Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
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NIPO: In process
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I PROVIDE:
The Earthquake Resistant Construction Standard is approved: General part and construction
(NCSE-02), which is annexed to this Royal Decree.
The scope of application of the standard extends to all projects and works of
construction, and, where applicable, other types of construction.
as long as they are not approved for the same norms or specific provisions with pres-
Seizures of earthquake-resistant content.
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The projects and constructions of new buildings and other works may be adjusted,
during a period of two years from the entry into force of this Royal Decree, in the
of the Standard so far in force or approved by this Royal Decree, except
that the competent Public Administration for the approval thereof agrees to the
gatoriness of the latter.
The Minister of Public Works is empowered to dictate the necessary provisions for the development
development and application of the provisions of this Royal Decree.
This Royal Decree will enter into force on the day following its publication in the Official Bulletin.
of the State.
JUAN CARLOS R.
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ANNEXED
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8
CHAPTER I
GENERALITIES
1.1. Object
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For the purposes of this Standard, according to the use to which they are intended, with the damages
that can cause its destruction and regardless of the type of work in question,
the constructions are classified as:
1. Of moderate importance
Those with negligible probability that their destruction by the earthquake can
cause casualties, interrupt a primary service, or cause economic damage
significant costs to third parties.
2. Of normal importance
Those whose destruction by the earthquake may cause victims, interrupt a
service for the community, or produce significant economic losses, without
in no case is it an essential service nor can it give rise to effects
catastrophic
3. Of special importance
Those whose destruction by the earthquake, can interrupt a print service
cindible or give rise to catastrophic effects. This group includes the construc-
that are considered in urban planning and public documents
analogues, as well as more specific regulations and, at least, the following
te constructions:
- Hospitals, health centers or facilities of some importance.
- Buildings and basic communications, radio, television, and central facilities
telephone and telegraphic.
- Buildings for centers of organization and coordination of functions for cases
of disaster.
- Buildings for personnel and relief teams, such as fire stations, poly
cia, armed forces and machinery and ambulance parks.
- The constructions for basic facilities of the populations as depots
water, gas, fuels, pumping stations, distribution networks,
power plants and transformation centers.
- The structures belonging to communication routes such as bridges,
walls, etc. which are classified as being of special importance in the
tives or specific provisions for road and rail bridges.
- Vital buildings and facilities of the means of transport in the stations of
railways, airports and ports.
- Buildings and industrial facilities included in the Real's scope of application
Decree 1254/1999, of July 16, by which control measures are approved
of the risks inherent in serious accidents involving
dangerous substances.
- Large civil engineering constructions such as nuclear or thermal power plants
micas, large dams and those dams that, depending on the potential risk that
may result from possible breakage or incorrect operation, be
classified in categories A or B of the Technical Regulation on Safety of
Dams and Reservoirs in force.
- Constructions cataloged as historical or artistic monuments, or
of cultural interest or similar, by the competent bodies of the Administrations
Public.
- The constructions destined to public spectacles and the great surfaces
commercial, in which a massive occupation of people is foreseen.
The application of this Standard is mandatory in the constructions included in the article
ass 1.2.1, except:
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If the construction manager was not satisfied with the content of the section "Activities
seismic »will give an account to the Property, and where appropriate, propose the need to carry out
the modifications of the project that it deems appropriate, which will be developed and, for its
approval, will be subject to the same procedure as the original project.
In addition, in important works with delays or very long stops, the director
must take into account the seismic actions that may arise and that, if
of destruction or damage by earthquake, could lead to serious consequences.
The construction manager will check that the prescriptions and the structural details
in the planes satisfy the specified ductility levels and that they are respected
during the execution of the work.
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Comments
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aspects. When reforms involve changes In case the developer-can decide the application of the
substantial, and especially when these affect the Standard, especially in the case of high-rise buildings
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two in soft or very soft soils, since in cables; provisions and requirements to which this
In these cases it is appropriate to follow the prescriptions of complements.
Norma
the Standard, especially those pertaining to
foundation
The prohibition of masonry structures in C.1.3.1. Compliance with the Standard in the phase of
dry, tapial or adobe, for buildings of draft
normal or special importance, when acceleration
basic seismic is equal to or greater than 0.04 g , it mustC.1.3.2.
be Compliance with the Standard in the phase of
to the high vulnerability of these constructions, building
as has been proven in a large number of
earthquakes, which prevents offering the necessary guarantees
C.1.3.3. Compliance with the Standard during
security and this would lead to breach of the finali- lifespan
essential part of the Standard, which is to avoid loss
dida of human lives. Given that sometimes the damage or damage appears
The greater imprecision of the calculation models usedof little relevance may be the indication
for factory works and their fragility, damage to structural elements, that is why
advise to restrict in general terms the height of that, when a high intensity earthquake occurs,
these buildings in areas of high seismicity. all constructions must be inspected
In addition, it is convenient to confine the factory withdamaged
ele- or potentially damaged, at least the
horizontal and vertical items. located in areas of equal or greater intensity
Among the destabilizing effects of the earthquake on to VII (scale EMS-98), and make a report of
terrain are the permanent displacements each construction, giving a higher priority to
of the terrain, hillside movements or those cataloged as being of special importance,
slopes, the liquefaction (or liquefaction) of granu- that these are the most necessary for the community
saturated loose lares, etc. after a seismic disaster, followed by those classi-
ficadas of normal importance.
The report that must be made of each construction
C.1.2.4. General prescriptions damaged or potentially damaged intends that, after
Recognize the consequences of
In addition to general prescriptions earthquake on said construction, identify the
determined in the articles, it can be adopted, in damaged parts and parts, as well as the type and
In general, the elastic response spectrum defined in of such damages, and a first estimate of
Article 2.3. However, for different constructions tion on the degree of safety of the same and the
building inks may be used spectra of type of preventive measures that, where appropriate, are
different elastic response, which will come da adopt The objective is to detect the constructions
collected in specific rules or provisions, or (especially those of special and normal importance) with
will be studied and justified conveniently- serious structural damage that could collapse
mind. as a consequence of the occurrence of rele-
vantes of the main earthquake.
For all this, local authorities should take care
C.1.3. Compliance with the Standard that, in the mentioned cases and in the most
short as possible, the constructions are recognized
It is assumed that the project, construction and that may have suffered damage, estimating the
The construction will be carried out by staff degree of security and service of the facilities
duly qualified and experienced, fulfill- key, as well as the construction of important
in addition all the provisions and requirements special and normal.
prescribed in those rules and instructions that The EMS-98 intensity scale (Macrosista scale)
by the materials used and by the type, dispositions European mica) is the updated version of the scale
structure or destination of the works are applicable to MSK, cited in the NCSE-94 standard.
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eleven
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14
CHAPTER II
SEISMIC INFORMATION
The seismic hazard of the national territory is defined by the hazard map.
Seismicity of Figure 2.1. This map provides, expressed in relation to the value of the
vedad, g , the basic seismic acceleration, a b - a characteristic value of horizontal acceleration
of the land surface- and the contribution coefficient K , which takes into account the influence
of the different types of earthquakes expected in the seismic hazard of each point.
The list of the annex 1 details by municipalities the values of the basic seismic acceleration
equal to or greater than 0.04 g , together with those of the contribution coefficient K.
to = S⋅ ⋅ ρ to
c b
where:
a b Basic seismic acceleration defined in 2.1.
ρ Adimensional risk coefficient, function of the acceptable probability that
exceed c in the period of life for which the construction is projected. Take the
following values:
- constructions of normal importance ρ = 1,0.
- constructions of special importance ρ = 1,3.
S Coefficient of ground amplification. Take the value:
- For ρ · a b 0.1 g
C
S =
125,
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S = 10,
being:
C Ground coefficient. It depends on the geotechnical characteristics of the terrain
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0.04
0.04 0.08
0.08
0.04
1,2
1.1
1,2
1,3
0.04 0.04 0.08
1,3 1.1
1,2 1.0 0.12
0.16
0.120.08 0.08 0.08
0.12
0.16
1,3 0, 05
a 0.16g
b
0.08g to <0.12g b
0.04g to <0.08g b
a <0.04g
b
Coefficient of
contribution K
If T < T A α ( T ) = 1 + 1.5 · T / T A
Yes T A T TB α ( T ) = 2.5
If T > T B α ( T)=K· C/T
being:
α ( T ) Value of the normalized elastic response spectrum.
T Own period of the oscillator in seconds.
K Coefficient of contribution, referred to in 2.1.
C Coefficient of the terrain, which takes into account the geotechnical characteristics of the
foundation ground and is detailed in section 2.4.
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2.0
1.0
0
0 T A T B Oscillation period, T
Figure 2.2. Elastic response spectrum
For some structures and vibration modes with periods greater than 4 seconds,
the designer may use, whenever justified, spectral values lower than those
said by the previous expressions.
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TABLE 2.1.
Ground coefficients
I 1.0
II 1,3
III 1.6
IV 2.0
To obtain the value of the calculation coefficient C , the thicknesses e 1 , e 2 will be determined ,
e 3 and e 4 of land types I, II, III and IV respectively, existing in the first 30
meters below the surface.
It is taken as the value of C the average value obtained by weighting the coefficients C i of
each stratum with its thickness and i , in meters, by the expression:
Σ C e⋅
C = i i
30
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In buildings with basements below the general level of the ground surface, the speci-
of the different layers to classify the foundation conditions should, normal-
mind, measure yourself from the ground.
In those special cases where C > 1.8 results, the response spectrum defined
With the above rules, it may not be applicable to constructions with a func-
major damental of T B. In this case, for T > T B , α ( T ) = 2.5 will be taken unless
determine a site-specific response spectrum, whose ordinates in ninth
will be less than those that would be obtained with the procedure described in
section 2.3.
The coefficient C does not contemplate the possible collapse of the ground under the structure during
the earthquake due to the instability of the land as in the case of sensitive clays, den-
sification of soils, subsidence of underground cavities, slope movements, etc.
Especially the possibility of liquefaction (or liquefaction) of the soils will have to be analyzed
susceptible to it.
For values of the damping of the structure different from 5% of the critical, the values
res of α ( T ) for periods T T A will multiply by the factor
v = (/)5 , Ω 0 4
Comments
C.2.1. Seismic hazard map. The values of the basic seismic acceleration correspond
Basic seismic acceleration put an approximate return period of 500
years. The return period, P , is not a physical time
R
The basic seismic acceleration has dimensions of recurrence, but corresponds to an inter-
acceleration. If you want to obtain its numerical value probation from the probabilistic point of view and
in m / s the value that can be derived can be multiplied
2 associated with a fractile of probability given in the distribution
of the map in units of g by 9.8, since it has been probability distribution of the accelerations poten-
taken g = 9.8 m / s . 2 maximum (annual) This value corresponds
The calculation of the seismic hazard has been carried inoutthis case to a probability of annual exceedance
in terms of EMS intensity, from the of two per thousand (1 / P ) of which the seismic acceleration
R
EMS intensity correlation has been employed: of the territory, approximately, multiplying by
( P R / 500) the value that is deduced from the map of the
0.4
"regional" respects of the average acceleration for than the basic- dimensions of acceleration.
different types of seismicity and local conditions The coefficient ρ expresses - for the usual range of
involved in the starting data. It is possible that probabilities of overcoming the seismic
certain particular earthquakes or certain conditions to consider in the seismic project-
would have required specific correlations values proportional to the accelerations result-
to obtain the basic seismic acceleration. of the calculation of seismic hazard.
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The coefficient S takes into account the difference in they influence the shape and the ordinates of the spectrum
surface seismic acceleration with respect to that of of response is very complex. This Standard has been
hard soil, depending on the existence of layers adopted a simplified formulation whose precise
of soft superficial soils (Table C.2.1). Adequate tion, in relation to the available data, is considered
more, for low accelerations, the acceleration is Dera enough. The spectrum is defined according to the
generally greater on the surface of deposits of ground of foundation and of the different characteristics
Soils that in hard ground or rock outcrops retention of the seismicity of the Azores-
(amplification phenomenon). For accelerations Gibraltar, whose influence is introduced through
high (usually for a b 0.4 g ) this trend does not coefficients C and K , respectively.
is clear and it has even been observed that it can be In the range of periods of interest, for the
to invest, due to non-linear behavior most usual constructions, the response spectrum
of the soil (phenomenon of de-amplification). elastic can be divided into three characteristic sections
The expressions of the articles propose that for cos:
one ρ · a 0.1 g, the seismic acceleration in the
b
of the softest deposits is twice as much as - The section corresponding to high periods
the acceleration in rock. However, for a ( T > T ), defined by a spectral velocity
B
ρ · a 0.4 g , it is proposed that the seismic acceleration constant, whose value, depending on the acceleration-
b
calculation is the same in soil as in rock. To value seismic, a , of the land surface is:
Intermediate res is interpolated between the two.
Because the values of a are associated with a terre-
= 2, 5to⋅TB
b
C.2.3. Elastic response spectrum The coefficient K takes into account the different contri-
seismicity of the Peninsula and adjacent areas
A response spectrum is defined in this Standard centes, and from the farthest, corresponding to the area
of absolute acceleration in the form of a spectrum Azores-Gibraltar, to the seismic danger in each
standardized elastic response, which aims point of the national territory. Their values have been
define the characteristics of the seismic movement in assuming that for the same acceleration a ,
the surface of the terrain in free field. (The figure the value of S for earthquakes from
v ,m
C.2.1 represents the elastic response spectra The central region of the Azores-Gibraltar area is
corresponding to different selected values 1.5 times greater than the resultant for earthquakes
of the coefficients C and K.) For the calculation, this of the remaining seismogenic zones (continents)
The normalized spectrum should be scaled up such and adjacent sea).
basic seismic ration and modify, where appropriate, The values of K are between 1.0 -en
of damping - to be able to consider the points at which practically all the contri-
structures with restraint rates to seismic hazard comes from earthquakes
to the critic other than 5% - and behavior continental or adjacent maritime areas-, and
by ductility, to take into account the capacity of 1.5, at the points where the contribution to the
the structure to withstand plastic deformations. seismic thickness came entirely from earthquake-
The value of the spectrum ordinate, α ( T ), represents of the cited region of the Azores-Gibraltar.
ta the quotient between the absolute maximum accelerationThe values of K have been calculated so that the
of a linear elastic oscillator ( S ) and the maximum annual occurrence probability of acceleration
a
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GOOD TERRAIN:
K = 1 C = 1.15
α (T)
NORMAL TERRAIN:
3.0 K = 1 C = 1.30
SOFT SOIL:
KC = 1.7K = 1 C = 1.70
2.0 KC = 1.3
KC = 1.15
KC = 1.00
1.0
0
0 0.5 1.0 1.5 seconds
OSCILLATION PERIOD, T
Figure C.2.1. Elastic response spectrum for different values of C and K
real costs has shown that for periods greater than 2,000 m / s, more than 50 strokes in the test
high, the spectral velocity is less than S v ,m , SPT normalized to 60% of free fall energy
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can be considered
simplified, that theinspectral
many cases,
shift isin a way or a tip than
greater resistance
20 MPaof the
(200static
kp / penetrometer
cm ).
2
constant or, what is the same, that the acceleration Type II lands usually have a characteristic
spectral is inversely proportional to the square cas: speed of longitudinal elastic waves
of the period. greater than 1,000 m / s, the granular more than 40 gol-
in SPT trials normalized to 60% of the energy
free fall or resistance at the point of penetration
C.2.4. Classification of the land. Coefficient static meter greater than 15 MPa (150 kp / cm ). The
2
The terrain is characterized by a numerical value, C , Type III lands tend to have the characteristic of
function of the characteristics of the different layers cas: the granular ones more than 15 blows in essays
That composes. SPT normalized to 60% of free fall energy
For the classification of the different layers of the terre-
or tip resistance of the static penetrometer
no, in the articulated the speed of the greater than 6 MPa (60 kp / cm ). Cohesive floors
2
Specific determinations of v ,
S are available Any layer of land not classifiable as I, II or III
The procedures described in It should be taken as IV.
NTE-CEG, Foundations: Geotechnical Studies. In The response spectrum that is formulated in the
granular soils, penetration tests 2.3 is considered to be approximate
static or dynamic; in the cohesive grounds, the for the most usual terrain conditions, always
simple compressive strength and in all of them, the before the soil formations are extensive in
velocity of propagation of elastic waves lon- plant in relation to the dimensions of the
gitudinal. construction. However, there may be some cases
In many cases it will not be necessary for them to recognize
special in which the application of this spectrum
ground foundations reach 30 m deep. is not adequate, for example when there are
it is sufficient to determine the thicknesses of very soft clay layers or artificial fillers
the surface layers and the depth of the roof not compacted or when the thickness of the ground
type I. In general, it will be sufficient- Type IV is elevated. Normally the spectra
It is safe to assume that the terrain not reached representative of these situations will have
in recognition will not be worse than the most res values S the next periods to peri-
to
foundation of which you have information. Usually, a ode of the type IV ground layer. By the
once the type I land has been reached, the other types of works such as some
appearance at greater depth of layers of land large civil engineering constructions, can
of the other types. The knowledge of the geology of require foundation ground of a «hardness
the area or the results of other surveys higher than the rates laid down in this Nor-
next will be particularly clarifying in this ma, which also makes it possible to adopt other
sense. elastic response spectra, which will appear, in
In case of doubt, and above all with insufficient data his case, in the specific norms corresponding
the corresponding values should be adopted tees
on the side of security. For the liquefaction or liquefaction analysis of the
Type I lands tend to have the characteristic of those susceptible to it can use the method
cas: speed of longitudinal elastic waves detailed in C.4.3.1.
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Critical damping means the least The increase in vertical load due to the action
damping value for which an oscillator seismic can have an impact on structural elements
linear returns - once displaced - to the point of horizontal turals of great light, cantilevers or beams that
support pillars. In the case of horizontal elements
balance without exceeding it and, therefore, without continuing
the oscillation. prestressed, a decrease in vertical load,
caused by the earthquake, could damage them. In
Generally, in buildings it is not necessary to take it into account.
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22
CHAPTER III
CALCULATION
3.1. Generalities
The object of the earthquake-resistant calculation is to verify the safety of buildings against
Seismic actions that may act on them during their useful life.
For this purpose, the Standard provides the criteria for the determination of:
- the masses of the building to be considered in the calculation,
- the periods and modes of vibration of the structure.
- the response of the structure to the seismic actions resulting from the application
of chapter 2
- verification of the safety of the structure.
In general, the calculation methods indicated in this chapter refer to buildings
cios.
For the purposes of the calculations of the requests due to the earthquake, the
masses corresponding to the structure itself, the permanent masses, and a fraction of the
remaining masses - provided that these have an unfavorable effect on the structure-
of value:
- for overloads of use in homes, hotels and residences: 0,5
- for overloads of use in public buildings, offices and shops: 0.6
- for overloads of use in agglomeration and entertainment venues: 0.6
- for snow overload, provided that it remains more than 30 days a year: 0.5
- for overloads of use in warehouses, files, etc .: 1.0
- for partition overload: 1.0
- for swimming pools or large water tanks: 1,0
In constructions in which the center of mass and torsion do not coincide, either
geometric or mechanical irregularity, or because of a non-uniform distribution of the masses,
the twisting effect that occurs must be taken into account.
In all constructions, even those that are expected to coincide with the center of
masses and torsion, an additional eccentricity of the masses should always be considered
or of the equivalent seismic forces in each plant, not less than 1/20 of the highest
of the plant in the direction perpendicular to the direction of the earthquake, in order to cover the
constructive gularidades and the accidental asymmetries of overloads.
twenty-one
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Those indicated in the NBE-AE-88: Actions in the Building, or standard that in each
replace it.
The ultimate limit states will be checked with combinations of actions, including
going the seismic action, which fix the different instructions, rules and regulations for
each type of material. The safety and simultaneity coefficients established will be used
two in them.
In the event that said coefficients are not expressly fixed in the aforementioned
tions, rules and regulations, for the combination of seismic action with subtraction
The actions will be considered the seismic hypothesis as an accidental situation, pondering
for the calculation of the final limit states all the unfavorable variable actions and
handles with coefficients of equalization equal to the unit, and the favorable variables with
zero.
The construction must resist the horizontal action of the earthquake in all directions,
that forces to analyze it in more than one direction. In general, it is enough to do it in two directions
orthogonal in plant; in this case, the requests obtained from the results of the
Analysis in each direction will be combined with 30% of those of the other. The requests
tical and in plant can be considered as independent load cases.
In non-exempt buildings, the horizontal displacements due
two to the seismic calculation action, in the directions in which collisions with
the adjoining constructions.
A specific study can be made to consider the soil-structure interaction without
that with it the seismic action can be reduced more than 30% of the value that would be obtained
with the supposed construction on a rigid base.
This Standard establishes the analysis of the structure by means of response spectra such as
reference method for seismic calculation (section 3.6.2). Study is also allowed
dynamic by integration of acceleration records (section 3.6.1).
The Standard also develops, in section 3.7, a simplified method of calculation for
the most usual cases of building, whose application is authorized for buildings that meet
plan the conditions of section 3.5.1.
In all cases, a sufficiently representative model of the
real tribute of rigidities and masses.
The simplified method of calculation may be applied in buildings that comply with the
following requirements:
1. The number of floors above ground is less than twenty.
2. The height of the above ground building is less than sixty meters.
3. There is geometric regularity in plan and in elevation, with no entrances or outgoing important
tantes.
4. It has continuous supports until foundation, uniformly distributed in
plant and without sudden changes in its rigidity.
5. It has mechanical regularity in the distribution of rigidities, resistances and
masses, so that the centers of gravity and torsion of all the plants are
located, approximately, in the same vertical.
6. The eccentricity of the center of the masses involved in the seismic calculation res-
With respect to torsion, it is less than 10% of the building's floor dimension in each
one of the main directions.
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The dynamic study, carried out in the domain of time or frequency, should make
It is based on accelerograms representative of the movement of the soil. For this, it is required
to conveniently scale the chosen accelerograms - in time and amplitudes - of
that are compatible with the seismic information of chapter 2. Specifically, it must be
with the elastic response spectrum and with the seismic acceleration calculation.
Both modulated and artificial real accelerograms can be used, justifying
In any case, its structure in the domain of time, its content in frequencies and its dura-
tion, according to the characteristics of the calculation earthquake.
The calculations should be made from a representative number of different earthquakes.
, which will be at least 5, adopting as calculation request the average of the
characteristic values obtained with each one.
For each earthquake, the spatial response of the structure will be determined by
three independent accelerograms acting in the three main directions of the
structure with an equivalent linear elastic model or with a non-linear model. In both
cases, the behavior laws adopted for the
materials.
This method uses the response spectrum defined in this Standard and requires the
weighted bination of the requests from each vibration mode of the cons-
construction.
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A discrete model, generally three-dimensional, will be established that considers the degrees
of freedom that best represent the behavior of the real structure.
The model of vibration of the buildings of floors with continuous supports to the core
and with slabs sufficiently rigid in its plane can be analyzed, as regards the
movements in that plane, with only three degrees of freedom per plant, assuming in this
the movements of the rigid solid in its plane: two translations and one rotation.
If the building has a regular floor and with a mass eccentricity compared to the center
of torsion less than 10% of the dimension in plan, the model of vibration in each
of the main dimensions can be analyzed by means of two orthogonal plane models
independent movements, reducing horizontal movement to a single degree of freedom
plant.
For each direction in which the seismic action is considered, the maximum
equivalent to u ij , max for the vibration mode i , corresponding to each degree of freedom
tad j , assumed in the equivalent linear model of the structure, are given by:
orij,max= toij,max/ ω i2
where:
2. 3
Page 26
being:
a ij , max Component of the acceleration vector associated with the vibration mode i , corresponding to
tooth to the degree of freedom j .
ωi Frequency characteristic of the vibration mode i ( ω i = 2 π / T i ).
αi Value coefficient:
α = α ()T ⋅β yesTi T TO
i i
α =+ β - ⋅one T
i 1 2 (,
5 ) i yesTi T TO
T
TO
The maximum displacement, for each mode and each plant, will be calculated by multiplying the
equivalent maximum displacement, calculated by the previous procedure, by the coefficient
cient of behavior by ductility μ .
In each case, the number of vibration modes with significant contribution will be considered.
of the result, and at least the following shall be considered:
- three modes in the case of flat models of floor structures (Figure 3.1).
- four modes in the case of spatial structure models, two translational and
two other rotational.
- all modes of period greater than T A (section 2.3).
F k k u 1k u 2k u 3k
twoh k
one
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The characteristics of the construction (own period and shape coefficient of each
mode of vibration, and damping) shall be determined by any of the following procedures:
ductions, in order of preference:
The combination of the results obtained in the analysis of the different modes of
vibration, must be made for every variable associated with each degree of freedom
(displacements, solicitations, tensions, etc.). If S represents the variable to be calculated and S i
its value in the i mode , the combination rule -in the hypothesis that the periods of
modes differ by more than 10% - is:
r
S = Σ 2S i
i=one
where r is the number of modes that make a significant contribution to the result.
If there are vibration modes whose periods differ less than 10%, you can apply
Take the previous rule grouping in a single variable S j the sum of the absolute values
of the variables S i that differ from each other less than 10%.
The method requires the weighted combination of the requests from each
vibration mode of the structure.
The distribution of the solicitations -and consequently of the tensions- is obtained
ne from the variables S , obtained from the combination of modes, according to the
discrete model that translates the real structure.
In particular, in apartment buildings where three degrees of freedom have been adopted
per plant, the global plant requirements will be allocated to each element in
portion to the components used for the determination of the center of rotation.
If two orthogonal plane models have been used, the allocation of the requests
will be made taking into account the torsions caused by the eccentricity of the masses defined
nested in 3.2.
The relevance of the analysis of the second-order effects,
according to the importance of the displacements obtained.
The constructions that meet the requirements established in section 3.5.1 may be
assimilate to a one-dimensional model constituted by a multiple oscillator with only one degree
of freedom of movement per plant. Its analysis is carried out, in this simplified method
do, from a system of horizontal forces equivalent to that of earthquakes.
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For the consideration of the effects of the different modes, the following are accepted
relations between the periods of the mode i , T i , and of the fundamental mode, T F :
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T
Ti = F
i - one
( two )
two
H
one
L B
LH+ ) /
TF = 0,06H H / (two L
2. Buildings with reinforced concrete frames without the collaboration of stiffened screens
doras.
TF = 0 09, n
/( + )
T F = 0 07,n HBH
TF = 0 11, n
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T /( +
0 085,n HBH )
F=
being:
For the rest of the buildings with up to four floors, it can be taken, for the
ass by the simplified method, T F = 0.3 seconds.
The equivalent static seismic force, F ik , corresponding to the plant k and vibration mode
tion i , is given by
Fik = s ik
P⋅ k
where:
s ik = (/)
tocg α β⋅ η⋅i ⋅ ik
being:
a c Seismic acceleration calculation determined in section 2.2, expressed in m / s 2 .
g Acceleration of gravity, expressed equally in m / s 2 .
β Response coefficient, defined in section 3.7.3.1.
η ik Distribution factor corresponding to plant k, in mode i, defined in section
3.7.3.2.
α i Value coefficient (Figure 3.3):
- For T i TB α i = 2.5
- For T i > T B α i = 2,5 ( T B / T i )
T i Period of the considered mode.
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2.0
1.0
0
0 T B Oscillation period, T i
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It comes expressed by
β =v
μ
being:
ν Spectrum modification factor as a function of damping, defined in the
section 2.5.
μ Coefficient of behavior due to ductility, defined in section 3.6.2.2.
2. If there are other stiffening elements or cores, your collaboration to the resistance
The horizontal actions should be limited. It is considered that
ple this condition if they support less than 50% of the horizontal seismic force
that acts on the building.
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Also included in this group are the structural systems constituted, either
by metal frames that border reinforced concrete or masonry walls
reinforced, or by concrete loading walls or mortar blocks,
Armed vertically and horizontally and with sufficient plastic deformation capacity
stable behavior before cyclical and alternating lateral actions.
SLABS, RETICULATED
MUROS DE ARRIOSTRADO
DIAGONAL
FLAT BEAMS
Figure 3.6. Examples of structural organizations that allow a coefficient value
of ductility behavior μ = 2
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In the evaluation of the vertical component of the seismic action a coefficient will be adopted
ductility behavior μ = 1, unless a higher value is justified
through the corresponding analysis.
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Table
response 3.1 ,provides
factor theon
depending coefficient values
the type of for the
structure, themost frequent building cases.
compartmentalization of the plans
of the damping, Ω, and the ductility behavior coefficient.
TABLE 3.1.
Values of the response coefficient β
Coefficient of
behavior
Compartmentalization Ω (%) No ductility
Type of structure by ductility
of the plants (μ = 1)
μ=4μ=3μ=2
The value of the distribution factor, η ik , corresponding to the plant k in the vibration mode
tion i has the value:
Σn m Φ
k ik
η ik = Φ k=one
ik n
Σ m Φ two
k ik
k=one
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where:
h k Height above ground of the plant k .
H Total height of the building structure.
3.7.3.3. Displacements
The horizontal displacement, u , in the direction that can imply collision with
contiguous conditions will be determined taking into account post-static behavior
you the expression:
uu=e ⋅μ
where:
u e Equivalent linear displacement, calculated in elastic regime.
μ Ductility behavior coefficient defined in section 3.6.2.2.
The system of equivalent static forces F k , necessary for the analysis of the structure
the earthquake in the direction considered, is obtained from the forces F ik , as
follow:
- Obtaining the shear V ik of each plant k in mode i , as the sum of the F ik
existing between the last plant and the plant considered k .
- Obtaining the combined cutting V k plant k for different modes i con-
Derated by the expression:
r
Vk = Σ 2Vik
i=one
K kj
Fkj = Fk
Σn K
kj
j=one
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being:
K kj Rigidity of each resistive element j in the direction of the force considered.
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γa =+ x
1 0 6,
Land
being:
x The distance of the element that is considered to the center of the building, measured perpendicularly
cularly to the direction of the seismic action considered (Figure 3.8).
L e The distance between the two most extreme resistant elements, measured from it
shape.
In buildings with floors of up to four floors where the simplified method is applicable
If the conditions of regularity in section 3.5.1 are not met, a
Special study of the effects of torsion.
F
F
Le / 20
ACCIDENTAL EXCENTRICITY
x
You
Figure 3.8. Rotation effects
While the maximum horizontal displacement of the building does not exceed two per thousand
of the height, it will not be necessary to consider the effects of second order.
Second order effects may also be disregarded, when in each plant k
is verified:
Pkd⋅ k < 0 10,Vkh⋅ k
being:
P k Total gravitational load above the plant, calculated in accordance with the
3.2.
d k Relative displacement between the head and foot of the supports of the plant considered
rada, calculated in accordance with 3.7.3.3.
V k Combined cutter corresponding to the plant.
h k Height between plants.
The thrusts on walls will be calculated with a value of the horizontal seismic coefficient
equal to the seismic acceleration calculation.
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Comments
C.3.1. Generalities ne seismic action included in the specific standards
Current cyclicals are the following:
C.3.2. Masses involved in the calculation
1. Concrete (EHE, article 13.2)
The fraction of the variable masses considered in
the article corresponds to the one that globally Ultimate limit states, seismic situations:
He hopes that it could be simultaneous with the earthquake. Nor
badly the mass considered in the seismic calculation
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is smaller than that produced by the vertical load in the Σ γ G, Gjkj, + Σ γ G*,jkj
G*, + γ pk P +
static hypotheses. j one j one
In the case of having swimming pools or large reservoirs +γ TO + Σ γ ψ Q
water in the upper floors will be considered in A Ek, Qi, two
,i ki,
the calculation of the total mass of water that can j one
contain and the possible dynamic effects associated with
ciated. For building structures, simplified,
In most of the territory, the probability of for the different project situations, you can
coincidence of an earthquake with snow overload Follow the following criteria:
It is very small. Σ γ G + γ TO + Σ 0, 8γ Q
G, jkj, A Ek, Qi, ki,
j one j one
C.3.3. Actions that are considered
in the calculation where:
The types of actions that can act simultaneously G Characteristic value of the permanent shares
k ,j
Weighting coefficient
C.3.4. Verification of security with effects of the action
Class of action
The Standard assumes that the effects of the worst Unfavorable Favorable
earthquakes that can affect buildings
usual with a reasonable probability, are left Constant actions
sufficiently covered with the seismic action of (charges) 1.00
(0) 1.00
Overloads
predicted calculation. This implies the acceptance of a limit (1) r 0
collapse that corresponds to the maximum Wind 0,25
(2) 0
expected earthquakes with reasonable probability, Snow 0.50
(3) 0
understood by these the return period of Seismic action 1.00
(0) 0
Five hundred years. Any projected construction
according to the content of this Standard, it can be seen(1) r adopts the following values:
subject in the course of its useful life to actions r = 0.50 for roofs, homes and hotels.
earthquakes that produce higher loads than r = 0.60 for offices, shops, roads and garages.
r = 0.80 for hospitals, prisons, educational buildings,
those corresponding to the elastic limit. It is accepted by nion and shows.
so much that deformations can be per- (2) It will only be considered in buildings in a topo-
handles - and consequently damages - more or graphic exposed and very exposed.
Less important. (3) In places where snow remains accumulated more than
The combinations of actions in which thirty days; otherwise, the coefficient will be zero.
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3. Brick factory (NBE-FL 90, case III, 2.3), by the response coefficient β (section
table 5.5) 3.7.3.1) and by the total mass of the building, including the
corresponding to the concomitant actions (apart-
3.2), represents a good estimate of the
Weighting coefficient horizontal total seismic force. As an approximation
with effects of the action safe, and in the absence of terrain data, can be
Class of action to take 2.5 as a value of the spectrum. Face to the eva
Unfavorable Favorable evaluation of local solicitations in buildings, in the
Most cases are sufficiently close
Concharges 1.00 1.00 to distribute the total seismic action by arranging it
Overloads of use 1.00 0 at each point of each floor of the building in proportion to
Overload of snow 0.50 0 to its mass and height, taking into account
Ground thrusts 1.25 1.00 plus eccentricities and caution in this respect
Support seats Discretionary 0 sections 3.2 and 3.7.5.
Wind actions 0.50 0
Thermal and rheological Discretionary0
Seismic actions 1.00 0
C.3.5.1. Conditions to apply the method
simplified calculation
When using verification methods that are Although from the point of view of plan number
refer to allowable stresses, as in the case could be considered in this category, it is not
of land, in combinations that include the include buildings such as ships, sports centers, etc.
seismic action may be used values of the ten- A rectangular building can be considered
50% higher than those used regulate if the relationship between the sides is greater than 0.3,
in the fundamental combination of gravitational loading the outgoing and incoming plant are not greater
toria. 10% of the side parallel to it and less than 2
m (Figure C.3.1). Also, a building can be considered
be regular in elevation when the
C.3.5. Calculation methods conditions of figure C.3.2.
The regularity of rigidities is not only the corresponding
tooth to the structure; the disappearance of partitions,
In general, the representative model of the rigidity of partitions or enclosures in a plant can
the buildings should include not only pillars and beams, suppose a sudden change of rigidity for the building.
but also the entire floor and other elements In buildings whose floors have two axes of symmetry
structures such as stairs and walls and, in their tria, the torsion center coincides with the center of
case, enclosures and partitions. masses.
The simplified method can be used to estimate, In general, it may be sufficient to analyze by the method
approximate form, the values of the seismic action simplified the ordinary buildings of floors of
for any type of building. normal importance of up to four plants in total,
The product of the calculation acceleration, a c (apart- although they do not meet all the conditions of regulation
2.2), by the value of the spectrum, α ( T ) (section continuity and articulation.
F
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L L
<B / 10 <L / 10
B <L / 10 B
<B / 10 <B / 10
OUTGOES INCOMING
Figure C.3.1. Regular structures in plant
3. 4
Page 37
<L / 10
<L / 10 <L / 4
<L / 15
>H/6
<H / 6
L L L
OUTGOES INCOMING LOW BODIES
Figure C.3.2. Regular structures in elevation
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Page 38
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sharp efforts that appear in each support, which is applied to the weights for the obtaining of
dependent on the rigidity of the support itself, equivalent static seismic. The acceleration factor
as of the beams and slabs attached to it. The content of this coefficient is, therefore, normal
Article 3.8 establishes a criterion to be able to malized at the acceleration of gravity, resulting
consider the effects of second to be negligible the dimensionless numerical value of the quotient to / g
c
the application of the general modal method of the sectioncaused by the earthquake in the simple oscillator
previous. equivalent. Its value is identified with the order
of the prolonged elastic response spectrum
its plateau up to period T = 0 (Figure 3.3).
C.3.7.1. Model of the structure
The reason for this last is that for buildings
The existence of a basement perimeter wall that of very low period ( T < T ) possible injuries
A
guarantee the structure a rigid behavior, will increase the period and consequently the
allows to consider as an oscillating structure the nothing spectral calculation. The spectral plateau
exists from the highest level slab that is in this range of periods and from the point of
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This section is a particularization of the you- the movement caused by the earthquake in
3.6.2.3.1. Modes correspond to the figure structure, including the effect of the ground under
3.1 of the aforementioned section. foundation
The consideration of the second and third modes The response coefficient β modifies the movement
bia only slightly the demands of the plants induced in the structure according to the conditions of
low buildings; but, on the other hand, you can modify damping and ductility, reducing-
up to 50% of the requests from the for their analysis to an equivalent linear term.
analysis of the first mode in tall plants. The η factor mechanically characterizes the response
of each plant, according to the distribution of the
masses in the structural system.
C.3.7.2.2. Calculation of the fundamental period For buildings of high dissipative capacity in
of the buildings the post-plastic domain and low period, lower than T , A
The simplified ordered spectral calculation is The coefficient β depends on the damping (factor
independent of it. In practice, this value ν) and the ductility behavior coefficient
covers most of the constructions of walls μ of the structure. The coefficient of behavior
factory and a large number of the remaining buildings by μ ductility reduces seismic action for the purposes of
nes. calculation, so that the results of the analysis in
linear elastic regime are equivalent to the
non-linear structure of the structure versus the action
C.3.7.3. Calculation of seismic forces seismic not reduced (μ = 1). It must be taken into account
that real action always corresponds to ductili-
The values of the seismic forces are obtained, from unity, and its reduction is an artifice that facilitates
according to the articles, as a fraction of the lita the approximate calculation of the efforts in the
direct loads that gravitate on the plant; should not structure. Whatever the structural type, the
apply, therefore, to the compression transmitted by theadoption of values of μ greater than the unit
supports, which includes the loads of the ne necessarily the raid on the plastic range
higher. of the structure and, if it does not occur, the
The seismic coefficient s is a dimensionless factor The value of the coefficient μ must be unity.
ik
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A suitable ductile behavior should allow e ) Buildings of floors with supports and steel beams
the dissipation of a good part of the energy that the systemin both directions, with rigid knots, slabs
mo contributes to the structure by means of a large of concrete.
number of stable hysteresis mechanisms and well
distributed throughout it. In addition, failure modes - With diagonal triangulations: μ = 2.
bending must precede the failure modes to cor- - With triangulations (cross of S. Andrés):
tante. In this way, it can be avoided that μ = 3.
duce the progressive collapse of the structure when failing- Without triangulations and with rigid ductile knots
some of the elements. two: μ = 4.
In general, steel provides greater ductility than
the concrete and this one more than brick or stone. f ) Floor buildings with metal supports and
As regards the structural type, the ductility is slabs of solid slab, honeycomb (reticular) or
greater in the displaceable structures such as unidirectional with flat beams, with or without braces-
cos, than in walls or triangulated, but tramiento: μ = 2.
always in the critical points - the knots - g ) Buildings of floors with concrete supports and
there is enough capacity to allow important Unidirectional forging on edge beams:
deformations at constant solicitation.
It is important to ensure that depletion is - In the direction of the slab: μ = 2.
It occurs earlier in the beam than in the support, since the - In the direction of the beams: μ = 3 or 4.
ductility or energy dissipation capacity is
produces better in the flexed sections than in the h ) Floors buildings with rigid knots, with support
which are simultaneously compressed. Further, concrete beams, singing beams in both
in this way, the crushing of the pile- directions and concrete slabs supported on
res and the stacking of the floors. its four edges on the beams, with screens or
They are called coupled screens to which, belonging without screens: μ = 3 or 4.
in the same plane, are united at the level of i ) Flooring buildings with concrete supports and
each floor by a regular pattern of short duct beams slabs of solid slab, honeycomb (reticular) or
tiles capable of reducing at least of the order of 25% unidirectional with flat beams, with or without
the sum of the bending moments of each of llas: μ = 2.
the screens working separately. j ) Structures similar to inverted pendulum,
It is considered that a beam is of edge when its such as industrial buildings, polydepor-
pick up below the lower plane of the slab or tives, stations, pavilions, supermarkets,
Forged is greater than the depth of the head canopies, etc., with built-in supports
compressed (figures 4.4 and 4.5). ductile in the base: μ = 2.
The dissipation of energy is minimal in the movements
verticals, hence the need to adopt the If the resistant structure is formed by porches
value μ = 1. - whether or not they have the screens complement
Below are some types of construction or rigid nuclei-, to be able to consider it as
most common in Spain and their maximum values of high or very high ductility, it must be fulfilled that the
ductility behavior coefficient μ. For not be flat, in particular that is not formed
to be able to use values of μ 2 must be fulfilled by slabs or forged reticulated or unidirectional
plus the requirements of chapter 4 that correspond to constant singing, but that has beams of descent
pondan. gue. It is noted that if there are beams in one direction
and forged or slab in the other, the structure can be
a ) Brick factory load-bearing walls considered high or very high ductility in the direct
of concrete blocks, with slabs of of the beams, but the slab must analyze
loose joists made of steel or wood: μ = 1. is necessarily as low ductility. Alternating-
b ) Brick factory load-bearing walls may be considered high or very high
of blocks, with uni- ductility in all directions, if in the forging-
reccionales with reinforced concrete upper slab Some drop beams are arranged, but
da: μ = 1. adopting, as elements of the resisting structure
c ) Reinforced concrete load-bearing walls to the action of the earthquake, only the beams of that
do, with slabs of solid or light slabs: type and the supports to which they undertake.
μ = 1.
d ) Sports centers, supermarkets, pab-
of fairs, stations, terminals, industrial C.3.7.3.2. Distribution factor η
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metallic
trias, etc.,structure.
with metal supports and cover The distribution factor, η, will be determined from
- Supports braced in cross and covers in accordance with the priorities set out in paragraph
supported trusses: μ = 1. 3.6.2.3.2. However, when the
- Systems similar to inverted pendulum: simplified method the formula of the
μ = 2. articulate.
- Supports and beams forming porticos: For buildings up to eight stories high and
equal masses can be taken for the first mode the
• with screens: μ = 3. value of the distribution factor η indicated in the table ik
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TABLE C 3.1
Distribution factor for the first mode in buildings of up to 8 equal plants
TABLE C 3.2
Requests derived from the combination of modes
Force Cutting plant Force Cutting plant Cutting plant Equivalent forces
seismic seismic
F 1n V =F1n 1n F rn V =F rn rn
n
+L+ V two
Vn = Vone
two
rn F =V
n n
F 1k V =V
1k 1 ( k + 1) +F 1k F rk V =Vrk r ( k + 1) +F rk Vk = Vone
two
k
+L+ V two
rk F =V -V
k k k +1
= V two
Vone +L+ two
F 11 V =V +F
11 12 11 F r 1 V r 1 =V r 2 +F r 1
eleven V one
r F =V -V
1 1 2
C.3.7.5. Consideration of the effects of the torsion center (case, for example, of a single
rotation core of elevators and stairs in the center of
building) this simplified method is not valid, requires
The simplified method proposed by the articles laughing in these cases a special study to tor-
for symmetrical buildings supposes to improve with a Zion.
coe- We also have to do this study in edi-
enough γ = 1,3 the extreme frames, with γ = 1.0 the floors of up to four floors that do not
a a
central portico if any, and with intermediate values meet the regularity requirements of the section
the rest. Consequently when the greater 3.5.1 and have been analyzed using this method
part of the rigidity is concentrated in the vicinity simplified.
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On the contrary, when most of the stiffness less than 10% of the first-order
concentrate on structural elements far from the of the horizontal seismic action.
torsion center, the application of this sim-
plication usually leads to an oversize
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CHAPTER IV
BUILDINGS CONSTRUCTIONS
4.1. Introduction
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SCREENS TRIANGULATIONS
Figure 4.2. Provisions of resistant elements
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Page 45
Non-structural elements, such as enclosing walls, partition walls, etc., that can be
they develop enough rigidity and strength to alter the conditions in the structure,
will be taken into account for the preparation of the structural analysis model and will be checked
for the actions that derive from the calculation. Alternatively, solutions may be adopted
constructive measures that guarantee the resistant non-participation of these elements.
The general evacuation routes, especially vertical communication cores
Like the stairs, they will be equipped with additional resistance and ductility to facilitate
its use, even in the case of important earthquakes.
All construction must be separated from the adjacent ones a minimum distance to
mitigate the effects of shock during seismic movements.
All construction will be separated from adjacent building property boundaries and in
all its height no less than the maximum lateral displacement by earthquake, u , nor less than
1.5 cm, in order to avoid the collision with the adjacent structures during the seismic movements
monkeys
For buildings with up to ten floors, the maximum lateral displacement, u , in centimeter
These can be obtained by the expression:
or = 33 1α (/)⋅ AG ⋅ two
c T F
where α 1 , a c and g are the parameters defined in 3.7.3, and T F is the period of the founding mode
mental in seconds.
Joints between building bodies should preferably be vertical planes and with
a width of, at least, the sum of the maximum lateral displacements, u , of the two
bodies.
In areas with a c 0.16 g should not project support joints in free expansion,
except if a special study is carried out.
No general conduits will be installed crossing joint plans, except that
put on adequate flexible links.
Each of the foundation elements that transmit vertical loads to the terrain
Significant elements should be linked to the contiguous elements in two directions by
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The stem strength of the piles in the stretches of land will not be considered
susceptible to liquefying during the calculation earthquake, or those located above those
strata.
The piles must be properly connected to the pile cap or to the equivalent structural element.
worthy
In reinforced concrete piles the longitudinal reinforcement shall extend from the
pile head up to four diameters below the deepest critical zone, with a
minimum of 6 meters. Critical areas are those in which their depletion will first be reached
structural stress during an earthquake. The longitudinal reinforcement shall be formed by
bars of diameter greater than or equal to 12 mm, in a minimum number of 6 and separated as
maximum 20 cm. The minimum amount of steel will be 0.4% of the total section in the piles
concreted in situ and 1% in the prefabricated ones. On jacketed concrete piles
with sheet metal, the section of the latter, after discounting the corrosion forecast, can replace
(at most 50%) to the required longitudinal reinforcement.
The transverse reinforcement shall extend over the entire length of the longitudinal reinforcement
dinal. It may be constituted by fences or spiral, whose diameters must be greater or
equal 6 mm and with a volumetric quantity ρ s and a spacing s that comply with the following
conditions:
- In critical areas:
ρs 0.8%
s 10 cm
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The connection between the slabs and the walls and the monolithism between the various elements
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The slabs
EF-96, or that constitute
the one the slabs
that replaces are entrusted
it, with to the upper
the reinforcement slab that
sections andprescribes the nor-
the provisions
tructivas that are specified there. The slabs will be linked to the walls by means of the
chained that prescribes the NBE-FL-90 standard.
The slabs of loose joists, of wood or metal, must be tightened throughout their peri-
subway to horizontal chains located on the same level, to show solidarity and
connection of the joists with the wall. The bundle of joists that run parallel to the
The wall will extend at least to the three closest joists.
When to c 0.12 g , there must be vertical and horizontal reinforcements in the factory walls.
such at distances less than 5 m. In addition, the diagonal of a cloth between reinforcements should be
less than 40 times the thickness of the wall.
Four. Five
Page 48
When the reinforcements are made in concrete, the cross section will have, at least,
15 cm in height and the total width of the wall, reduced the latter, where appropriate, in the amount
minimum required for the continuity of the walls seen. The assembly will be, at
less, of 4 φ 10 longitudinal plus φ 6 every 25 cm as transverse reinforcement.
- The end sections of the beams are plasticized before those of the support, which
is fulfilled if the security coefficient of any request for all support is
always superior to any solicitation of any beam with which it concurs in a
knot.
- The end sections of beams and supports are exhausted before the occurrence of the
of the encounter, which is fulfilled if the security coefficient before the
of any connecting rod or anchor in any knot is slightly greater than that of
any solicitation of the sections of beams or supports that attack him.
- Flexural yield is reached in the steel of the longitudinal reinforcement before
the exhaustion of the section by shear, which is fulfilled if the coefficient of
The shear rate in any section is greater than that of the same section at the moment
tor. Short pieces, such as dwarfs, should be checked for shear
that results from considering moments in the extreme sections equal to the capacity
resistant to flexion they possess and with opposite sign.
- The checks to be carried out will include those of the pieces, as detailed in the
next sections, and those of the knots. When the knot between the support and the beam
be it concrete, the connecting rod should be checked on the diagonal of the same (Figure 4.7).
To be able to consider that the structure, in the direction of the beams, benefits from the
conditions of high ductility ( μ = 3), the following requirements must be met (see Fig.
ra 4.4):
- The lowering under the slab is greater than the calculation depth of the head
compressed in the fissured section.
- The width of the drop-off, b , is at least 0.20 m.
- At least 2 φ 14 are arranged on the upper face and all its development.
- On the upper face, the continuity frame in an interior knot will have a
less than b · h / 40, where h is the total edge of the beam.
- On the lower face and throughout its development at least 2 φ 14 and 4 ‰ are available.
- On the lower face there will be effectively anchored to the end at least one armor
A / 3, where A is the maximum amount of the upper tensile reinforcement of that same
extreme.
- Both on the upper face and on the lower side, it will be available, in all its development,
a minimum armor A / 4, where A is the amount of the maximum negative armor between
The two extremes. The shear-resistant capacity of the sections will be 25%
higher than that required by the calculation.
- In the extreme areas of the beam, in an amplitude of two edges from the face
of the support, fences of at least 6 mm in diameter and with a sepa-
serving no greater than:
• h / 4.
• 8 φ L , where φ L is the diameter of any compressed longitudinal reinforcement.
• 0.15 m
• In the rest of the beam the fences will have a maximum separation of h / 2.
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≤ 0.15 m ≤ 0.15 m
≤h/4 ≤h/4
≤ 8LØ ≤8L Ø
≥A/4
TO <bh / 40 ≥ 2Ø14 TO'
h
x
OR HEAD ≥A/3 ≥ 2Ø14 ≥ A '/ 3
L COMPRESSED ≤h/2≥A/4
2h 2h
b
≥ 0.20 m
Figure 4.4. Beam requirements for high ductility ( μ = 3)
To be able to consider that the structure, in the direction of the beams, benefits from the
conditions of very high ductility ( μ = 4), there must be no inversion of moments, it is
In other words, the seismic case must not cause moments of both signs at the ends of the beams.
us, and in addition to the conditions for μ = 3 of the previous paragraph, the requirements of
following sites (see Figure 4.5):
- The width of the drop-off, b , will be at least 0.25 m, but lower than that of any of
the supports that the beam undertakes.
- On the underside, you will arrive effectively anchored to the end without continuity at least
an armature A / 2, where A is the amount of the traction armor of that same
extreme.
- Both on the upper and lower face, there will be available, throughout its development a
minimum armor A / 3, where A is the amount of the maximum negative reinforcement between the
two extremes.
- There will be a longitudinal skin armor of at least 2 φ 10, each 0.25 m of edge.
- In the extreme areas of the beam, in an amplitude of two edges from the face
of the support, fences with a diameter of at least 6 mm and with a
Less ration of:
- 6 φ L , where φ L is the diameter of any compressed longitudinal reinforcement.
≤h/4 ≤h/4
≤ 6 øL ≤6Ø
≤ 0.15 m
L
≤ 0.15 m
≥A/3
TO <bh / 40 ≥ 2 Ø 14 TO'
h
x
Ø 10
≥A/2 ≤ 0.25 m ≥ A'/ 2
or HEAD
L COMPRESSED ≤h/2 ≥ 2 Ø 14
≥A/3
2h 2h
b
≥ 0.25 m
Figure 4.5. Beam requirements for very high ductility ( μ = 4)
≤ 0.10 m ≤ 0.10 m
≥ 2Ø16 ≥ 2Ø16
h
Canes for ≥ 2Ø16 Forks for
b inversion of moments ≥ 0.004 bhinversion of moments
2h 2h
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In addition, whatever the seismic acceleration calculation or the degree of ductility chosen,
When the node between the support and the beam is made of concrete, the connecting rod in the
diagonal thereof (see Figure 4.7).
WASTE OF EDGE IN
EFFECTIVE SECTION TRACTION
WROUGHT
FLAT
CONNECTING ROD
KNOT
EDGE IN
TRACTION
KNOT TYPE SUPPORT TO MAKE PLANT STRONGLY REQUESTED RODS
Figure 4.7. Extreme knot model
In general, with concrete supports, the upper reinforcement of the extreme knots of
beams that are necessary for seismic solicitation must be fully disposed within the
support (Figure 4.8.a), counting its anchoring from the beginning of the area pinched by the
those of support and knot. The favorable effect of the clamping between cranks can be measured as a
loss of traction per unit length equal to the vertical compressive tension guarantee
in that area multiplied by the diameter of the reinforcement. The solution of the anchorage of
the upper reinforcement by continuity behind the support, in a loop around its shaft (Figure
4.8.b), is limited to a total traction, between both branches of the loop, not higher than the
vertical pressure guaranteed inside.
If transverse edge beams are arranged on the edge, the upper reinforcement may be
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be placed on the sides of the support in a band of amplitude not greater than half a
beam, (Figure 4.8.c), counting its anchor from the point where orthogonal reinforcement is available
gonal, or of the break, or of the welding of the element to which it is attached.
TO B TO
<h / 2 C
If the support is metallic, with a through shaft through the floor (Figure 4.9), it must be
further prove that the linkage element of the reinforcements, or, in the case of a loop, the
pio fuste, allows to balance the moment between both pieces. In any case, you must exclude-
It is possible to entrust said balance to torsions in the concrete.
At the extreme nodes of the last floor, without superior compression, the
anchor check when the reinforcement is continuous with that of the support and has a
similar traction. If independent reinforcement is available for both pieces, the length of
overlap will be the anchor, with the reduction, in its case, of the effect of temple or armor sol-
given cross section (Figure 4.10).
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h
PATILLA
ARMOR PROFILE OF
ORTHOGONAL ENGARCE TIE
OR
Ø/2
TIE
Figure 4.9. Upper armrests in extreme knot with metallic support
OVERLAP ≥ 0.06 m
A TRACTION SUPERIOR ARMOR
LEAVED WITH THE SUPPORT ≥ 0.06 CONTINUES
m HIGHER ARMOR
WITH THE SUPPORT
≤ 0.25 m
OR OR
FOOTBALLS ≥10 Ø M = 0 ≤ 15 Ø
ADDITIONAL BOTTOM ARMOR LOWER ARMOR
ASSEMBLY, NOT RESISTANT RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION
ANCHORAGE LENGTH
ANCHORAGE LENGTH CONSIDERING PATILLA
SOLAPE ON SOLAPE ON
COMPRESSION ARMOR TRACTION
ORTHOGONAL
TIE ≥2
OR
FOOTBALLS M=0
≥10 ØBOTTOM
ADDITIONAL ARMOR ≤ 15 Ø
UNRESOLVED ASSEMBLY LOWER ARMOR
RESISTANT TO COMPRESSION
ANCHORAGE LENGTH
ANCHORAGE LENGTH CONSIDERING PATILLA
Figure 4.10. Armor disposition in extreme knot
The upper continuity reinforcement in an inner knot, which is necessary per request
seismic, can be arranged in a width band equal to that of the medium support can-
of the beam on either side of it (Figure 4.11), provided that, in a band perpendicular to the
same width, there is orthogonal reinforcement that has a section of at least one fourth
you from the previous one. The armor that passes inside the support can have the effect of pin-
guaranteed compression in the terms described above. The one that happens
The outside of the support must be provided with the full theoretical anchorage length, in
straight line
To take into account the compression collaboration of the lower beam reinforcement,
it must be confirmed that it develops sufficient length for the compression attributed to it,
after the beams of the inner face of the support, being able to count on the improvement that the
folded on side (refer to Figures 4.4, 4.5 and 4.6).
If this armor is never pulled, nor is it taken into account by compression, it will be sufficient
check that, from the point of zero traction of the beam, it is prolonged enough to
anchoring and that, in any case, penetrates at least 10 φ behind the inside face of the support.
In an inner knot, if the armor penetrates the support, it can be finished on a pin; yes
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the slab is flat, it can be assumed that the compression is discharged by tip in the area
which is compressed in all directions.
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SONG BEAM
ANCHORAGE
IN TRACTION
h/2
h/2
h
h/2
CLOSED AREA FLAT BEAM
Figure 4.11. Continuous reinforcement in interior knot
OR B
TO
SOLAPE A 10 Ø
COMPRESSION SONG BEAM FLAT BEAM
TO
TO B
In an extreme flat beam node, they can only be taken into account to resist the request.
seismic citation the vertical branches of the abutments existing in the area defined in the
ra 4.13.
RAMAS NO
h/2 NON-EFFECTIVE BRANCH EFFECTIVE
45º h/2 h/2 h/2
When the beam is flat, especially if the support is of elongated section in the direction
of the beam, it is convenient that the support of this beam crosses the knot, arranging branches in the
proximities of the lateral faces of the support.
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It is said that there is an inversion of moments when, due to the horizontal action of the system,
mo, the moment at the end of the beam changes sign and moves to pull the lower fiber
(Figure 4.14).
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If there is an investment in an extreme knot, the same rules apply to the lower armor
than those indicated in the previous section for the superior.
If investment occurs in an interior knot, that encounter, for the purpose of disposition
of lower and upper reinforcement and of the abutments, behaves like two extreme knots
attached, except for the anchoring of the beam reinforcement, which in any case
it will be resolved by a straight extension from the opposite side of the support.
In the particular case of metal supports, when inversion occurs in a knot
extreme, it is necessary to have reinforcement linkage devices, both superior and
lower.
When the investment affects the extreme node of the last floor, it is necessary to have a
specific reinforcement on the diagonal of the knot, or anchor the beam reinforcement and support
to account for a connecting rod compressed on the opposite diagonal (Figure 4.15).
If the investment of moments is very strong, there may be a reversal of
on the beam; If the support is metallic, the design of the device must be altered in that case.
crimping system to allow load to be collected in both directions.
4.5.3. Supports
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- In the extreme areas of the support, in an amplitude measured from the junction
with the slab or beam of at least two edges, and if the beam is of descuelgue also
When passing through the knot, fences with a diameter of at least 6 mm and with a
interval no greater than:
SOLAPE
≤c/3 ≤c/4
≥ 2c ≤ 0.15 m (Ø ≥ 16) ≤ 0.10 m (Ø ≥ 16)
≤ 0.10 m (Ø ≤ 14) ≥ 2c ≤ 0.07 m (Ø ≤ 14)
≥Ø6 ≥Ø8
≤ 15 Ø ≤ 15 Ø
OR OR
≤ 0.20 m ≤ 0.15 m
c ≥ 0.25 m c ≥ 0.30 m
MINIMUM 8 ARMOURS MINIMUM 8 ARMOURS
≤c/3 ≤c/4
≤ 0.15 m (Ø ≥ 16) ≤ 0.10 m (Ø ≥ 16)
≤ 0.10 m (Ø ≤ 14) ≥ 2c ≤ 0.07 m (Ø ≤ 14)
≥ 2c
0.12 g ≤ a <0.16 g
c a ≥ 0.16 g
c
In addition, when the calculation seismic acceleration a c is equal to or greater than 0.16 g :
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fences with a diameter of at least 8 mm and with an interval not greater than:
• c / 4, where c is the smallest dimension of the support.
• 0.07 m if the longitudinal reinforcement is φ 12 or φ 14, and 0.10 m if it is φ 16 or higher.
In addition to the general conditions, in all support, whatever the acceleration may be
calculation, the particular rules detailed below must be respected.
At the starting base of the supports, wait armors must be provided for
correctly transfer the loads from the shaft to the lower element, well, shoe, wall,
pile, beam, slab or, where appropriate, pile pile group.
Due to the alternative character of the seismic action, the stresses of the edges of the
they change you cyclically, oscillating from maximum compression to one less than it. If the
seismic action manages to provoke the appearance of tractions it is essential to trust the trac-
overlap between the brackets of the support and those of waiting, giving the latter the lon-
of delivery according to this and checking that they can link enough weight to
balance the traction.
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If the starting element where the wait is inserted is a shoe, beam, slab,
well or pilote of section much superior to the one of the pillar, the armor can end in pati-
It is advisable to dispose it outwards if its predominant tension is to
Zion. The part overlapped with the shaft of the support must necessarily be arranged in
Straight line
If the starting element is a wall or beam, the waiting armatures arranged in the
of that element must be provided at least with transverse stirrups to the faces of said
element (Figure 4.17).
In general, the reinforcement of each shaft extends into the upper one. As in the case of
start, if the seismic action causes the appearance of tractions in an edge, the length of
overlap of both stretches must allow the transfer of said effort, finishing off the
lower in straight extension.
In the case of extreme support, to avoid the ejection effect of the composite armor
primed from the outer edge, or the one that bursts due to the compression transfer effect
of the armor per point, it is advisable, in addition to the fixing of the support
To the stirrups and the waitings of the lower shaft, arrange the face of the slab outside the
beams of the support (see Figure 4.18).
In the case of extreme support, if the beam reinforcement that produces the failure of the
Connecting rod is disposed relative to the support, this must be recalculated taking as
effective effect is that which results from dispensing with the area located outside the beams of the
same
POINTS TOWARDS
INSIDE SOLAPE s 2
SECTION ACCORDING
EFFECTIVE TENSION
≤s FORK
TIE CANES
s 1
In general, with beams of descuelgue it agrees that they are the support stirrups those that
They are arranged inside the knot. In any case, the end supports and corner will count
step of the knot with stirrups or forks, with cadence no less than that of any of the
shafts that attack him, to produce confinement in the direction perpendicular to the
of or free edges.
In addition to checking the oblique connecting rod, mentioned in section 4.5.1,
as regards the supports, it must be verified that your armor has sufficient
development and conditions of adherence to account for the change in tension when passing through
the encounter with the beam, taking into account the dynamic aspect, coming from the cyclical
of the sign and direction of tension, which the classical models do not expressly have in
account.
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In interior knots (Figure 4.19), if both edges of the support are compressed
In all the load assumptions considered in the calculation, the solution can be used to
on the side, provided that it is towards the outside of the support and at a prudent distance from
the upper face of the floor.
If, in any case of loading, tractions are reached in one of the edges, -and, if that
happens by seismic action, it will be alternately in both-, it is preferable to get
the anchor length for said traction by bending inward and overlapping with the
hard top of the plant.
If the seismic action produces inversion of moments in a higher node, it must
to test both the solution and the anchor length, and, in particular, the resistance capacity
of the connecting rod that results, as well as the variants in the arrangement of stirrups that the knot
demand for it.
SOLAPE A TRACTION
> 0.06 m
ANCHORAGE
A TRACTION
BOTH BORDERS COMPRESSED EDGES ALTERNATIVELY INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS
IN ALL LOADING CASES COMPRESSED AND TRACTIONED
Figure 4.19. Superior knots
4.5.4. Forged
REINFORCED MESH
h
CANES FOR ≥ 0.004 bh FORKS FOR
INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS INVESTMENT OF MOMENTS
b L/4 L/4
L
Figure 4.20. Slab requirements for a c 0.16g
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It is convenient that the screens that are used as stiffening and resistance elements
tence in the case of horizontal actions are continuous throughout the height of the construction,
gando up to the foundation without major changes in the width or thickness. If there is
Have holes, these will line up vertically.
When the calculation seismic acceleration a c is equal to or greater than 0.16 g or to be able
consider in the direction of the screen high or very high ductility ( μ = 3 or μ = 4), the
rá:
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OR
≥h
≥H/6
≥b/3
≥ 10Ø
≥h/5 ≥Ø8
b ≥ h / 20
≥ 0.15 m
h DUPLETE DINTEL
SIMPLE SCREENS COUPLED SCREENS
Figure 4.21. Arming screens
The structures resolved with pieces that are exclusively prefabricated elements
linear or surface, whatever the material, will be considered, in general, as
structures without ductility, unless the joints are specially designed to supply
Provide sufficient rigidity and ductility to the encounter.
To consider some degree of ductility in the floor structures, it must guarantee
ductility in the knots, according to the previous articles. For this, the most
next to the ends of each structural element will be armed and zunchadas, and the
contact surface between the prefabricated element and the concrete prepared in the pre-fabricated
it will be sufficiently rough and will be sewn with armor on either side of said super-
ficie
In the case of single-storey buildings, to consider μ > 1 ductility , you must guarantee-
I know that all the pillars are ductilely embedded in the base.
The project of the metallic structures before seismic actions can be considered in the
linear range, without using any plastic dissipation mechanism, or in the non-linear range
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neal In the first case the structure will be considered without ductility and in the calculation it will be assigned
ra value unit to the coefficient μ . In the second, the structure will be considered, for each
of the directions in which it is verified, of high, medium or low ductility depending on the system
resistant theme (section 3.7.3.1) and details and materials as indicated in paragraphs
tados that follow.
When equal or superior ductility values are used in the design of the structure
In addition, all requirements relating to the material and the sector shall be complied with.
required by the regulations for the design of metallic structures in the case of using the
plastic calculation.
4.6.2. materials
The specification of the technical conditions and the project plans shall specify the quality
of the steel to be used and explicitly state the need to check the structure
for any modification, even when this involves substitution by steels of
Higher yield strength or higher capacity pieces.
If a high or very high ductility value has been used in the structure project
( μ = 3 or 4), in the specification of the materials to be used in the systems resistant to car-
earthquake gas will be limited to the value of the elastic limit of the steel, which will not exceed more than one
10% nominal.
In the same sense, the technical specifications will also indicate the need for
It is necessary to check the structure before any change in the dimensions of the
bars, even when this involves the replacement by bars of greater capacity.
4.6.3. Unions
Specific details of the unions will be included in the project plans, indicating
the situation, dimensions and qualities of the joining means (screws, pins, cordo-
welds), cuts, recesses, grooves in extreme sections of bars and the
possible need for auxiliary means (spill plates, backs, washers defor-
mables, etc.). In the calculation memory, the type of union will be declared explicitly, both
in regard to its resistance (total or partial) as to its rigidity (rigid, semi-rigid
or articulated).
When values of the behavior coefficient are used in the design of the structure
Due to ductility μ equal to or greater than 2, the joints shall be designed as
total tension, assuming an over-resistance of 1.2 (the capacity of the union will be, as
minimum, 1.2 times that of the attached bars).
When values of the behavior coefficient are used in the design of the structure
Due to ductility μ greater than 2, partial penetration welds will not be accepted
between critical elements belonging to the earthquake-resistant scheme. The screw connections
will be projected, in this case, in such a way that the failure does not occur due to breakage of the
screws
- The end sections of the beams laminate before those of the support.
- The end sections of beams and supports plasticize before it occurs
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The complete triangulations (the axes of the bars coincide in a point), in which
the dissipation is produced by lengthening the traction bar (crosses of San Andrés),
they will be considered high ductility. If the calculation includes the collaboration of the bar
first, ductility will not be considered, in general, any ductility.
The incomplete triangulations (the axes of the diagonals do not go to the beam knots-
pillar), in which the dissipation is produced by the formation of kneecaps in the foreseen areas,
they will consider very high ductility.
The symmetry of the cross section of the bracing elements will be especially taken care of.
to, as well as that of extreme unions.
One of the objectives of the Standard -according to its purpose, established in paragraph
1.1- is a substantial reduction in the usually large physical and eco-
and, above all, of the victims, especially those that generate damage to elements that
structural
Calculation values and earthquake-resistant design - especially the precepts of all
section 4.7- must ensure that small earthquakes, of return period of the same
or order that the life of the construction, not cause significant damage to the elements
non-structural
All the cloths, interior partitions, false ceilings and other singular elements, such as
For example, facade panels, etc., must be correctly linked to the structural elements.
to prevent the detachment of the pieces during seismic shocks, espe-
if the ductility of the construction has been assumed to be high or very high.
Yes 0.16 g > a c 0.08 g , the closing panels or partition walls that exceed the
5 m in length or the 20 m 2 of surface should be subdivided by linking them to elements
intermediate secondary When to c 0.16 g should be made from 3 m in length
or the 10 m 2 of surface.
When the enclosures are made with prefabricated elements of large format, and
these have not been considered in the model of the structure, it should be adopted for the
construction and calculation of said elements a coefficient of behavior for ductility
μ = 1. The joints must allow, without breaking, the displacements obtained in the calculation. In
In this case, due to its importance, the anchors must be carefully designed.
Elements with free upper edge, such as parapets, parapets and chimneys,
must be properly linked to the structure to ensure its stability, calculated
with the seismic action corresponding to the plant where they are located, considering,
Special justification, μ = 1. The fences will be treated analogously by anchoring them to their
foundation
Also, when a c 0.12 g the walls or breastplates with the free upper edge and with more than
one meter high, will be finished with a coronation chain, providing reinforcements
verticals anchored to the structure or foundation.
In addition, evacuation routes must comply with the provisions of the Standard of Condi-
Fire Protection of Buildings in force, and should not be placed on them.
elements that can be easily detached in case of earthquake.
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In high-rise
The height of the constructions
roof, the shimswith
andlarge glass of
the joints surfaces, they of
the glazing must
the be dimensioned
windows with
cidad to absorb the movements that occur in the carpentry by the oscillations
of the construction.
Comments
C.4.1. Introduction more important, the higher the height of the
tion, and are aimed at preventing unwanted links
The design rules and constructive prescriptions between oscillations of rotation and translation.
that all constructions have to comply with To comply with the regularity in elevation, it is recommended
that the Standard is applicable are mandatory It is possible to reduce dimensions in any
what are the results of the calculation. These rules plant is not greater than 20% of the size of the
have been extracted from the observation of behavior lower floor if the center of gravity is maintained and
of structural and non-structural elements 10% if it is not maintained. This reduction may
in destructive earthquakes and they intend to collect 50% in the top 15% of the building.
lessons drawn from that experience.
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andavoid
To adjacent
the buildings. To avoid
concentration of damages in some ele- during the collision
seismic between
movements, the adjacent
width of constructions
the
specific elements of the structure, a together in each level should not be less than the sum
homogeneous degree of security. It should be avoided of onthe maximum lateral displacements of the
everything that some isolated section or piece has a adjoining buildings, calculated for said
security coefficient much lower than the rest levels.
of the structure. This prescription should be taken careEven
of, when the width of the joint can be variable
above all, in the critical sections, such as with height, it is safer to keep the same
supports and ends of beams, so that before a wide in all its height.
important earthquake, can be achieved with great simu- As the oscillation models are approximate and
the yield in a large number of sections, the effects of a possible impact are difficult to
properly distributing the necessary plasticity quantify, the joint width should be taken care of especially
to apply the value of μ used in the calculation. in the case of adjoining buildings or parts of the
The support of pillars on beams or the same building of very different height and rigidity, and
embrochalado of a main beam in another one, since when the slabs of both buildings can
the beams are very sensitive to vertical components hit at intermediate points of supports. Thus,
limes in the event of an earthquake, so meetings It is recommended that the adjoining buildings
have the slabs of each floor at the same level.
they constitute fragile points. It is not necessary to consider
as such the small-sized embroclalados,
such as joists to beams or beams or beams
short that usually exist around the solution C.4.3. From the foundation
of flights, elevator shafts and stairwells.
Ensure that the beams plasticize before the C.4.3.1. General design criteria
supports is generally difficult when the floor is
built with flat beams, cross-linked without beams, Although coexistence should be avoided, in the same
slabs, etc. This behavior is guaranteed better structural unit, of foundation systems
when the beams are of singing. superficial and deep, in cases where the
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stratification is not horizontal and the layer of firm mass mig with upper shoe in areas in
ne unevenness -which obliges us to build on the that the same firm is deeper.
or stratum at different depths - it is permissible The foundations are not considered different systems
cement with shoes in the areas where the firm is with isolated and running shoes, or the combination of
more superficial and by filling wells piles and deep screens (Figure C.4.4).
The existence of short pillars between the first forged such, variable with depth z , which is com-
and the foundation forces us to consider these in the try the liquefaction.
model of structure analysis. a is the seismic acceleration calculation, according to 2.2.
c
oscillating the one that exists from the level slab which can be obtained by the expression:
higher that connects with the wall.
The study of the liquefaction safety can be R =K ·R ·σ'L M 1 v
zontal and that will be applied to all liquefiable layers the standardized SPT test, for an energy
located in the depth defined in the articulated. useful of 60% of the nominal and at a
It is considered that sufficient security is available vertical load of 100 kPa (1 kp / cm ) ( N ), of 2 1.60
τ R / 1.5
E
L
being τ the tangential voltage equivalent to the terre- SPT trial that really reaches the field.
E
motorcycle, which may be assumed to be equal to: σ ' is the vertical effective stress, in kp / cm , on a
v 2
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Zarla to the edge pillars to withstand the efforts sufficiently loaded; if necessary, the forges-
prescribed in these. two will be arranged counterbalanced, adopting in that
case conservative hypotheses about the continuity of
the ends of the slabs.
C.4.3.3. Specific rules for foundations If at <0.12 g it will suffice to comply with what is specific for
c
0.5
onetwo 3
0.4
one
0.3
R
0.2
0.1
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located on the upper concrete slab, anchored in of the knot, especially in the case of flat slabs
the prescribed perimeter straps. The amount of us, of little singing, with crank of much obliquity,
These armors are specified in the EF-96 standard. which translates into the difficulty of counting in the
The minimum bracketing of straps will be φ 5mm eachsupports with tensioned reinforcement, being able in that
20 cm should choose to resize them, increasing their
In the case of an earthquake, the load walls have to section. In some cases the knot check
withstand high shear stresses in your connection can supply the critical calculation condition.
with the bracing, therefore must be met
rigorously the binding criteria prescribed in the
NBE-FL-90 standard. C.4.5.2. Concrete beams
If the two-sheet solution is used (such as, for example,
In the case of a "ventilated façade", there will be a C.4.5.2.1. General rules for beams
special care in ensuring that the elements of
The general conditions, although expressly
connection between the two sheets of the wall have sufficient
cient resistance and ductility so that the sheet written only for beams, it is recommended
can not be broken by bending or detaching take them into account by assimilation to other cases
derse In principle, and if no provisions are adopted as forged reticulated, slab, or even forged unidi-
special, it can be considered that a heavy leaf reccional in the direction of the joists.
weakly supported exterior is not a good
solution for a façade in a seismic zone. C.4.5.2.2. Special conditions for
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LENGTH LENGTH
FROM SOLAPE FROM SOLAPE
SONG BEAM FLAT BEAM
TIE TIE
NORMAL NORMAL
LOOP IN
INVESTMENT
LOOP IN
INVESTMENT
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OF THE LOOP
INSIDE OF THE LOOP
INSIDE
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rapid and cyclical change from one situation to another, C.4.5.5. Stiffness screens
alternatively varying the direction of the connecting rod and
traccionando what a few tenths of a second before Since the behavior of the screen is appro-
It was compressed. The dynamic aspect of this maximum to a bracket embedded in the base, the
phenomenon advises to be very cautious when applying the
indicated reinforcements are intended to supply ductili-
rules of the article to the investment case, which, if to the area where a plastic kneecap can be formed
possible, you should try to avoid yourself. ethics
When there is investment in an interior knot, for If coupled screens are available, it should be studied
The lower armor is highly recommended with detail the confinement of the concrete and the
dir to local supplements, interns, with whom Determination of assembly amounts in beam joints
It is easier to guarantee position, coating and screens, to justify the degree of ductility
to and anchor. adopted in the calculations.
In many cases, the reaction investment of the
Beam is usually mitigated or canceled by the reaction
of habitual sense of the orthogonal beam or nerve of C.4.5.6. Prefabricated elements
edge.
The special characteristics of the knots in this
type of structures and discontinuities that can
C.4.5.3. Supports they exist in the meetings, do not allow in general
tar with the rigid knot monolithism, especially in
C.4.5.3.1. General rules of supports the case of prefabricated panel structure,
should generally consider knots as arti-
C.4.5.3.2. Particular conditions of the knot culados. In the latter case, it is recommended that
Boot the link bands between horizontal elements
and verticals satisfy conditions similar to those
Usually, when an eccentricity is reached established for wall structures.
of the order of the sixth of the edge, on the opposite edge
compression is lost. With eccentricities
can expect traction to occur C.4.6. Of steel structures
net.
C.4.6.1. General criteria
C.4.5.3.3. Particular conditions in knots When the project is based on a structural system
intermediates ductile rails it is necessary to ensure that the resistance of
Fragile elements (for example, unions) is superior
If the supports reach tractions at their edges and, to the plastic capacity of the German ductile elements
above all, if there is also investment of moments in damage (for example, ends of the bars attached).
beams, it is advisable to study the convenience of In general, the above will require the definition of a
that the reinforcement of each shaft is anchored in a failure ductile mechanism characterized by:
Dra to the step of the slab.
Especially in the case of flat floors (planar beams) - The position of the plastic ball joints.
slabs or slabs) and even more so if there - The value of the global displacement.
inversion of moments in beams, checking - The rotation produced in each kneecap.
of knot can supply the critical condition of
calculation. In the failure mechanism thus defined, it will be checked:
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When a ductility is considered in the calculation being p the weight of the element and taking the rest of
the variables the same meaning as in the article
high, or very high, the condition of resistance will be checked
total tension in the knots (its capacity is greater than 3.7.3 of the Standard.
those of the bars that join).
The definition and verification of the failure mechanism
Follow the guidelines set out in the comments C.4.7.4. Escape routes
to section 4.6.1.
The evacuation routes are critical precincts both
during the seismic movement as for the subsequent
C.4.6.5. Triangulations and bracings provision of help. Therefore, and in view of the greater rigidity
that they usually exhibit, it is also convenient to provide
It is always advisable to form each brace plane those of additional resistance to guarantee its fun-
by triangulating more than one cloth, by cionalidad y seguridad.
object of introducing a certain degree of redundancy.
It is advisable to minimize the flexural rigidity of the
bars in the case of bracings in which C.4.7.5. Exterior joinery
supports the buckling of the compressed bar (crossings of
San Andrés) so that such buckling occurs When the height of the construction is important,
in the elastic range. the use of secure glasses is recommended
The concern stated in previous articles or laminates, to avoid the risks derived
Regarding the substitution of project profiles of his fall.
is especially critical in the case of triangulation The prescription to oversize the galces, the
nes. The custom of regularizing profiles to the highest chocks and boards tries to prevent the expulsion of
section can concentrate the requirement of ductility glass in the case of strong oscillations, case
in the triangulation of a single plant. can be presented more easily when
resistant structure consists of rigid cores
C.4.7. From other elements of construction two in a centered position.
C.4.7.1. General considerations
C.4.7.6. Coatings and cladding
C.4.7.2. Enclosures, partitions and others
It must take into account the risk that may have
Deformations should be avoided as much as possible the uncontrolled detachment of elements of
of the structure may cause detachment facade.
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It is considered that an adequate fixation is the type C.4.7.7. Facilities and connections
mechanical using metal parts. It is not considered
appropriate systems plate fixings The breakage of gas and electricity installations,
who exclusively rely on the received from the especially in the connection points, they suppose a
more to pastas or mortars. serious problem added in case of earthquake.
It is advisable to identify the connection points of
the facilities to the building, to facilitate a possible
Repair or cut off supply.
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ANNEX 1
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VALUES OF ACCELERATION
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Sierro
Pannier 0.14 (1.0) Alháquime Tower
Rate 0.04
0.08 (1.2)
(1.0)
Somontín 0.14 (1.0) Trebujena 0.07 (1.2)
Sorbas 0.14 (1.0) Ubrique 0.07 (1.1)
Sufli 0.14 (1.0) Vejer de la Frontera 0.05 (1.2)
Taverns 0.14 (1.0) Villaluenga del Rosario 0.07 (1.0)
Taberno 0.14 (1.0) Villamartín 0.08 (1.0)
Tahal 0.14 (1.0) Zahara 0.08 (1.0)
Terque 0.14 (1.0)
Tíjola 0.14 (1.0)
Three Villas, The 0.14 (1.0) Province of Cordoba
Turre 0.13 (1.0)
Turrillas 0.14 (1.0) Adamuz 0.05 (1.1)
Uleila del Campo 0.14 (1.0) Aguilar de la Frontera 0.06 (1.0)
Urrácal 0.14 (1.0) Almedinilla 0.10 (1.0)
Velefique 0.14 (1.0) Almodóvar del Río 0.05 (1.1)
Vélez Blanco 0.13 (1.0) Baena 0.07 (1.0)
Vélez Rubio 0.13 (1.0) Benamejí 0.08 (1.0)
Vera 0.14 (1.0) Bujalance 0.06 (1.0)
Viator 0.14 (1.0) Goat 0.07 (1.0)
Vícar 0.14 (1.0) Cañete de las Torres 0.06 (1.0)
Zurgena 0.14 (1.0) Carcabuey 0.09 (1.0)
Carlota, The 0.06 (1.1)
Carpio, The 0.05 (1.0)
Province of Cádiz Castro del Río 0.06 (1.0)
Cordova 0.05 (1.1)
Alcala de los Gazules 0.05 (1.2) Mrs. Mencía 0.07 (1.0)
Alcalá del Valle 0.08 (1.0) Royal Encinas 0.08 (1.0)
Algar 0.06 (1.1) Mirror 0.06 (1.0)
Algeciras 0.04 (1.2) Fernán Núñez 0.06 (1.0)
Algodonales 0.08 (1.0) Palmera Fountain 0.06 (1.1)
Arcos de la Frontera 0.06 (1.1) Tójar Fountain 0.09 (1.0)
Barbate 0.05 (1.2) Guadalcázar 0.06 (1.1)
Neighborhoods, The 0.04 (1.2) Hornachuelos 0.05 (1.1)
Benalup Casas Viejas 0.05 (1.2) Iznajar 0.10 (1.0)
Benaocaz 0.07 (1.0) Lucena 0.08 (1.0)
Bornos 0.07 (1.1) Luque 0.07 (1.0)
Forest, The 0.07 (1.0) Montalbán de Córdoba 0.06 (1.0)
Cádiz 0.07 (1.3) Montemayor 0.06 (1.0)
Castellar de la Frontera 0.05 (1.1) Montilla 0.06 (1.0)
Conil de la Frontera 0.05 (1.2) Montoro 0.05 (1.0)
Chiclana de la Frontera 0.05 (1.3) Monturque 0.07 (1.0)
Chipiona 0.08 (1.2) Moriles 0.07 (1.0)
Wait 0.07 (1.1) New Carteya 0.06 (1.0)
Gastor, El 0.08 (1.0) Obejo 0.04 (1.1)
Grazalema 0.08 (1.0) Palencia 0.08 (1.0)
Jerez de la Frontera 0.06 (1.2) Palma del Río 0.06 (1.1)
Jimena de la Frontera 0.06 (1.1) Pedro Abad 0.05 (1.0)
Line of the Conception, The 0.04 (1.1) Posadas 0.06 (1.1)
Medina Sidonia 0.05 (1.2) Priego de Córdoba 0.09 (1.0)
Olvera 0.08 (1.0) Puente Genil 0.06 (1.0)
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Elche
Férez de La Sierra 0.06
0.07 (1.0)
(1.0) Cànoves
Canyellesi Samalús 0.05
0.04 (1.0)
(1.0)
Fuente Alamo 0.07 (1.0) Capellades 0.04 (1.0)
Hellín 0.07 (1.0) Capolat 0.04 (1.0)
Higueruela 0.05 (1.0) Cardedeu 0.04 (1.0)
Hoya Gonzalo 0.05 (1.0) Carme 0.04 (1.0)
Letur 0.06 (1.0) Casserres 0.04 (1.0)
Lietor 0.06 (1.0) Castell de l'Areny 0.07 (1.0)
Molinics 0.04 (1.0) Castellar de n'Hug 0.08 (1.0)
Montealegre del Castillo 0.07 (1.0) Castellar del Riu 0.05 (1.0)
Nerpio 0.05 (1.0) Castellar del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Ontur 0.07 (1.0) Castellbell and El Vilar 0.04 (1.0)
Pétrola 0.06 (1.0) Castellbisbal 0.04 (1.0)
Pozohondo 0.04 (1.0) Castellcir 0.04 (1.0)
Socovos 0.07 (1.0) Castelldefels 0.04 (1.0)
Tobarra 0.07 (1.0) Castellet I la Gornal 0.04 (1.0)
Villa de Ves 0.04 (1.0) Castellfollit del Boix 0.04 (1.0)
And this 0.04 (1.0) Castellgalí 0.04 (1.0)
Castellolí 0.04 (1.0)
Castellterçol 0.04 (1.0)
CATALONIA Castellví de la Marca 0.04 (1.0)
Castellví de Rosanes 0.04 (1.0)
Province of Barcelona Centelles 0.05 (1.0)
Cercs 0.06 (1.0)
Abrera 0.04 (1.0) Cerdanyola del Vallès 0.04 (1.0)
Aiguafreda 0.05 (1.0) Cervelló 0.04 (1.0)
Alella 0.04 (1.0) Collbató 0.04 (1.0)
Alpens 0.08 (1.0) Collsuspina 0.05 (1.0)
Ametlla del Vallès, L ' 0.04 (1.0) Corbera de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Arenys de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Cornellà de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Arenys de Munt 0.04 (1.0) Cubelles 0.04 (1.0)
Argentona 0.04 (1.0) Dosrius 0.04 (1.0)
Arts 0.04 (1.0) Esparreguera 0.04 (1.0)
Avià 0.05 (1.0) Esplugues de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Avinyó 0.04 (1.0) Espunyola, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Avinyonet del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Estany, L ' 0.05 (1.0)
Badalona 0.04 (1.0) Figaró Montmany 0.04 (1.0)
Badia del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Fígols 0.06 (1.0)
Bagà 0.07 (1.0) Fogars of La Selva 0.05 (1.0)
Balenyà 0.05 (1.0) Fogars of Montclús 0.05 (1.0)
Balsareny 0.04 (1.0) Folgueroles 0.07 (1.0)
Barberà del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Font Rubí 0.04 (1.0)
Barcelona 0.04 (1.0) Franqueses del Vallès, Les 0.04 (1.0)
Begues 0.04 (1.0) Gaià 0.04 (1.0)
Bellprat 0.04 (1.0) Gallifa 0.04 (1.0)
Berga 0.05 (1.0) Garriga, La 0.04 (1.0)
Bigues i Riells 0.04 (1.0) Gavà 0.04 (1.0)
Borredà 0.07 (1.0) Gelida 0.04 (1.0)
Bruc, The 0.04 (1.0) Gironella 0.04 (1.0)
Brull, El 0.05 (1.0) Gisclareny 0.06 (1.0)
Cabanyes, Les 0.04 (1.0) Granada, The 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrera de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Granera 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrera d'Igualada 0.04 (1.0) Granollers 0.04 (1.0)
Cabrils 0.04 (1.0) Gualba 0.05 (1.0)
Calders 0.04 (1.0) Guardiola de Berguedà 0.07 (1.0)
Caldes de Montbui 0.04 (1.0) Gurb 0.06 (1.0)
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Navarcles
Nou de Berguedà, La 0.04
0.06 (1.0)
(1.0) Sant
Sant Esteve
Feliu deSesrovires
Codines 0.04 (1.0)
0.04 (1.0)
Òdena 0.04 (1.0) Sant Feliu de Llobregat 0.04 (1.0)
Olèrdola 0.04 (1.0) Sant Feliu Sasserra 0.04 (1.0)
Olesa de Bonesvalls 0.04 (1.0) Sant Fost de Campsentelles 0.04 (1.0)
Olesa de Montserrat 0.04 (1.0) Sant Fruitós de Bages 0.04 (1.0)
Olivella 0.04 (1.0) Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà 0.07 (1.0)
Olost 0.05 (1.0) Sant Iscle de Vallalta 0.04 (1.0)
Olvan 0.05 (1.0) Sant Jaume de Frontanyà 0.08 (1.0)
Oris 0.08 (1.0) Sant Joan de Vilatorrada 0.04 (1.0)
Oristà 0.05 (1.0) Sant Joan de Mediona 0.05 (1.0)
Orpí 0.04 (1.0) Sant Joan Despí 0.04 (1.0)
Òrrius 0.04 (1.0) Sant Julià de Cerdanyola 0.07 (1.0)
Pacs del Penedès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Julià de Vilatorta 0.06 (1.0)
Palafolls 0.04 (1.0) Sant Just Desvern 0.04 (1.0)
Palau Solità i Plegamans 0.04 (1.0) Sant Llorenç d'Hortons 0.04 (1.0)
Palma de Cervelló, La 0.04 (1.0) Sant Llorenç Savall 0.04 (1.0)
Pallejà 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí d'Albars 0.06 (1.0)
Papiol, El 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí de Centelles 0.05 (1.0)
Parets del Vallès 0.04 (1.0) Sant Martí de Tous 0.04 (1.0)
Perafita 0.06 (1.0) Sant Martí Sarroca 0.04 (1.0)
Piera 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Ribes 0.04 (1.0)
Pineda de Mar 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Riudebitlles 0.04 (1.0)
Pla del Penedès, El 0.04 (1.0) Sant Pere de Torelló 0.09 (1.0)
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Toses
Tossa de Mar 0.09
0.04 (1.0)
(1.0) Montellà
Montferreri Martinet
i Castellbò 0.07
0.06 (1.0)
(1.0)
Ullà 0.07 (1.0) Naut Aran 0.04 (1.0)
Ullastret 0.07 (1.0) Pobla de Cérvoles, La 0.04 (1.0)
Ultramort 0.08 (1.0) Pont de Bar, El 0.06 (1.0)
Urús 0.07 (1.0) Prats i Sansor 0.07 (1.0)
Vajol, The 0.09 (1.0) Prullans 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Bianya, La 0.11 (1.0) Rialp 0.04 (1.0)
Vall d'en Bas, La 0.10 (1.0) Ribera d'Urgellet 0.05 (1.0)
Vallfogona de Ripollès 0.10 (1.0) Sant Llorenç de Morunys 0.04 (1.0)
Vall Llobrega 0.05 (1.0) Seu d'Urgell, La 0.06 (1.0)
Ventalló 0.08 (1.0) Soriguera 0.04 (1.0)
Verges 0.08 (1.0) Sort 0.04 (1.0)
Vidrà 0.10 (1.0) Tarrés 0.04 (1.0)
Vidreres 0.05 (1.0) Tírvia 0.05 (1.0)
Vilabertran 0.08 (1.0) Vall de Cardós 0.05 (1.0)
Vilablareix 0.08 (1.0) Valls d'Aguilar, Les 0.04 (1.0)
Viladamat 0.08 (1.0) Valls de Valira, Les 0.06 (1.0)
Viladasens 0.09 (1.0) Vansa i Fórnols, La 0.05 (1.0)
Vilademuls 0.09 (1.0) Vielha e Mijaran 0.04 (1.0)
Viladrau 0.06 (1.0) Vilamòs 0.04 (1.0)
Vilafant 0.09 (1.0) Vilosell, El 0.04 (1.0)
Vilajuïga 0.07 (1.0)
Vilallonga de Ter 0.11 (1.0)
Vilamacolum 0.08 (1.0) Province of Tarragona
Vilamalla 0.09 (1.0)
Vilamaniscle 0.07 (1.0) Aiguamúrcia 0.04 (1.0)
Vilanant 0.09 (1.0) Albinyana 0.04 (1.0)
Vila Sacra 0.08 (1.0) Albiol, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Vilaür 0.09 (1.0) Alcover 0.04 (1.0)
Vilobí d'Onyar 0.06 (1.0) Village, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Vilopriu 0.08 (1.0) Aldover 0.04 (1.0)
Aleixar, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Saddlebag 0.04 (1.0)
Province of Lleida Alió 0.04 (1.0)
Almoster 0.04 (1.0)
Alàs i Cerc 0.06 (1.0) Altafulla 0.04 (1.0)
Alins 0.06 (1.0) Ametlla de Mar, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Alt Àneu 0.05 (1.0) Ampoule, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Arres 0.04 (1.0) Amposta 0.04 (1.0)
Arsèguel 0.06 (1.0) Arboç, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
Bausen 0.05 (1.0) Arbolí 0.04 (1.0)
Bellaguarda 0.04 (1.0) Argentera, L ' 0.04 (1.0)
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Masllorenç
Masó, La 0.04 (1.0) Solivella
Tarragona 0.04 (1.0)
Maspujols 0.04 (1.0) Tivenys 0.04 (1.0)
Masroig, El 0.04 (1.0) Tivissa 0.04 (1.0)
Milà, El 0.04 (1.0) Tower of Fontaubella, La 0.04 (1.0)
Miravet 0.04 (1.0) Tower of l'Espanyol, La 0.04 (1.0)
Molar, The 0.04 (1.0) Torredembarra 0.04 (1.0)
Montblanc 0.04 (1.0) Torroja del Priorat 0.04 (1.0)
Montbrió del Camp 0.04 (1.0) Tortosa 0.04 (1.0)
Montferri 0.04 (1.0) Ulldemolins 0.04 (1.0)
Montmell, El 0.04 (1.0) Vallclara 0.04 (1.0)
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Orxeta
Orihuela 0.09
0.16 (1.0) Alboraya
Alborache 0.06 (1.0)
Parcent 0.07 (1.0) Albuixech 0.06 (1.0)
Pedreguer 0.06 (1.0) Alcàntera de Xúquer 0.07 (1.0)
I stick 0.07 (1.0) Alcàsser 0.07 (1.0)
Penàguila 0.07 (1.0) Alcúdia de Crespins, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Petrer 0.09 (1.0) Alcúdia, L ' 0.07 (1.0)
Pilar de la Horadada 0.12 (1.0) Aldaia 0.07 (1.0)
Pinoso 0.09 (1.0) Alfafar 0.07 (1.0)
Plans 0.07 (1.0) Alfara of the Patriarch 0.06 (1.0)
Poblets, Els 0.06 (1.0) Alfarp 0.07 (1.0)
Polop 0.08 (1.0) Alfarrasí 0.07 (1.0)
Quatretondeta 0.07 (1.0) Alfauir 0.07 (1.0)
Rafal 0.16 (1.0) Algemesí 0.07 (1.0)
Ràfol d'Almúnia, The 0.07 (1.0) Algimia from Alfara 0.04 (1.0)
Redován 0.16 (1.0) Alginet 0.07 (1.0)
Relleu 0.08 (1.0) Almàssera 0.06 (1.0)
Rojales 0.15 (1.0) Almiserà 0.07 (1.0)
Romana, The 0.11 (1.0) Almoines 0.07 (1.0)
Sagra 0.07 (1.0) Almussafes 0.07 (1.0)
Salinas 0.08 (1.0) Alquería de la Condesa /
San Fulgencio 0.16 (1.0) Alquería de la Comtessa, L '0.07 (1.0)
San Isidro 0.15 (1.0) Alzira 0.07 (1.0)
San Miguel de Salinas 0.15 (1.0) Anna 0.07 (1.0)
San Vicente del Raspeig / Antella 0.07 (1.0)
Sant Vicent del Raspeig 0.13 (1.0) Atzeneta d'Albaida 0.07 (1.0)
Sanet Y Negrals 0.07 (1.0) Ayora 0.07 (1.0)
Sant Joan d'Alacant 0.13 (1.0) Barx 0.07 (1.0)
Santa Pola 0.15 (1.0) Barxeta 0.07 (1.0)
Sax 0.08 (1.0) Bèlgida 0.07 (1.0)
Sella 0.08 (1.0) Bellreguard 0.07 (1.0)
Senija 0.06 (1.0) Bellús 0.07 (1.0)
Tárbena 0.07 (1.0) Benaguasil 0.05 (1.0)
Teulada 0.06 (1.0) Beneixida 0.07 (1.0)
Tibi 0.09 (1.0) Benetússer 0.07 (1.0)
Tollos 0.07 (1.0) Beniarjó 0.07 (1.0)
Tormos 0.07 (1.0) Beniatjar 0.07 (1.0)
Torremanzanas / Torre de les Benicolet 0.07 (1.0)
Maçanes, The 0.08 (1.0) Benifaió 0.07 (1.0)
Torrevieja 0.14 (1.0) Benifairó of the Valldigna 0.07 (1.0)
Vall d'Alcalà, La 0.07 (1.0) Beniflá 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Ebo 0.07 (1.0) Benigánim 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Gallinera 0.07 (1.0) Benimodo 0.07 (1.0)
Vall de Laguar, La 0.07 (1.0) Benimuslem 0.07 (1.0)
Verger, The 0.06 (1.0) Beniparrell 0.07 (1.0)
Villajoyosa / Vila Joiosa, The 0.11 (1.0) Benirredrà 0.07 (1.0)
Villena 0.07 (1.0) Benisanó 0.05 (1.0)
Benisoda 0.07 (1.0)
Benisuera 0.07 (1.0)
Province of Valencia / València Bétera 0.06 (1.0)
Bicorp 0.07 (1.0)
Ador 0.07 (1.0) Bocairent 0.07 (1.0)
Agullent 0.07 (1.0) Bolbaite 0.07 (1.0)
Aielo de Malferit 0.07 (1.0) Bonrepòs i Mirambell 0.06 (1.0)
Aielo de Rugat 0.07 (1.0) Bufali 0.07 (1.0)
Alaquàs 0.07 (1.0) Buñol 0.06 (1.0)
Albaida 0.07 (1.0) Burjassot 0.06 (1.0)
Albal 0.07 (1.0) Canals 0.07 (1.0)
Albalat from La Ribera 0.07 (1.0) Canet D'en Berenguer 0.04 (1.0)
Albalat dels Sorells 0.06 (1.0) Carcaixent 0.07 (1.0)
Albalat dels Tarongers 0.04 (1.0) Càrcer 0.07 (1.0)
Alberic 0.07 (1.0) Carlet 0.07 (1.0)
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Godelleta
Godella 0.06 (1.0) Puig
Puçol 0.05 (1.0)
Coastal Farm, La 0.07 (1.0) Quart de Poblet 0.07 (1.0)
Guadasequies 0.07 (1.0) Quatretonda 0.07 (1.0)
Guadassuar 0.07 (1.0) Quesa 0.07 (1.0)
Guardamar 0.07 (1.0) Rafelbuñol / Rafelbunyol 0.06 (1.0)
Jalance 0.06 (1.0) Rafelcofer 0.07 (1.0)
Jarafuel 0.06 (1.0) Rafelguaraf 0.07 (1.0)
Loriguilla 0.06 (1.0) Ráfol de Salem 0.07 (1.0)
New Place of the Crown 0.07 (1.0) Real de Gandía 0.07 (1.0)
Llanera de Ranes 0.07 (1.0) Real de Montroi 0.07 (1.0)
Llaurí 0.07 (1.0) Riba Roja de Túria 0.06 (1.0)
Llíria 0.05 (1.0) Riola 0.07 (1.0)
Llocnou de Sant Jeroni 0.07 (1.0) Rocafort 0.06 (1.0)
Llocnou d'en Fenollet 0.07 (1.0) Rotglá and Corberá 0.07 (1.0)
Llombai 0.07 (1.0) Rótova 0.07 (1.0)
Llosa de Ranes 0.07 (1.0) Rugat 0.07 (1.0)
Llutxent 0.07 (1.0) Sagunto / Sagunt 0.04 (1.0)
Macastre 0.06 (1.0) Salem 0.07 (1.0)
Manises 0.06 (1.0) San Antonio de Benagéber 0.06 (1.0)
Manuel 0.07 (1.0) San Juan de Énova 0.07 (1.0)
Masalavés 0.07 (1.0) Sedaví 0.07 (1.0)
Massalfassar 0.06 (1.0) Segart 0.05 (1.0)
Massamagrell 0.06 (1.0) Sellent 0.07 (1.0)
Massanassa 0.07 (1.0) Sempere 0.07 (1.0)
Meliana 0.06 (1.0) Senyera 0.07 (1.0)
Thousands 0.07 (1.0) Serra 0.05 (1.0)
Miramar 0.07 (1.0) Seven Waters 0.04 (1.0)
Mislata 0.07 (1.0) Chair 0.07 (1.0)
Mogente / Moixent 0.07 (1.0) Simat de la Valldigna 0.07 (1.0)
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Index
ANNEXED.
ARTICULATE AND COMMENTS
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CHAPTER I. GENERAL
1.1. Object ................................................. .................................................. ............................... 7
1.2. Application of the Standard .............................................. .................................................. .......7
1.2.1. Area of application ............................................... ............................................... 7
1.2.2. Classification of buildings .............................................. .......................... 8
1.2.3. Criteria for application of the Standard ............................................ ............................ 8
1.2.4. Prescriptions of a general nature .............................................. .............................. 9
1.3. Compliance with the Standard .............................................. .................................................. . 9
1.3.1. Compliance with the Standard in the project phase ......................................... ........ 9
1.3.2. Compliance with the Standard in the construction phase ......................................... . 9
1.3.3. Compliance with the Standard during the useful life period .................................... 10
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3.6.2.4. Combination of the results obtained for the different modes .................. 25
3.6.2.5. Calculation of the requests .............................................. ............................. 25
3.7. Simplified calculation method for the most common building cases ...................... 25
3.7.1. Model of the structure .............................................. ............................................ 25
3.7.2. Vibration modes ............................................... .................................................. 26
3.7.2.1. Number of modes to consider ............................................. ......................... 26
3.7.2.2. Calculation of the fundamental period of the buildings ........................................... .... 26
3.7.3. Calculation of seismic forces ............................................. ................................. 27
3.7.3.1. Response coefficient β .............................................. ............................... 28
3.7.3.2. Distribution factor η .............................................. .................................... 30
3.7.3.3. Displacements ................................................. .......................................... 31
3.7.4. System of equivalent static forces ............................................. ................ 31
3.7.5. Consideration of the effects of rotation ............................................ ................... 32
3.8. Second order effects .............................................. .................................................. .. 32
3.9. Retaining walls ............................................... .................................................. .......... 32
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4.7.6.
4.7.7. Coatings
Facilities and
and cladding ...............................................
connections ....................................
............................................... 58 58
......................................
Annex 1 ............................................... .................................................. ......................................... 67
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