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BRKRST-3372
Housekeeping
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Prerequisites
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Introduction
Feature Overview
Unified Configuration
Scaling Enhancements
Security Enhancements
Routing Enhancements
IPv6 Support Primer
Introduction
EIGRP Features over the years
Peer Scaling
1993 exceeds 600 2000 2003
EIGRP 1998 PE/CE Route-Maps
Introduced SIA Rewrite Support 3-Way Handshake
2010
2006 IPv6 VRF
2004 DMVPN 2008 HMAC SHA2
3rd Party Next- SRP Code Harding Authentication
hop OER Unified CLI Peer Groups
SNMP Manet Stub Leaking Remote
BFD Support Plugin Support Summary Peers
Leaking
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Introduction
Determining if a feature is available
“show eigrp plugins” provided detailed information on the capabilities of
eigrp running:
version of eigrp
patch level for the version
features available in your image
Router>#show eigrp plugins detail
EIGRP feature plugins:::
eigrp-release : 6.00.00 : Portable EIGRP Release
: 4.01.05 : Source Component Release(dev6)
parser : 2.02.00 : EIGRP Parser Support
igrp2 : 3.00.00 : Reliable Transport/Dual Database
bfd : 1.01.00 : BFD Platform Support
mtr : 1.00.01 : Multi-Topology Routing(MTR)
eigrp-pfr : 1.00.01 : Performance Routing Support
PfR Initialized
Debug off
Detail Debug off
vNets : 1.00.00 : vNets Platform Support
IPv4 vNets Enabled
IPv6 vNets Disabled
ipv4-af : 2.01.01 : Routing Protocol Support
ipv4-sf : 1.01.00 : Service Distribution Support
ipx-af : 2.00.01 : Routing Protocol Support
ipv6-af : 2.01.01 : Routing Protocol Support
ipv6-sf : 1.01.00 : Service Distribution Support
snmp-agent : 1.01.01 : SNMP/SNMPv2 Agent Support
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Unified Configuration
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Introduction
Unified Configuration – Problems
EIGRP is more than just routing!!
EIGRP supports 2 major distribution types
IPX
3 Protocol Stacks route distribution
Commands are scattered IPv4
IPv6
Commands were similar but different
service distribution
Scope is sometimes unclear
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Introduction
Unified Configuration Solution – Named Mode
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – Creating an Instance
Classic mode:
Configuring “router eigrp” command with a number.
Named mode:
Configuring “router eigrp” command with the virtual-instance-name
Named mode supports both IPv4 and IPv6, and VRF (virtual routing and
forwarding) instances
Named mode allows you to create a single Instance of EIGRP which can
be used for all family type
Named mode supports multiple VRFs limited only by available system
resources
Named mode does not enable IPV4 routing
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – Family sub-mode
Defines what you’re routing/distributing
“common look and feel”
Provide support for both routing (address-family) and
services (service-family)
Can be configured for VRFs
Single place for all commands needed to completely define
an instance.
“show run | section router eigrp”
Assure subcommands are clear as to their scope
Static neighbors, peer-groups, stub, etc, ..
neighbor, neighbor remote, etc
router eigrp [virtual-instance-name]
address-family <protocol> [vrf <name>] autonomous-system <#>
…
exit-address-family
service-family <protocol> [vrf <name>] autonomous-system <#>
…
exit-service-family
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – Interface sub-mode
EIGRP specific interface properties are configuration in the af-
interface mode. for example;
authentication, timers, and bandwidth control
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – Interface Inheritance
Command inheritance following the following rules;
① af-interface specific
Explicit User configuration overrides “af-interface default”
② af-interface default
Explicit User defaults configuration overrides factory settings
③ factory
Consider the example; where do the settings come from?
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – Topology sub-mode
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – EXEC Commands
Example:
show eigrp address-family ipv4 topology
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Introduction
EIGRP Classic Mode - Changes
router eigrp 1
address-family ipv4 vrf RED autonomous-system 99
network 10.0.0.0
router eigrp 1
address-family ipv4 vrf RED autonomous-system 99
autonomous-system 99
network 10.0.0.0
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Introduction
EIGRP Classic Mode - Changes
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Introduction
EIGRP Named Mode – For more information
12.4T
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/iproute_eigrp/configuration/guide/
12_4t/ire_12_4t_book.html
12.2SR
http://www.ciscosystems.com/en/US/docs/ios/iproute_eigrp/configuratio
n/guide/12_2sr/ire_12_2sr_book.html
15.0
http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/ios/iproute_eigrp/configuration/guide/
ire_cfg_eigrp_ps10591_TSD_Products_Configuration_Guide_Chapter.
html
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Scaling Enhancements
Improving Convergence
EIGRP Stub Enhancements
Stub overview
Stub Leaking
Summary Enhancements
Summary Leaking
Summary Metric
Improving Convergence
EIGRP – Faster than you think
IPv4 IGP Convergence Data
IS-IS with default timers Routes
7000
Milliseconds
OSPF with default timers
6000
EIGRP without feasible
successors 5000
A
0
5000
4000
1000
2000
3000
B C
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Improving Convergence
Terms
Failure detection
How quickly a device on the network can detect and
react to a failure
Information propagation
How quickly the failure in the previous stage is
communicated to other devices
Repair
How quickly a devices notified of a failure can
calculate an alternate path
There are reasons for not recommending this and also for us not offering
such low values; for example, depending on the number of interfaces, 1
sec rates can become CPU intensive and lead to spikes in
processing/memory requirements
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Improving Convergence
Failure Detection - BFD
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Improving Convergence
Failure Detection - BFD
BFD
B D
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Improving Convergence
Failure Detection - BFD
BFD
B D
Verbose output
B#show bfd neighbor detail | begin Registered
Registered protocols: EIGRP
Uptime: 00:06:33
B#show eigrp address-family ipv4 interface detail e1/0
EIGRP-IPv4 VR(nw010) Address-Family Interfaces for AS(4453)
BFD is enabled
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation - Hierarchy
Summarization
Summarize at every
boundary where possible
Access
Divide complexity with
summarization points
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation – Summary Basics
192.168.1.0/24,
192.168.2.0/24, and 192.168.0.0/22
192.168.3.0/24 can 1 Network
be advertised as 1024 Addresses
192.168.0.0/22
3 Networks
Rather than three networks, 255 Addresses Each
each with 255 addresses
(253 hosts), A advertises
a single network,
with 1024 addresses
192.168.1.0/24
192.168.2.0/24
192.168.3.0/24
253 Hosts
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation – Summary Basics
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation – excessive redundancy
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation – excessive redundancy
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Improving Convergence
Information propagation – excessive redundancy
Each user segments will be Passive-
treated as a possible alternative Interfaces 1.1.1.0/24
path!
Generally network designers C
generally do not have these user O
segments as transit paths R
E
Each user segments is in the
query path, so we’re causing
EIGRP to do a lot of work by
including these extra links. Users
Extra work means shower router eigrp nw010
convergence. address-family ipv4 auto 4453
passive-interface fastethernet6/0.1
A simple solution is provided with passive-interface fastethernet6/0.2
Or
the use of the “passive-interface” address-family ipv4 auto 6473
command. passive-interface default
no passive-interface fastethernet0/0
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Improving Convergence
Information dissemination – Packet Improvements
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Improving Convergence
Information dissemination – Packet Improvements
Minimum RTO was decreased to 100ms. For a well functioning network, an
occasional dropped packet will allow EIGRP to converge faster. If the network is
not well behaved, it only adds one additional Retry to max out the RTO (5
seconds).
EIGRP now handles the ACK cleanup immediately (as opposed to 1 per pacing
timer) when it suppress a multicast update,
EIGRP was not taking into account routes that would never be sent out a
particular interface, making the packets utilization smaller than possible.
EIGRP should not send hello's on Loopbacks - Small convenience in debugs and
slight increase in EIGRP performance.
EIGRP “probes” which were never used in the field, were removed.
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Improving Convergence
Repair - Feasible Successor
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Improving Convergence
Repair - Feasible Successor
10.200.1.0
for all destinations .1 .2 .1 .2
56k 128k
known by EIGRP A C E
Computed Reported
Distance Distance
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Improving Convergence
Review
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Scaling Enhancements
Improving Convergence
EIGRP Stub Enhancements
Stub overview
Stub Leaking
Summary Enhancements
Summary Leaking
Summary Metric
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EIGRP Stub
Operations
10.1.1.0/24
connections.
A B
If A loses its connection to 10.1.1.0/24,
it builds and transmits five queries: one
to each remote, and one to B
A should never use the spokes to
transit traffic between A and B, so
there’s no reason to learn about, or
query for, routes through these spokes
However, each of the remote sites will
send a query to B as part of going
active. This will result in B processing
and replying to five additional queries!
Image if there we 1000 peers!! Don’t Use
These Paths
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EIGRP Stub
Operations
10.1.1.0/24
they are not valid transit paths
A B
When the link to 10.1.1.0/24 is lost,
A will not query the remotes, which
in turn will not query B, reducing
the total number of queries in this
example to 1!
B will only have one path
to 10.1.1.0/24
S(config)#router eigrp nw-1-spoke
S(config-router)#address-family ipv6 auto 6473
S(config-router)#eigrp stub connected
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CSCec80943
EIGRP Stub Leak
Leaking routes
D
C
Because C and D are Stub they do
Remote Site
not talk to each other and there are
no advertisements 10.1.1.0/24
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EIGRP Stub Leak
Leaking routes
D
C
Remote Site
The link from B to D fails 10.1.1.0/24
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EIGRP Stub Leak
Configuration Example
We want that C and D advertises a subset of
their learned routes, even though they are both
Stub
Stub leaking is the solution A B
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Scaling Enhancements
Improving Convergence
EIGRP Stub Enhancements
Stub overview
Stub Leaking
Summary Enhancements
Summary Leaking
Summary Metric
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CSCed01736
EIGRP Summary Leak
Overview
Good design implies C should receive as
few routes as possible
We still optimally route to 10.1.1.0/24 and 10.1.0.0/16
10.1.2.0/24
10.1.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/16
“float” the 10.1.1.0/24 and 10.1.2.0/24
summaries, but this could remove the
dynamic nature of the longer prefix
optimal route advertisements.
C
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EIGRP Summary Leak
Overview 10.1.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/16
10.1.0.0/16
route-map LeakList permit 10
match ip address 1
!
access-list 1 permit 10.1.1.0
!
router eigrp nw010-leaky-stub C
address-family ipv4 auto 4453
network 10.0.0.0
af-interface Serial0/0
summary-address 10.1.0.0 255.255.0.0 leak-map LeakList
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CSCed01736
EIGRP Summary Metric
Summary Metric Calculation Review
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EIGRP Summary Metric
Using a loopback as a partial solution
A
One way to eliminate the updates is to create
a loopback which has the best metric of any
component of the summary.
The loopback will remain up unless 10.1.0.0/23
administratively shut down, the metric of the Cost 10
10.1.0.0/24
Cost 20
10.1.1.0/24
Cost 20
In release five EIGRP code, the summary
metric can be configured coded, thus avoiding
the metric churn and processing
loopback 0
ip address 10.1.1.1 255.255.255.255
delay 1
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EIGRP Summary Metric
Solution – use the summary-metric command
A better solution is to use the summary-metric
A
command which established a constant metric
value thereby:
It eliminate the updates
It eliminate re-computing the summary metric when
components change
It allows the summary to be withdrawn when all 10.1.0.0/23
comments are lost
10.1.0.0/24
Cost 20
10.1.1.0/24
Cost 20
address-family ipv4 auto 4453
network 10.0.0.0
af-interface Ethernet0/0
summary-address 10.1.0.0/23
exit-af-interface
topology base
summary-metric 10.1.0.0/23 100000 255 1 1500
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Security Enhancements
MD5
HMAC SHA-256
ASA Firewall
EIGRP Security Enhancements
MD5 Authentication
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CSCsj57286
EIGRP Security Enhancements
HMAC SHA2 256bit Authentication
MD5 has been has been cracked and a number of tools exist
on various sites to crack MD5 hash
With new peering options in development will allow for multi-
hop remote peers, a new method is needed
SHA1 was considered, but SHA-1 is not collision free and can
be broken in 2^69 attempts instead of 2^80. While this It was
still a nontrivial problem, it could be done so we wanted to
consider ‘better’ options.
SHA2 seems to be the best available and has not been shown
to be very secure. Block sizes of 512 vs. 256 did not show
much difference in security for the additional processing
requirements
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CSCsj57286
EIGRP Security Enhancements
HMAC SHA2 256bit Authentication
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CSCsj57286
EIGRP Security Enhancements
HMAC SHA2 256bit configuration
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EIGRP Security Enhancements
ASA Firewall
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Routing Enhancements
Third Party Next Hop
Route-map Enhancements
MPLS VPN PE/CE
SNMP
Manet RFC4938bis
EIGRP OER Support
EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Third Party Next-hop
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CSCdk23784
EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Third Party Next-hop
router eigrp nw010-md5
address-family ipv4 auto 4453
A, B and C share the same af-interface Ethernet0/0
no next-hop-self
broadcast segment exit-af-interface
A redistributes RIP into EIGRP
B isn’t running RIP A
C isn’t running EIGRP .3
EIGRP RIP
For redistributed RIP routes B normally
shows A as next hop despite a direct
connection to C .2 .1
B C
A now sends updates to B with C as the
next-hop
10.1.1.0/24
EIGRP-IPv4 VR(nw010) Topology Table for AS(4453)/ID(10.0.0.1)
....
P 10.1.1.0/24, 1 successors
via 10.1.2.1
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CSCdw22585
EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Route-map Support Overview
EIGRP has supported route-maps for years, but in a very limited fashion.
They could only be used during redistribution out of the routing table from
another protocol, which made them fairly useless.
Enhanced support of route maps allows EIGRP to use a route map to
prefer one path over another
As shown above, route-maps can now be applied on the distribute-list in
statement, so the filters can be applied even before the prefix hits the
topology table
route-map setmetric permit 10
match interface serial 0/0
set metric 1000 1 255 1 1500
route-map setmetric permit 20
match interface serial 0/1
set metric 2000 1 255 1 1500
....
router eigrp nw010-rmaps
address-family ipv4 auto 4453
topology base
distribute-list route-map setmetric in
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CSCdw22585
EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Route-map Supported Commands
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CSCdw22585
EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Route-map Supported Commands (continued)
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EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
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EIGRP Routing Enhancements CSCek40468
PPPoE RF PPPoE
PPP Sessions
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EIGRP Routing Enhancements CSCek40468
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EIGRP Routing Enhancements
Performance Routing (PfR)
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IPv6 Support Primer
Overview
Router Configuration
Topology Database
Summarization
Event logs and Debug review
EIGRP IPv6
Overview
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EIGRP IPv6
Addressing Basics
An IPv6 address is an extended 128-bit / 16 bytes address that
gives
2128 possible addresses (3.4 x 1038)
IPv6 addresses
64 bits for the subnet ID, 64 bits for the interface ID
Separated into 8 * 16-bit Hexadecimal numbers
Each block is separated by a colon :
:: can replaced leading, trailing or consecutive zeros
:: can only appear once
EIGRP IPv6 Multicast transport
FF02:0:0:0:0:0:0:A or abbreviated to FF02::A
Examples:
2003:0000:130F:0000:0000:087C:876B:140B
2003:0:130F::87C:876B:140B
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EIGRP IPv6
IPv6 Link-Local Address
A IPv6 Link-local address is used by EIGRP to source Hello
packets and establish an adjacency
IPv6 Link-local address is never routed
IPv6 packet forwarding and must be configured first under global
configuration
They are auto assigned when you enable the interface
ipv6 unicast
interface Ethernet1/0
ipv6 enable
ipv6 address ?
X:X:X:X::X IPv6 link-local address
X:X:X:X::X/<0-128> IPv6 prefix
……
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EIGRP IPv6
Router Configuration
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EIGRP IPv6
Topology Table
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EIGRP IPv6
Topology Table
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EIGRP IPv6
Route Summarization
Summaries
Auto-summary is not configurable in EIGRP IPv6 because IPv6 is
essentially classless
Manual summarization is supported, as it is with EIGRP IPv4, and can
therefore be configured at any point in the network
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EIGRP IPv6
Event logs and Debugs Supported
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EIGRP IPv6
Event logs and Debugs Supported
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EIGRP IPv6
Review
Provides feature parity with most IPv4 Features (stubs, scaling,
summarization, etc)
Implementation EIGRP IPv6 uses the same Reliable Multicast Transport protocol used by
IPv4
IPv6 Link-local address are used to establish an adjacency
32 bit Router ID must be explicitly configured if no IPv4 address is available
Hellos are sourced from the link-local address and destined
to FF02::A (all EIGRP routers);
Neighbors are not required to share the same global prefix (with the
exception of explicitly specified neighbors where traffic is sent unicast)
Important
Automatic summarization disabled by default for EIGRP IPv6, and is not
Differences even configurable for EIGRP IPv6
“no split-horizon” is the default configuration for EIGRP IPv6 (IPv6 supports
multiple prefixes per interface)
EIGRP IPv6 does not support the “default-information” command as there is
no support in IPv6 for the configuration of default networks other than ::/0
“ipv6 unicast” must be configured under global mode to enable ipv6 routing
Note “ipv6 enable” must be configured under all interfaces which will be enabled
for ipv6
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Q&A
Recommended Reading
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Other References
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Session Evaluation
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of Your Choice from Cisco Press
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