Site Suitability Analysis Using Remote Sensing & Gis For Rain Water Harvesting

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SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS FOR RAIN WATER
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International Journal of Geology, Earth & Environmental Sciences ISSN: 2277-2081 (Online)
An Open Access, Online International Journal Available at http://www.cibtech.org/jgee.htm
2016 Vol. 6 (2) May-August, pp. 101-110/Bera and Ahmad
Research Article
SITE SUITABILITY ANALYSIS USING REMOTE SENSING & GIS
FOR RAIN WATER HARVESTING
*Surajit Bera and Mobin Ahmad
Department of Environment, CSIR- Central Institute of Mining & Fuel Research
*Author for Correspondence
ABSTRACT
Water is the main resource to save the people’s life, without water we can’t live in earth. Rainwater
harvesting is the process of intercepting, conveying and storing rainfall for future use. In the present time
unavailable of ground water resource due to high population pressure, urbanization, high amount of
ground water exploration and lack of ground water recharge the rain water harvesting is needed for fill the
water deficit and save our life in future. In such circumstances, the importance of rain water harvesting
for agriculture, domestic, livestock use and controlling flash floods in an economically and
environmentally sustainable manner is getting attention all over the world as well as in India. The present
study has been made for the site suitability analysis for rain water harvesting using remote sensing and
GIS. Therefore, in this study spatial variations in landscape characteristics such as land cover, slope
information, geological setup, soil and drainage characteristics are defined as important criteria for
identifying suitable rainwater harvesting sites. Advancement in technology and Geographic Information
System (GIS) integrated with remote sensing is a useful tool to identify different criteria. Landsat-7 ETM
Satellite images used for Land Use/Land Cover (LULC), Cartosat-1A, Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
used for slope, drainage density and hydrological analysis. Others maps used for the geological
succession and soil characteristics. Using weighted overlay analyses in GIS environment using suitable
weighted value in different class feature the final map were prepared. The study area defines four classes
very high, high, low and very low. North, south-western and middle part of the study area found in
suitable zone for rainwater harvesting in east Singbhum district.
Keyword: Landsat-7 ETM, DEM, Topo sheets, Land Use / Land Cover (LULC), Reclassify, Weighted
Overlay, Global Land Cover Facility (GLCF), Survey of India (SOI), Geological Survey of India (GSI)
INTRODUCTION
Water is a indispensable for humans as well as plants and animals (Javaid et al., 2016). The present
situation necessitates better water management to mitigate and avert droughts. One of the popular
methodology for management of water resources and supply is rain water harvesting (Khandelwal et al.,
2014). Among several alternative water resources available for reuse, storm water is the most preferred by
the general public, especially when compared to recycled wastewater (Mitchell et al., 2002; Fletcher et
al., 2008). Storm water harvesting and reuse is a widely used practice which deals with collection,
storage, treatment and distribution through various engineering approaches (Hatt et al., 2006; Mitchell et
al., 2007; Goonrey et al., 2009; Inamdar et al., 2011). Rainwater harvesting is the process of collection
and storage of rain water and its utilization for many purposes, indoor use, livestock, agriculture, industry
and to recharge ground water wells (Mzirai and Tumbo, 2010; Hatibu and Mahoo, 1999) as well as for
commercial needs, and flood control purposes (Roebuck, 2007). Geographic Information System (GIS)
has been recommended as a decision making tool to facilitate the identification of potential storm water
harvesting sites during the decision making process (Mbilinyi et al., 2005). GIS can serve as screening
tools for preliminary site selection as they have a unique capability for spatial analysis of multi-source
datasets with their integration (Malczewski, 2004). In India, potential sites for water harvesting structures
were identified using International Mission for Sustainability Developments (IMSD) guidelines within a
GIS environment (Kumar et al., 2008; Singh et al., 2009). In South Africa, GIS based decision support
systems have been developed for identifying suitable locations for water harvesting in numerous studies
(Winnaar et al., 2007; Mbilinyi et al., 2007; Kahinda et al., 2008).
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Research Article
Study Area
Geographical Location
The East Singhbhum district is a part of Jharkhand State; it is situated in south-east corner of this state. It
has been formed 16th January 1990; it is a part of Manbhum district, after independence it has been
merged with greater Singhbhum (District official site). Jharkhand state is one of the leading growth
mining regions in India. The study area bounded by 86004' E - 860 54'E Longitude and 220 12' N - 230
01'N Latitude. It is a part of Chhotanagpur plateau. The Dalma mountain range found west to east covered
by dense forest in northan side (Figure-1). Subarnarekha is Main River in the study area flowing from
south-east direction. Another type of mineral abundantly found in this region.
Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area
Climate
The available of rainfall data in (IMD Site) it is indicate that the maximum rainfall is 1400 mm in the year
2014. This area comes under the path of south-west monsoon so sometimes it receives heavy rain during
Jun to Aug month (Wikipedia). The available of temperature data in (India water portal.org) site it is
indicate that the maximum temperature is 31.890C in the month of May 2012.
Table 1: Monthly Climate Data

Months Temperature Average
Average High (°C) Average Low (°C) Precipitation (cm)
Jan 24 14 0.9
Feb 27 16 75.2
Mar 32 21 23.6
Apr 36 25 0.5
May 27 116.2
June 33 27 231.5
Jul 31 26 318.9
Aug 31 26 281
Sep 30 25 126.9
Oct 30 22 166.5
Nov 27 18 0.0
Dec 24 13 0.1

Research Article
Data & Software Used
Data Used
I. Landsat-7 ETM
II. Survey of India Top sheets
III. Geological Map
IV. Soil Map
V. Cartosat-1A, DEM.
Software Used
I. Arc GIS (10.1).
II. ERDAS (10.0).
III. Microsoft Office (2007).
MATERIALS AND METHODS

Methodology
The entire study has been made by using remote sensing & GIS technique. The GIS is the powerful tool
for suitable site selection for rainwater harvesting. The methodology developing in GIS screening tool, in
the study consist of three broad steps;
Data Collections: Collection of different spatial and non-spatial data from different sources, the satellite
image collected from the GLCF & Bhuvan site, top sheet maps collected from SOI office & other data
collected from GSI office. Other related data collected from the different govt. official site and literature
survey.
Data Analysis: All the collected data analysis using Arc GIS software, firstly geo referenced all the maps
and corrected the error from satellite image. After geo referenced the map, creating vector layer and
database in GIS environment, then converted vector to raster layer and reclassify the entire raster layer
using class weighted value help of GIS tool. In the other hand LU/LC creating using Landsat-7 ETM
satellite image and drainage density creating using DEM image, reclassify the raster file using suitable
class weighted. The final map ware prepared using weighted overlay analysis using the entire thematic
layer with suitable weighted value.
Results: After data analysis primary out puts and results are created then going to field for ground
toughing and verify final result in the surface of earth. After verification corrected the topological error
and final map were prepare for rain water harvesting.
Data Analysis
Geology
Figure 2: Geological Map of the Study Area

Research Article
In the (Figure-2) study area east Singbhum district presents of Dalma and Dhalhun high hill mountain and
undulating land covered by dense forest. The northan, southern and south-western part of the district
presents of high relief. The Subarnarekha river and its tributaries created plain land in the Dhalbhum hill
region. Geologically the area is comprised with granites, gneiss, conglomerate, dalorite, and mica schist.
Formations of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of Dharwarian period (NBSS & LUP).
Dalorite and basaltic rock found in Dalma and Dhalhun hill region, mica shiest, quartzite found in middle
and north-eastern part and granite, conglomerate found in other part of the study area.
Soils:
The soils occurring in different landforms have been characterized during soil resource mapping of the
state on 1:250,000 scale (Haldar et al., 1996). The nineteen class of soil map unit presents in the study
area (Figure-3). The soil category are mainly Fine loamy, mixed loamy, hyperthermic, Typic Plinthustalfs
Loamy, mixed, hyperthermic Lithic Haplustepts, Vertic Endoaqualfs, Aeric Endoaqualfs, Lithic
Haplustepts, Typic Haplustalfs, Loamy-skeletal, Lithic Ustorthents, Typic Rhodustalfs, Typic
Ustorthents, Typic Endoaqualfs, Typic Paleustalfs, Aeric Endoaquepts, Typic Plinthaqualfs etc. The
details of soil category in (Figure 4).
Figure 3: Soil Map of the Study Area
Drainage:
The Subernarekha is the main river in this district flows from north-west to south-east direction. All the
tributaries of this area meet with the Subernarekha river. Drainage pattern is dendritic in nature. Drainage
of Patamda blocks do not meet in Subranrekha River.
Kharkai River meets Subarnrekha river at Sonari near Jamshedpur. Major tributaries which meet
Subarnrekha river from west to east are Sapnara nadi, Garra nadi, Dudh nadi, Chakdaha nadi. The
drainage map of the district is shown in (Figure-5).
Hillshade:
A hill shade is a gray scale 3D representation of the surface, with the sun's relative position taken into
account for shading the image. This function uses the altitude and azimuth properties to specify the sun's
position (ESRI).
For gridded terrain data, the cosine of the angle between a surface normal vector and a vector representing
the illumination direction defines the gray value of each surface unit (Horn, 1982). In this study area East
Singbhum district the highest and lowest value are showing 0 to 250m above mean sea level. Hence,
below (Figure- 6) map is showing the hill shade of study area.
Research Article
Figure 4: Soil Characteristics
Figure 5: Drainage Map of the East Singbhum District

Research Article
Figure 6: Hillshade Map of the Study Area
Slope:
Slope identifies maximum rate of change in value from each cell to its neighbors or a measure of change
in surface value over distance, expressed in degrees or as a percentage. The lower the slope value
indicates the flatter terrain. The higher the slope value or degree of slope indicates presents of hill or
mountain. The slope map of the east Singbhum district represents (Figure 7) 0-89.71 degree and north,
south-western and middle part of the study its indicates high slope zone.
Figure 7: Slope Map of the Study Area
Contour:
Contour is an imaginary line of constant elevation on the ground surface. The corresponding line on a
map is called a “contour line”, a line on a map that joins places of the same elevation (height) above sea
level (Bhatta, 2011). The contour map shown in (Figure 8) of East Singbhum district showing the highest
contour vale is 500m and lowest contour value is 100m and the contour interval is 100m.

Research Article
Figure 8: Contour Map of the Study Area
Land Use / Land Cover:

The Landsat-7 ETM image using the study area was classified to obtain land use – land cover for rain
water harvesting. Clip classifies image help of study area boundary. An unsupervised classification was
performed to obtain the land use/ land cover information, total area classify into seven classes. The
LU/LC map is showing (Figure-9).
Figure 9: Land Use / Land Cover of East Singbhum District

Research Article
Settlement: The area under nearly 12.56% of the total area 45780.23 hectors area is being occupied by
settlement.
Vegetation: A vast extent of the area is found on vegetation land, nearly about 22.5% of the area. Under
vegetation 82030.26 hector area in the total area.
Agriculture land: 8.11% is kept currently for agriculture area. Agricultural land is useful for cropping and
it is use full for the farmers to meet there daily life need. Agricultural land is cover 29559.03 hector in the
study area.
Scrub vegetation: 23.92% of the total area is under grazing land. This area 87195.48 hectors in total area.
Fallow land: Fallow land is about 31.01% in the study, area covering 113033.4 hector.
Surface water body: The inland water body and river both contain 4701.43 hector about 1.29% of total
study area.
River sand: Total area is 2212.23 hector about 0.61% of the total study area.
Weighted Overlay Analysis:
Using Arc GIS weighted overlay analysis tool the final map were prepared with suitable class weighted
value. All thematic layers (Geology, Soil, drainage density, LU/LC & slope) define different weighted
value and finally created suitable rain water harvesting zone. The class weighted value is in (Table-2).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The final map shown in (Figure-10), suitable site selection for rain water harvesting, prepare using
weighted overlay analysis method with the help of different thematic layer. From the above final result
map, it is shows that the area having red color in the study area are very low for the rain water harvesting
as there is presents of high mountain area, the slope is very high, runoff is very high from high slope to
low slope area and presents of dense forest. Whereas the deep yellow color area shows the low suitable
site for the rain water harvesting as there is high slope area, presents of forest and scrub vegetation, in
comparison to the red color zone area, runoff is less and slope is less. Other is light green color shows that
high suitable for rain water harvesting, presents of lower slope, available of water and scatter vegetation
presents. Finally the dark green color area zone which is mainly in the north, south-west and middle part
of the study area which are the highly suitable site for the rain water harvesting. Mainly all the feature are
present in this area which make these areas as suitable site for the rain water harvesting like available of
runoff water; the water come from the hill top to surface area, the area under of forest free, geologically
the area is lineament free, the presents of settlement is nearer to this zone.
Figure 10: Site Suitability for Rain Water Harvesting

Research Article
Conclusion
Water harvesting structures are extremely important to conserve precious natural resources like, soil and
water. Over the recent years, storm water harvesting has been emerging as a sustainable alternative water
resource to cope with growing water demands. The selection of suitable storm water harvesting sites is
essential and equally challenging for the water infrastructure planner. The present study demonstrated the
efficiency of Geoinformatics as a tool in the study of rain water harvesting. To fight with the problems
faced by the lack of water demand.
The remote sensing study, with its repetitive and synoptic viewing capabilities, together with GIS, is
important tools to map areas and monitor the suitable site for rain water harvesting. The Landsat data
analysis able the monitoring of the classification overtime to understand the dynamics and characteristics
of the area of Singbhum district. This includes also information about the present scenario in the study
area. Thus, remote sensing and GIS provided to be a very useful basis for a more detailed analysis of the
spatial distribution, an emerging megacity which is prerequisite for a reasonable planning of technical
infrastructure. This multilayer spatial information allows analyzing and anticipating developments to
support future planning and management of water resource strategies.
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Figure 1: Location Map of the Study Area

Table 1: Monthly Climate Data

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MATERIALS AND METHODS

Figure 2: Geological Map of the Study Area

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Figure 3: Soil Map of the Study Area

Figure 4: Soil Characteristics

Figure 5: Drainage Map of the East Singbhum District

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Figure 6: Hillshade Map of the Study Area

Figure 7: Slope Map of the Study Area

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Figure 8: Contour Map of the Study Area

Land Use / Land Cover:

Figure 9: Land Use / Land Cover of East Singbhum District

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Figure 10: Site Suitability for Rain Water Harvesting

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