Culture
Technology
Information and Communication
Technology: According Spring
(2018), “Information and
communication technology is
speeding the global flow of
information and creating a library of
world knowledges.”
OECD: The Organisation for
Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD) states, “‘The
value of knowledge and information
in all their forms is becoming ever
more apparent, a trend that is being
facilitated by the rapid spread of
high-speed information
technology’” (qtd in Spring, 2018).
Globalization: “Technology is
clearly changing the workplace, by
virtue of its ability to connect people
together in a virtual
environment” (Kaplan & Owings,
2015). This has lead to the rise of
online schools, virtual classrooms,
etc.
Economics
Global Labor Market:
By having students train to work in
a global economy, politicians
believe it will result in economic
growth. Students are competing in
a global economy.
Human Capital Theory: According
to Spring (2018), this theory
concludes that money spent on
education will result in growing,
competitive US economy. The
growth of knowledge and ideas
through education ultimately results
in economic growth.
Education as an Investment:
According to Kaplan & Owings (2015),
“Education acts as an economic
stimulus.” By investing money into
education, an economy is ultimately
investing in economic growth.
Educated citizens have more potential
and are more employable.
Social Status and
Socioeconomic Status (SES):
According to Spring (2018),
economic segregation occurs in
schooling and “contributes to
inequalities in educational
outcomes.” Those in higher social
classes tend to have more
education.
Social Reproduction vs.
Equality of Opportunity:
Argument that schools reinforce
social class divides vs. argument
that schools provide level playing
field for all to pursue same
opportunities (Spring, 2018).
Race and Gender: According to
Spring (2018), “For all racial
categories, white men earn more
than females” with the same level
of education, and statistics have
proven that white males are more
academically successful in a
white-dominated society.
 References

Kaplan, Leslie S. & Owings, William A. (2015). Educational foundations (2nd ed.). Stamford, CT: Cengage

Learning.Spring, Joel (2018). American education (18th ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.