfactions. The nature of this will largely determine the destinations chosen and
the activities enjoyed.
2. The businesses providing tourist goods and services. Businesspeople see tourism
as an opportunity to make a profit by supplying the goods and services that the
tourist market demands.
3. The government of the host community or area. Politicians view tourism as a
wealth factor in the economy of their jurisdictions. Their perspective is related to
the incomes their citizens ca earn from this business. Politicians also consider the
foreign exchange receipts from international tourism as well as the tax receipts
collected from tourist expenditures, either directly or indirectly.

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 4. The host community. Local people usually see tourism as a cultural and
employment factor. Of importance to this group, for example, is the effect of the
interaction between large numbers of international visitors and residents. This
effect may be beneficial or harmful, or both.

Thus, tourism can be defined as the sum of the phenomena and relationships
arising from the interaction of tourists, host governments, and host
communities in the process of attracting and hosting these tourists and other
visitors.

Tourism is a composite of activities, services, and industries that delivers a travel

experience, namely, transportation, accommodations, eating and drinking establishment,
shops, entertainment, activity facilities, and other hospitality services available for individuals
or groups that are traveling away from home.
One-day visitor/Excursionist – persons traveling for pleasure for a period of less than
24 hours.
In 1963, the United Nations conference on International Travel and Tourism (held in
Rome) considered a definition and recommended that it be studied by the United Nations
Statistical Commission. The conference considered an overall definition of the term “visitor”,
for statistical purposes:
Visitor – describes any person visiting a country other than that in which he has his usual
place of residence, for any reasons other than following an occupation remunerated from
within the country visited.
The definition covered:
1. Tourists – temporary visitors staying at least 24 hours in the country visited and
the purposes of whose journey can be classified under one of the following
headings:
a) Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion, and sport)
b) Business, family, mission, meeting
2. One-day visitors/Excursionists – temporary visitors staying less than 24 hours in
the country visited (including travelers on cruises).

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STUDY APPROACHES - BASIC APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF TOURISM

Tourism has grown to be an activity of worldwide importance and significance. For a

number of countries, tourism is the largest commodity in international trade. In many others it
ranks among the top three industries. Tourism has grown rapidly to become a major social
and economic force in the world.

1. Institutional Approach – the major approach to the study of tourism considers the
various intermediaries and institutions that perform the tourism activities. It
emphasizes institutions such as the travel agency. This approach requires an
investigation of organization, operating methods, problems, costs, and economic place
of travel agents who act on behalf of the customer, purchasing services from airlines,
rental car companies, hotels, and so on.
2. Product Approach – the product approach involves the study of various tourism
products and how they are produced, marketed, and consumed. For example, one
might study an airline seat – how it is created, who are the people engaged in buying
and selling it, how it is financed, how it is advertised, and so on. Repeating this
procedure for rental cars, hotel rooms, meals, and other tourist services gives a full
picture of the field. Unfortunately, the product approach tends to be too time
consuming; it does not allow the student to grasp the fundamentals of tourism quickly.
3. Historical Approach – this approach is not widely used. It involves an analysis of
tourism activities and institutions from an evolutionary angle. It searches for the cause
of innovations, their growth or decline, and shifts in interest. Because mass tourism is
a fairly recent phenomenon, this approach has limited usefulness.
4. Managerial Approach – the managerial approach is firm oriented (microeconomic),
focusing on the management activities necessary to operate a tourist enterprise, such
as planning, research, pricing, advertising, control, and the like. It’s popular approach,
using insights gleaned from other approaches and disciplines.
5. Economic Approach – because of its importance to both domestic and world
economies, tourism has been closely examined by economists who focus on supply,
demand, balance of payments, foreign exchange, employment, expenditures,
development, multipliers, and the other economic factors. This approach is useful in
providing a framework for analyzing tourism and its contributions to a country’s

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 economy and economic development. The disadvantage of this approach is that, while
tourism is an important economic phenomenon, it has noneconomic impacts as well.
The economic approach doesn’t usually pay adequate attention to environmental,
cultural, psychological, sociological, and anthropological approaches.
6. Sociological Approach – tourism tends to be a social activity. Consequently, it has
attracted the attention of sociologists who have studied the tourism behavior of
individuals, groups of people, and the impact of tourism on society. This approach
examines social classes, habits, and customs of both hosts and guests. The sociology
of leisure is a relatively undeveloped field, but it shows promise of progressing rapidly
and becoming more widely used. A tourism continues to make its massive impact on
society, it will be studied more and more from a social point of view.
7. Geographical Approach – geography is a wide-ranging discipline, so it is natural that
geographers should become interested in tourism and its spatial aspects. The
geographer’s approach to tourism sheds light on the location of tourist areas, the
movements of people created by tourism places, the changes that tourism brings to the
landscape in the form of tourism facilities, dispersion of tourism development,
physical planning, and economic, social, and cultural problems. Since tourism touches
geography at so many points, geographers have investigated the area more thoroughly
than have scholars in many other disciplines.
8. Interdisciplinary Approaches – tourism embraces virtually all aspects of our society.
We even have cultural tourism, which calls for an anthropological approach.
Because individuals behave in different ways and travel for different reasons, it’s
necessary to use a psychological approach to determine the best way to promote and
market tourism products. Since tourists cross borders and require passports and visas
from government offices, and since most countries have government-operated tourism
development departments, we find that political institutions are involved and are
calling for a political science approach. Any industry that becomes an economic
giant affecting the lives of many people attracts the attention of legislative bodies
(along with the sociologists, geographers, economists, and anthropologists), which
create the laws, regulations, and legal environment in which the tourist industry must
operate, so we also have a legal approach.

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 9. The Systems Approach – what is really needed to study tourism is a systems
approach. A system is a set of interrelated groups coordinated to form a unified whole
and organized to accomplish a set of goals. It integrates the other approaches into a
comprehensive method dealing with both micro and macro issues. It can examine the
tourist firm’s competitive environment, its market, its results, the consumer, and the
interaction of the firm with the consumer. In addition, a system can take a macro
viewpoint and examine the entire tourism system of a country, state, or area and how it
operates within and relates to other systems, such as legal, political, economic, and
social systems.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1.Why are tourism definitions important?
2. Why are geographers interested in tourism?
3. Why are sociologists interested in tourism?
4. Why are economists interested in tourism?
5. What is the economic importance of tourism?

1.2. Tourism beginnings in the world

It is hard to say the exact dates of tourism beginnings in the world. Nevertheless, one can
present the following division of tourism development and its phases:
1. Early historical up to 1850 – trade, military travels in ancient Rome, Greece or
Egypt; in 1850 first tourist travels organized by Thomas Cook; religious travels and
educational ones (from Great Britain to Europe);
2. Initial within 1850 – 1914 –development of infrastructure, urbanization, new modes
of transportation, more leisure time;

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 3. Developmental within 1914 – 1945 – interwar period; development of social tourism;
first annual leaves; 8 hours work day; various political movements organizing travels;
4. Mass tourism from 1945 to today – group tourism, varied tourist products and offers.
Significant dates in tourism development can be presented in the form of table (table
1).
Date/year Event
1271 Marco Polo’s expedition to China
1336 Francesco Petrarka’s expedition to the Provence Alps
1492 Christopher Columbus’ expedition and discovery of America
1498 Vasco da Gama’s journey to India
1499-1500 Amerigo Vespucci’s expeditions to America
1519 Ferdinand Magellan’s around the world journey
1786 Mont Blanc (4807 above the sea level) was reached by Englishmen
1841 First travel agency – Thomas Cook
1857 First British The Alpine Club
1861 First tourist organization in Norway
1862
First Austrian The Alpine Club (Ősterreichischer Alpenverein)
1863
First Swiss the Alpine Club (Schweizer Alpenclub)
1882 First hotel owners’ associations in Switzerland
1886 First hotel owners’ associations in Austria
1888 Fritjof Nansen went through Greenland on skis; the date is recognized as the
beginnings of skiing development
1901 First body for tourism in New Zealand
1909 First department for tourism in Austria
1924 First motorway in Italy
1934 Union Internationale des Organismes officiels de tourisme (UIOOT)
1975 World Tourism Organization (WTO)
Table 1. Calendar of tourism
Source: the authors’ elaboration

Tourism history as it appears in much tourism literature can be summarized briefly. A

brief review of the history of travel and tourism is essential to provide background on
tourism’s roots and to indicate lessons and relationships that still exist today. Even though
mass tourism is a recent phenomenon, which has evolved since World War II to become an

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industry of worldwide importance, there are numerous references to travel and tourism
throughout history. From early times people travelled, mainly driven by hunger or to escape
danger; their remains are widely distributed. For example, fossil remains of the first true
people (Homo erectus) have been found in Western Europe, Africa, China, and Java. This fact
indicates the remarkable ability of such early people to travel great distances under primeval
conditions.
Five thousand years ago, cruises were organized and conducted from Egypt. Probably the
first journey ever made for purposes of peace and tourism was made by Queen Hatshepsut to
the lands of Punt (now Somalia) in 1490 b.c. The Phoenicians were probably the first real
business travelers in the modern sense that they went from place to place as traders. Early
travel in the Orient, particularly in China and India, was also largely based on trade.
The Grand Tour of the 17th and 18th centuries was made by diplomats, businesspeople,
and scholars who travelled to Europe, mainly to the cities of France and Italy. It became
fashionable to study in Paris, Rome, Florence, and other cultural centres. While making the
Grand Tour began as an educational experience, it has been criticized as eventually
degenerating into the simple pursuit of pleasure. The Grand Tour became a real status symbol
for upper classes’ students, in the 18th and 19th centuries. In this period, Johann Joachim
Winckelmann's theories about supremacy of classic culture became very popular and
appreciated in the European academic world. Artists, writers and travellers (such as Goethe)
affirmed the supremacy of classic art whose Italy, France, Spain and Portugal are excellent
examples. For these reasons, the Grand Tour's main destinations were to those centres, where
upper class students could find rare examples of classic art and history. The term Grand Tour
persists today, and the trip to Europe – the Continent – can be traced back to the early Grand
Tour. Today’s concept is far different; however, the tour is more likely to be three weeks, not
three years.
Tourism can be recognized as long as people have travelled. The narrative of Marco Polo
in the 13th century, the Grand tour of the British aristocracy to Europe in the 18th century,
and the journeys of David Livingstone through Africa in the 19th century are all examples of
early tourism. Thomas Cook is popularly regarded as the founder of inclusive tours with his
use of a chartered train in 1841 to transport tourists from Loughborough to Leicester. Before
the 1950s, tourism in Europe was mainly a domestic activity with some international travel
between countries, mainly within continental Europe. In the period of recovery following
World War II, a combination of circumstances provided an impetus to international travel.

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 Among the important contributing factors were the growing number of people in
employment, the increase in real disposable incomes and available leisure time, and changing
social attitudes towards leisure and work. These factors combined to stimulate the latest
demand for foreign travel and holidays. The emergence of specialist touroperators who
organised inclusive holidays by purchasing transport, accommodation, and related services
and selling these at a single price, brought foreign holidays within the price-range of a new
and growing group of consumers. The “package” or “inclusive” tour democratized travel in
Europe. Foreign holidays were no longer the preserve of the affluent and socially élite classes.
The majority of researchers believe that tourism is an 18th century invention. But is there
a difference between a traveller and a tourist? Tourism was initially limited to a very few
people. Around one percent of the population could travel in 1800. The inventive Englishman
Thomas Cook began capitalizing on a market niche in 1841: package tourism. He got some
help from an invention that revolutionized transport: the railroad. Using railways, Cook sent
hoards of tourists off on adventures. The touroperator could book entire trains and hotels,
meaning he could make his offers at unbeatable prices [Lüpke-Schwarz 2013].
To sum up, tourism became a mass phenomenon within centuries and nowadays it
concerns more and more people from all over the world.

1.3. Tourism beginnings in Poland

The beginnings of tourist traffic in Poland go back to the second half of the 20th century.
Earlier, particularly between 1945–1856, foreign tourism was almost non-existent. Tourism
started to develop at the end of that period. The history of tourism in Poland is similar to
tourism development in the world – first travelers were traders, pilgrims, students, and
aristocrats. Travelling was expensive, dangerous as well as uncomfortable. Among precursors
influencing tourism development in Poland one should enumerate: Stanisław Staszic,
Wincenty Pol, Julian ursyn Niemcewicz, Tytus Chałubiński and others. The most popular
destinations were: Zakopane, Szczawnica, Krynica, Iwonicz, Busko Zdrój and other spa
centres. The history of tourism development in Poland can be presented in the form of table
(table 2).
Date/year Event
1805 Stanisław Staszic’ book entitled: „O ziemiorództwie gór dawnej sarmacji a później
Polski”
1873 The Galician Tatras Association on the initiative of Feliks Pławicki, Tytus

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 Chałubiński, Adolf Tetmajer and Józef Stolarczyk
1874 First mountain hostel in Polish Mountains (Morskie Oko)
1876 Hostel in Dolina Pięciu Stawów in Roztoka
1906 Polskie Towarzystwo Krajoznawcze (Aleksander Janowski and Aleksander
Patka as founders)
1909 Tatrzańskie Ochotnicze Pogotowie Ratunkowe
1919 Tourism Department in Public Activities Ministry (Ministerstwo Robót
Publicznych)
1920 Tatras Association changes its name into Tatras Polish Association with the seat
in Cracow
1923 First travel agency “ORBIS” in Lvov
1929 Polish Airlines LOT
1937 “GROMADA” – Polish unit for tourism
1949 “Fundusz Wczasów Pracowniczych”
1950 Tourism Council in Communication Ministry
1952 Committee for Tourism
1960 Główny Komitet Kultury Fizycznej i Turystyki (GKKFiT)
1990 Polska Izba Turystyki
29.08.1997. Ustawa o usługach turystycznych (Tourist services Act)
1.01.2000. Polska Organizacja Turystyczna (Polish Tourist Organization)
Table 2. Development of tourism in Poland
Source: the authors’ elaboration

The development of tourism in Poland gained momentum in the first half of the 1960s. In
1955 about 77,000 foreign tourists came to Poland and 44,000 Poles went to other countries.
These figures have been growing considerably in the following years – in 1965 - 778,400
Polish tourists visited other countries and as many as 1,162,900 foreign tourists came to
Poland. Foreign tourist traffic has been mainly organized by the Polish Travel Office Orbis.
Other institutions involved in the organization of foreign tourism in Poland included PTTK
(Polish Tourist and Sightseeing Organization), ZMS (Union of Socialist Youth), ZSP (Union
of Polish Students), Polish Tourist Cooperative Gromada, and Turysta Cooperative.

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1.4. Contemporary tourism and its development factors
The extent of tourism and travel has increased tremendously in the last decades, both in
terms of more travelers and of a vast choice of products on the market. From a historical
perspective this can be explained by a number of factors such as the growing prosperity in
society, vacations entitled by law, an increasing leisure time, new modes of communication,
urbanization and a growing population. Nothing indicates that this development will stop or
even slow down in the coming years. Travelling has turned into an important part in our lives,
which leads to the interesting question of where this development may take us in the future.
Moreover, travel motivation studies include consumer motivation, decision making,
product satisfaction, overall acceptability of holiday experiences, pleasure in the vacation
environment, and interaction with the local inhabitants. In short, tourists travel for reasons
including spirituality, social status, escape, and cultural enrichment. Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs provides insight into ways in which a trip may satisfy disparate needs. The general
issue of understanding consumer needs falls within the area of the psychology of tourists’
behavior. This study area is concerned with what motivates tourists, how they make decisions,
what tourists think of the products they buy, how much they enjoy and learn during their
holiday experiences, how they interact with the local people and environment, and how
satisfied they are with their holidays. Three main sources of ideas assist in answering
questions concerning travel motivation. Historical and literary accounts of travel and travelers
provide one such source. Additionally, the discipline of psychology and its long history of
trying to understand and explain human behavior is a rich vein of saying for travel motivation.
Finally, the current practices of tourism industry researchers, particularly those involved
in surveying visitors, offer some additional insights concerning how we might approach travel
motivation. Travel motivation studies can be the basis of many consumer analyses in tourism.
A good motivational profile of visitors should be of assistance in understanding how well the
destination characteristics fit the needs of the travelers. The key to linking travel motivation
studies to other tourism studies such as destination choice lies in analyzing the activities
offered by the destination and the activities that fulfill the travelers’ motives. Thus if visitors
strongly motivated by the need to enhance their understanding of art. And history visit well-
managed, quality cultural attractions, then satisfaction is likely. A mismatch can also occur,
such as the assaulted by a tourism product that is set up for those seeking a „party lifestyle”,
that is, stimulation, excitement, and new relationships. As tourism grows into an increasingly
sophisticated consumer industry, the value of understanding the needs of travelers will
increase and the motivation of tourists will become a driving part of all tourism studies.

19
 Contemporary tourism is determined by Push- and Pull-Factors. Pull factors influencing
a destination can be as follows: geographical proximity to markets, accessibility to markets,
availability of attractions, cultural links, availability of services, affordability, peace and
stability, positive market image, pro-tourism policies, etc. Picture depicts push and pull
factors concerning tourist destinations.

Picture 5. Push and pull factors into the destinations

Source: Gunn C., Vacationscapes: Designing tourist regions. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1988.

20
 Picture 6. Psychological determinants of travel demand

Source: Gunn C., Vacationscapes: Designing tourist regions. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1988.

21
 Picture 7. Perceptions of place

Source: Gunn C., Vacationscapes: Designing tourist regions. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold,
1988.
The authors of the book want to show the importance of place perception by potential
tourists and its influence on attractiveness of the region. Therefore, there is presented the
definition of image and its levels.
Definition of „Image” [Gunn 1988]:
• The artificial imitation of the apparent form of an object
• Form resemblance, identity (e.g. art and design)
• Ideas, conceptions held individually or collectively of the destination
Two levels of image [Gunn 1988]:
• organic image - the sum of all information that has not been deliberately directed by
advertising or promotion of a country or destination; this information comes from TV,
radio reports, geography books, what other people have said about the area,
newspapers, Internet, etc.);
• induced image - formed by deliberate promotion by various organizations involved
with tourism.
According to the UNWTO „image” can be also described as the only aspect of destinations.
The UNWTO further adds that the presentation of a destination image must follow the fact
that it is generally a matter not of creating an image from nothing but of transforming an
existing image. Moreover, attitudes and behaviour become established on the basis of a

22
person’s derived image and are not easily changed unless new information or experience is
gained. The holiday image [Mayo 1973] as the image of a destination is a critical factor
when choosing a destination. Whether or not an image is in fact a true representation of what
any given region has to offer the tourist, what is important is the image that exists in the mind
of the vacationer. The tourist may possess a variety of images in connection with travel
(including the image he/she has formed of the destination, of the term “holiday” itself, of the
mode of transport, of the tour operator or travel agency, etc.). However, it is likely that similar
images of a particular holiday experience are held by people within the same segment of
society and who have experienced a similar lifestyle or education.

Review questions:
• What’s the tourist destination?
• What is the definition of image?
• What are two levels of image by Gunn?
• What does tourist product life cycle look like?
• What are the pull factors influencing a destination?
Discussion:

1. Why is important for tourism people to have a good understanding of travel

motivation?
2. Explain the relationship of customer (tourist) satisfaction and travel motivation
3. Are your travel benefits or rewards linked closely to your travel motives?
4. How important are a variety of available experiences at a destination

References and further reading

Burkart, A., and Medlik, S. (1974) Tourism: Past, Present and Future, London: Heinemann.
Gilbert, D.C. (1990) ‘Conceptual issues in the meaning of tourism, in Cooper, C. (ed.),
Progress in Tourism, Recreation and Hospitality Management, Vol. 1, London:
Belhaven.
Leiper, N. (1990) Tourism Systems, Department of Management Systems, Occasional Paper
2, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand.
Mathieson, A., and Wall, G., (1982) Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts,
London: Longman.

23
Smith, S.L.J., (1988) ‘Defining tourism: a supply side view’, Annals of Tourism Research,
vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 179-190.

Chapter II Physical recreation as a social phenomenon

2.1. The concept, scope and types of recreation
Starting with a reflection on recreation, one must first define the concept of "recreation".
There is general agreement that the word "recreation" has its etymology in the Latin word
"recreo", which means "rest", "come alive", "strengthen,". Recreation is generally any activity
undertaken in man’s free time, which is the one that remains for us after the actions necessary,
related to work, family and social life. The most comprehensive is the definition of J.
Dumazedier, who specifies that recreation is a form of activity, which may include own desire
for rest, entertainment, the development of own knowledge and training to voluntary
participation in social life and free development of own creative abilities, after release from
the professional, social and family duties and responsibilities..1 According to M. Demel term
“recreation” is used to determine the various activities undertaken out of the home duties and
social responsibilities for rest, entertainment and self-improvement.2 The concept of
"recreation" has no strict equivalent in Polish. According to T. Wolańska the closest and
similar word is "holiday", although this term has been accepted and interpreted as annual
vacation. T. Wolańska defines recreation as different kind of activities in leisure, for pleasure,
self-expression, the formation of own personality, renewal and increase of psychophysical
energy and strength.3 Not the kind of activity determines whether it is a recreational activity,
but the context of the psycho-social, and therefore whether it is activity that gives a pleasure
and meets expectations and interest or affect personality, developing in a positive way, what
are the motives for taking the actions. In foreign literature the term “recreation” is used in at
least three meanings. Within the meaning of the first it is equated with behavior undertaken
by the unit during leisure. It includes activities performed exclusively for pleasure and own
comfort and well being. Within the meaning of the second recreation means the process of
relaxation, recuperation after work, and so removing the effects of fatigue. However, within
the meaning of the third recreation as socio - cultural phenomenon is growing rapidly, which
is characterized by an increase in the amount of leisure time various social groups of people.
1
J. Dumazedier, Vers une civilisation du loisir?, Edition de Seuil, Paris 1962, p.11.
2
M. Demel, W. Humen W., Wprowadzenie do rekreacji fizycznej, Sport i Turystyka, Warszawa 1970, p.7.

3
T. Wolańska, Rekreacja fizyczna, COMiUK, Warszawa 1971, p.11.

24
Most theoretic researchers concluded that recreation is not only pleasant to spend free time,
but also use that time in a way that is socially useful and constructive for the further
development of the personality. Recreation interacts with the upbringing, self education,
physical and mental health, culture and entertainment, and in raising the level of own culture.
W. Siwiński describes active recreation as one of the important measures in shaping human’s
physical culture. It aims to make up deficiencies in human’s physical education, improve the
level of motor skills, maintain efficiency and physical performance to old age, shape the
correct posture and correct abnormalities in posture related to improper position adopted at
work or school, as well as to protect against the adverse effects of technical civilization. Its
main objective is the development of psychomotor organism, expressing the ability to address
a wide variety of physical efforts and adapt to changing conditions in the external
environment. This objective can be achieved through systematic physical exercises conducted
in a conscious way, focused on using appropriate teaching methods.
Recreation is often divided into two categories: passive recreation, which includes
such behavior as listening to music, watching TV, sunbathing, as well as active recreation in
which stands out the form predominantly mental effort, such as the game of chess, crossword
and the form predominantly physical effort, called physical recreation.4 This division is,
however, the nature of the contract, because in fact, human’s activities differ from the usual
level of activity and a predominance of physical and mental effort. Leisure activities can be
classified also due to the number of participating persons. This criterion applies K.
Czajkowski and lists three basic forms of recreational activities: a team form (a small number
of participants), an individual form (for one person) and massive form (covering a large
number of participants). Due to the complexity and richness of content activities it is hardly to
systemize and enclose recreation in a single schema and patterns. Autor ten proponuje
wyróżnić następujące rodzaje rekreacji: twórczą, kulturalno-rozrywkową, poprzez działalność
społeczna oraz fizyczną. The author proposes to distinguish the following types of activities:
the cultural, creative, entertainment and through social and physical activities.
Physical recreation is currently referred to as "sport for all". According to B. Kunicki
the most important elements in the physical recreation are movement and exercise, which is to
ensure first and foremost the biological efficiency of the body, and at the same time improve
mental and social functioning of the individual. Physical recreation is psycho physical
experience, act of culture strongly affecting human personality. Leading objectives of

4
K. Wojciechowski, Pedagogika dorosłych, PZWS, Warszawa 1962, p.550-551.

25
physical recreation are: meeting the needs of move necessary for health, daily balancing
energy balance of the human body, improving, maintaining and building efficiency and
performance and physical pleasure and satisfaction with physical exertion.5
By content of physical recreation, we understand any sports movement grown in free
time for leisure, entertainment, the development of own personality, without resetting
primarily on achieving maximum sport achievements, not-too-strenuous, and bring relaxation,
joy and pleasure.
In conclusion, recreation should be an integral part of human life, should be inscribed
in the living system. Recreation may constitute one of the basic duties of man to himself by
preventing the negative effects of the development of civilization.

2.2. Barriers concerning participation in physical recreation

Physical recreation provides man with opportunities for psycho - physical growth and
opportunity for own emancipation from the pressure of biological needs and social norms.
This term is synonymous with sports, tourist and passion activity, undertaken on a voluntary
basis – apart from duties and it is more for fun and pleasant rather than meeting the needs of
human existence.
One of the most important factors limiting the participation in leisure activities is the
financial situation of the person. This is a serious problem that prevents a lot of people from
taking part in active leisure. As is well known, unemployment in Poland is high, and hence
the society can't afford to practice various types of sport. There are a lot of sports and
recreation centers, but the lack of money in home’s budget couldn’t allow their children to
attend it. This is limiter, which prevents children and adolescents from not only pleasurable
spending time, but many of the techniques and knowledge of sports (e.g. swimming lessons).
For example, attendance to the pool is associated with costs such as purchasing a swimming
cap, swimming suit, as well as access and stay in the swimming pool. Although there are not
big costs, definitely this is a big barrier for people with poor financial situation. In present
commercialized times lack of funding can play an important role in physical recreation, it may
limit participation, though this may be a stimulus to demonstrate creative thinking, inventing
such forms of physical recreation, which do not require financial resources.
The other objective barriers include the following:

5
Kunicki B., Społeczne bariery rekreacji fizycznej. AWF Warszawa 1984, p.16-17.

26
  Geographical cconditions.
 Morphological - functional properties of the human body.
 Stereotypes in the social consciousness - the collective beliefs, values, cultural
patterns, rejecting the benefits of physical recreation.
 Disregard for physical culture, as a lack of knowledge of the functioning of the body
and its movement needs.
 Lack of information about centers offering various forms of physical activity.
 Poor range of offer.
 The low attractiveness of the recreational activities.
 The lack of professional instructors in charge of human behavior in the sphere of
recreation.
Among the subjective factors that impede the adoption of recreational activity can also
be a risk factor. Anyone who starts practicing sport, also recreational, takes different types of
risk: the possibility of light injuries while running or skiing, but also after persistent, negative
health effects, which may even be irreversible. Therefore, the problems occur in the decision
making for some forms of recreation or sport. Particularly important factor may also be the
wrong decision, that is to say, the provision of sports, which for various reasons are not
suitable for the conditions, or by the individual. Another factor impeding the decision is a fear
of uncertain effect. Recreation participant may be of the opinion that, for example he will
drown while swimming or will be given an accident while horse riding or cycling. A person
with reduced mobility considers that by their physical shortcomings is not suited for
recreation – teenage girls think in this way - on the basis of the studies conducted. In advance
they assume that any attempt to improve their efficiency will fail. People who think that they
look much different from their expectations and social standards exist in fear, especially
before the necessity of get dressed in various sports and disclosure of deficiencies of the body
against intolerable environment. This results in a reluctance to engage in sports and
recreation. The low level of self-control is otherwise lack of motivation or strong-will. This
condition generally can be defined as the inability to enforce the systematic practicing
recreation and tourism. It comes to making frequent decisions to take hard training and
overcome own weaknesses. The first hesitation to participate in exercises appear especially in
the beginning, when, instead of improving the well-being, the body reacts negatively. muscle
pain or headaches. A strong factor for the reduction in the level of self-control is monotony in
recreation, caused by wrong selection, as well as an invalid at the time of the explosion, the

27
excessive length of the same elements repetition. However, some items should be carried out
routinely, in order to achieve the intended purpose. Against the barriers they should be
introduced. People with reduced mobility inside greater attention pay to the external
appearance than the motor activity, which, after all, affects the appearance of the body.
The barriers must be limited by all practical means, what is the responsibility of
parents, teachers and sports-recreational staff.

Review Questions:
1. Definition of recreation according to authors.
2. Definition of barrier in recreation .
3. Subjective barriers (kinds and methods of prevention).
4. Objective barriers (kinds and methods of prevention).
5. Difficulties in decision’s making – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
6. The low self - confidence – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
7. Wrong attitude towards the own body and hygiene – interpretation of barrier in
recreation.
8. The low level of self-control – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
9. Small internal mobility – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
10. Lack of positive pro health attitude – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
11. A wrong decision – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
12. Fear of an uncertain result – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
13. Monotony in recreation – interpretation of barrier in recreation.
14. Automation and electronics– interpretation of barrier in recreation.

References and further readings:

1. Rut J., Turystyka i rekreacja dla pracy i wypoczynku, KORAW, Rzeszów 1998.
2. Toczek-Werner S. Podstawy rekreacji i turystyki, AWF Wrocław, 1998.

Chapter III Chosen aspects of tourism

Presented analysis of terms concerning tourist movement makes the authors a possibility
to claim that tourism phenomenon is a very hard phenomenon to define. Therefore, tourism

28
division is both hard to present from scientific and practical point of view. In Polish and
foreign literature of the subject one can meet various typologies of the contemporary tourism.
3.1. Forms of tourism
Scientists divide tourism according to different criteria and points of view. One can
enumerate for instance: motivations, tourists’ origin as well as tourism subject. When taking
into account the criteria mentioned above, one can present the following examples of forms of
tourism:
CRITERION FORM OF TOURISM
I. Motivations

1. Physical  leisure tourism

 health (salubrious) tourism
 sport tourism
 active tourism

2. Psychological  enlighten tourism

 educational tourism
 leisure tourism
 club tourism

3. Interpersonal  family tourism

 club tourism
 camping tourism

4. Cultural  educational tourism

 culture tourism

5. Prestigious  congress tourism

 business tourism
 incentive tourism

II. Tourists’ origin

1. Travels inside the country or region  Domestic or regional tourism

2. Arrivals to foreign countries  Inbound tourism

3. Departures to foreign countries  Outbound tourism (abroad)

Table 3. Forms of tourism according to different criteria

Source: the authors’ elaboration

According to tourism subject one can list the following forms of tourism:

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURE FORM OF TOURISM

• Number of participants • Individual and group tourism
• Participants’ age • Youth and seniors’ tourism
• Length of stay • Long- and short-term tourism

29
 • Season • Summer, Winter tourism and
interseason tourism
• Accommodation • Hotel, second houses, camping,
apartments
• Mean of transport • Train, bus, plane, bicycle, on foot
• Finance sources • Social or credit tourism
• Sociological aspect • Luxury and exclusive tourism,
traditional and social tourism,
• Behaviour in tourism • „intelligent” and „enlightened”
tourism
• Balance of payments’ aspect • Inbound –active tourism and
outbound – passive tourism
Table 4. Forms of tourism according to tourism subject
Source: the authors’ elaboration.

The most important criterion when dividing tourism is motivation, which means tourists’
aims and the main purpose of travelling. According to Gaworecki [Gaworecki 2010] one can
present the most popular forms of tourism:

FORM OF TOURISM CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES

• minority’s (ethnic) tourism
• a very important thing is an activity
of ethnic group and its inside
integration
• it can be an element of culture’s
spreading
• factor of country’s development
• diaspora (spreading across an area)

• Weekend tourism/ Local (regional) • organized and individual

tourism • no more than 3 overnight stays
• destinations not far away from home
• it’s a process of planning and
development
• the main aim is to integrate a local
society
• tourists know history, culture, natural
monuments, buildings of visited
destination

• Social tourism • for those people, who don’t have an

opportunity to travel because of their
bad material situation
• it depends on social policy of
country, including leisure and
recreation aspects

• Sea tourism • every activity connected with the sea

Forms of sea tourism:
• offshore/sea-going
• sailing/yachting

30
 • seaside sailing
• ferries
• canoeing
• underwater
tourism/diving/scubadiving

• Active tourism • modern form of relax

• necessity of physical and
psychological preparation
• ability of using a tourist equipment
• general knowledge about tourism not
only
• it’s similar to sport but there is no
rivalry and competition and we move
to places and visit them
Forms of active tourism:
• on foot (walkers)
• sea
• skiing
• cycling
• motorcycling
• speleological (visiting caves)

• Alternative tourism • „off the beaten tracks”

• different from mass tourism
• rather individual tourism
• „intelligent” and „enlightened”
tourism
• difficult, physical and psychological
effort
• integration with a nature
• sustainable tourism

• Religious and pilgrimage tourism • the most important aims are religious
aspects
• pilgrimages with prayers, meditations
• holy places,
• religious events

• Rural tourism /Agrotourism • not as expensive as for example

active tourism
• family tourism/seniors’ tourism
• especially in mountains
• accommodation with food or only an
accommodation
• village life – help in seasonal works
(for example harvest),

• Business/congress tourism • it’s difficult to estimate its size in an

international range

31
 • untypical canvassing (for example by
Internet and other medias, reservation
systems like Amadeus or Worldspan)
• profitability and specialization
• capital city of congress tourism in
Europe is Paris

• Culture tourism • culture is a very important element of

tourism in general
• way of spreading out tourism
• Health (salubrious) tourism • active relax
• sanatorium
• clear air
• contact with nature
• Stimulating tourism (incentive tours) • self-financed
• it makes relations in a firm/company
much better
• group tourism
• it’s a kind of prize for good work or
incentive for a better work

Table 5. Forms of tourism according to motivations

Source: the authors’ elaboration (for more information: W. Gaworecki, Turystyka. PWE,
Warszawa 2010).

There are many other forms of tourism as follows:

 tanathotourism/dark tourism,
 shopping tourism,
 medical tourism,
 film tourism,
 virtual tourism,
 enotourism,
 e-tourism,
 space tourism, etc.
Literature of the subject presents many tourists’ types and their motivations. Authors of the
book decided to enumerate two classifications which (from the authors point of view) are the
most popular and most important divisions. They are as follows:
I. Tourists’ types according to M. Bassand
 Le sportif – tourist focused on entertainment, fun, etc.,
 Le connaisseur – tourist focused on contact with art, works of art, etc.,
 Le solitaire – tourist focused on contact with a nature, natural environment,

32
  Le voyeur – tourist focused on smattering sightseeing, the more the better.
II. Tourists’ types according to E. Cohen
 Organized mass tourist – „maximum familiarity” – mass tourist, travelling in an
organized way with help of travel agencies and/or touroperators;
 Individual mass tourist – mass tourist, travelling individually, without any help of
tourist intermediaries;
 Explorer – domination of what is new, but comfort needed
 Drifter – lack of familiarity, integration with the local societies and its environments

ELABORATE IT!
1. Give all the definitions of tourism mentioned above.
2. Invent two more forms of tourism with its justification.

CASE STUDY
The business and conference tourism period in Geneva, Switzerland (1920-1998)
The major event transforming Geneva tourist structure was the establishment of the Societe
des Nations Headquarters in 1919, giving birth to a dominant conference tourism. At the time the
rival cities to host the forefather of UN organizations were the Hague, Brussels and Versailles.
What determined the choice was the central geographic location of Switzerland, its long tradition
of neutrality and its cosmopolitanism was thought to nurture exchanges that might favor people’s
encounter. The Netherlands, another neutral (and protestant) country was also on the top of the
list, but it had two major handicaps: its monarchic regime and its language. In the official race
only two places remained: Lausanne and Geneva. Calvin, Rousseau, the Red-Cross (founded in

33
1864), thus a part of the cultural heritage, made the difference. From a tourist point of view the
presence in Geneva of several prestigious palaces was of great importance.
The present Palais des Nations was built in the 1930s in a massive style. Although conference
tourism boom was an opportunity when Geneva leisure tourism began to decline, some authors
were very ironical and even caustic towards conference tourism.
Nowadays, 30% of nights spent are bound to international organizations’ activity and Geneva
is at the 18th world rank as an international meeting point. It is clearly one of its dominant forms
of tourism, coupled to the presence of multinational headquarters and of the overdeveloped
financial sector.
Leisure tourism declined in the city during this period for people went to smaller resorts in the
Alps or along the lakes; Geneva with 700 000 inhabitants in its urbanized area, lost its qualities of
contemplative tourism and only attracts leisure tourism in the summer months (70% leisure
tourism then). The number of hotel nights was 2 350 000 in 2000 for the Canton de Geneve (ca
30-35th rank among European cities), inferior to the number of 1984-1985.
The touristic authorities, having succeeded in developing conference and business tourism –
helped by the destiny of the city – failed to develop urban and cultural tourism for two reasons:
 Cultural politics of the city preferred to favor various but limited initiatives to promote all
kinds of culture without any specialty, except maybe of music and opera. Cultural
authorities do not want “pavarottize” culture; there is two little common strategy between
tourist and political authorities in this domain;
The cultural milieu (environment) tends to despite tourists, and neither is the alternative scene
motivated to attract them. No major museum has been created in Geneva since the 1960s, no
major painting exhibition or art festival has been organized in the city; it is known that they are
powerful urban attractions. For instance, no appropriate museum is dedicated to Jean-Jacques
Rousseau, born in Geneva, although a modest project exists.

International organisations of business and congress tourism

 EFCT: European Federation of Conference Towns
 AIPC: l’Association Internationale des Palais de Congress
 IACC: International Association of Conference Centers
 ICCA: International Congress and Convention Association
 IACVB: International Association of Convention and Visitor Bureaux

34
EFCT: European Federation of Conference Towns
EFCT activities:
 Support of its members in international competition
 Worldwide publicity by means of joint brochures and actions
 Exchange of information on past and future events, of experiences and ideas, of
studies and publications on conferences, exhibition and incentive travel
 Collaboration with international authorities, associations and institutions
 Advance training of relevant specialists through the organization of courses and
exchange visits
 A professional advisory service to meeting planners, incentive travel and exhibition
organizers and other users

Conditions of membership:
 Conference facilities which can accommodate at least 300 participants, with proper
equipment and providing the usual services
 Satisfactory hotel accommodation for at least 300 participants
 Provide necessary transportation
 Team of experts in conference organization
 Can furnish proof that they have hosted in a satisfactory manner at least five
international conferences during the previous three years
 Are in a country to and from which freedom of traveling is assured

Members:
1. Full members: European conference towns which fulfill the conditions for
membership
2. affiliated members: a national association of conference towns of which at least five
cities of its country are full members
3. associated members: non-European towns which fulfill the conditions for membership

Trends in business tourism

 A significant growth in the need to exchange information
 An increasing specialization and professionalism of activities, which results in a growth in
training needs and the necessity for permanent updates

35
 International companies face fierce competition from the non-European markets, which
requires an increased cooperation and strategic planning between the Europeans and
worldwide players.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. How well-placed is Europe to benefit from this general growth in business tourism
activity?
2. What are strengths of Europe in terms of business tourism which will enable it to
compete successfully with other world regions?

Main assets of the European supply

 its attractive diversity in terms of destinations and cultures
 its level of market maturity, due to its historical position
 the expertise and professionalism of its specialists and the quality of the products
 the presence in Europe of many company head offices, institutions and associations,
which generate an important need for meetings and exchanges of information.

Structural and organizational problems of European conference industry:

 a real lack of statistics and information at all levels of the sector (local, regional, national
and European)
 a number of fiscal and legal barriers which hamper(hamują) the activity within Europe
and penalize the competitive position of the European offering in the international
marketplace
 a critical need for specialized skills training, which are constantly evolving and which
require an increasing level of professionalism from those involved
 scattered promotional programs which poorly reflect the wealth and complementary
nature offered by the numerous business tourism destinations in Europe
 a lack of clarity in the definition of business tourism activities compared with careers in
traditional tourism sectors
 the insufficient recognition of the sector as a whole and of the importance of the benefits
that it generates for the region or country

36
 a lack of development planning at national and European levels, which leads to an over-
supply situation in several locations, detrimental(szkodliwy) to overall sectors.
The strategy proposed by the EU:
1. establish and/or reinforce coordination or partnership practices at all levels between
institutions, the representative professional organizations and the various operators of
the sector
2. improve the structure and the activity pattern of a sector which is growing rapidly,
improve its knowledge and its recognition at national and European levels
3. provide a coherent framework for the different actions taken by the European Union
related to business tourism
4. modernize the existing supply to maintain its competitiveness, revitalize its marketing
and promotion in Europe and abroad, and stimulate demand to counter the
competition, particularly that from North America and the Asia-Pacific region.

REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What has been the fate of frequent flyer programs in Europe?
2. Has Europe been able to hold on to its share of the conference market in the face of
growing competition from the Asia-Pacific region?
3. Is incentive travel still a growth market in Europe or has belt-tightening (or other
factors) restricted growth?
4. Have moves towards the privatization/contracting out of exhibition facilities in
Germany had any impact on this country’s domination of the trade fair market?

3.2. Functions of tourism

Tourism plays a very important role in every human life. Unfortunately, each kind of
tourism has its good and bad sides, especially mass tourism is characterized as a dark tourism
because of many faults and disadvantages that brings to local people, destinations, and also
tourists. Therefore, many researchers ask a question: Tourism: Blessing or Blight? (G.
Young). The answer is ambivalent and varied, depending on form of tourism, tourism policy,
infrastructure and other factors. The most important thing is tourists’ attitude towards
destinations and its inhabitants. The authors want to underline ambivalent character of tourism
as well as negative effects of intensive tourism development.

37
 DURING WTO CONGRESS IN MANILLA (1980) – THESIS: „TOURISM
BRINGS MORE COSTS THAN BENEFITS”.

The most frequent negative effects of tourism:

 People think only about money (all about money) (79%)
 Lack of a sense of togetherness (53%)
 Too many foreigners (46%)
 Adverse change of destination (45%)
 Family is not a unity anymore (44%)
 The landscape is marred (43%)
 Only minority benefits from tourism (26%).
Additionally tourists tread od plants and soil; they influence flora (precious species
become extinct)
 wastes;
 Increased tourist movement in the season;
 noise;
 Fire risk;
 Tourist infrastructure is built
Activities of local authorities should [Dziedzic 1998] make it possible that tourism is
integrated with social and economic life of local societies as well as provide attractive tourist
product to achieve the first goal.
Tourist investments cause: Landscape transformation (destruction), losses in natural
environment, decrease of arable (cultivated) lands, Limited access to sea for local people,
Problems with water (water usage), etc.
Tourism balance (J. Jafari)
Social and economical merits
 An inflow of foreign currency
 Production of tourist products/souvenirs
 Diversity of economic activity
 Investments
 Using an existing infrastructure

38
 Building and improving a new tourist infrastructure
 Using a tourist infrastructure by local society
 The multiplier effect
 Improving a level of society supply
 New job opportunities for young people, unskilled people and others in farming
villages
 Financial support for culture, buildings, museums, and all heritage in the village
 Education improving
 Overcoming the barriers, for example: language, social, class divisions, religious and
races.
 Civilizations’mixing and learning them
 Appreciate own and foreign social and cultural values
 International peace and understanding
Social and economical faults
 inflation
 Outflow of foreign currency
 the seasonal character of prices/employment and unemployment
 Economical/ trade fluctuations
 unstable development
 Destroying local resources (by tourists and farmers)
 A local tourist infrastructure is not used by local people because of lack of money and
lack of accessibility (tourist ghetto)
 the industrial and tourist buildings marred the landscape
 Destroying a landscape because of low absorption level of environment
 A big ecological capacity because of tourist activity
 Commercialization of culture, habits, customs and traditions in the destination in order
to tourists’ tastes and wants
 The loss of identity
 Conflicts, xenophobia, prostitution, crimes, lack of understanding and an activity for a
show
Small scale development strategy (A. Mathison, G. Wall)
 Strategy of limited development
 Reducement of external influences

39
  Bigger autonomy of local authorities, who should create directions and pace of its
development
Negative social effects on a host society
 Introduction of undesirable activities such as gambling, prostitution, drunkenness and
others
 The so-called demonstration effect of local people wanting the same luxuries and
imported goods as those indulged in by tourists
 Racial tension, particularly where they are very obvious racial differences between
tourists and their hosts
 Development of a servile attitude to the part of tourist business employees
 Producing volumes of souvenirs for the tourist trade
 Standardization of employee roles such as the international waiter-same type of person
in every country
 Loss of cultural pride, if the culture is viewed by the visitor as a quaint custom or as
entertainment
 Too-rapid change in local ways of life because of being overwhelmed by too many
tourists
 numbers of workers in low-paid, menial jobs

TOURISM IMPACT/GROUP WORK

 Effects on the Individual
 Effects on the Family
 Effects on Society
Enumerate both eufunctions and disfunctions of tourism!

3.3. Tourism and national economy

Tourism industry creates jobs, increases income and foreign exchange, stimulates capital
investment, generates opportunities for large and small scale business development. It also
encourages community, regional, national, and global economic and political linkages.
International tourism – persons travelling to different countries – is one of the three leading
categories of international trade.
So, Why do people travel?
“What induces them to leave their home area to visit other areas? What factors condition
their travel behaviour, influencing their choice of destination, itineraries followed and

40
activities undertaken?”[ D.G. Pearce 1995]. When answering the question one should gain
knowledge about basic components of concepts of tourism demand.
Basic components of Concepts of tourism demand
1. Effective or actual demand - actual number of participants in tourism or those who are
travelling (de facto tourists). This component of demand is the most commonly and tourism
statistics refer to effective demand
2. Suppressed demand - made up of that section of the population who do not travel for some
reason.
3. No demand - those who simply do not wish to travel or are unable to travel
4. Potential demand - those who will travel at some future date if they experience a change in
their circumstances (e.g. more paid holiday), and they therefore have the potential to move
into the effective demand category
5. Deferred demand - demand postponed because of a problem in the supply environment
(e.g. lack of capacity in accommodation, weather conditions, terrorist activity). This implies
the possibility of converting to effective demand when the supply conditions are more
favourable.

When talking about tourism and its influence on local, regional and/or national economy,
one should mention about tourist destinations’ management. So, what is the destination?
Destination is a geographic space (place, region) which is selected by the customer (or a guest
segment) as a place to stay for a while. All necessary facilities are comprised, like
accommodation, catering, entertainment/activity. Therefore it is the competition unity in
incoming tourism which has to be managed as the strategic business unity“[Bieger 2002].
What are the expectations towards destinations? One can enumerate it as „a list of wishes“:
- supply and service chain,
- minimum: one „key business area“,
- minimum: one profitable brand,
- independence from political limitations,
- competent management,
- development of quality and quantity system,
- reservation system,
- enough resources.

41
 It is obvious, that tourism development is linked to the evolution and development of
destinations and regions. The destination brand fashion curve will depend on such factors as
government policy, market trends, competing destinations, and accessibility. The length of
each stage oft he curve, and oft he cycle itself, is variable. The shape oft he curve varies
depending upon supply-side factors such as investment, capacity constraints, tourist impacts
and planning responses.

Picture 8. The destination brand fashion curve

Source: Cooper Ch., Fletcher J., Gilbert D., Tourism. Principles& Practice. Pitman
Publishing, Wanhill, 1993.

The next picture (picture 9) depicts destination evolution and

hypothetical tourist area life cycle. There are the following phases of the cycle:

 Exploration,
 Involvement,
 Development,
 Consolidation,
 Stagnation,
 Decline,
 Rejuvenation.

42
 TRY TO FIND A SPECIFIC EXAMPLE OF TOURIST AREA LIFE CYCLE ON
THE BASE OF THE PICTURE BELOW.

Picture 9. hypothetical tourist area life cycle

Source: Butler R.W., “The concept of a tourist area cycle of evolution”, Canadian
Geographer, Vol. 24, pp. 5-12, Oxford, Pergamon Press Ltd, 1980.

Picture 10 depicts organizations, bodies, offices taking part in tourism planning,

developing and organizing. Different institutions are engaged in the travel industry to make it
easy to travel without many barriers and chaos.

43
 Picture 10. Routes to markets for destinations
Source: McIntosh R. W., Goeldner Ch. R., Tourism. Principles, Practices, Philosophies. John
Wiley&Sons Inc. USA 1986.

The complex organization of tourism involves thousands of units. These are

organizations which are due to planning, developing and promoting within destinations.
Authors present various criteria of classification of organizations influencing tourism
economy on each level of administration (local, regional and national).
 by geographical point of view (nations, regions, provinces/states, cities/urban
centers),
 by Ownership (government, quasi government, private),
 by Function or type of activity (regulators, suppliers, marketers, developers,
consultants, researchers, educators, publishers, professional associations, trade
organizations, consumer organizations),
 by Industry (transportation, travel agents, tour wholesalers, lodging, attractions,
recreation),
 by Motive (Profit or non-profit).

44
Among international organizations engaged in tourism development around the world one
should list: United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), World Travel and
Tourism Council (WTTC), International Air Transport Association (IATA), and International
Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
UNWTO is the most widely recognized organization in tourism. Located in Madrid,
it’s the only organization that represents all national and official tourist interests.
UNWTO is an official consultative organization to the United Nations. The main
objectives of UNWTO are:
 to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of tourism to peace, understanding, health,
and prosperity throughout the world,
 to facilitate, in travel, people’s access to education and culture,
 to raise standards of living in the less developed areas of the world by helping to
provide facilities for foreign tourism and the promotion of tourist to these areas,
 to act as an international agency of coordination and cooperation to spread tourism,
 to provide a point for meeting and coordination of all tourist interests of member
countries concerning both the national tourist organizations and professional sectors
and organizations representing the interests of the travelers,
 to do all this in the most efficient way.
IATA is the global organization for virtually all the international air carriers. The
principal function of IATA is to facilitate the movement of persons and goods from any
point on the world air network to any other by any combination of routes. To be a member
of IATA, an airline must hold a certificate for scheduled air carriage from a government
eligible (conditions) for membership in the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO), a specialized agency of the United Nations.
ICAO is an organization of some 80 governments joined to promote civil aviation on
a worldwide scale. This organization, established in 1944, has the following specific
objectives:
 to ensure the safe and orderly growth of international civil aviation throughout the
world,
 to avoid discrimination between contracting countries,
 to promote generally the development of all aspects of international civil aeronautics,
 to encourage economic means to prevent unreasonable competition,
 to meet the needs of the people of the world for sale, regular, efficient, economical air
transport.

45
 Financing is always a major problem in tourism development. Large financial
organizations are willing to make developmental loans. Examples include the World Bank
(United States), Islamic Development Bank (Saudi Arabia), European Regional Development
Fund (Belgium) and others.
Regional and local tourism organizations have the goal of attracting tourists to their
specific geographic region. Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) – represents countries
which have united to achieve an excellence in travel and tourism growth in this vast region.
PATA has gained a reputation for outstanding accomplishment among similar world
organizations. European Travel Commission (ETC) – is a strategic alliance that provides
for the collaboration between 33 European national tourism organizations (NTO’s). Its goal is
to attract millions of potential and existing overseas customers from the major overseas
markets to come to Europe.
Governmental involvement in tourism is visible in the following activities: foreign
exchange earnings and their importance for the balance of payments, employment creation
and the need to provide education and training, large and fragmented industry requiring
careful coordination of development and marketing, maximize the net benefits to the host
communities, spread the benefits and costs justly (fair), building an image of the country as a
tourist destination as well as make regulations to protect consumers and prevent unfair
competition. Additionally, government takes care of: provision of public goods and
infrastructure as part of the tourist product, protect tourist resources and the environment,
regulate aspects of social behavior, for example gambling as well as monitor the level of
tourism activity through statistical surveys.

What is the role of the European Union in tourism? The most important tasks are to
improve the quality of European tourism services, stimulate demand for European tourism
outside common borders, as well as improve the business environment in which tourist
enterprises operate, and also to move forward tourism developments in a sustainable manners,
in order to guarantee that the activity continues on a regular basis.

To sum up, The UNWTO represents governmental tourist interests and aids in world
tourism development. Individual countries, states, regions have their own tourist promotion
and development organizations that work to promote tourism in their area and coordinate
tourism promotion. Most governments play a regulatory as well as developmental role in
tourism through such agencies as federal aviation administrations, customs offices, passport
bureaus…. Government agencies typically compile research statistics and gather data.

46
Governments also operate tourist enterprises such as airlines, national parks and sometimes
hotels and campgrounds.

TIDBIT

The Taj Mahal in Agra, India, is a favourite travel destination along the Asian Highway. The
Asian Highway was initiated in 1958 and founded by the national government in Asia.

Discussion:

 If you were minister of tourism in Thailand, what types of assistance might you
request from UNWTO?

 Do you feel that education should be one of the principal functions of any tourism
organization? Why or why not?

3.4. Trends and tendencies in travel industry

In this chapter the authors attempt to synthesize the trends and influences upon the future
of tourism. We identify a number of factors which, although outside the control of tourism,
will have an impact upon its development.
Tourism in the Third Millennium will look like a big industry of the world. According to
most forecasts, the future of tourism continues to be full of promise. Every data concerning
arrivals, receipts, employment in travel industry look promising despite for example 1998
Asian economic crisis, events of September 11, 2001, SARS and others. The tourism industry
of today is the product of many forces that have shaped both its structure and the manner in
which it functions. The growth and development of tourism has been rapid over the past half
century. According to UNWTO [UNWTO 1997]:
 since 1950, when international travel started to become accessible to the general
public, tourist activity has risen from 25 million to 760 million arrivals in 2005;
 international tourism receipts have risen from US$ 2.1 billion to US$ 514 billion in
2003;
 international tourism receipts grew faster than world trade in the 1980s and now
constitute a higher proportion of the value of world exports than all sectors other than
crude petroleum/petroleum products and motor vehicles/parts/accessories.

47
The tendencies of tourism growth are presented in the table 6.
Tourist Arrivals (mln)
Regions 2010 2020
Europe 527 717
East Asia/Pacific 231 438
Americas 195 284
Africa 46 75
Middle East 37 69
South Asia 11 19
World 1,047 1,602
Table 6. The World of Tourism in 2020
Source: the authors’ elaboration, based on: UNWTO Forecasts, 2006-2020.

Discussion:
 Tourism in the late 1990s was a very large and dynamic sector of the econom
 What do you think: has tourism achieved a mature phase of its development o
going to grow much more rapidly?

The following data present the importance and role of travel industry in the world:
 International tourism arrivals are forecast to top 1 billion in 2010, and reach 1.6 billion
in 2020;
 The annual rate of growth between 1995 and 2020 is 4,3%
 Europe will remain the largest receiving region;
 East Asia/Pacific, increasing at 7% per annum (p.a.) will pass the Americas as
historically the second largest receiving region, holding 27% market share in 2020
against 18% by the Americas;

48
 Discussion:
 What is your opinion: what’s the future of space tourism?

 The respective shares of Africa, the Middle East and South Asia will all record some
increase to 5%, 4% and 1% by 2020;
 WTTC research shows that some 269,5 million people around the world will be
employed in jobs that exist because of demand generated by travel and tourism by
2015.
 Tourism is driving (directly and indirectly) more than 10% of employment today,
globally, regionally and nationally.

THE NATURE OF FUTURE GROWTH

 The period of the 1990s was dramatically different from that of the previous three
decades;
 Tourism as a „world’s largest industry” is being blamed for the destruction of cultures,
degradation of the environment;
 Many leading organizations having a strong interest in the future of tourism
understand a need of changes and their likely implications for the future of tourism;
 Tourism of tomorrow will face a number of constraints and limitations that cannot be
ignored.
Space Tourism
There is an office of Space Adventures company (headquarter in Arlington, Virginia, US)
in Moscow, which goal is to open the space frontier to everyone and promote private space
exploration by building a series of successful, privately funded space-flight missions. The
main disadvantage is an expensive cost of space travel. A leading space tourism researcher is
Geoffrey Crouch, who says that this form of tourism is very promising.

49
Tourism and Terrorism
Nowadays tourism as an industry and tourist destinations are strictly connected with a
terrorism. Why do terrorists attack tourism centers?
1. An attack on a tourism center is an attack on a nation’s entire economy;
2. Tourism is a highly media-oriented and terrorism seeks publicity and tourist
attractions like sport events or festivals are likely to have media already at the side;
3. Museums, historic sites and other tourist attractions represent the spirit and essence of
a nation;
4. Tourist spots provide terrorists with relative anonymity.

CASE STUDY
Examples of recent tourism-related crises:
 Cuba, Haiti and Florida: the advent of successive major hurricanes;

 China: SARS;

 Bali: nightclub bombing and lack of water for local people as a result of tourism

 Egypt: Luxor killings of tourists;

 Thailand: avian (bird) flu and the threat of its spreading to humans;

 Britain: foot-and-mouth disease in cattle;

FIND DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE SITUATIONS

LISTED ABOVE!!!

The Tourist of the Future is a kind of traveller who characterizes the following features:

 Possessing an information and knowledge about the destination as a result of high

technology (knowledge-based society);
 More demanding tourists – it means more sophisticated, more discerning (interested in
more individualized experiences, characterized as special-interest travel);
 Tourist seeks a virtual reality (VR) – virtual-reality tourism as a replacement for
travel, it means that today people are able to „experience” a destination without
actually visiting it.
It is also worth mentioning that ageing society makes some changes, for example:
1. Leisure, rather than highly programmed, vacations will increase;

50
 2. More grandparents will be travelling with children;
3. Convenience will be paramount; airport delays due to increased security and
overcrowded facilities will result in a trend away from short flights;
4. Many individuals will tend to turn inward toward family and friends as they seek
protection in a hostile world;
5. Concern for health and medical travel facilities will be driven by psychological needs
of older travelers;
6. Educational hotels will meet the growing desire of tourists both to learn and to acquire
new skills;
7. Travelers will seek „home hotels” where they an easily find most things they need
(shoes, clothing etc.) so as to minimize their luggage.
The Changing Nature of Tourism Products is also very important because of the fact
that the following range of products is well adapted to the changing market:
1. Beach and other resorts that provide a range of activities and attractions in a good
environment, are easy to reach, are pleasant to be in, and have good communications
to home and office;
2. Cities with good transport links, user-friendly airports, and an attractive environment
offering culture, entertainment, and good shopping, which can be enjoyed during a
short break;
3. „Get away from it all” destinations, offering an excellent environment, whether for
total relaxation or for pursuit of cultural, physical interests; also with excellent
communications with home and office;
4. Cruises, many of which are getting shorter and more affordable, are floating resorts
that offer a full range of entertainment and leisure options to satisfy the whole family.

Amongst tourism tendencies one can not forget about ecotourism and sustainable
tourism development and its benefits for natural and social environments. Ecotourism is a
tourist movement, which aim is to join tourists’ needs with sustainable development.
Integration of local people as well as new attitudes towards tourism and its organizers are also
very important issues. Ecotourism is also defined as „responsible travel to natural areas that
conserves the environment and improves the wellbeing of local people”. Ecotourism is
environmentally friendly travel that emphasizes seeing and saving natural habitat and
archeological treasures. As a form of travel, ecotourism takes great care of understanding of
environment’s culture and natural history, fosters the ecosystem’s integrity, and produces

51
economic opportunities and conservation gains. Principles of ecotourism are to: minimize
impact of tourism, build environmental and cultural awareness and respect, provide positive
experiences for both visitors and hosts, provide direct financial benefits for conservation
provide financial benefits and empowerment for local people, raise sensitivity to host
countries’ political, environmental, and social climate, support international human rights and
labour agreements. Ecotourism puts emphasis on tourist activities development aimed at a
close contact with nature, direct relationships: tourists-local pe ople as well as on taking into
account tourist capacity.
Benefits and Importance of Ecotourism:
 provides jobs and income for local people,
 makes possible funds for purchasing and improving protected or natural areas to
attract more ecotourists in the future,
 provides environmental education for visitors,
 encourages heritage and environmental preservation and enhancement (the creation of
new or enlarged national and state parks, forests preserves, biosphere reserves,
recreation areas, beaches, marine and underwater trails and other attractions).
Examples of ecotourism
 Third World countries host many ecotourists. In Brazil, nature travel has become the
country’s largest new source of revenue.
 In south-central Africa, Rwanda’s ecotourism is the third largest source of foreign
exchange earnings.
 In Costa Rica, 60% of visitors are interested in seeing the national park system, which
comprises 11% of the country’s land area. If biological and private reserves are added,
the protected areas total 23% of the nation.

Fortunately tourism industry has begun using modern technology in the fields of
computer science, communications and building of transportation to preserve the
environment.
Next, Sustainable Tourism Development is Tourism which is in a form which can
maintain its viability in an area for an indefinite period of time. [Butler 1980]. Quality of
life should be improved thanks to tourism [Guide for Local Planners, WTO, Madrid 1993].
Sustainability is „making things last”, whether it is an economy, en ecosystem, or a culture
Sustainable Tourism [Pearce 1988]:
Some premises of Sustainable Development in Tourism:

52
  the premise of interdependency,
 the premise of multidisciplinarity,
 the premise of previous experience,
 the premise that nature is better,
 the premise of politics and power.
Sustainable Tourism is a cultural construct, or a set of ideas, inspired by the concept of
environmental or „green” tourism from books such as Nature Tourism [Whelan, 1991] and
Ecotourism: The Potentials and Pitfalls [Boo, 1990]. Sustainable tourism has multiple goals,
namely to create and maintain successful industries including tourism, and to conserve
appropriate levels of the natural and cultural environment, with due regard from time and
place.
Among activities promoting increase of tourists’ ecological awareness one can
enumerate:
 Program Give Back Gateways Programme initiated by Ritz-Carlton hotel chain,
 It makes it possible that guests all over the world can work for local societies; for
instance: in Cancun (Mexico) tourists can help with protection programme for turtles;
 they can take a part in cleaning Sonnenhof – centre for seriously ill children in Berlin
 can help with ancient buildings renovation in Wuzhen (China).

To sum up, social and economic trends in developed countries seem to favor long-term
growth in both domestic and international travel demand. More long-term leisure, higher
levels of education, and more awareness of other countries are significant factors influencing
a growing market for travel. Technological trends are also favourable. Transportation
equipment is now more comfortable and efficient. Tourism is believed to have a positive
effect on world peace. As people travel from place to place with a desire to learn more about
different places, knowledge and understanding grow. Than at least a start has been made in
improving world communication, which seems so important in building bridges of mutual
respect and friendship.

ELABORATE IT!!!
HARD&SOFT TOURISM CONCEPT (J. Krippendorf) – elaborate and discuss it!!!

References and further reading

53
Archer, B.H., and Cooper, C. ‘The positive and negative impact of tourism’, in Theobold, W.
(ed.), Critical Issues in Tourism, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
McIntosh, R.W., and Goeldner, C.R. (1990) Tourism: Principles, Practices, Philosophies,
New York: Wiley.
Ritchie, J.R.B. (1992) New realities, New Horizons, New York: American Express.
Wood, K., and House, S.L. (1991) The Good Tourist, London: Mandarin.
World Tourism Organization (1992) Tourism Trends to the Year 2000 and Beyond, Madrid:
WTO.

Chapter IV Institutions of education for physical recreation

4.1 Family as institution of education for physical recreation

Development of leisure culture goes hand in hand with the general level of culture in
the family. Patterns, habits and skills to organize free time among children is shaped first and
foremost by family house. On the basis of the example of the house, the young man draws
patterns to organize his time.
The family is the environment, where a child takes most values. About family values
as the parental environment determines its quality, covering everything that consists on the
daily lives of its members and its layout in the social relations. We can confidently say that
the family is the educational environment with the wider interest of the child's life. In this
environment there are intentional, as well as spontaneous actions, which can have both
positive and negative consequences. It is these educational impact: intentional and planned, as
well as occasional and spontaneous, of varying nature, intensity and magnitude have the
impact on the child form the educational environment of the family. Young people
participating in natural situations, family life, taking place between members of the family
interactions assimilate certain values, an elementary knowledge about the world, moral
standards - social and cultural, but they also meet their needs and find satisfying ways to
develop interest.
Prerequisite for the success of parents in the upbringing of the child to recreation is
going to take time for him during the day, intended to organize recreational activities, giving

54
parents the opportunity to do with the child spending longer or shorter moments of relaxation
and entertainment.6 Fun and games provide the opportunity to enhance child's vocabulary,
learning to explore new phenomena, objects and people. This does not mean that the parents
by their presence are all the time with a child, but only allow them to come into contact with
other children in backyards. One cannot forget about the fact that the child also needs contacts
with adults, especially with parents whose they wish to imitate not only at work, but also
during the game. These obligatory activities with the child during the day include walks and
walking outdoors. Movement should compulsorily be accompanied by this common activities
as well, since it is of the utmost importance for the proper physical development of the child.
Particularly useful is - not even long lasting - fun of a child with his father, who rarely stays at
home, and whose influence on education cannot be replaced by a mother. Different forms of
the fun parents with children allow for a better mutual understanding in an unusual situation.
Fun time is the best school of patterns for young children. They have been observing the
relationship between their parents and other family members, which are very often copied and
repeated in their adult life with their own families. This is confirmed by the words: “Patterns
learned from the family home leave a constant impression on the rest of life”. 7 Such imitation
from the child is related to the position, which parents are on for their child. During this
period they are unique personalities for the child.
Active spending free time is also extremely important in the development of the young
man's knowledge and in shaping his personality. Family journeys to another country provide
not only knowledge of its culture, traditions and history as well as teach tolerance, respect for
another man and his beliefs. Through mutual travels, "on nature" parents can teach a child
respect for wildlife, protection of the environment and also the use of maps or exemplary
orientation in the terrain. Very important step in organizing family trips is an active part of the
child, regardless of the amount of time that it takes. Such actions cause in the future, seize the
initiative to organise a variety of trips and playground by a child, which can manifest itself not
only in the family but also in the peer group and school. Such a child is becoming bolder, he
is not afraid to speak and also very often he becomes a peer group leader. Later, as an adult,
there is a very high probability that he will be leader of the same forms of leisure in his own
family.
Adults during common leisure with their children can enter them into the world of
subculture in certain sports: skiing, horse riding, dance. Thanks to that a parent makes a child

6
K. Czajkowski, Wychowanie do rekreacji, Warszawa 1979, WSiP, p.138-139.
7
Ibidem

55
passion for certain areas, it is most likely that the child will be developing the same passions
in the future. Such activity on the part of the parent also causes the appearance of so called
hunger of the adventures in the child, who will be motivated to satisfying the curiosity of the
world and will be taught to get for a particular purposes.
One is allowed to believe that the higher level of parents education, more correct the
conditions of leisure, as well as its contents and form. The higher level of parents education,
the higher culture concerning satisfying the needs being outdoors. One can also notice that the
higher culture and better material conditions, children have more free time and are more
properly prepared to the requirements related to the performance of various duties.8
There remain rich forms of activities planned within the framework of the whole
family, the common experiencing hours, family holidays and everyday forms of activities in
life.
To summarize the presented in the literature the results of all analyses of the impact of
family care for children's free time so far, it can be concluded, however, large gaps in this
issue. For the functioning of the family, which have an adverse effect on the development of
culture of free time, one should first and foremost include weakness of the social roles of
individual family members, especially parents within functioning the family and outside the
family. One can, in fact, conclude that significant number of families forward children
traditional role patterns - father and mother, husband and wife and children. Additionally,
there is poor organization of everyday rhythm of life and aspects of the management of the
time budget.
Modifying the child care depends on enhanced forms and more skillful and rational
use of leisure by the parents. However, this may occur only when there will be developed
activity, leading to enrich the knowledge of the role and various forms of leisure. At present,
we only hope that with the technical, economic and cultural development, it will increase the
level of responsibility of the parents for health and physical education. If we can reach the
consciousness, first of all, parents and start implementation of physical activity only from
them, then the situation should be improved.
The family is the smallest social unit. Meanwhile, at the present time family house
reminds casual restaurant and public hall than ‘the warm sweet home”. All members of the
family are living according to the distribution of a number of classes and each day becomes a
great race. Therefore, not only a vacation period, but also weekends or short holidays should

8
Ibidem, p.81.

56
be used to spending time together, what is leading to family integration. Referring to the
research patterns, habits and skills to organize leisure time of young people have foundations
in family house. The family house should give an example of how to spend leisure and what
forms of leisure should be propagated.
There is no doubt that the role of the family home in the upbringing for recreation is
the basic and family cannot be replaced by any educational establishment and involvement.
Fun and games or stories and interviews are great opportunity to enrich child’s vocabulary,
they are learning to explore new phenomena, objects and people. There are also other great
activities planned within the framework of the whole family: family experience hours, public
holidays and classes and daily family life responsibilities. We are here referring to the
Christmas Holiday and Holiday. Departures Saturday/Sunday means weekends holidays with
all the family have a unique educational and health effects, enhancing the bonds of family.
The role of the family in the upbringing process does not stop ever.

4.2 The impact of educational institutions for educating young people in physical
recreation
In the process of a broad education very important is the role of the school, which in
its functions has, on the one hand, to help young people to organize their lifestyle most
suitable for the age and the environment and, on the other hand, to prepare they to adult life.
In the process of educating the school develops in adolescents recreational habits: from
movement through permanent interest - to the desire to physical effort. The biggest and the
main motivation of making physical exercises by adults is the feeling of strong need. Habits
of these exercises are associated with the memories from childhood or adolescence. In the
process of aging, we are less and less prone to change our habits. Therefore, in recreation
process at school and out of school we need to pay our attention to such habits of young
people, which we intend to develop. The school may not always create bridges between
physical education programming and regular participation in physical recreation. It all
depends, in this case, on the teacher of physical education, from his preparation, activity and
skill acquisition of young people.
However, sometimes decisive role in shaping the school recreational habits is
obligatory. Putting this obligation it is mentioned that the school should take into account,
first and foremost, these forms of mobility, which the student will be able to carry out not
only today, but in the future – as adult after working time. So the main task of physical
education lesson is to prepare young people for future participation in physical recreation.

57
This relationship can be used to illustrate in the following way from physical education
through sport, recreation, to rehabilitation. To make this all possible, teacher should equip
students in the appropriate resource skills, knowledge and physical efficiency.
School as educational institution paid lot of attention to the theoretical knowledge,
development of skills, neglecting sometimes education to active leisure. Even the best
organization of breaks between lessons, good organization of the school sports may not
constitute constructive recreational - educational activities. One should realize, that only
knowledge and intellectual prowess are not enough to learn the unit to organize own activities
to fill free time.
The school should review student from recreation and tourism since the early days of
education – through awareness that they play an important role in the process of human
development. The programs should include equip all students with a basic knowledge of the
principles of organization of leisure and entertainment, leisure time issues, organizing
extracurricular activities and the participation of children and young people in this process.
Thanks to the teachers, mostly physical education, children should have large knowledge
about the role of physical recreation and their health functioning. They will be conscious of
the adverse effects arising from the shortage of physical activity, what in case of young
people in a period of rapid growth is very dangerous.9
School forms of education for recreation include four ranges:
 education for leisure activities implemented in the framework of the lesson "physical
education",
 education for leisure activities carried out through other items: Polish language,
musical education, artistic education and practical technical lesson,
 school celebrations,
 extracurricular activities.
Physical education at the beginning of the 21st century should be given a new image.
In the Polish school physical education needs to be treated integrally as a peer, a fundamental
component of comprehensive education. Physical activities should be based on the sport of
recreational and educational far away from the "classroom" or "corridor of the school", as
says L. B. Sharp: „ Do not try to minimize the whole world to school institution. You would
rather take children outside, where the world really is [...] Education begins with one step
behind the school doors, there you will find things described and drawn in school textbooks.

9
W. Siwiński, R.D. Tauber, Rekreacja ruchowa. Zagadnienia teoretyczno-metodologiczne, WSHiG, Poznań
2004, p.104.

58
Apart from the school space there is society, and even further the forests and open spaces.
School is not the only educational institution. We have to learn to think about it as a staff,
who directs some activities”.
Physical education is above the doubts, contrary to the opinion of many people, one of
the most important items. The effects of its proper or improper conduct may have
consequences for the rest of pupils’ life. The school is the main link - next to the family and
extracurricular institutions – of the intentional physical education of young people. It includes
almost the entire population from 7 to 18 years of age, which is in the best period of
ontogeny, which also is characterized by the greatest plasticity in psychological and physical
development. To make this process successful there must be completed multiple conditions. A
positive feature of the physical education is to improve the health and physical fitness. The
main reasons for medical activity of children and youth mobility can be expressed as follows:
a) Physical activity is one of the basic components of a healthy lifestyle.
b) Appropriate, individually selected physical activity level is necessary for the proper
development of physical, mental and social development of the child, therefore a
certain level of positive health and achieve full potential.
c) Physical activity in childhood and youth plays a role in the development of early
preventive number of civilization diseases, including, among others, atherosclerosis,
cardiovascular disease and obesity.
d) Physical activity, which compensates the excess stress and mental workloads may
prevent mental health disorders.
e) Having organized physical exercise, it creates situations in which a child learns to
overcome difficulties, coping with the psychological stress and fatigue, controlling
emotions and self image.
f) Targeted physical exercises are an approved method used to treat a number of
diseases.
g) Lack of physical activity in childhood and adolescence may lead to:
 To reduce the potential of biological population growth.
 Perfect morphologically prepared youth is not as physically efficient.
 High frequency of problems associated directly or indirectly with lack of
physical activity (for example obesity, disorders of the motor system).

59
  Low activity of adults (no need for motion, skill and movement habits) as a
risk factor and cardiovascular diseases.10
However, we should be aware of the relevant draw exercise program for age, gender
and student opportunities. Excessive physical effort does not remain, of course, without a
negative impact on the health of the child, the nervous system and the psyche of the child.
Therefore, in view of the good and health of the impact on the child, the teacher should have
the full awareness and responsibility for the correctness of the exercise loads. If the student's
effort will be adequate opportunities for the young, it is expected that adaptive efficiency will
be better and better. In turn, excessive load, in excess of the current system capabilities, can
lead not only to stagnate or motor psychic changes, but also to the exhaustion of defenses
forces.11
The most important principles related to the initial phases of the sports training should
include:
 The need to adapt the form of exercise to the age of the person.
 Adjust the scope of the competition to the development of needs.
 Use the optimum stage of development for the development of motor skills
and movement teaching.
 Careful dosing of exercise during adolescence.
 To take into account the individual pace and rhythm of physical and mental
development.
 Taking into account the diversity of individual students, mainly in terms of
capacity presented and temperament.
 Taking into account the advantages of motor capacity boys over girls.
 A broad recognition of the importance of incentive factors.
 Skillful application of training children and youth weight training and
endurance of that.12
Unfortunately, these rules are not always followed and practiced in Polish schools.
In the literature there are three basic functions of physical education:
stimulation, adaptation and correction. Within the school system there are three main forms of
motor activities:

10
H. Kuński, M. Janiszewski, Medycyna aktywności ruchowej dla pedagogów, Warszawa 1989, p.10.
11
J. Gracz, T. Sankowski, Psychologia sportu, AWF Poznań 2001, p.271.
12
Ibidem, p.272.

60
  Obligatory program classes of physical education that attends the vast
majority of students.
 Corrective exercises, lead as preventive – medical activity, which include
students usually eliminated from physical education lessons, for the most
part due to changes in the body shape.
 Sports activities involving selected talented youth group.13
The appropriate selection should be carried out by the teacher together with doctor, but
in many schools, mainly due to the absence of the doctor, this selection is inadequate or not
carried out.
Another important issue is that many teachers favor the few students due to their
natural talents. Often, in this context, main attention is not paid to the other students just
because they are less fit. This is not only teachers’ fault, but also the directors of the schools
who require them the results, diplomas and other achievements at the inter school
competitions. Both the one and the others do not notice, that "success" really brings more
disadvantages than benefits. Only a few people are really happy and other groups are
dissatisfied.
It is very important to adjust the scope of the competition to the development needs of
human organism. Various forms of competition are commonly believed to be the essence and
meaning of sport, in which the most important is the rivalry and struggle for the best position.
That sentence is completely true. It is also true, that the often repeated, especially negative
emotional experiences weaken immunity system of units, especially about not enough shaped
the structure of regulatory mechanisms. Each fact of rivalry, especially for a young person can
be a source of strong emotional experiences. Therefore, it should be used only if it is justified.
Also, the question of the proper selection of opponents is very important. Sport fight
with the opponent only makes sense, where despite the advantages, there is a chance to win or
when the opponent being weaker, is so strong that forces you to maximum effort. The rivalry
with too strong opponent does not motivate, he does not believe in success and as a result of
the vast failures can lead to disorders of oneself, reduction in the level of aspiration and even
depression. In turn, the fight with too weak rival does not mobilize to the effort and after an
easy success may experience an excessive confidence, ignoring opponents, etc., which may
bring some negative effects in the future.14 Unfortunately, in many schools, this rule is not

13
H. Kuński, M. Janiszewski, Medycyna aktywności ruchowej dla pedagogów, Warszawa 1989, p.12.
14
J. Gracz, T. Sankowski, Psychologia sportu, AWF Poznań 2001, p.273.

61
kept, resulting in fewer students, who want to be fit, take part in sport competition and
generally they have negative attitude towards the physical education lesson.
Not only competition can lead to complexes or to depression. Absolutely negative,
though fortunately uncommon phenomenon is deriding the appearance or inferior student
performance by their peers and sometimes even teachers. This concerns mainly for example:
obesity, excessive thinness or defects of posture. Such "postures" discourage the student to
lessons, they treat it as necessary coercion and even they are afraid of lessons. These
comments can stay in psyche for many years or even for the rest of life.
Physical education and sport is also an opportunity to reduce the problems of growing
up. The crisis of adolescence is deepened by the lack of alternatives for "empty" form and
content of leisure. A youth is organizing it, so according to their own ideas, combining groups
of fellow (package) and sometimes even criminal gangs. They become prone to all sorts of
negative examples that come from the society.
In the context of this type of educationally disadvantaged, it seems that a proposal
concerning the possibility of alleviating the problems of this undoubtedly difficult period
should be attractively organized sports activity. Properly prepared teacher in terms of
pedagogy, psychology and physical condition, as well as having some personal
characteristics, can not only take advantage of active leisure, but his posture can also be a
proposal for an adult friend or adviser. His interest in the affairs of young people will find the
opportunity to impact on them, use their excess energy - often expressed in aggressive, and
sometimes even vulgar forms - in sport field.
Certainly many educational problems, both in the educational environment as well as
in family life, make impulsive or aggressive people, often working physically, looking for
opportunities to discharge excess energy on something or somebody. The excess of tension
they can release in various forms of physical activity. Therefore, attraction of young people to
the sport through the appropriate organization of physical education lessons can be used to
reduce the various types of educational problems, giving a chance to ease the transition
through this difficult period.15
Another major problem, which should be discussed is the evaluation system. In order
to object the evaluation of school progress, teacher faces a lot of problems. Altogether with
the difficulties, which teacher shares with other subjects, he encounters difficulties stemming
from the specificity of own lesson. These include: the diversity of youth in terms of biological

15
Ibidem, p.281-282.

62
age and physical fitness uniform range of interests and motor needs. The main difficulty
however determines the boundary between education and teaching, in a situation where the
result of upbringing is very difficult to assess. Physical education programs stress that in the
issue of evaluation it is advisable that the teacher took note of progress made in improving the
students’ skills and attitude towards classes, but also personal engagement.16
However, in practice, most of the teachers of physical education behaviors and
attitudes in relation to skills put in the background. According to many of them, the efficiency
and progress of learning are more important than regular physical activity and carrying out the
recommended exercises. This attitude is definitely negative, because it discourages the
students ambitious, however, weaker physically. The proper use of leisure time and leisure
activities make it difficult for the contemporary lack of preparation to organize that time. Here
we have in mind the lack of an adequate education in terms of upbringing for recreation –
primarily in the period of school attendance. Good results of physical education and
development in any other subjects are the result of a fair, hard work. This work should be
planned and based on proven methods and experience.17
The teacher's profession is a very difficult profession. At work, he still has to deal with
a young man and shape his personality. Unfortunately, in many schools, the issues of physical
education, sport and recreation are still underestimated. However, bad attitude of teacher can
discourage students to play sports and taking care of your own body and health.
What features should have a good teacher? What should be his attitude? What kind of
behavior he should present towards children and young people? Searching for the perfect
image of the teacher have a rich tradition in Polish literature. S. Konarski believed that the
teacher’s personality should include: kindness, gentleness and the greatest accessibility.18
According to J. W. David, professional teacher shall designate such personality traits as: the
need for excellence, sense of responsibility and obligation, internal justice, moral courage,
more than all this "love of human souls".19 In the role of a teacher are also important
opportunities for innovative, creative, creative attitude and the possibility of self -
improvement. J. Kozlowski also draws attention to care about appearance, properties of mind,
characteristics of disposition (kindness to students, sustainability, inner peace, gentleness), as
well as firmness and consistency, passion for the profession, the ability to explore and
16
Ibidem, p.283.
17
M. Krawczyń, Wychowanie fizyczne w szkole, Warszawa 1958, p.47.
18
S. Konarski, Pisma pedagogiczne, Wrocław 1959, p.24.
19
J. W. Dawid, O duszy nauczycielstwa, Warszawa 1948, p.57.

63
understand the students, tact, evocative power lay, observation, ingenuity and ability to
organize work.20
B. Grochmal - Bach, A. Borowiec, E. Brycka, M. Pękała have taken notes of the
following characteristics of professional teacher:
 A wealth of personalities (sensitivity, patience, tolerance, high moral values), wide
interest, various forms of excellence, the desire to meet the need of development.
 Sense of responsibility, perseverance and commitment to the implementation of the
objectives, emotional balance and social maturity.
 Kindness for people, willingness to help and understand human needs, the willingness
to serve and to help students.
 The ability to connect with others and a positive impact on the surrounding
environment.
 Ability to creative activities, adequate to the different requirements of the situation, an
active role in solving social problems relating to education and teaching process.21
Professional teacher has the innate intelligence and wide education and pedagogical
knowledge. He should have a positive attitude towards the the value of the work for
educational process, the ease and accuracy of decisions, a lively temperament, steadiness, the
ability of observation, and a large range of divisibility of attention, memory, emotions,
experiences and outstanding imagination.22
And what are the expectations of young people in relation to the teachers of physical
education? Young people pay the greatest attention to the teacher’s relationship to the
students. Whether he is favorable and good-hearted, but also friendly. Whether he conducts
the lesson in interesting way? Monotonous and boring lessons quickly discourage a young
man to be active. They value characteristics such as: ease in establishing contacts with young
people, patience, honesty, impartiality, interest in their abilities. It is also important that the
teacher could give his attention to all students, to show the exercise as many times as they
need it. Favoring the best students quickly discourages less able students to participation in
lesson. Teenagers are impress towards teachers, who care about their efficiency, where sport
and physical activity does not make the difficulties. Students like the teachers with a passion,
who have their own interests and will be happy to share it with them. Children and youth need
appropriate behavior patterns. The teacher, whose attitude inspires curiosity and interest, will
20
J. Kozłowski, Nauczyciel a zawód, Warszawa 1966, p.47.
21
B. Grochmal-Bach, A. Borowiec, E. Brycka, M. Pękała, Z badań nad selekcją kandydatów do zawodu
nauczycielskiego, Dydaktyka Szkoły Wyższej, 1986, nr 1, p.79.
22
K. Denek, Krajoznawstwo i turystyka w wychowaniu dzieci i młodzieży szkolnej, Warszawa 1989, p.64.

64
surely be liked and respected by students. Students also impresses the dynamics in organizing
events and high activity in action. Sports Day, Spring Day or the organization of various
tournaments and competitions, are great chance to show abilities the best features of the
teacher. A good teacher of physical education must also be able to respond to the bad and
inappropriate behavior of students. The young man, who meets with criticism and
misunderstanding of peers, quickly resigns from sports and activity on the lessons of physical
education. The teacher should quickly and firmly to cease such behavior (explaining the
students their bad conduct and behavior). Students must respect to him and listen to his
commands.
In recent years there has been a disturbing phenomenon poses like excessive or
premature commercialization of sport. It indicates that the educational impact was put on the
lower position. The causes of observed phenomena seem to be not only in the
commercialization of the whole of modern life, in which even a child for a small favor
expects adequate payment, but also in the fact that the process of teacher education is not of
high quality. Future teacher in relatively small degree is equipped in the concrete knowledge
of principles and methods of care impact on youth. Hence, the weakest link in the preparation
for the profession of physical education remain working skills concerning elementary
education. As a result, the teacher, with considerable skill in teaching, sometimes does not
have even the awareness of the importance of knowledge and skills in the field of education.
In addition, the advantage in education of biological knowledge makes the system preparation
of teachers only theoretical, which is not effective. Hence with little knowledge of humanistic,
educational impact - despite its severity - are most commonly underestimated by teachers.23
Physical education teacher should note that his profession is very responsible, because
"measures, which uses – mainly physical exercises - can work in two directions: properly
applied are comprehensive development, poorly applied can cause injuries. This awareness
should have each teacher of physical education, because the body of a young man is very
susceptible to the positive and negative influence of various factors.”24 One should be aware
of the fact that the young man has a lot of energy, which must somehow exploit. However,
too much strenuous activity involves many risks. Students of different ages require different
doses of physical exertion. The older can achieve more, however, they are more lazy and
reluctant to participate in sport classes.

23
J. Gracz, T. Sankowski, Psychologia sportu, AWF Poznań 2001, p.278.
24
M. J. Kołodziejowie, B. Pańczyszyn, Wybrane zagadnienia wychowania fizycznego w klasach IV-VIII,
Rzeszów 1998, p.7.

65
 The teacher is responsible for the health and safety of children on school physical
education. The teacher's responsibility is to ensure the safety of children, not only in the
classroom, but also before the lesson and after that. His responsibilities include the use of all
available measures to prevent accidents”.25 The teacher must be mindful about maintaining
excellent discipline in the classroom. He may not allow students to ignore him. The teacher's
occupation is very responsible and hard. As it was mentioned, physical education teacher has
to take care of his own health, as well as health and fitness of the students. His attitude is
often a pattern of behavior for youth and children. Behavior, which could alienate students for
physical education lessons are the potential causes of passive lifestyle, lack of participation in
sports and recreation, and its consequences are civilization diseases. Unfortunately, there
exist such kinds of teachers. Their passivity can spoil even the biggest students’ willingness.
„Taking into account the profession of the teachers one need to know that the implementation
of physical education under the Ministry of Education Instruction requires from teachers
much more effort than from any other teacher course”.26 Despite the fact that no one is
perfect, including the teacher of physical education, however, it is important to teach the
children and young people with the sense of pleasure. It is important to believe in sense of
what he is doing every day. Also, he ought to meet own goals and help students meet them,
too.
Children generally see a positive effect for the selected forms of recreational activities
on progress, mainly through physical education. Due to its amenities, popularly known as "PE
class" meets a huge role in the development of students ' interests, often there are born
passions, talents, sports. Geography also makes many opportunities to discuss tourism and its
cognitive meaning and arouses curiosity, students raising knowledge about tourist regions of
the country and the world and their qualities. The school should provide for the possibility of
physical development and shaping habits for recreation. It should also enter into the world of
culture, including physical culture and encourage participation in it. In different words, school
should affect the future of the pupils. If the child will be aware of the importance of physical
recreation, this will affect his attitude towards active relaxation in the future.
Physical education at school is structured and targeted process that aims to achieve a
particular purpose. One of them is the preparation of the youth to the fullness of social life,
which had not been previously mentioned. For these reasons, the content of physical
education program must be continually changed and improved. Making modernization

25
Ibidem, p.21.
26
M. Krawczyń, Wychowanie fizyczne w szkole, Warszawa 1958, p.34.

66
treatments requires, on the one hand, the orientation in the development trends of modern
civilization and, on the other hand being fluent in orientation in human adaptive capacity and
transforming perspectives was pursuing the most favorable characteristics with profile in the
conditions of modern life.27
Sports life at school is one of the most attractive form of self working among the
students. School Sports Clubs have had long tradition for years. We can gently say that it is a
crucible of talent. Unfortunately, it does not meet all of his tasks, if not at the same time we
forget about organizational aspects. In most SSC general organizational work is performed by
teacher, which is a major mistake. The teacher should be a counselor, he should only be
observer, even being invisible and lead just guide work. Unfortunately, this condition is only
in some SSC.28
The school covers nearly 63% of the child classes of active recreation.29 It affects not
only responsibilities, but has also a wide range of capabilities. Very often, mainly in
secondary schools, youth itself takes care of class organization concerning trips or rallies,
class teacher acts as adviser and the executive body, but does not impose the scenario of
expedition. Students can decide - of course with acceptance of the financial and
organizational issues - , what they want to see, where to go, etc. they shape the organizational
skills and even economical sense of reality: sometimes students are looking for sponsors for
their trips or organize a joint fund - raising actions, helping customers with the shopping in
the supermarkets.
Generally, a teenage people prefer to spend their days off from learning outside the
home, in the company of familiar peers, which deepens social ties, friendships and school,
and it is possible thanks to events organized by the school institution. In the planning and
carrying out these events, there is gradually developed self-government among students and
young people, by giving them some tasks to do. Tourist activity at the school covers a wide
variety of forms, both within the framework of lessons and additional forms. There are among
them:
 Excursions and tourist events.
 Events - tourism (tournaments).
 Hiking holiday.
 Work of school tourist clubs.

27
M. Demel, A. Skład, Teoria wychowania fizycznego dla pedagogów, Warszawa 1970, p.149.
28
M. Krawczyń, Wychowanie fizyczne w szkole, Warszawa 1958, p.43.
29
Ibidem, p.99.

67
  School Youth Hostels.
 School tourist equipment hire.
 Tourism of holidays for children and young people.
 Training and improvement of the teaching staff and the youth.
 Cooperation with civil societies and the various institutions and offices.30
One of the most important tourist activities are school trips. Often they teach and have
positive functions, taking the form of educational courses. It responsibility is to enrich the
content of educational program in the cognitive and individual aspects. Also, participants will
learn about region countries and regions far away from the place of living, also commune
with nature in its many forms will get acquainted with the cultural and historical heritage, not
even mention the relaxation and the common great game that later for many days is the topic
of conversation and memories. Participation of children and young people in recreation causes
achievement of the objectives. It concerns better school program promotion of tours and
creates favorable conditions for the systematic implementation of awareness - raising
effectiveness of education. School excursion - a few hours or a few days – allows for better
understanding things and phenomena by students and affects the development of ideas and
practical knowledge. Many school subjects, both in basic education and additional, might be
better understood thanks to such travels. What's more, it gives students a huge wealth of
experience, has a greater interest in the subject, allows to soak up the knowledge by using
multiple senses, making the process of learning more effective. Young people learn respect
for working people, permanently and faster remember the facts, confront a textbook
knowledge with practical, their view of the world is much better. School trips enable people
integrate, participate in recreation, leisure and learning process. The so - called. "green
schools" are more and more common. School classes travel for a few or several days to
located in picturesque corners of the country to communicate with nature and to gain
knowledge. Learning is then completely different from the everyday environment; lighter
atmosphere, lessons in the open air, relaxing atmosphere and fun sports. In such conditions of
science - stress disappears, there is indeed a desire to assimilate new information.
Book of T. Łobożewicz presents that the youth treats tourism to improve physical
fitness and survival is a link to find a risk of adventure. The culmination of the school trip is
often the camp of a wandering, requiring high physical efficiency. The student, who cover the
techniques, becomes a qualified tourist and gain in this way, the reason for pride and

30
T. Łobożewicz, Krajoznawstwo i turystyka w szkole, WSiP 1985, p.48.

68
satisfaction with himself. One should remember that tourism is the highest form of
specialization, requires adequate preparation and skills, performed in the natural
environment.31
Another form of tourism and recreation practiced by a variety of schools are tourist
events. They are arranged in free time from study and during the summer, there are also
events implemented during the school year. They provide opportunities for promoting various
forms of qualified tourism and bring young people knowledge of new tourist areas. It
includes: trips that can take both teams as well as individuals and where the aim is to handle a
specific point and along the way, the designated tasks, tourist meetings are often held at the
beginning and end of the tourist season, as interdisciplinary events, for example: hikers,
cyclists, typically the event type: fireplace, contests, rallies - planned hike at least a couple of
groups, defined area and specific tasks to be performed by the whole team – tournaments and
competitions which may be additional elements to the trips or separately organized events.
They have the task of perfecting the skills of equipment use.
An important place in school and leisure occupy a variety of fun and games.
Encouraging the entertainment and fun they trigger joy and satisfaction, help to develop
character, emotional states and social attitude, form the physical and psychological
characteristics of participants. Generally, games require interaction with a group of people,
which has a huge impact on the integration, promotes mutual cooperation and providing
assistance, for a common purpose. Games, such as orientation marches teach young people
good move on the ground. Fun such as running, climbing, kicks, balance exercises or
exercises on natural tracks of obstacles, make sense of sight and hearing, as well as the
resourcefulness, the ability to provide first aid if the measurement and evaluation of distance.
Fun such as running, climbing, kicks, balance exercises or exercises on natural tracks of
obstacles, make sense of sight and hearing, as well as the resourcefulness, the ability to
provide first aid and also the measurement and evaluation of distance. What is the most
important, play and have fun in the open air are extremely attractive to students and enjoy
great popularity among them.
A variety of games and sports games are carried out within the framework of physical
education lessons: marches and runs in the field for example. Students can sign up to the
School Sport Clubs that offer them the possibility of physical recreation in the form of the
most well loved by them - team games such as: volleyball, basketball, table tennis and

31
Ibidem, p.53.

69
football. Increasingly, schools organize weekly classes at the pool and in winter one or several
day ski trips. When there is the winter aura, group of school pupils accompanied by a teacher
go to ice skating rink, which is of the little cost and is an opportunity for physical activity
combined with great fun. But that's not all - school organize recreational activities with his
pupils, not only in the school year, but also during their free time from school. During the
winter holidays are winter camps and during the holidays - colonies and camps. School
summer camps are characterized by a large diversity in the forms. We can notice specialized
camps, sports camps and language as, first and foremost walking forms of leisure. All of them
enjoy great popularity.
Colonies, in turn, play a special role. In view of the envisaged provisions of the age of
the participants (from 6 to 15 years), it provides an opportunity to develop in adolescents
travel habits. During the colony there are organized hiking around and all-day bus tours for
longer distances. It teaches young people the necessary self - discipline in organizing tourism.
Another form of relaxation are trips - often as part of day camps -children of rural areas to the
cities. There are special school support organizations of tourism as created in 1956 Almatur or
Tourist Services. They organize active holidays, camps and recreational or green schools, they
have their own tourism infrastructure.32
Tourism and recreation is organized social movement, one of the areas of the national
economy. It is an important part of the national culture. In modern school tourism and
recreation are increasingly used as therapeutic factor. Discussing their goals, primarily is the
fact that they keep the health and recreational needs of the students, their aspirations and
interests.
However, despite the positive sides of the school, it was noted in the study also
negative aspect. Being lovers in health, exercise, recreation, physical educators very often
lose contact with tourism school. Physical education teacher ceases to be useful as a
evangelist of tourism, because in addition to educational activities and exaggerated cult of
physical fitness, he is not able to provide children and adolescents knowledge concerning
tourism. A detailed analysis of the training programs and professional activity of graduates of
physical education in schools has decided to come up to the conduct of training programs for
teachers of physical education "school tourism" course. Tourist’s problems occupied
prominent place in school programs next to the recreational and educational one. Tours -

32
K. Przecławski, Turystyka a człowiek i społeczeństwo, Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych 1984,
p.43.

70
tourist conducted by teachers of physical education should differ from that conducted by
teachers of other subjects. At present times, the few treats tourism and recreation as a separate
field of human activity. Together they serve to achieve the following objectives:
 cognitive
 health
 education
 cultural and aesthetic
 the protection of the environment.
Gradation of the validity of the objectives depends on the social group, the age of its
members, the profession, the tastes, the place of residence, etc. Studies have proven that the
main purpose of tourist activities among junior groups of high school is the precise
knowledge of the country. During this period, there are also organized the first group of
foreign trips to meet new life, culture and geographical environment of neighboring countries.
Young people attending secondary schools may take part in all events of tourism and also
participates in process of preparation.
In the framework of the self study areas for students, it is appropriate to work on
restoring the history and traditions of the school, the protection of the environment and
historic sites, collecting documents and exhibits, the creation of the national commemoration.
A student graduating from secondary school should not only arise the need for tourism and
recreation, but also is able to organize an active relaxation for yourself and your peers.33
The most accessible base for hiking are school hostels, located at the attractive hiking
trails and suitably equipped tourist equipment. They lead educational work and provide
conditions conducive to a pleasant atmosphere of life. Importantly, they are available for
young people, regardless of the assets of their parents. Each tourist shelter has rules of
procedure, setting out the privileges and obligations for young people, what shapes habits and
customs of participants. In 1959, the Polish Youth Hostels Association was created, which has
been providing school accommodation, has been creating a network of trails for hiking, still it
organizes rallies and conventions and the Olympics and it presents knowledge about the
natural surroundings around teenagers. In schools there are often school tourist circles. Their
tasks include: arranging tours, events, camps, caring entrusted to monuments of culture and
nature, spreading among the students culture of hiking and relaxation after science, collection

33
Ibidem, p.12.

71
of materials, the development of instructive descriptions of tourism school promotion or
monographic through newsletters, discussion evenings and conversations.
Also, scouting plays very important role in the activation of children and young people
at school. At school, scouting organization is very important for tourism area - their activities
and trips. Scout camping and camps have gained great popularity. Polish Scouting
Organization has had old tradition in the conducting of various events and tourism promoting
among students. Different forms of scouting among the youth present the process of
communing with nature and exploring the unknown lands. Scouting instills rules of tourist for
the youngest members of society, preparing them to organize valuable forms of active
relaxation. The organization promotes the physical force and the brawn of raising mental
immunity among children and youth, creating habits of healthy recreation and dissemination
of appropriate practice.
Another form of recreational tourism activities in educational institutions are the
exchange programs of students between schools in the country or abroad. Children, who are
leaving for a foreign country, get to know not only the monuments and the culture, but above
all the mentality of the people. Living with a foreign family and studying in a foreign school,
they learn the language and get familiar with foreign customs, including friendships with
incredibly interesting and often very different people in terms of culture and traditions.
Currently, international exchanges are becoming easier thanks to EU programs.
After a period of school education, young people start study, and here they have got
great opportunity to actively participate in tourism and recreation. Tourism combines with
sightseeing, cognitive research and scientific purposes. That are some activities of organized
group, which bring lots of profits and discounts: students are entitled to many benefits - both
in Poland and abroad - in crossings, access to the museums, accommodation etc., what the
cost of travel reduces to a minimum. Each student has a lot of opportunities to start traveling.
Every year, the vast majority of young people participates in tourist activities organized as
individually or in groups of informal as well. Organized recreation among the students brings
with it many educational values: cognitive and recreational activities, as well as the
implementation of new concepts and their rapid implementation. Students have the
opportunity to participate in the tourist activity in a variety of forms. It includes:
 Tourism - "small", Saturday - Sunday, in the form of rallies, parties, excursions,
rafting, sledging cavalcades, etc. – this type of events are organized throughout the
academic year.

72
  Tourism during the holidays, breaks and longer holidays in education during the
holiday season, these are the camps a few days or a few week old, and even months,
cruises, etc.
 Abroad trips, often using student. The camps are new form, that use different forms of
sport mostly hitchhiking and walk hiking.
 Departures of scientific research type of professional practice, carried out on the basis
of specific orders, programs of scientific and student groups, as well as within the
framework of cooperation related to the university in the form of professional practice,
etc.34
Academic tourism has been growing systematically in all seasons of the year. The
importance of organization and the conduct of events on the basis of social role by students
has educational significance and constitute a kind of climate of these events. Huge crowds of
students work with a lot of dedication and commitment. Most of them leave the place,
completing the study, but many of them are in clubs passing the knowledge and training new
tourist staff. In this way, they communicate their experience with younger colleagues.
When considering all of the facts, it can be concluded that the educational offer of
pupils gives great opportunities for participation in tourism and recreation. It brings them in
tourist area from an early age, allowing them to develop and seek their own passions and
interests. Secondary school students can choose from many forms of recreation, many sports,
games and activities, where they participate together with their peers. Elementary schools,
middle schools, colleges and universities are trying to get them to provide as much as
possible.
Recognizing the education for recreation as one of the elements of the comprehensive
development of the human unit, it should be pointed out that, in addition to already
recognized and traditional areas, which include mental, moral-social, aesthetic, technical, and
physical - health education, education for recreation is an integral factor in the components of
a comprehensive education. As mental education is carried out by science or aesthetic
education through art, education for recreation should be carried out through a wide range of
activities that give a man not only the possibility of a pleasant and useful leisure, but above all
the possibility of shaping cultural values. As mental education is carried out by science or
aesthetic education through art, education for recreation should be carried out through a wide
range of activities that give a man not only the possibility of a pleasant and useful leisure, but

34
K. Przecławski, Turystyka a człowiek i społeczeństwo, Instytut Wydawniczy Związków Zawodowych 1984,
p.68.

73
above all the possibility of shaping cultural values. Education for recreation cannot exist
without the kind of educational reform, where the program should enable to use the
appropriate methods, forms and means of shaping individual skills and habits necessary for
recreational use that grows leisure reserves.
In preparation for the complete use of the leisure activities, there is a need for
scheduled educational interaction from the first years of unit’s life. Especially children and
young people need to find in educational institutions appropriate designs and the conditions
for organizing free time. Education for recreation should show examples of useful behavior
and leisure activities for the individual and for society. So the following methods will be used
to educate for recreation:
1. Method of operating a team in a variety of forms of leisure (peer group, sports
teams);
2. Individual method (donation of the favor activities in individual forms, such as
collecting, playing an instrument);
3. Storage method (participation in sports events).
During the leisure, especially young people create some peer groups, that depend on
their interests, and above all a way of life resulting from educational process. They present
certain types of distinct behaviors. K. Przecławski defines 9 types of behaviors:
1) The type of behavior with the dominance of cognitive and intellectual activity
(workgroups, etc.)
2) The type of behavior with the dominance of creative activity, (amateur theatre, etc.)
3) The type of behavior with the dominance of social organizational activity (members of
youth organizations, etc.)
4) The type of behavior with the dominance of tourist activity (members of PTTK, etc.)
5) The type of behavior with the dominance of sports activity (members of different wheels
and sports clubs)
6) The type of behavior with the dominance of cultural activity (walking to the theatre,
cinema, etc.)
7) The type of behavior with the dominance of the tastes of entertainment
8) The type of behavior with the dominance of social interests
9) The type of behavior with the dominance of activity falling within the pathological
phenomena (alcohol, drug abuse, etc.).
Education for recreation has to lead to a culture of free time as a main result. Culture
of leisure is a deliberate and conscious form of spending free time, corresponding to

74
individual aspirations and passion units approved by the society. This is a specific style of
human life within budget of leisure.35
Education for recreation is a teaching process and preparation to use the value of the
physic - technical, artistic, cultural, health and social entertainment. It is conditioned by the
use of appropriate methods, forms and resources. There are methods of the individual, team
and organization of mass in recreation. Individual recreation method requires skill content
selection of recreational activities. Participant must be aware of this, why these and not other
recreational activities are valuable. Team method of organizing recreation lies in the skills of
interoperability and participation in recreation of a small team of colleagues and friends. That
kind of team allows to organize recreation with other forms of activities, necessary for
recreation, fun and effective cooperation of team members.
In recent years, the problem of leisure among children and adolescents has been
becoming more and more active and has been taking on particular importance to its impact on
the psychosocial development and the state of health of the young generation. Basis of
preparation for the skillful use of leisure time by an adult human being is the long life
education from an early age. This task is performed by the family, which is the primary
environment of education and social life experience. This does not detract from the role of the
school in preparation for a deliberate recreation. It has been corresponding to individual
aspirations of young man.
The task of education to active leisure is to bring cultural values, to develop new
human needs, which lie in the sphere of his interests, which is currently the greatest demand.
Complete recreation is the form of variety of recreational activities, but also it is exploring the
knowledge in the broadest range. A comprehensive system of recreation and leisure as value
is a challenge to contemporary school. Properly implemented process meets the opportunity to
organize variety of forms of recreation. Also, it contributes to the comprehensive
development of human creativity in social, intellectual, moral and physical aspects. An
important issue is the preparation for the use of such non - working time patterns, which
allow for the implementation of features attributable to that time.
School physical education plays significant role in preparing children and youth to
recreation and leisure fully underestimated so far. It creates an opportunity to increase
physical activity, which contributes to raise the health status of children and adolescents and
their comprehensive development. Thanks to the wealth of the impact occurring in activities

35
H. Gąsior, Wychowanie pozaszkolne a kultura czasu wolnego uczniów, Warszawa 1989, p.46.

75
and games, swimming and gymnastics and in the other forms of activity, physical education
is not narrowly lead subject at modern school. It is an important section of the general
education of the younger generation.
Physical activities in the different forms assist the development of the personality,
poses an opportunity to shape interpersonal relationships, provide an opportunity to
experience the aesthetic development of the human sensitivity, etc. Its idea is the purposes of
which should be carried out by the school physical education. The main purposes include:
 Enrichment skills and habits of physical activity.
 Support of physical, mental and social health of students.
 Shaping the beliefs of a significant role of physical activity.
 The evolution of attitudes and behaviors and healthy lifestyle in expressing the
attention to own health, the beauty of body, good mental and physical health.
 The evolution of the characteristics of will and character.
 Creating opportunities for active leisure and recreation.
The modern school should introduce the changes and innovations to the compulsory
courses in the field of physical education, but also should return to the tradition of
extracurricular student activities of associations and circles of interest.
Unfortunately, the alarmingly low status of "physical condition" in our society is also
the effect (alongside other factors) of mistakes in the process of physical education.
Especially adverse effects may occur as a result of breaches of the principle. This causes the
most common instance of persistent reluctance to the physical education course and hence
physical activity in general. Example of non - compliance with the principle of availability
can be multiply. However, physical education lessons are used in order to increase the level of
students' sports ability at the expense of the weaker students. This causes the discouragement
of the weaker group, who start to believe that all exercises are performed incorrectly. In turn,
these talented students are discouraged by tedious, one -sided classes. Another common
example of breaking the principle of availability is not adequate content of classes to the
child's psychomotor development stage. Students may not learn difficult elements, they start
to disregard the course. It becomes to be incomprehensible for them regarding the content as
something totally not necessary and boring.
Besides, it is important to note that physical culture is constantly evolving. There are
new methods and forms, which produces interesting motor activities. It can be assumed that

76
the contemporary student can better deal with such disciplines: roller skating, skateboarding,
mountain biking than repeatedly replicated patterns of physical education lessons.
In the light of the scope of the content there are presented the findings as follows:
1. Having regard to the preparation for recreation as one of the main tasks of
physical education to ensure equal access to the activities for the weaker and better skilled
students.
2. Classes with talented youth, aimed at raising their efficiency and skills, should be
carried out only within the framework of the Sport clubs, never at the expense of physical
education lessons and less efficient students.
3. One should remember that physical education lessons are mainly developing
interests of the mobility of students, rather than the implementation of sports teacher's
ambitions or school authorities.
4. Special attention should be paid to adapt the content of the wards and stages in
the psycho – motor development.
Extracurricular activities are part of an active education for recreation, they learn
different forms of organizing time, shape the skills and habits of recreational activities in
the broad sense. Extracurricular education includes: room classes of interests, recreational
activities (leisure and entertainment).
School activity is an important link in the education of youth to recreation. These
cells can only fulfill its role if these activities are supported by the home attitude of a
young man. In practice, the idea is to address recreation in nature. It has two essential
qualities: a former classroom school without losing the properties attributable to leisure -
time activities. To achieve this, one should be aware that preparing for recreation is one of
the most important tasks of physical education. It ought to ensure equal access to the
content of the classes for the weaker and more talented students. Secondly, activities with
the young talented students grow their efficiency and ability to lead only in the framework
of the Sport Student Clubs and never at the expense of physical education lessons and less
efficient young people.
The final achievement of education to recreation largely depends on the physical
education teacher, who should consciously interact with family home and should
introduce an innovative approach to lessons.

77
 4.3 Physical recreation in selected age groups

Physical recreation has become a permanent element of the physical culture structure.
The essence of active recreation is movement, understood as the physical activity of man in
his free time resulting from the needs and interests. Recreation is a form of leisure and self -
improvement.
Physical activity during games on the playground is very important for human health.
The usage of a variety of movements, that causes pleasure, are the factors that will not only
improve the body, but are also an important in aspect of health and hygiene. Playing games on
the playground in leisure, affects the neuromuscular and mental relaxation. The application of
natural movements such as running, jumping, kicking promotes the proper functioning of the
whole organism. Physical activity carried out in the space will affect the ability to handle
different situations, develop resourcefulness necessary in everyday life.
Age 4 to 6 years is the period, in which the play is a factor in the development of the
physical, mental and moral skills. Due to the biological properties of the organism of the child
there are recommended forms of fun and games, because children at this age are easily
engaged in forms, which remove boredom and they frequently change the type of exercise
performed. However, children at this age are not yet prepared for the playground and team
games, they like playing together in the presence of the peers, but not in organized team.
The age of 7 to 10 years is characterized by a large demand for movement and the
desire to be engaged in physical exercise. Children spend more time playing games and are
quickly engaged in one form of action. Therefore, team games are introduced to recreation
activity among children at this age.
The age of 11 to 13 years shows the differentiation of development processes among
girls and boys. This involves the fact that girls mature faster than boys. This period is
characterized by fast development. Therefore, in the body maturation processes, triggered by
the secretion of hormones, there is a significant change of interest. Children at this age have
an interest in sport. During this period the boys shown great interest in the sport, mostly
related to individual and team sports such as sports games, athletics, as well as exercises and
combat sports. Boys at this age are fit the most, however, the body too overloaded with
physical effort may have some serious problems concerning processes of development.
Games and emulation may not lead to maximum effort and that effort must always be
controlled. Girls at that age are physiologically about two years older than the boys. This is
the reason for some resistance during recreational activities and social events. The girls in this

78
period of life like swimming, gymnastics and dancing. Nevertheless, girls are less physically
active from the boys.
Age from 14 to 17 years is characterized by a significant difference in physical fitness
and interest in sport and physical activity among girls and boys. The boys enjoy almost the
same sports as girls, but in a more intense way. The reason for this is the fact that girls are
more mature, but the boys physically stronger. The boys prefer to deal with elements of
struggle and competition, very often in the role of organizers. Girls in this age prefer: team
sports games and some individual sports, less intense such as archery, artistic gymnastics,
dancing, swimming, tennis, ice skating. These are sports that girls can play with boys.
Adults are characterized by a decline in interest in physical exercises. Recreational
classes at this age are less intense than for young people and include such as: swimming,
gymnastics, sport games - volleyball, basketball, badminton, tennis, skiing, skating, dancing
and water sports. There were presented forms of activities in peer groups - active and of free
choice.
Based on the research of different specialists, it can be concluded that an individual
physical recreation and out – of - school is the most popular among young people. Stage of
education, school type and level of education of parents are factors affecting participation in
recreation. The most active are high school students, the less students at vocational schools.
The type of secondary school has a big impact on participation in recreational activities. The
students of vocational schools participate in a very small percentage in extracurricular
physical activity. In this type of school the least active are girls. Large activity area represent
the students of secondary schools and, above all, the boys. Sport disciplines practiced by
young people are various, reflecting the various interests. There dominate individual
discipline, various forms of skiing, cycling and strength training exercises. Position of team
games is very high, basketball and football is the most popular enjoyable. Among boys at
junior high schools the most popular are team games, girls prefer individual disciplines such
as aerobics, swimming, cycling. Young people mostly prefer such disciplines, which do not
require sophisticated special equipment or greater costs.
Carried out research, provide information that leisure behavior patterns are duplicated
and implemented like other patterns of behavior. In certain groups and social communities the
way of spending free time and preferences making specific recreational activity are
“inherited”. Lifestyle specific social environment determines the election of unit, as to the
manner and way of life also in the realm of leisure. People at large are predominantly
conformists, which means that they try to live and act in accordance with the expectations of

79
others, similar to one another. Lifestyle is determined by the majority, and the changes are
essential. Man as a social being, in the course of his life is looking for other people all the
time. We can observe that from the earliest years of life or childhood. During this period, the
child has the first closer ties with people outside his home and surrounding. The institution of
the school in the valuable way helps in the process of socialization. The emotional ties are set
up and they are sometimes able to exist for the whole life. Period of childhood and early
adolescence is a time of learning the basic principles of social intercourse and is the first
recreational place.
In most of the research works, we can find the need to pay closer attention to
treatments designed to increase the efficiency within the motor stimulation and, above all,
development in adolescents the habit of regular motor exercise. Educational institutions such
as school, various interest clubs or scouting are very important. Educators and the elderly
shall transmit to the young person the master behavior socially acceptable and compatible
with the basic principles of existence. Often, however, it happens that those who should be an
example, influence destructively on the personality of the child. Additionally, young people
begin to look for patterns to follow. Young people increasingly counts with the peers, putting
them over the opinion of the adults. However, if one run out of understanding and support in
the family, he will be absorbed by the informal group.
According to research, the impact of the subculture has a negative impact and brings a
lot of disturbing health phenomena such as: smoking, alcohol abuse, drug abuse and teenage
pregnancies. A significant impact of the youth environment for young girls is observed more
often in schools. Increasingly, the influence of youth subcultures leads to pathological
behavior and completely erroneous concept of entertainment, fun and physical development.
Especially among young boys, there is a fashion for trips to football games not to rooting for,
but rather to induce riots and fights. As it is presented in the study, these behaviors take their
source in the family, as well as enormous aggression. Aggression, which, for reasons more or
less dependent on the unit, cannot be controlled. Youth is under the pressure of the
environment and different groups, they duplicate the behavior of fellows, they are impressed
pseudo courage, well built body and physical strength. In similar peer groups there often
comes to the development of crime, acts of vandalism and rapes. Young people associate joint
trips with obligatory drinking of alcohol and drug use. With such a seemingly innocent trips
of peers, young people often come back physically and mentally hurt or do not come back at
all.

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 Another aspect related to recreation youth is low environmental awareness resulting
from negligence in education. It also leads to massive destruction of natural resources by
young people. Leaving the village youth leaves beer cans and other trash, which brings deadly
consequences for the environment.
Physical recreation among young people apart from positive aspects, often leads to
destructive behavior. Among the opponents of this thesis one will surely find the argument
that teens and youth need to overcome stress. However, not only in this age group, we can see
the bad effects of recreation. Another group of risk are students and adults, who are learning
and who graduated from higher education. During this period, the most important function of
leisure is entertainment and delivering different positive experience. Students – tourists are
seeking new experience in the largest group and being in good company is a condition of
satisfactory leisure. Search for new sensations, the desire to raise the adrenalin makes a
person in the group choose alternative and often extreme ways of spending free time.
Unfortunately, however, it is not always a positive way of spending free time. Young people
often loose common sense and there are no risk limits for them. These situations are
combined with the lack of adequate preparation, negligent or reckless act, as well as the use of
illegal drugs. It can result in disability or death of young people.
Another important group are people in adulthood. People decide to take less extreme
forms of spending their free time. More and more people are moving away from mass
holiday, they prefer organized forms of leisure with family and children. Upcoming fashion
for various sports clubs, leisure activities, visiting the fitness centers, gym brings together
people in specific age groups. It gives them the opportunity to spend time together, to develop
psycho - physical abilities, to develop social ties and for some it is an opportunity to break out
of loneliness and dullness of everyday life. Particularly higher education determines the
people for permanent improvement of not only the mental realm, but also this is related to
body fitness. Recreation is an indispensable measure in the fight against emerging signs of
lifestyle diseases, which include currently neurosis, stress and hypertension. It is also a
stepping stone from the professional and personal problems and membership to the group
gives a sense of usefulness.
Although there are lots of positive aspects of recreation in the peer group, one should
also mention about the negative effects that can appear. In adulthood, a large number of
people clumsily assesses their own physical capacity, driven by memories of good physical
state, which had for several years at the age of twenty, for example. Therefore, of particular
importance is the presence of a coach or a consultation with a doctor, who objectively assess

81
the physical possibilities of the patient and strictly define the framework of allowed activities
and ways of spending free time. The lack of such a person can lead to injury and instead of
bringing profits, can cause the deterioration of health.
Negative aspect of group participation in recreational activities is displaying attitudes
of superiority by some units, primarily having a higher social or material status. Snobbery,
pride have destructive affects for the relationship built in the peer group, leading to conflicts.
Another common phenomenon among adults in the group is “unhealthy” competition. It takes
its base often with other complexes from childhood and study time, when only the best were
winners. A similar phenomenon occurs in the present companies. The so called “rat race”
moves on life outside and embraces all areas of life. In this way, this exemplary person
appears in the peer group and effectively leads to a breakdown of peer relationships.
Returning to the behavior of young people in a group, it should be noted that taught
negative habits to organize trips with alcohol are moved to the life of the adult. Unaccustomed
to any other form of play and recreation, adult people are required to take alcohol with them
and the only thing is depleted budgets and hangover.
The last discussed group are pensioners and people of retirement age. Recreation at
this stage of life, brings immeasurable effects. For elderly people, who do not live with their
children and grandchildren, time organized in a group of their peers is a great means of
socialization. Common experiences enrich the monotony of everyday life, determine the
motor activity, provide continuous change, and this is of the greatest importance in the
maintenance of good physical and mental health. Older people often feel lonely, useless, they
get into alienation, which is compounded by an unwillingness to "go outside" and use the
remaining internal potential. It should be noted, however, that among many tired of life
seniors, one can also meet too demanding participants, who wish to return to the years of
youth. Physical activity is healthy only if it is implemented in the appropriate intensity and
frequency with proper load. Physical activity has lots of benefits, when load is average.
Finally, physical recreation significantly affects the personality of the participants. Fun
and games are a form of motion played not only by the children and young people, but also by
adults, as well as by people in the elderly age. However, the most important role is in the life
of children. In the games children begin to shape their mental abilities: insights, imagination,
memory, feelings and good will. They are learning how to grow into the community and the
environment. They also are trying to adjust to the generally accepted rules. One can introduce
them to the world and the value of adults’ system of moral values, such as: responsibility,

82
honesty, justice, of duty, discipline, the ability to live together and work in a team. Physical
recreation teaches kids the tolerance, friendship and perseverance.
However, deeper analyze of the issue indicates that recreation can also contribute to
negative phenomena, despite the fact that there are many advantages flowing from spending
and organizing free time among the peer groups. One can include the already mentioned: an
increase in crime among youth, alcoholism, drug addiction, unhealthy rivalry, accidents
caused by negligent or reckless act and many other. This does not mean, however, that such
situations cannot be counteracted. Great importance in creating proper recreation image has
widely conceived upbringing for recreation, which should be carried out from an early age,
starting from the family environment, through school, studying, adulthood till late old age.
Used in an appropriate manner the knowledge concerning physical activity, combined with
the knowledge of the rules of social rules, will provide joy, pleasure and a sense of
satisfaction in the peer group.

Review questions:
1. The main functions of the family in recreational activity (the explanation and
interpretation).
2. The main functions of the school in recreational activity (the explanation and
interpretation).
3. The main functions of the peer groups in recreational activity (the explanation and
interpretation).

References and further readings:

1. Erdmann L., Rekreacja fizyczna różnych środowisk społecznych. Warszawa AWF,
1985.
2. Hodan B., Żukowska Z., Nauczyciel wychowania fizycznego i jego społeczno-
wychowawcze funkcje AWF Warszawa 1996.
3. Jaracz K., Makowska I., Społeczne, psychologiczne i edukacyjne aspekty wirtualnej
rzeczywistości. Edukacja ogólnotechniczna, „Dylematy teorii i praktyki”, Wyd. WSP
Bydgoszcz 1996.
4. Łobożewicz T., Wolańska T., Rekreacja i turystyka w rodzinie, PTNKF, Warszawa
1994.
5. Paterka S., Wieczorek A., Gołaszewski J., Organizacja wycieczek szkolnych obozów
stałych i wędrownych, AWF Poznań 2000.

83
 6. Wawrzak-Chodaczek M., Miejsce telewizji w życiu codziennym rodziny, Wyd. UW,
Wrocław 1997.

Conclusions

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VOCABULARY

POLISH-ENGLISH VOCABULARY
Agroturystyka – agrotourism
Dewiza – foreign currency
Długość geograficzna – longitude
Dobra turystyczne – tourist goods
Dokument rozliczeniowy (finansowy) - voucher
Drugie domy – second house
Dysfunkcja turystyki – tourism dysfunction
Efekt cieplarniany – greenhouse effect
Efekt mnożnikowy – the multiplier effect
Enklawa – enclave
Funkcje turystyki - tourism functions
Gospodarka turystyczna – tourism economy
Inny podróżny – another traveller
Jaskinia – cave
Karta pokładowa – boarding card/pass

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Karta pokładowa na statku – embarkation card
Komercjalizacja kultury – culture commercialization
Krajobraz kulturowy – culture landscape
Ksenofobia - xenophobia
Lawina – avalanche
Lista Światowego Dziedzictwa Kulturalnego i Przyrodniczego UNESCO – World
Cultural and NAture Heritage List of UNESCO
Lodowiec – Glacier
Monokultura turystyczna – tourism monoculture
Nadsprzedaż – oversale
Niestawienie się klienta posiadającego rezerwację – no show
Niewidzialny eksport – invisible export
Niewidzialny import – invisible import
Obszar chronionego krajobrazu – area of protected landscape
Ochrona przyrody – nature protection
Odwiedzający – visitor
Odwiedzający jednodniowy – one-day visitor/excursionist
Odwiedzający krajowy – national visitor
„Ostatni traci” - bumping
Odwiedzający międzynarodowy – international visitor
Pakiet turystyczny/wszystko wliczone w cenę - All inclusive, pay one price
Park krajobrazowy – landscape park
Park narodowy – national park
Podatek turystyczny – tourist tax
Podaż turystyczna – tourist supply
Podróżny - traveller
Pojemność turystyczna – tourism carrying capa city
Polityka turystyczna – tourism policy
Pomnik przyrody – monument of nature
Popyt turystyczny – tourist dem and
Propaganda turystyczna – tourist propaganda
Przebukowanie - overbooking
Przemysł turystyczny – tourism industry
Region turystyczny – tourist region

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Rezerwacja miejsc – booking
Rezerwat przyrody – nature reserve
Rozwój zrównoważony – sustainable development
Ruch turystyczny – tourist traffic
Sezonowość - seasonality
Stalagmit - stalagmite
Stalaktyt – stalactite
Szerokość geograficzna – latitude
Środowisko przyrodnicze – natural environment
Tereny recepcyjne – reception areas
Turysta – tourist
Turysta tranzytowy – transit tourist
Turystyka – tourism
Turystyka alternatywna – alternative tourism
Turystyka etniczna – ethnic tourism
Turystyka krajowa – domestic tourism
Turystyka kwalifikowana – active tourism
Turystyka masowa – mass tourism
Turystyka międzynarodowa – international tourism
Turystyka przyjazdowa – incoming (inbound) tourism
Turystyka przygodowa -adventure tourism
Turystyka religijno-pielgrzymkowa – religious and pilgrimage tourism
Turystyka socjalna – social tourism
Turystyka wewnątrzkrajowa – Island tourism
Turystyka wiejska -rural tourism
Turystyka wyjazdowa – outgoing (outbound) tourism
Turystyka zagraniczna – foreign tourism
Usługa turystyczna – tourist service
Walory turystyczne – tourist assets
Wynajem całości np. samolotu – charter
Wynajem części np. samolotu – allotment

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ENGLISH-POLISH VOCABULARY
A la carte menu – dania z karty
Airport tax – opłata lotniskowa
APEX – Advanced Purchase Excursion – bilet wycieczkowy w przedsprzedaży
BB (bed & breakfast) – zakwaterowanie z śniadaniem
Bilet otwarty – open ticket
Brand - markaCheck-in – odprawa przy wjeździe/zakwaterowanie
Cabotage -kabotaż (w żegludze transport lub handel przybrzeżny)
Check-out – odprawa przy wyjeździe/wykwaterowanie
Continental breakfast – śniadanie kontynentalne
Dead line -nieprzekraczalny czas
Duty-free -strefa wolnocłowa
English breakfast - śniadanie angielskie
Exclusive – otrzymanie lub świadczenie usług na wyłączność własną lub kontrahenta
Excursion fares -taryfy wycieczkowe
Ferry - prom
Guide - pilot
FB (full board) - zakwaterowanie z pełnym wyżywieniem
First minute – wycieczka wykupiona z wyprzedzeniem
HB (half board) - zakwaterowanie z niepełnym wyżywieniem (dwa posiłki dziennie)
Heritage tourism – krajoznawstwo
Home stay – zakwaterowanie turysty u konkretnej rodziny, u której się żywi, spędza z nimi
czas itp.
Incentive travel/tourism -turystyka motywacyjna
Invoice – faktura
Last minute - wycieczka wykupiona „w ostatniej chwili”
Obliga tory – obowiązkowy
Package – całościowy i kompletny zestaw możliwych świadczeń
Payment –płatność
Prepaid Ticket Advice – PTA (zawiadomienie o przedpłacie za bilet)
Press tour – wycieczka dla dziennikarzy
Pro forma invoice – wstępna, preliminowana faktura (obciążenie)
Property Irregularity Report – PIR (zawiadomienie o uszkodzeniu bagażu)

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Rate of Exchange -wartość pokazująca relacje pomiędzy „najsilniejszymi” walutami świata,
a także walutami lokalnymi
Resort representative – rezydent
Resort tax – lokalny podatek turystyczny
Rooming list – imienny wykaz turystów
Room service -usługa kelnerska do pokoju
Rosom types – rodzaje pokojów
Round trip – podróż okrężna (synonim podróży powrotnej)
Schedule – przejazdy, przewozy, przeloty rozkładowe (rejsowe)
Stopover - międzylądowanie, przerwa w podróży
Study tour - wycieczka/objazd dla agentów turystycznych
Shuttle – wahadło (usługi transportowe świadczone z dużą częstotliwością między dwoma
punktami o znacznym nasileniu ruchu, na które nie jest wymagana rezerwacja)
Suite – apartament
Survival – umiejętność przeżycia
Tip - napiwek
Toll – myto
Tour leader – pilot zagranicznej grupy turystycznej przejazdowej lub wyjazdowej
Waiting list – lista oczekujących/rezerwowa

TERMINOLOGY OF TOURIST MOVEMENT:

niebezpieczeństwo - CAUTION
niebezpieczny zakręt -DANGEROUS BEND
objazd - DIVERSION
spadające odłamki - FALLING ROCKS
skrzyżowanie – INTERSECTION, CROSSING
sygnalizacja świetlna - TRAFFIC LIGHTS
nakaz jazdy po lewej - KEEP LEFT
nakaz jazdy po prawej - KEEP RIGHT
autostrada - MOTORWAY
droga boczna - SIDE ROAD
droga lokalna - SERVICE ROAD
droga trzypasmowa - three-lane road
droga wielopasmowa - MULTILANE ROAD

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droga jednokierunkowa ONE-WAY TRAFFIC
droga dwukierunkowa - TWO-WAY TRAFFIC
droga z zakazem zatrzymywania - CLEARWAY
droga nieutwardzona - DIRT ROAD
droga bez przejazdu - NO THROUGH ROAD
droga wiejska - COUNTRY ROAD
droga z pierwszeństwem - MAJOR ROAD
objazd - DETOUR
zakaz wjazdu - NO ENTRY
zakaz wyprzedzania - NO OVERTAKING
zakaz parkowania - NO PARKING
zakaz ruchu - NO VEHICLES
parking - CAR PARK, PARKING LOT
droga dla pieszych -PEDESTRIANS ONLY
przejście dla pieszych - ZEBRA CROSSING
zwężenie jezdni - ROAD NARROWS
ruch okrężny, rondo - ROUNDABOUT
ograniczenie prędkości - SPEED LIMIT
obwodnica - BYPASS
autostrada - HIGHWAY, MOTORWAY
nierówna droga - UNEVEN ROAD
Terminology of aviation industry:
Bagaż – baggage
Bagaż główny - baggage
Bagaż podręczny – hand baggage
Bilet – ticket
Czas lotu – time of flight
Droga kołowania – taxiway
Hangar - hangar
Karta pokładowa – charter board, boarding card
Kasa biletowa – booking office
Komunikacja lotnicza - Air transportation
Kontroler lotu - air controller
Kontrola bezpieczeństwa - Security Control

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Lotnisko – airport
lotnisko krajowe - Airport nationally
Lotnisko miejskie - City airport
Lotnisko międzynarodowe - International airport
Lotnisko międzykontynentalne - intercontinental airport
Lotnisko wojskowe - military airport
Ludzie – people
Luk bagażowy – hod of baggage
Ławka – bench
Odprawa - check-in
Pasażer – passenger
Pas bezpieczeństwa - seat belt
Pas startowy -airstrip
Pilot – pilot
Plan lotniska - Plan of airport
Poczekalnia - Waiting-room
Port lotniczy - Airport
Przechowalnia – Store
Radar - radar
Rękaw – Sleeve for passengers
Rozkład lotów - Plane timetable
Ruchome schody - Stairlifts
Samolot – plane
Samolot odrzutowy – Jet
Samolot transportowy – Transport aircraft
Skrzydło samolotu - Wing of aircraft
Steward - steward
Stewerdesa – stewardess
Strefa wolnocłowa - Duty-free zone
Sztuczny horyzont - Artificial Horizon
Tablica elektryczna – Electric board
Terminale lotnicze – Aerial terminals
Terminal krajowy - National (local) terminal

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Terminal międzynarodowy - Apprenticeship international
Wieża kontrolna - Control Tower

TERMINOLOGY OF RAILWAY INDUSTRY:

Bilet kolejowy - Railroad ticket
Bilet ulgowy - Half-fare ticket
Bilet normalny - Normal ticket
Bilet rodzinny – Family ticket
Bilet miesięczny – month’s ticket
Bilet studencki – student’s ticket
Bileter – usher
Czas podroży – time of travel
Dworzec kolejowy - Railroad station
Dworzec główny – central station
Hala peronowa - Platform room
Informacja kolejowa - Railroad information
Kasjer – shops assistant
Kiosk – news stand
Kasa biletowa - ticket office
Konduktor - Conductor
Kuszetka – couchette
Ławka – bench
Miejscówka - seat
Ochrona pociągowa – train security
Peron – Platform
Plan dworca – plan of station
Pociąg - train
Pociąg ekspresowy - Express train
Pociąg międzynarodowy – inernational train
Pociąg osobowy - Personal train
Pociąg podmiejski – Suburban train
Pociąg pośpieszny – flyer
Poczekalnia – waiting-room
Przechowalnia – left baggage

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Restauracja – restaurant
Rezerwacja – reservation, booking
Rozkład jazdy - train timetable, schedule
Semafor – Semaphore
Sklepy - shops
Stacja kolejowa - Railroad station
Sygnalizacja - Signalling apparatus
Toaleta - toilet
Tory – railwaytrack
Wagon – carriage
Wagon kolejowy - waggon
Wagon reustauracyjny – reustaurant carriage
Wagon sypialny - Sleeping car

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