1.

Giving examples
The most common way of giving examples is by using for example or for instance.

Namely refers to something by name.

"There are two problems: namely, the expense and the time."

2. Giving a result
So Therefore Hence Thus
Consequently As a result This means that

Therefore, so, consequently and as a result are all used in a similar way.
"The company is expanding. Therefore / Consequently / As a result, they are taking on extra
staff."
* We don't usually start a sentence with so (too informal).

3. Sequencing ideas
The former …, the latter … Firstly, secondly, finally
The first point is The following
First and foremost Lastly

The former and the latter are useful when you want to refer to one of two points.
"Marketing and finance are both covered in the course. The former is studied in the first term and
the latter is studied in the final term."

Firstly, … secondly, … finally (or lastly) are useful ways to list ideas.
It's rare to use ‘fourthly’ or ‘fifthly’. Instead, try the first point, the second point, the third point
and so on.

The following is a good way of starting a list.

"The following people have been chosen to go on the training course: N. Peters, C. Jones and A.
Owen."

4. Summarising
In short In brief In a nutshell
To summarise In summary To conclude
In conclusion All in all

We normally use these words at the beginning of the sentence to give a summary of what we
have said or written.

5. Contrasting ideas
But Although Though Even though
However Nevertheless Nonetheless Even so
Despite/despite the fact In spite of/in spite of the
Yet Still
that fact that
Unlike While Whereas
In theory… in practice…
But is more informal than however. It is not normally used at the beginning of a sentence.
"He works hard, but he doesn't earn much."
"He works hard. However, he doesn't earn much."

Although ~ Even though ~ though vs. despite ~ in spite of. They all introduce the idea of
contrast and you must have two halves of a sentence, but they have different patterns.
"Although it was cold, she went out in shorts." ~ "Though it was cold, she went out in shorts." ~
"Even though it was cold, she went out in shorts."
Vs.
"In spite of the cold, she went out in shorts." ~ "Despite the cold, she went out in shorts." (+noun)

Despite and in spite of are used in the same way as because of, due to, owing to and on
account of, etc. They must be followed by a noun (phrase) or a gerund (phrase). If you want to
follow them with a sentence (a noun and a verb), you must use the fact that.
"Despite / In spite of the fact that the company was doing badly, they took on extra employees."
"Despite / In spite of the company’s losses, they took on extra employees." (noun phrase)
"Despite / In spite of the company doing badly, they took on extra employees." (gerund phrase)

Nevertheless and nonetheless mean however or even so.

"The company is doing well. Nonetheless/Nevertheless, they aren't going to expand this year."
"The sea was cold, but he went swimming nevertheless." (In spite of the fact that it was cold.)

While, whereas and unlike are used to show how two things are different from each other.
"While my sister has blue eyes, mine are brown."
"Taxes have gone up, whereas social security contributions have gone down."
"Unlike in the UK, the USA has cheap petrol."

In theory… in practice… show an unexpected result.

"In theory, teachers should prepare for lessons, but in practice, they often don't have enough
time."

6. Giving a reason
Due to/Due to the fact that Because of / Because of the Owing to/Owing to the fact
fact that that ~ Thanks to
On account of / On Provided / Providing Given that
account of the fact that
Because Seeing as As Since

Due to, because of, owing to, on account of (etc.) must be followed by:
 a noun (phrase)
"Due to the rise in oil prices, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."
"Because of bad weather, the football match was postponed."
"Owing to the demand, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."

 a gerund (phrase)
"Due to the oil prices rising, the inflation rate rose by 1.25%."
"Because of the weather being bad, the football match was postponed."
"Owing to the demand increasing, we are unable to supply all items within 2 weeks."
 If you want to follow these words with a sentence (a subject, verb and object), you must follow
the words with the fact that.
"Due to the fact that oil prices have risen, the inflation rate has gone up by 1.25%."
"Because of the fact that the weather was bad, the football match was postponed."
"Owing to the fact that the workers have gone on strike, the company has been unable to fulfill
all its orders."

Because is normally used in the middle of a sentence. For example:

"We believe in incentive schemes, because we want our employees to be more productive."

It can also be used at the beginning, but only in order to negatively emphasize an idea.
Otherwise, it’s considered too informal. Instead, since, as or seeing as can be used, with the
exact same meaning (*in the middle of the sentence too).
"Because it was raining, the match was postponed."
"Since the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."
"As the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."
"Seeing as the company is expanding, we need to hire more staff."

7. Adding information
And Also Too
Furthermore Moreover In addition,
Besides As well as In addition to
Apart from Together with Along with

Ideas are often linked by and. In a list, you put a comma between each item, but not before and.
"We discussed training, education and the budget."

Also is used to add an extra idea or emphasis. "We also spoke about marketing."
You can use ‘but also’ with ‘not only’ to give emphasis.
"We are concerned not only by the costs, but also by the competition."

We don't usually start a sentence with also (too informal). If you want to start a sentence with a
phrase that means also, you can use ‘In addition’, ‘In addition to this’, ‘Furthermore’,
‘Moreover’, etc.

As well as can be used at the beginning or the middle of a sentence.

"As well as the costs, we are concerned by the competition."
"We are interested in costs as well as the competition."

Too goes either at the end of the sentence, or after the subject and means as well.
"They were concerned too." / "I, too, was concerned."

Apart from and besides are often used to mean as well as or in addition to.
"Apart from Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer."
"Besides Rover, we are the largest sports car manufacturer."

Moreover and furthermore add extra information to the point you are making.
"Marketing plans give us an idea of the potential market. Moreover, they tell us about the
competition."
 Linking words Example of use

You can take my car as long as/provided (that)/providing

As long as ~ Provided (that)
you don't damage it.
~ Providing:
(I will lend you my car on condition that you don't damage it.)
Unless it’s for free, I won’t go to that concert.
Unless (~if not)
(I will go to the concert only if it’s for free)
Although/Though/Even though he is rich, he lives in a
Although ~ Though
small house.
~ Even though:
(In spite of the fact that he is rich, he lives in a small house.)
He is poor and has no house, but even if he had a lot of
Even if: money, he wouldn't buy a house.
(He has no money and no house, but supposing he had money, he
still wouldn't buy a house.)
Take an umbrella in case it rains.
In case: (There is a possibility that it will rain, so it's a good idea to take an
umbrella.)
In spite of/Despite the rain, she walked to the station.
In spite of/Despite being hurt, she walked to the station
on her own.
In spite of ~ Despite:
In spite of/Despite the fact that we tried to sort out
those problems, we didn't manage to finish the project
on time.
She arrived early so that she could help her colleagues.
So that: VS. She arrived early in order to help her colleagues. ~ She
In order to ~ So as to: arrived early so as to help her colleagues.
(She arrived early for the purpose of helping her colleagues.)
Tom is rich whereas/while Jack is poor.
Whereas ~ While:
(Tom is rich. In contrast, Jack is poor.)
You can count on me whatever you decide to do.
Whatever:
(No matter what you decide to do, you can count on me.)
I will lend you my car whenever you need it.
Whenever:
(No matter when you need my car I will lend it to you.)
My thoughts will be with you wherever you go.
Wherever:
(No matter where you go my thoughts will be with you.)
Whoever comes will be welcome.
Whoever:
Whoever wants it can have it.
It's a long trip, whichever road you take.
Whichever:
Whichever you choose, the others will be offended.
 Adding
 *and
 As well as / Besides + noun / ‘-ing’
 Moreover, / Furthermore,
 What is more,
 In addition, / Additionally,
 In addition to + noun / ‘-ing’
 Not only ..., but also
 also / too / as well
 Another (key) point is that
Relative clauses
 who  that
 whose (genitive)  which
 to whom  when
 by whom  where
 for whom  what
 with whom, etc.
 At first,
 First (of all) / Firstly, / Secondly, / Thirdly,
 To begin with,
 At the beginning of + smth.
 In the beginning,
 Before / Prior to / Formerly
 Then, / Next, / After,
 Subsequently, / Afterwards, / After that,
 when / while / during
 soon / until
 Meanwhile / In the meantime,
Expressing cause / reason
 *because
 as / since / seeing as
 This / That is why,
 Because of / Due to
 Owing to / On account of
 Thanks to / As a result of
 For this reason,
Contrasting
 *but
 However, / Nevertheless, / Nonetheless,
 Yet, / Still, / Even so,
 Regardless, / Notwithstanding,
 Albeit,
 Although / Though / Even though
 Despite /In spite of
 Whereas / While / But while
 Otherwise,
 On the contrary,
 In contrast (to) / In comparison with
 Neither ... nor
 On the one hand, / On the other hand,
Giving examples
 For example, / For instance,
 For one thing, / For another thing,
 This includes / Including,
 such as / namely
 e.g. (for example)
 i.e. (that is) / That is to say
Narration
 As soon as / Once / immediately /
instantly
 Upon + noun
 occasionally / from time to time / at
times
 Suddenly / Unexpectedly
 No sooner ... than
 Hardly / Barely / Scarcely ... when
 At the end of + smth.
 In the end,
 Eventually, / At last, / Finally,
 The former…the latter...
Expressing effect / result Expressing purpose
 *so  *to
 Therefore, / Thus, / Hence  so as to / in order to
 Consequently, / Accordingly,  so that + sentence
 As a consequence of  for (non-specific)
 As a result, / In effect,
 such a ... that
 too...for / to / not enough... to
 Expressing opinion Emphasis
 I would say that  Indeed, / Certainly,  Most importantly,
 To my mind,  Naturally,  Undoubtedly
 In my opinion,  Obviously,  exactly because
 From my point of view,  Clearly,  expressly
 I think (that)  Admittedly,  explicitly
 I believe (that)  Generally (speaking),  specifically
 As I see it,  In fact,  significantly
 If you ask me,  As a matter of fact,  notably
 I would argue that,  especially  markedly
 Personally,  particularly / in  Above all,
 As far as I’m concerned, particular  Whatever
 As for me,  A point often  Whenever
 Apparently, overlooked  too / enough
 To put it another way,  First thing to remember  The more....
 It’s important to realize
 I’d like to point out

Comparison Summing up / concluding

 Similarly, / Similar to
 Likewise,
 In the same way,
 Just like / Just as
 Same as
 Compare(d) to/with
 Not only...but also
 All in all, / Overall, / On the whole,
 In conclusion, / To conclude,
 To sum up, / To summarize,
 In brief, / In short, / In essence, / In a word,
 By and large, / All things considered,
 In any event, / In either case,
 In the long run, / For the most part,

Making reference
 In terms of
 When it comes to
 Regarding / Concerning
 With regard to / With respect to / As regards
 As far as … is / are / was / were concerned,
 With / In reference to / Referring to
 In relation to / relating to / related to
 As for / as to / about / vis-a-vis
 In connection to / with