Beruflich Dokumente
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Applications in CFD
CEFRC Combustion Summer School
2014
• Important
Each chemical or physical process has associated time scale
2
Combustion Applications: Examples
• Premixed combustion Example: SI-engine
Spark-ignition engine
Premixed
• Non-premixed combustion
Example: Aircraft engine
Diesel engine
Aircraft engine
3
Impact of Combustion
Demand for energy:
• Transport and electricity
• Atmospheric pollution
• Global warming
4
DOE’s International Energy Outlook 2011
World Energy Consumption [1015 Btu]
• Increase in world wide energy
consumption from 2008 until 2035: 53%
• Fossil fuels: great share (80%) of the
world wide used energy
• Mineral oil remains dominating source
of energy
• Traffic and transport: Share of about World Energy Consumption by Fuel [1015 Btu]
25%
5
DOE’s International Energy Outlook 2011
6
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
7
Sources of CO2
8
Reduction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Various approaches:
• Hydrogen economy
• CO2-sequestration (Carbon Capture and Storage, CCS)
• Bio-fuels
• …
• Increase in efficiency
Combustion Theory
9
New Technologies
• Challenge of concurrent optimizing of efficiency, emissions and stability
• Examples of new technologies
• Aircraft turbines
NASA Lean Direct Injection
• Lean direct injection (LDI) Aircraft Engine Combustor
• Automotive sector
• Homogeneous charge
compression ignition (HCCI, CAI)
• Electricity generation
• Oxy-coal combustion
• Integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC)
• Flameless oxidation (FLOX) / MILD combustion
• Progress in technology increasingly supported by numerical simulations
• New technologies often lead to changes in operating range
• Fundamentals:
Thermodynamics
(Kinetics see parallel course)
Fluid mechanics
Heat and mass transfer
• Applications:
Reciprocating engines
Gas turbines
Furnaces
11
Course Overview
12
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Governing equations
13
Course Overview
Part II: Turbulent Combustion
• Turbulence
• Turbulent Premixed Combustion
• Turbulent Non-Premixed Combustion
• Modeling Turbulent Combustion
• Applications
14
Fundamentals and Mass Balances
of Combustion Systems
Combustion Summer School
2014
Prerequisites:
16
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Fundamentals and mass
balances of combustion systems • Definitions, Equation of State, Mass
Balance
• Thermodynamics, flame
• Elementary and Global Reactions
temperature, and equilibrium
• Coupling Functions
• Governing equations
• Stoichiometry
• Laminar premixed flames:
Kinematics and Burning Velocity • Mixture Fraction
• Mole: 6.0236 ·1023 molecules are defined as one mole Avogadro number NA
20
The mass fraction of elements
21
The partial molar density (concentration)
22
The Partial Density
• The partial molar density is related to the partial density and the
mass fraction by
23
The thermal equation of state
24
Dalton's law
x
• For an ideal gas the total pressure is equal to the sum of x
x
x
the partial pressures x
x
• Thermal equation of state for a mixture of ideal gases x
x
+
o
=
• And for the volume
x
o x
x
x
x
x o
o
o x
x
25
Example: Methane/Air Mixture
• Known: CH4-air-mixture; 5 mass percent CH4, 95 mass percent air
Air: 21% (volume fraction) O2 , 79% N2 (approximately)
• Unknown: Mole fractions and element mass fractions
• Solution:
Molar masses:
In the mixture:
26
Example: Methane/Air Mixture
• with:
27
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Fundamentals and mass
balances of combustion systems • Definitions, Equation of State, Mass
Balance
• Thermodynamics, flame
• Elementary and Global Reactions
temperature, and equilibrium
• Coupling Functions
• Governing equations
• Stoichiometry
• Laminar premixed flames:
Kinematics and Burning Velocity • Mixture Fraction
• Elementary reactions
Describes actual micro-process
of chemical reaction
Only take place, if collisions between reactants take place
Reaction velocities can be determined experimentally oder theoretically
• Global reactions
Conversion of educts to products
Ratios of amounts of substance
Does not represent a chemical micro-process
Temporal process of the reaction cannot be given
29
Elementary Reactions
30
Global reactions
• Conservation of elements
meaning that 2 mol H2 react with 1 mol O2, yielding 2 mol H2O
31
Global reactions
32
Global reactions
• Note:
Stoichiometric coefficients ni of the educts are negative!
Whereas ni‘ are defined to be positive!
33
Global reactions
Formulation of global reactions:
• Combustion of hydrocarbon fuel or an alcohol
• C:
• H:
• O:
• Example:
34
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Fundamentals and mass
balances of combustion systems • Definitions, Equation of State, Mass
Balance
• Thermodynamics, flame
• Elementary and Global Reactions
temperature, and equilibrium
• Coupling Functions
• Governing equations
• Stoichiometry
• Laminar premixed flames:
Kinematics and Burning Velocity • Mixture Fraction
• Integrating, e.g. for fuel and oxygen from the unburnt state
→ Coupling function:
36
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Fundamentals and mass
balances of combustion systems • Definitions, Equation of State, Mass
Balance
• Thermodynamics, flame
• Elementary and Global Reactions
temperature, and equilibrium
• Coupling Functions
• Governing equations
• Stoichiometry
• Laminar premixed flames:
Kinematics and Burning Velocity • Mixture Fraction
• For example,
- Global reaction describing combustion of a single component
hydrocarbon fuel CmHn (subscript F for fuel)
38
Stoichiometric Mass Ratio
• Mole number ratio for stoichiometric condition
39
Stoichiometric Mass Ratio
leads to
leads to
40
*Extra: Minimum oxygen requirement
41
*Extra: Minimum air requirement
• Minimum air requirement:
Mass of air per mass of fuel in complete combustion
with:
• Mass fraction YO2,air = 0,232
• Mole fraction XO2,air = 0,21
42
The equivalence ratio
• The equivalence ratio is the ratio of fuel to oxidizer ratio in the unburnt to that
of a stoichiometric mixture
43
Course Overview
Part I: Fundamentals and Laminar Flames
• Introduction
• Fundamentals and mass
balances of combustion systems • Definitions, equation of state, mass
balance
• Thermodynamics, flame
• Elementary and Global Reactions
temperature, and equilibrium
• Coupling Functions
• Governing equations
• Stoichiometry
• Laminar premixed flames:
Kinematics and Burning Velocity • Mixture Fraction
• Fuel stream
Often consists of one component only
In general does not contain oxidizer
• Oxidizer stream
Generally does not contain fuel
45
The mixture fraction
In the following:
• Fuel stream: Subscript 1
• Oxidizer stream: Subscript 2
where m1 and m2 are the local mass originating from the individual streams
Before combustion:
Dividing by the total mass flow, yields
Coupling function:
47
The mixture fraction
• Mixture fraction:
48
Mixture fraction definition by Bilger
• Consider elements C, H, O in combustion of a CmHn fuel with oxygen or air
• Changes in elements
• Coupling function:
or
do not change
50
Relation of mixture fraction with equivalence ratio
• Fuel-air equivalence ratio
• Introducing and
into
leads with
to a unique relation between the equivalence ratio and the mixture fraction
51
The equivalence ratio
• This relation is also valid for multicomponent fuels (see exercise below)
• It illustrates that the mixture fraction is simply another expression for the local
equivalence ratio
Exercise:
- The element mass fractions of a mixture of hydrocarbons and its
mean molecular weight W are assumed to be known
- Hint:
52
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
Profiles of YF and YO2 in the unburnt gas
53
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
• Stoichiometric composition
as
54
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
leading to
55
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
• For hydrocarbon fuel CmHn, the element mass fractions in the unburnt mixture are
• For the burnt gas they are for the hydrocarbon fuel considered above
56
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
and for
where
57
Diffusion Flame Structure at Complete Conversion
Burke-Schumann Solution: