Q1: Explain why the spirometer trace would be different if the carbon dioxide had

not been absorbed.

1. no downward slope / no change in volume / eq ;

2. exhaled carbon dioxide equals consumed oxygen / eq ;

OR

3. {tidal volumes / breathing rate / height of peaks} increase /

eq ;

4. due to increase in carbon dioxide concentration / eq ;

Q2: Explain how carbon dioxide is involved in the control of breathing rate during

exercise.

1. carbon dioxide increase in {blood / plasma} / eq ;

2. fall in {blood / plasma} pH / eq ;

3. chemoreceptors ;

4. reference to {medulla / carotid bodies / aortic bodies} ;

5. impulses sent / eq ;

6. reference to ventilation centre / respiratory centre ;

7. reference to intercostal muscles / diaphragm ;

8. increased breathing rate / increased depth of breathing / eq

Q3: Explain how the structure of this motor neurone affects the speed of the

impulse along the axon

1. reference to myelination ;

2. saltatory conduction / impulse jumps from node to node / eq ;

3. idea that this increases {speed / conduction velocity}

(of the impulse) ;

Explain the effect the poison has on the ability of a neurone to transmit impulses.
1. idea that impulses cannot be transmitted / action potentials

not possible ;

Any three from the following:

2. sodium ions {move / diffuse / eq} into axon / neurone ;

3. down a concentration gradient / eq ;

4. neurone is depolarised / eq ;

5. idea that depolarisation is permanent ;

6. idea that resting potential cannot be (re)established ;

) Describe how heart muscle cells make ATP when less oxygen is available.

1. reference to anaerobic respiration ;

2. reference to glycolysis ;

3. idea that glucose is phosphorylated ;

4. reference to {NAD / NADH} ;

5. reference to formation of pyruvate ;

6. (net gain of) 2 ATP molecules (per glucose molecule) ;

7. idea of need to regenerate oxidised NAD ;

8. pyruvate converted to lactate ;

A person will suffer a pain called angina if heart muscle cells receive less oxygen.

Suggest how lack of oxygen in heart muscle cells can cause angina.

1. lactate produced / lactic acid produced ;

2. stimulates (pain) receptors / lowers pH /

damage muscle (cells) / fatigue in muscle (cells) /

enzymes inhibited / enzymes denatured ;

Suggest how constant impulses along motor neurones cause cramps.

1. reference to the release of calcium ions ;

2. (calcium ions) from sarcoplasmic reticulum / eq ;

3. (continued stimulation means) high concentration of calcium

ions / calcium ions remain ;

4. calcium ions bind to troponin ;

5. reference to {tropomyosin / myosin / actin / actomyosin} (involved in muscle contraction) ;

Suggest how inhibiting cytochrome oxidase would kill an elephant.

1. reduced carrier cannot be oxidised / oxygen cannot be used

to make water / electrons cannot be passed to oxygen /

oxygen cannot be used as electron acceptor / eq ;

2. idea that transport of electrons prevented / ETC stops ;

3. ATP not made ;

4. reference to oxidative phosphorylation ;

5. ATP (only) from {glycolysis / anaerobic respiration} ;

6. {respiratory / heart / eq } muscles cannot contract / eq ;

Suggest how the wood mouse maintains a constant body temperature when in a

cold environment.

1. receptors in the { skin / hypothalamus } ;

2. idea of (nerve) impulses to { hypothalamus / heat gain

centre / thermoregulatory centre } ;

3. arterioles { constrict / vasoconstriction } so less blood to

{ skin / superficial capillaries }

OR

shunt vessels { dilate / widen / eq } so less blood to

{ skin / superficial capillaries } ;

4. idea that hair erector muscles contract to { trap air /

insulate } ;

5. idea of less heat loss by { radiation / convection } ;

6. idea that heat generated by { shivering / muscle contraction

/ increase in metabolic rate / increase in respiration } ;

7. idea of { less sweating / inhibition of sweat glands } ;

8. idea of less heat loss by evaporation ;

Describe the events that take place at the synapse that enable transmission of a

nerve impulse.

1. impulse / action potential / wave of depolarisation arrives ;

2. calcium ion channels open / calcium ions enter (neurone /

knob) ;

3. vesicles { fuse / bind / eq } with presynaptic membrane ;fgvff

4. neurotransmitter released { into synaptic cleft / by

exocytosis } ;

5. reference to diffusion of neurotransmitter ;

6. neurotransmitter binds to receptors in

post synaptic membrane ;

7. sodium ion channels open / sodium ions enter ;

8. post synaptic membrane is depolarised / action potential

initiated / impulse initiated / wave of depolarisation initiated;

Suggest how cocaine can help a person to have an increased sense of pleasure.

1. idea that cocaine { binds / attaches / eq } to the { re-uptake

channel / re-uptake protein / protein channel } ;

2. idea that dopamine { remains / accumulates / stays / not

reabsorbed / eq } in synaptic cleft ;

3. dopamine { binds / attaches / eq } to receptors in

postsynaptic membrane ;

4. idea of { depolarisation / action potentials / impulses } in

{ postsynaptic neurone / in the pleasure centre } ;

Explain how the standard deviation can be used to interpret data.

1. idea that SD provides information of the { spread / range /

variance / variation } of data ;

2. idea that small SD increases confidence in the mean / large

SD decreases confidence in the mean ;

3. idea that small SD can indicate reliability /

large SD can indicate less reliability ;

4. idea that overlap allows comparison of samples for significant

difference ;

Suggest why the pupil dilates when atropine is added to the eye.

1. acetylcholine cannot bind to receptors ;

2. circular muscles do not contract / circular muscles relax ;

3. radial muscles contract ;

Explain why drugs, such as atropine, are tested on animals before being used

on humans.

1. to find out if it worked ;

2. to find out if it was safe / check for side effects / make sure

it is not toxic / establish toxic level / eq ;

3. to find out the best concentration / dose to use ;

Explain the purpose of the syringe in this investigation (respirometer)

1. { reset / move / eq } the coloured oil ;

2. allows collection of { several measurements /

repeated results / reliable results / valid results } / eq ;

3. measure volume of oxygen consumed ;

Explain the effect that a high temperature has on chemiosmosis.

1. idea that less ATP produced ;

2. reference to denaturation ;

3. idea that { ATPase / proton channel / stalked particles }

involved ;

4. idea of less { hydrogen ion / H+ / proton } transport ;

Explain how fMRI can be used to observe activity in the human brain in response

to repeated stimuli.

1. idea that fMRI involves brain activity in real time ;

2. idea that fMRI measures oxygen uptake ;

3. idea that active area of brain { gets more blood /

oxygenated blood / uses oxygen };

4. {oxyhaemoglobin / deoxyhaemoglobin } involved ;

5. idea that fMRI uses {radio waves / signal / energy} ;

6. active brain emits less energy ;

7. more active area appears lighter / less active area

appears darker ;

8. idea that brain activity falls with {habituation / repeated

stimulus}

Give one similarity and one difference between hormonal and nervous

control of the heart rate

1. Similarity:
both {affect the SAN / can increase heart rate / involuntary} ;

2. Difference:

hormonal is slower / nervous is faster /

hormonal lasts longer / nervous is shorter /

hormonal is chemical but nervous is electrical or by impulse /

hormonal uses blood but nervous uses neurones ;

Explain what is meant by the term habituation.

1. idea of a {reduced response to / ignoring} a stimulus ;

2. that is {repeated / harmless / unimportant / eq} ;

3. idea that habituation is a form of learning ;

Explain how this anaesthetic drug prevents the patient feeling pain

1. reference to sodium (ion) channels ;

2. idea of less influx of sodium ions (into neurone / axon) ;

3. idea that there is {less / no / eq} depolarisation ;

4. idea that there are {fewer / no / eq} action potentials

generated ;

5. idea of {fewer / no / eq} impulses (to brain) ;

Suggest the advantage of including a chemical that causes vasoconstriction.

1. idea that {blood vessels are narrowed / blood flow is

reduced};

2. idea that the {drug is not removed / pain relief lasts longer /

bleeding is reduced} ;

impulse arrives at a synapse. Suggest how this anaesthetic drug reduces pain.

1. idea that calcium (ion) channels {blocked / closed};

2. idea that {fewer / no} calcium ions enter {(pre)synaptic

knob};

3. idea that vesicles do not {fuse with / move to}

presynaptic membrane ;

4. idea of less neurotransmitter release ;

5. idea of reduced {binding / movement} to receptors on the

{postsynaptic membrane / postsynaptic neurone} ;

6 idea of reduced depolarisation / action potentials /

entry of sodium ions / impulses (to brain) ;

) Explain how bright light shone into the eye is detected by cells in the retina

leading to nerve impulses being sent to the brain.

1. reference to {photoreceptor / rod / cone} cells ;

2. reference to {rhodopsin conversion into retinal and opsin /

conversion of cis-retinal to trans-retinal} ;

3. idea that {sodium / cation} channels close and sodium ions

{cannot enter / are pumped out} ;

4. reference to {hyperpolarisation / generator potential /

inside more negative} ;

5. reduced release of {glutamate / neurotransmitter} ;

6. reference to depolarisation of bipolar cell ;

7. reference to {action potential / impulse}

in {sensory neurone / optic nerve}

xplain why the muscle composition of a cheetah causes it to stop running if it

fails to catch its prey within 50 m.

1. idea that muscles have more fast twitch fibres ;

2. idea of {fewer capillaries / less myoglobin } ;

3. idea of less oxygen supply ;

4. (less) aerobic respiration / (more) anaerobic respiration ;

5. idea of fewer mitochondria / less ATP made ;

6. idea that lactate produced / low pH produced

Explain how a sarcomere is able to contract.

1. calcium ions released from sarcoplasmic reticulum ;

2. idea that calcium ions {attach / bind} to troponin ;

3. idea of {pulling / moving} tropomyosin ;

4. idea of exposure of myosin binding sites ;

5. idea that myosin attaches to actin ;

6. idea that ADP and Pi release

{changes shape of myosin / myosin head moves} ;

7. reference to sliding filament ;

8. idea that ATP is used to

{detach myosin head / break cross bridges} ;

xplain how an imbalance of the brain chemical serotonin can contribute to ill health

1. serotonin is a neurotransmitter / eq ;

2. idea that { low levels / lack } of serotonin linked to

depression ;

Distinguish between nature and nurture.

1. nature involves genes / eq ;

2. nurture involves environment / eq ;

Morphine reduces the sensitivity of the brain to the concentration of carbon dioxide in the
blood. This affects breathing rate and can cause death. Suggest why a high dose of morphine
can cause death?

1. carbon dioxide { is not removed from blood / level in blood

increases / level in blood is high } ;

2. carbonic acid increases / pH decreases (due to increase in

CO2 ) ;

3. ( change ) not detected by chemoreceptors ;

4. idea that { medulla / ventilation centre } { is not stimulated /

receives fewer impulses } ;

5. idea of { fewer / no } impulses to muscles ( involved in

breathing ) ;

6. { no / decreased } { contractions / ventilation } ( causes

death ) ;

Use this information, and the diagram,to explain why plant shoots grown in the dark are taller
than plant shoots grown in the light

1. darkness converts Pfr to Pr / light converts Pr to Pfr ;

2. { more Pr / less Pfr } in dark ;

3. more IAA present in the dark ;

4. IAA { softens / eq } cell walls ;

5. uptake of water by osmosis ;

6. causes cell elongation

Describe the roles of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle in the synthesis of ATP

Glycolysis:

1. produces phosphorylated compounds / named example ;

2. ( substrate-level ) phosphorylation of ADP ;

3. produces { reduced NAD / NADH / NADH+ / NADH2 } ;

Krebs:

4. produces { reduced NAD / eq } and { reduced FAD / eq } ;

5. ( reduced coenzymes ) supply electrons to { ETC /

electron carriers } ;

6. ( substrate-level ) phosphorylation of ADP ;

7. in the process of oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;

8. reference to ATP synthase / stalked particles ;

affects of having small amount of slow stwitch muscle fibres.

1. idea that astronauts { fatigue quickly / cannot exercise for

long periods } ;

Two from:

2. { less aerobic / more anaerobic } respiration ;

3. less ATP produced ;

4. fewer mitochondria ;

5. lactic acid produced ;

Describe a valid laboratory investigation to find the minimum concentration

of metaflumizone needed to make these ants immobile.(action potential)

1. use a range of five concentrations ;

2. standardisation of the ant ;eg size, age, gender,species.

3. method to assess mobility ;

4. large sample size ;minimum 10 if number stated

5. named variable controlled ;eg time, temperature,volume/ pH of solution,

6. repeat with a narrower range of concentrations ;

Explain the change in heat loss by evaporation after eating the ice.

1. heat loss decreases (after eating ice) ;

2. ice reduces core body temperature ;

3. (reduced) temperature detected by

{ hypothalamus / thermoregulatory centre / heat gain centre } ;

4. nerve impulses / eq ( from hypothalamus / eq ) ;

5. sweat glands { inhibited / produce less sweat } ;

6. less evaporation of water ;

7. reference to latent heat of {vaporisation / evaporation } ;

Explain how hypothermia reduces the synthesis of ATP by chemiosmosis

1. idea of reduction in { activity of enzymes / kinetic energy } ;

2. idea that hypothermia affects { active transport / pumping } of

{ protons / H+ / hydrogen ions } ;

3. out of matrix / through inner membrane / to intermembrane ( space ) ;

4. chemiosmosis requires a {concentration / electrochemical / pH /

proton} gradient ;

5. idea that hypothermia reduces diffusion ( down this gradient ) ;

6. less energy released by movement of { protons / eq } ;

7. through { ATP synthase / stalked particles } ;

Explain how changes in the concentration of CO2 lead to changes in the ventilation rate of the
kangaroo rat.

1. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the { alveoli / air sacs

} is higher / eq ;

2. the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood is higher /

pH of blood is lower / eq ;

3. detected by chemoreceptors in {medulla / carotid artery /

aorta} ;

4. reference to {respiratory centre / ventilation centre /

control centre} ;

5. sending nerve impulses to {diaphragm / intercostal muscles

) Suggest why the percentage of these seeds that germinate in no light

gradually decreases over a period of time.

1. PFR (slowly) changes to PR in the dark ;

2. levels of PFr become too low to stimulate germination /

levels of PR become high enough to inhibit germination;

3. idea that seeds become less viable with storage ;

(iv) Explain the role of IAA in the effect of light on these coleoptiles

1. IAA moves away from light / there is more IAA on the

darker side of the stem / eq ;

2. (H) bonds between cellulose molecules weakened /

broken / eq ;

3. the cells elongate ;

4. due to {uptake of water / increase in turgor pressure /

eq} ;

5. (IAA) causes coleoptiles to { bend / grow } towards the

light ;

(b) Rod cells contain large numbers of mitochondria.Describe the role of ATP in the response
of rod cells to light.

1. ATP provides energy ;

2. synthesis of {rhodopsin / opsin / retinal /

neurotransmitters } ;

3. re-joining retinal to opsin ;

4. converting trans-retinal back into cis-retinal ;

5. used { by sodium pump to / to actively } pump

sodium ions ;

*(ii) Describe how ATP is produced in mitochondria.

1. reference to chemiosmosis ;
2. reference to oxidative phosphorylation ;

3. electrons and protons from { NADH / FADH / reduced

NAD / reduced FAD } ;

4. energy released by electrons moving along electron

transport chain ;

5. is used to pump protons (across the inner membrane) ;

6. into space between inner and outer membrane / eq ;

7. protons diffuse through ATP synthase ;

8. (ATP synthase) phosphorylates ADP to form ATP ;

9. (some) ATP produced by substrate level phosphorylation ;

Explain the change in mean muscle lactate concentration during the exercise

1. muscles using oxygen faster than it can be delivered ;

2. anaerobic respiration is taking place ;

3. pyruvate is converted to lactate ;

4. and reduced NAD is oxidised / eq ;

Describe the role of calcium ions in the sliding filament theory of

muscle contraction.

1. calcium ions bind to troponin ;

2. changing the shape of troponin ;

3. { troponin / tropomyosin } move away (from actin

filaments) ;

4. to allow the myosin head to bind to actin / eq ;

Using the information in the table and your own knowledge, explain how it could

be shown that cuttlefish can become habituated to sound

1. use a sound frequency between 100 and 200 cycles per

second ;

2. use a sound intensity between 140 and 165 a.u. ;

3. use a group of cuttlefish ;

4. idea of testing the cuttlefish with the sound at regular

intervals ;

5. idea of observing the strength of the flight response ;

6. a reduced response shows habituation has occurred ;

Compare the mechanisms used in hormonal and nervous coordination

in mammals

hormonal nervous

1 chemical impulse / electrical ;

2 transported in blood carried by { nerves /

neurones } ;

3 slow speed (of

transmission)

fast speed ;

4 long-lasting

response

short-lived response ;

5 widespread effect localised effect ;

Compare the mechanisms used in hormonal and nervous coordination

in mammals

1. thyroxine binds to receptors ;

2. { enters / moves to } the nucleus ;

3. activates transcription factors / stimulates transcription /

eq ;

4. increased { protein / enzyme } synthesis / eq ;

5. synthesis of (more) adrenaline / eq ;

Explain how you would use a spirometer trace to find the breathing rate of

a person.

1. count the number of peaks ;

2. measure distance on the trace and convert to time / eq ;

Or

3. measure the distance between two peaks ;

4. convert to a rate knowing the speed of rotation / eq ;

Or

5. record time taken to form the trace

6. divide number of peaks by time taken

explain the effect of exercise on the depth and rate of breathing.

1. as cycling speed increases, both rate and depth of

breathing increase ;

2. idea that increase in cycling speed increases { respiration

/ production of carbon dioxide } ;

3. lactate may also be produced ;

4. { fall in pH / increase in carbon dioxide / increase in H+ }

detected by chemoreceptors ;

5. stimulates respiratory centre (located) in the medulla

(oblongata) ;

6. which sends more impulses to { intercostal muscles /

diaphragm } ;
7. the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract more

frequently ;

Explain what is meant by the term negative feedback.

1. idea that a change in one direction causes a change in

the opposite direction ;

2. to ensure a constant value / set point / narrow range of

values / eq ;

Suggest how the camel is able to maintain an internal body temperature within a

range of 38 qC to 40 qC.

1. (thermo)receptors in { skin / hypothalamus } ;

2. send { impulses / action potentials } to the

{ hypothalamus / thermoregulatory centre /

heat loss centre } ;

3. causes { vasodilation / blood vessels to dilate } so more

blood flows to the { skin / superficial capillaries } ;

4. hair arrector muscles relax (so) more heat loss

by { convection / radiation } ;

5. increased sweating so more { evaporation } ;

6. inhibition of { shivering / muscle contraction } so less

heat generated ;

7. decreased { metabolism / metabolic rate / respiration

} so less heat generated ;

8. credit idea of { panting / salivation / decreased

adrenaline production } ;

Explain how calcium ions are involved in synaptic transmission.

1. idea that the impulse reaches the presynaptic

{ membrane / knob } ;

2. calcium channels open / calcium ions diffuse in ;

3. causing vesicles to { move towards / fuse with } the

membrane ;

4. { release / exocytosis } of neurotransmitter (into

synaptic cleft) ;

Suggest two reasons why impulses travel in only one direction across a synapse.

1. idea that { neurotransmitters / vesicles } are found only

in the presynaptic knob ;

2. idea that receptors (for neurotransmitters) are found only

on the postsynaptic membrane ;