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Abstract
This study explains the morphophonemic process of words borrowed from English in
Serawai language. Morphophonemic process is the process of phonological realizations of a
morpheme. This process indicates the sound change of words of Serawai language borrowed
from English that is different from the rules of sound changes to form standard English. In
addition, the process can also identify the integration of English in Serawai language. The
scope of the analysis is in phonological and morphological level.This research is a
descriptive study. The procedures are data collection, data analysis, and presenting the
results of analysis. The data were collected by using observational methods. The results of
the study shows (1) the kinds of morphological process that cause morphophonemic process
in words of Serawai language that are borrowed from English, namely affixation and
reduplication; (2) the kinds of morphophonemic process that emerge in the morphological
process of the aforementioned words, namely epenthesis, paragog, aphaeresis, syncope,
apocope, metathesis, cluster reduction, haplology, palatalization, monophthongization, and
other phonemic changes, developed phoneme/vocoid, fusion, incorporation, lost of vowel,
and incorporation-assimilation at the same time; (3) the formulas of the morphophonemic
process.The researcher concludes that the words of Serawai language that are borrowed from
English have the same morphological system as Serawai language has and the system is
different from what English has. Whereas, the morphophonemic process emerges in the
process of borrowing and in its morphological process.
Introduction
Morphophonemic and morphological processes are two things which under
certain conditions can not be separated. In forming morphemes of languages,
whether they are mono or polymorphemic, it is not uncommon that
morphophonemic process occurs in. The morphophonemic process is defined as the
process of phonological realization of a morpheme.
In borrowing elements of English in Serawai language, the morphophonemic
process can occur in order to customize the system of the native language or the way
of the people speaking. The customization or adaptation is exemplified with a basic
form of a Serawai loan word which means 'school' as the following:
The form of /səkul/ 'school' above represents a loan word derived from one
etimon in English, namely [sku:l] <school> 'school', with the analogy of similarity in
Methodology
This research is a descriptive study. The procedures are data collection, data
analysis, and presenting the results of analysis. The data were collected by using
observational methods. The techniques applied in collecting the data were interview,
reading dictionaries, recording the language production, and taking field notes.
In analyzing the collected data, the researcher used the referential identity and
distributional methods. While dividing the key factors, equalizing, differentiating,
equalizing the main points, segmenting immediate constituents, substituting, and
deleting are techniques applied in analyzing the data. The results of analysis are
presented formally and informally(Sudaryanto, 1988, 1993).
Conceptual Theory
Loan Words
Loan words closely related to the origin of word is spelled out in principle
etymology (Notosudirjo, 1978). Etymology traces the history of words by means of
associating terms with other words that are already known. In gathering the history
of a word, etymology borrows the data of phonology, morphology, semantics, and
others. To obtain the results of analysis, etymology uses every means that can be
achieved through a variety of disciplines, especially linguistics.
In everyday use by the speakers of Serawai, words borrowed from English in
the native language will possibly undergo morphological process. In the word
formation, it is not uncommon that morphophonemic process is also developed.
Through this research, the morphophonemic process that occurs in the words
borrowed from English in Serawai language will be studied scientifically based on
the theories of some linguists until the rule is found.
In the process of borrowing a word from English in Serawai,
morphophonemic process can occur systematically. From the data, it is known that
the borrowing of words from English in Serawai can be in the process of addition
phoneme in the middle of a word that is called ephenthesis. This happens because of
a relief factor and following the pattern of word formation in Serawai system where
consonant and vowel are likely linked alternately in a single syllable.
+ Complete Reduplication
Apocope = Basic Form
..+
(42) /ŋətoŋətos/ < [ ŋ Developed phoneme tos ]Vb
Fusion
Fusion
Fusion
3) Palatalization
Palatalization
4) Incorporation
Incorporation
Incorporation
Incorporation
Incorporation
Incorporation
b əros
c əmis
k umpris
s ərpis
t əray
5) Loss of Vowel
Incorporation Assimilation
t əra y i
After analyzing the morphological processes that can cause morphophonemic
processes as described above, it is known that not all the words borrowed from
English in Serawai can be processed morphologically and cause morphophonemic
process. The loan words that have been analyzed in this study is the ones that can be
processed by affixation or reduplication and undergo given morphophonemic
processes.
Conclusion
Lots of morphological processes that can cause morphophonemic process in
words borrowed from English in Serawai language are in the processes of affixation
and reduplication. Both mechanisms of morphophonemic processes, namely the
process of borrowing and morphological one, are indeed an effort to adapt the forms
of foreign language to the native language.
Based on the principles proposed by Nida (1949), it is known that any word
in the Serawai language that is borrowed from English is integrated as a single
morpheme that can not be separated anymore. The element is also classified into free
morpheme because it has a lexical meaning.
Reference
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