s as laalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.

N saaslaa
aad a
d a aad a
d a Padasalaid
aa a
d a d
aa a
d a d
aa ad
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w www w

i . N . etet10th Science
N i . N .–eteLesson
N t 1 – Study
i . N . etet Material i.N.N
N etet
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.PVI.
.P a aAnswer briefly. .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
1) Define inertia. Give its classification.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Ability a
of
aslala ai body to maintain its a
state
aslala i of rest or motion is a
called
aslala i Inertia. a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.P adad Its classifications .are P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.P adad
www w Inertia of restwww w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Inertia of motion
Inertia
i . N . eoftedirection
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asalthe types of force based l
asaona a i
l their application. sasal l a a i l
asala a i aslaa
2) d a sa
Classify d a sa d a a d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.The
P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad
w w w force are classified
w w w
based on the direction winw w
which they act w w w w w w
www Like parallel forces:ww w
Two or more forces of equal
wwwor unequal magnitudewacting ww along the same direction, www
parallel to each tet are called like parallel
eother etetforces. etet etet
a i .Ni . N a i .N i . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
Unlike a asal l
saparallela forces: If two oramore l l a
saasa equal forces or unequal a
l l a
saasaforces act along opposite a
l l a
saasdirections
a parallel asaaslaa
d d
a each
a other, then they .are d d
acalled
a unlike parallel forces. d
aa d d
aa d adad
w w.Pto
. P w w P.P w w.P.P w w.P.P w .P.P
w
ww
ww wwww ww ww ww ww wwww
3) If a 5 N andeate15 t N forces are acting.N etet to one another.i.Find
opposite etethe
t resultant force and etetdirection
the
i . N
i . N
alathe resultant force salaala i i . N N
i . N i . N
i . N
of action
d a
d saaslaof d a
d a s d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
aaa5 N and 15 N forces are
.PIf.P .P.Paacting
a opposite to one.another. a a Take F1 =5 N : F2.P
P.P a aN since they are in .P.P
=.15
P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww opposite directionww ww ww ww
F net = F2 - F1 =15-5=10N: F is DIRECTED ALONG THE greater force of 15 N
i . N . etet
N
net
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P4)
. adaDifferentiate
P d adad
mass andPweight.
. .P adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.P adad
www w www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
BASIS FOR mass WEIGHT t
COMPARISON i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . e et
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
asal Mass refers to the l a a i
asal of matter l a a i
asal implies the force acted l a
asaupona i
l the object due saslaa
a s a s a s a s
Meaning
.wP.P
d
a ad a
.wP
in.P
d d
aa abody.aquantity d aWeight
a ad to the pull of gravity..P.P
.wP.P
d
a ad a
. P. adaada
P
www contained
www ww w w
www w
www
ww What is it? It iswthe
w measure of inertia. ww It is the measure ww of force. ww
Location
i .N . eItteremains
N t same, irrespective
i .N . ete
N
oftthe location. It varies e
i .N .
ast per the location.
Net i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Physical
d a
d saasal l a Scalar Quantity
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal
Vectorl a Quantity
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
aa
.PQuantity
.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa
w ww
w Zero It can w ww
w
never be zero. w ww
w When no gravityw w
w w
acts upon the body, it can w
bewzero.
w w
ww ww ww ww ww
SI unit Kilogram Newton
N tet
eOrdinary balance is usedi.N
tet
emeasurement. N etet is used in measurement. N etet
Measurement i . i . N in
i . N Spring i . i . N
balance i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.P5)
.P aa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa
w ww
w Define moment ofwaw wcouple.
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Moment of the couple
ww is measured by theww product of any one of the w
w forces and the perpendicular ww
distance between
i . N . etettwo forces
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i aslaa
τ = Fa×sadaslalatorque (τ), productaof sa
lalaforce (F) , perpendicular
asthe a sa aslaladistance (d) a saaslala a sa
.P.P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P .P.P adad
w w
ww Its SI unit is N m. ww www w ww w w www w www w
ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
6) State l
asal a
thea iprinciple of moments. l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www The principle of moments www states that, when an w is in equilibrium, w
wwobject ww
the sum of anticlockwise moments www
about any point tequals the sum of clockwise
i . N . e et
N i . N . etetmoments about thei.N
N
same
. etetpoint.
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Moment
d a
d saasal =l a
Force x Perpendicular
d a
d saasal a
Distance
l
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaaslaa
.PThe
.P a aprinciple of moments.Pcan a abe written as
.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww Moment in clockwise ww direction = Moment inwanticlockwise w direction Fw 1×
wd1 = F2 × d2 ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s a slaalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa ad a aad a
d a Padasalaiaad a
d a d
aa ad a d
aa a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w wwww www w wwww
7) State Newton’s
i . N . etetsecond law.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
The a
d dsaaslaalalaw of motion states
second
d a
d
aslaalathe rate of changeaofsaamomentum
sathat d d
a
slala of an object
d ad
aala
saisaslproportional to the asaasla
d d
a
a a unbalanced force.P.inP
.Papplied
.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww the direction of force
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww 𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆 𝒐𝒇w w
𝒎𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒖𝒎 ww ww ww
F= 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆 𝒕𝒂𝒌𝒆𝒏
2nd law to i . N
measure. etet the force acting on
N i . N .
an eteobject
N t as a product of.N
i its. N
tet
emass and acceleration. i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P8)
. adad
P adad
.aP.long
P P.P
.to adad adad
.Pvehicles?
. P adad
.P.P
www w Why a spanner www
with w handle is ww
preferredww tighten screws in ww w
heavy w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
N e tet N tet
emomentum etet etet
Spanner lhas a i . ai.N long handle to increase a i .the
i . N of forcelaia.N i . N a i . N
i . N
a saasal a
a sa
l
asal a
a sa asal a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .PMoment
w .P w .×P.perpendicular
w P ww.=P.F×d
P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www of force = w
force
www w
distance
www w
www w
www
Or i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d ad
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d ad saasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww w w w w ww w w w w w w
ww ★For the spannerwwith
w w
w a long handle,'d' is large. ww w ww w ww w
★ the moment N tetforce is also large Netet
eof N etet N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
★Hence,
d adsaaslaaitlais easier to rotatedthe a
d
laala
saasobject d a
d saaslaala d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
9) While catching a cricket ball the fielder lowers his hands backwards. Why?
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
adafielder
.PThe
. P d increases the time
.P.P adafor
d catching the ball.P d
Pad his hands backward
byalower
. .P.P ada. dAs times increases, the adad
.P.P
w w
ww rate of change of momentum www w decreases, andwthe ww
wwforce acting on the hands w w
wwis reduced to avoid injury www w
ww ww w ww ww
Forcela=lia .N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
asa i
Momentum / time l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P10)
.P .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w How does an w
astronaut
w w float in a space ww
shuttle?
w w w w w w w
www www www www www
Astronautsifloat .N . eteint outer space not because
N i .N . etethey
N t don't have gravity
i .N . N
tet on them; due toNweightlessness
epulling i . i.N etet
a i a i a i a
reason
d ad
l
saathat l a
sa astronauts on Space d a
d
l l
saashuttlea
sa float. d a
d saasal l a
d ad saasa l l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww 5 mark ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i
laalathe types of inertia?sGive i
aslaalaan example for each aslaala i i
1) What
d adsaasare d a
d a d a
d satype. d ad saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww Inertia : Ability of awbody w to maintain its statewofwrest or motion is calledwInertia. w ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
ala
aslinertia i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
Typesa sof
a a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad adad
.P.P
www w www w wwww ww w w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Inertia of rest: The resistance of a body to change its state of rest is called inertia of rest.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i aslaa
d a
Examplesa : When you vigorously d a sa
shake the branches of ad a sa
tree, some of the leaves d
anda safruits are detached d a sa
.P.Pa ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w ww w w w w w w
www and they fall down, www www www www
et t et t etet etet
ia.N
oflaamotion: i.Ne The resistance aoflaaalia.body i.Neto change its state
N a i .N i . N a i N
i . N
.motion.
Inertia a
d adsas l
d a
d sas d a
d saasal of
l a motion is called inertia
d ad saasa l of
l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aad a
d a Padasalai
aa d ad a aad a
d a d
aa ad
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P
ww
ww Example : An athlete w w
wwruns some distance before w w
ww jumping. Because, thiswwill w w
w help him jump longerwand w
w w
higher. i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.Paa
.PInertia aa
P.P
.resistance .P.Paa aa
.Pis.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w of direction: w ww
The
w of a body towchange ww
w its direction of motion w ww
w called inertia of direction.w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Example l:alWhen .aN
i . eteyou
N t
make a sharplturn i . N . etet driving a car, youitend
N
while . N . etetot lean sideways, i.N.N
N etet
asa i a
asala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P2)
. adad
P adad
.P.motion?
P .P.Padad .P.P adad adad
.P.P
www w State Newton’s ww
lawsw w
of www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . eofteInertia)
N t
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
First Lawla
asal(Law
a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.Pa ad
.PEverybody continues in its
.P.P ad of rest or of uniform
astate .P.P d
a amotion in a straight line
.P.P d it is compelled.PbyP
a aunless .a a
d
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www some external force ww towchange that state. www www www
i N
.you. etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Example
d a
d saasal: If
l a slide a hockey
d a
d
puck l
saasa on
l a ice, eventually it
d
will
adsaasal
stop,l a because of friction
d a
d
on
saasal the
l a ice
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Second Law ww ww ww ww
The rate of change
i . N . etet of momentum of ai.body
N N . eteist directly proportional
N i . N . etotethe
N t impressed force .and
i N . ettakes
N et place
a i a i a i a i
in the
d a
d
l
asa l
sadirectiona of the force. asaasa
d d
l l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
ww So, F= dp/dt ww ww ww ww
i . N . eteat body F is equal toithe
N . N . N
tet
emass i . N . N
tet
eacceleration i . N . etet
N
Then force a
aslala i
acting a
aslala i of the body m times
a
aslala i of the body
a
aslala i a.
aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Pada d F = ma
So,
.P.Padad .P.Padad .P.P adad adad
.P.P
w w
ww Example : It is easier w
wto w
w push an empty shopping w w
ww cart than a full one,wbecause w w
ww the full shoppingww w w w
w has
ww ww ww w cart
more mass than
i . N . etethe
N t empty one
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a adLaw
.PThird
.P .P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www To Every action there wwiswan equal and opposite ww w
reaction.
www www
FAB = - FBA i.N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
Example
d a
d
l l a
saasa: When birds fly they d a
dpush
l l a
saasathe air downwardsdwith ad
l
saastheirl a
a wings (Action) and
d a
d sathel l a
asaair pushes the
d a
d saaslaa
a a upwards (Reaction)..P.P
.Pbird
.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
3) Deduce the N tet
eequation of a force using N etet
Newton’s second law ofN etet
motion. N etet
i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N i . i . N
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
aa
.PNewton's aa aofamomentum is directly.Pproportional aa aa
w ww
w
.P Second law of .motion:
w wwP.P - The rate of change
w w ww
w
.P.P
w ww.P
w
to the force.P.P
w ww
w
ww applied on the system. ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
Let be the a
aslala(P i
i) initial and final momentumsa
aslala i (P f) respectively. a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
. adad to newton's second
.PAccording
P .P.Padadlaw:-
.Pof
. adad
P .P.P adad adad
.P.P
www w Force applied is directlywww w
proportional to the ww
product w w mass and acceleration www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
Pf - P i / t ∝ F
N tet
eMomentum (P) = mva.i.N etet N etet N etet
We knowathat, i . i . N i . N a i . i . N a i . i . N
Letdva s
bea
l a
al final and u be the initial
asthe a sa
l l a
asavelocity. a sa
l
asal a
a sa
l
asal a
a saaslaa
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .Pmv
w .P - mu / t ∝ F w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w w.P.P
w
www F ∝ m (v-u) /t www w www w w
www w
www
F ∝ ma.
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
F = kama.
d d saasal l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d adsaasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
a a K is the proportionality
.PHere,
.P .P.Pa aconstant. It's value is .1P.P aa .P.P aa aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww Units of Force are w w by the units of mass w
given andw acceleration. Units of w w is Kgm/s² .
force ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.N s a s laalia. i.N s a s laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aad ad a Padasalai d
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w ww w w ww w w www w
{Or }
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww Newton's Second ww
law of motion: - The rate ww
of change of momentum is ww
directly proportional to the ww
force
applied on the system.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i aslalaa i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.PLet
. adad
P .P. adad
P . adad
.aPstraight
P adad
.P.velocity
P .P.P adad
www w us consider an www
object w of mass m, moving along
ww w w line with an w w
initial
ww u. Let us say, w
ww a w
after
ww ww ww ww ww
certain time t, with a constant acceleration, the final velocity becomes v.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l
asal a a i asall a a i asall a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.PDue
.Pa adto the impact of an unbalanced .P.Pa ad external force .FP.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
Initial momentuma i of the body Pi = mu a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
a a momentum of the body
.PFinal
.P .P.Pa aPf = mv .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w
ww Change in momentum ww Δp = Pf –Pi = mv – mu ww ww ww
Force, F ∝ i .
rateN . eoftetchange of momentum
N i . N . N
tet
e(By newton 2 nd law)
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.PF.Paa aa
.P./P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w ∝ change in momentum w ww
w time w ww
w w ww
w w www
ww ww ww ww ww
𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
F ∝ 𝑡 lalia.N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
asa i aslalaa i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.P adad .P.Padad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
w w
ww F = 𝐾 𝑚𝑣−𝑚𝑢
www w ww w w www w ww w w
ww 𝑡
ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
F = as𝑡asal l a a i asall a a i asall a a i l
asala a i aslaa
d d a d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.PPut
.Pa avalue of acceleration .Pa=
.P ad
a (v-u)/t .P.P a ad .P.P a ad .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www www www www www
F = m × a (Force
i .N . ete=t mass × acceleration)
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasa l l a
d a
d saasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saaslaa
.PNo
.Pa aexternal force is required .P.Pa ato maintain the motion .P.ofa aa body moving with uniform
P .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w w ww w
ww Velocity. ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
The Velocity i
of the body will change. If i
the net force acting on a i
body is not equal to zero i
d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.Paa
.PChange .P.Paa aa
.P.the
P aa
.P.inP .P.P aa
w ww
w in momentum w w
w w
takes place in the w
direction wof
w w force in magnitude w wor
w w direction or in w
both.www
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i aslalaa i aslalaa i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P4)
. ad
P ad and prove the law
State .P.Paofdaconservation
d
of
adad
.P.momentum.
linear P .P.P adad .P.P adad
www w www w ww w w www w ww w w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet Law of conservation
N i . N . etelinear
of
N t momentum states
i . N . N
tet total
ethat
l
asal a a i asall a a i momentum l a a i
al system is always conserved
ofasthe l a a i
asal if no external asaaslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.wP.P a ad .wP.Pa ad force.P acts
. P d an object or system
a aon . P.of
P d
a aobjects. . P. adad
P
www www wwww w
www wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaasa l l a Proof: consider
d a
d
l
saasame two
l a object A and
sa direction along adastraight
B of
d
mass l l a
saasa lineand
m 1 m2
d a
d saaslaa
.P.P aa .P.Paa travelling
.P.P aa the
.P.P aa at different
.P.P aa
w ww
w velocities u and u . w ww
w
there are no other external w ww
w
unbalanced force acting w wthem
w
on w (u >u ) w www
ww 1 ww
2 ww ww 1 2 ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N saaslaa
aad a
d a d
aa a
d a Padasalai aa d a
d a aad a
d a aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w wwww
By Newton’s III law of motion,
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
saaslaalona body B due to A, saslaala saaslaala saaslaala saaslaa
Force Action force = Reaction force
d a
d
a a FB= m2 (v2–u2)/t .P.P d
aa a
d a F d
aa B
= a
d
–F aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P ww ww .PA.P w w.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w w w w w ww
Force on bodywAwdue to B, ww m1 (v1-u1)/t = –m2 (vw w2)/t
2-u ww
FA = m1i.(v N . e–ute1t)/t
1N
i . N . etet m1v1 + m2v2 = m1iu.N
N
1 +em
. N
te2tu2
i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i The law of a
aslala
conservation i linear momentum a
aslalais i
proved. aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P5)
. ad
P ad
Describe rocket propulsion.
adad
.P.P .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
The rocket l a a i
asalpropulstion systemaissaentirely l a a i
asal based on the principle l a a i
asal of conservation of momentum l
asala a i plus aslaa
d a sa d d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad III law of motion
.PNewton’s
.P a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
saaslaa
The applications
l l a of conservation ofl momentum
l a is the l l a l l a
d a
d saasaof rockets. The rocket
launching d a
d
asa
safuel burns are pushed d a
d
the
saasa d a
d saasa d a
d
aa
.Pexhaust
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w gases w
downwards, ww
w and due to this, the w ww
w
rocket gets w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
pushed upwards.
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
(Or)d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww Fuel is burnt in thewengine w where it produceswawlot of exhaust ww ww
which is forced N tet of a nozzle (called thursters)
eout N etet it creates an i.N.N etet N etet
a i . i . N a i . i . N a i a i . i . N
upwarda sa
lala due to the momentum
asthrust a sa aslalaconservation and asaaslala a saaslala a saaslaa
adad the rocket up. .P.P
.Pforces
. P adad .P.Padad adad
.P.P adad
.P.P
www w www w ww w w www w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
The mass l
asal aofa i
the rocket gradually l
asala a i
decreases, till the fuel is l
asala a i l
asala a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad
.Pcompletely
.P burnt out. There a aisdno net external force
.P.P .P.P ad
aacting a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www on it, the linear momentum www of the system iswconserved ww www www
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N
a i a i a i a i
The d a
mass
d
l l a
saasaof the rocket decreases d a
d
l
saaswithl a
a altitude makes theasaasa
d d
l l a
d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saaslaa
aa
.Pvelocity
.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w of rocket increase w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
If the rocketi.N got
. etea tvelocity to escape from
N i . N . N
tet gravitational pull ofNthe
ethe i . . eteEarth
N t called escape ivelocity
. N . etet which
N
i i i i
the mass
d a
d saaslaaoflathe rocket gettingdalighter d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
6) State the universal
i . N . etet law of gravitation
N i . N . etetderive its mathematical
and
N i . N . N
tet
eexpression i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.Padad adad
.P.P .P.P
dad
aUniversal law of gravitation adad(or) Newton’s law of.P.P
.P.P adad
www w www w w w
ww gravitation (or ) gravitational www w wwww
ww ww ww ww constant ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . eintetthis universe attracts
N i . N . etet other
N
l
asal a a i l
asala a i Every object
l
asala a i l
asala a i every
aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad
object with a force which a ad
.P.P
is directly proportional a ad
to
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w the product of theirw w w
masses and inversely w ww
www www www www www
proportional to the square of the distance between
i .N . etet
N i .N . etet
N their centres.
i .N . N
tet direction of force isNalong
eThe i . i.N etet the line
a i a i a i a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a joining
d a
d
l l a
saasathe centres of two objects. d a
d
l
saasa l a
dadsaaslaa
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w www
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.N s aslaalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N s as laalia. i.N saaslaa
d
aa a
d a aa d a
d a Padasalaid
aa a
d a aad a
d a d
aa ad
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w ww w w ww w w w
ww w

i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i a
aslala i aslaa
a sa a sa a sa a sa a sa
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
www w ww w w www w www w www w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
l a a i
al applications of universal
asthe l a a i
asallaw gravitation. [write l a a i
al 5 points for five mark]
asany l
asal a a i aslaa
7)ad a
Givesa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
w .P.Pad
w w .P.P
w
a ad
w .P.P
w
a ad
w .P.P
w
a ad
w .P.P
w
a ad
w
www w
wwwto calculate the forceworwpull w w w
wwwof the earth, earth included w
www
1. We use this of gravity of the planets
tet also comes in handyNwhen
elaw etet calculating the trajectory etet of astronomical bodies eteand
t to
2. iThis
a .Ni . N a i . i.N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d a
d
l l a
saasa predict there motion. d a
d
l
saasa l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa .Pthe
.Paa P.P
.be aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w 3. Dimensions w wwofw heavenly bodies w ww
can
w measured using w
the w w
gravitation
w law. w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
4. Mass of the Earth, radius of the Earth, acceleration due to gravity, etc. can be calculated with
i . N . etet accuracy.
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
a i
higher i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa 5. Helps in
.P.P aa
discovering new stars and planets.
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w wmotion
w w w ww
w
ww 6. TO FIND wwTHE MOTION OF THE ww
STAR (Wobble MOTION) ANDww the of a planet ww
nearby.
7. Theemass tet of the star can beNcalculated etet using the law of e gravitation.
tet etet
a i . N
i . N
a explain germination a i . i . N
lalaroots is due to the property a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
a property of a saslaa
a s a8.
s lalTo
a s asof a s aslala of geotropism which a s aslaislthe
. P. adad
P
a
root responding. P. atodathe
P
a
d gravity. . P. adad
P
a
. P. adad
P
a
. P. adaada
P
wwww ww ww wwww wwww wwww
ww 9. Helps towpredict w ww
the path of the astronomical bodies. ww ww
10. ItNkeeps
i . . etet us on the earth so
N i . N . etetwe can live on thei.N
that
N . etetand not flying someone
earth
N i . N . eteelse
N t in the
l a a i
asalatmosphere and space. l
asala a i l
asal a a i l
asal a a i aslaa
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.P a ad 11. It maintains the .P.P ad of motion of all .the
amotion P.P ad around the sun.Pand
aplanets .P
d
a amoon .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w w w w w around the w w
earth.
w
www www www www www
12. It pulls all the object towards the earth.
tet of water in the rivers
eflowing etetand seas etet etet
13. iThe
a .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
d a
d
l
saa14. l a
sa motion of planetsdaround a
d
l l a
saasa the sun d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa aa
.Pbinds
.P .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w 15. The force w ww
that
w us to the earth w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
16. Motion of the moon around the earth
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N
i i i i
d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d adsaaslaa
.P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww IX. HOT Questionsww ww ww ww
3) Newton i . N . etet law of motion has
First
N i . N . N
tet do with seat belts
eto i . N . N
tet
ebecause if our vehicle i . N . N
tet
ecomes to a
a l al a i
a inertia was Seatabelts a l al a i
a are in cars to theasaeffects a l al a i
a of inertia created. a l al i
aSeat belts are in asaaslaa
a
quicka sa s
stop sa s s a sa s
.P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad .P.P adad
w w
ww cars to the effects ww w w
of inertia. Seat belts w w
whold
w passengers down, w w
wwprotecting them from w w
wwtheir
ww ww ww ww ww
own inertia.[ethe tet law of inertia.] etet etet etet
a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N a i . N
i . N
A good
a sa
lal
ashelmeta can act to absorb
a sa
l a
al distribute the force
asand a sa
l a
asofalthe impact (or )A good a sa
l l a
asahelmet can act to
a saaslaa
d
a ad and distribute the d
a ad of the impact, and.Pthus, d
a adlessen the impact .on d
adrider’s head
athe d
a ad
w .Pabsorb
w .P w .P.force
w P w w .P w wP.P w .P.P
w
w
www w
www wwww www w w
www
Notes prepared by
tet
eM.TECH, etet etet etet
MUTHU SELVAM a i .Ni . N B.ED a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N a i .Ni . N
PG d a
l
ASSIATANT
d
l a
saasa IN PHYSICS dadsaasa l l a
d a
d saasal l a
d a
d saasal l a
d adsaaslaa
.PTTL
.Paa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa .P.P aa
w ww
w LIONS w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
i . N . etet
N i . N . etet
N i . N. Netet i . N . etet
N
alaala i alaala i alaala i alaala i alaa
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas