An Inscribed Basis from Cyzicus

Author(s): F. W. Hasluck
Source: The Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. 22 (1902), pp. 126-134
Published by: The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/623923 .
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 AN INSCRIBED BASIS FROM CYZICUS.

IN the course of a visit to Cyzicus, made last December at the invitation

of Mr. de Rustafjaell, Mr. Bosanquet and I had the opportunity of copying
and taking impressions of two inscriptions from a marble pedestal (Fig. 1),

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ATCYZICUS.
FIG1.-1MARBLEPEDESTAL

known to the peasants as ' Balik Tash' or ' Fish Stone' from the reliefs
carved upon it.
The stone lies in a vineyard on the low ground of the isthmus in
the central harbour of Panormus. Originally discovered by Mr. Tito

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128 F. W. HASLUCK
Carabella of Constantinople, it was seen in January 1880 by Lolling, who
published' such copies of the inscription as it was possible to obtain without
cleaning away the lichen and carbonate of lime which covered many of the
letters. These imperfect copies were recently discussed by Dr. Wilhelm 2
who had enquired for the stone at Constantinople and failed to discover its
whereabouts. Last summer it was re-excavated by Mr. de Rustafjaell: we
succeeded in removing the incrustation and obtained more complete readings.
The pedestal is of greyish marble and cylindrical in shape measuring
about 9ft. 9in. in circumference. Mr. de Rustafjaell gives the total height as
5ft. 9in.: during our visit the amount of water in the low-lying ground made
it impossible to re-excavate, and we were consequently unable to see the
whole monument. The top is badly damaged, but in one place the mouldings
which surrounded it (torus, fillet, and cavetto) are still existent.
The sides are divided symmetrically by four vertical tridents and
adorned with clumsy high reliefs representing four half-galleys, dolphins,
tunnies,3 and smaller fish, of which latter, again, I cannot speak at first hand.
On opposite sides of the pedestal, close under the mouldings, are the two
dedicatory inscriptions, the one (Fig. 2) in prose, the other (Fig. 3) in
elegiacs. Both are carved on oblong panels with triangular ansae at either
end, and below each is a trident, the lines of the epigram being broken by
the prongs, while the trident beneath the prose inscription stops short
before reaching it. This difference, together with the fact that, while the
panel of the prose inscription is in relief, that of the epigram is defined
merely by incised lines, makes it probable that the latter was not part of
the original design.
The panel of the prose inscription measures 0-75 x 0-32 metres, the
ansae increasing the length to 0-97. The approximate dimensions of the panel
of the epigram are 0-65 (extreme length 0-75) x 0-15 m.
The letters of the prose inscription are -03 m. high in the first line, -025
in the second, and decrease gradually to '02 in the last line. Those of the
epigram are smaller, averaging -013 m.: there is a decrease in height at 1. 5.
The forms are those normally used in early Imperial times (AIGOK ).

T
IIO0-etScvt, 'I]Gl-oULe XaptG-rTpo[V 7"po
7r]oXXoVKeXepo-(O/VOV TOeve 7pel[rov
'
Kl]al Xik vrjI' K iTvM 18iwv a,7roKaTaCT'4?7-
a]ao-a Srrawa[vc]v Ka 'r& w
7rept6XOv' a
dvaX&o)[a'n
T]W6hT6e e'a]vT^[] ical rcZt riO vioi /3aa-XAo[g] epa'c[1rq 5
'P]otpardXiKa(t)70TDK'TVo0cal 'rv 7 a&eXbCZ0va'r[oD
3]aro-t'co IITdOo[v] ical KKdrvo0 3[v]6-
Ilo[X]de',,Cvo
a
Tp'batv[ K'TVO 8aaotX[]co-
ti'Av•-• ,VI'
icalttrP??l[p at'2)?.] 8aa[I]X[t]a-o-a. [vC.9 9
Ovry~'rTp

1 Ath. Mitth. v. (1880), p. 390. similar to representations on coins, Brit. Mus.

2 Arch. Epig. Mitth. vi. (1897), p. 84. Catal., Mysia, P1. VII. 16.
Identified as such by peasants, and exactly

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 AN INSCRIBED BASIS FROM CYZICUS. 129
'A thank offering to Poseidon of the Isthmus (dedicated) after the
restoration of the long-choked portion of the channels and of the lagoon
at her own charges, and of the surrounding (quays ?) at the expense of her-
self and her son Rhoemetalces, King of Thrace, and in the name of his
brothers, Polemo King of Pontus and Cotys, (by) Antonia Tryphaena,
daughter and mother of kings, herself a queen.'
It is not worth while to reproduce Lolling's imperfect copy. Wilhelm's
conjectural restorations, 7rj' and evpewirov, are
correct. XIliqq•v a"7roKaTaOro-•ao-a
proved
The restoration of the dedication to :Poseidon Isthmius appears certain.
The epithet is hitherto unknown at Cyzicus, but obviously appropriate to the
locality. Poseidon Asphaleius is probably to be restored in the dedicatory
inscription of Bacchius cited below, and this may have been the title of the
god as guardian of the outer harbour alluded to in the epigram. TPotwq-
rdXa'a(t) is an engraver's error, natural after the recurrence of icai.
Lolling's copy of the epigram, though in some points incorrect, pre-
serves a good deal of the left side, which has since been almost entirely
broken away. It runs as follows:

EIA XEIE*A
AA /\, ENKYI<yIKOXEINAAIII
nOAAAK/ HEARATAXXOMENOinoAll
EIXOTEA HNHXXONE<AINOTOME
O EYPEI
K<AIBYGO NEXA PA XE TOi<A IM P A,iMA
METPA
EYPOMENHflON YOHKENAFAAMAOEN
'OITOXONEIM A fO EIA O NEr _G A AO
n A A KAYXTO IO
A_
'TH'OMAIEYPEI nNENrFYO XAM(OTEPOII
From a combination of the two we arrive at the following:

? 6'r]ao-ev a
Aaav ? ....... Kistcog elvaXvl
lloXXac . . . . a [82r ?].Aov
8. ... -raTao-o'•d•evo w7roat
7
... vCTo-Y-ovdEtatVoTOLE[t
KaEi'o-roe Kalte Tp[f]Jatva 5
,vb8 ebpe•'nr dXapdo-E--ro
Eipopevy rd6v[ro]v tOKev Oec-o
•ryaXhCa A, dCXX,-roco
$o 7b o-vbyiepa, Iloo-etSov,'i 6'
7 'yvog '
.ootuat evpe.l7roTv a.dporTepwv
The lacunae are still too great to admit of a convincing restoration. If,
however, the readings X&avand ebpoLt'vj can be relied on, the meaning may
be that a stone, employed for instance as the threshold of a gate (7rarao-o--
levow 7roo"-),was discovered in the course of Tryphaena's reconstruction and
by her orders carved into a statue and dedicated to Poseidon.
H.S.-VOL. XXII. K

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130 F. W. H1ASLUCK
'Till Tryphaena re-formed the island, defined the bed of the channels
and finding me, set me here, a statue dedicated to the god of the sea.
"Do thou, Poseidon, (look to) thine own bulwark and I will vouch for
the two channels of the surgeless sea.'
.1o-ov (1. 4) is a mis-spelling for vi7zov, possibly intentional, as Herodian commented on
this spelling of the word,' and it occurs again in an inscription from Smyrna,2 as well as
in several manuscripts.3 There may be some play on the word EKaLVOTOrEL which generally,
except in the technical use loses the sense of cutting entirely. There can
hardly, I think, be a change (=Xkaroi•'e),
of subject at /3vOB (1. 5) : the Thesaurus gives an Aeolic form
/3Oosvfor )/?Oog, but there may be nothing more than a slip in our inscription. "pJta (1. 7) is
possibly used as a poetical equivalent of X&l'a ' mole' (cf. the Bacchius inscription cited
below) though there seems no exact parallel, the nearest being Suidas' unsatisfactory
quotation from an unknown author (s.v. pjla-cplpara ydIa'ha X 3akXeu TO rTrLa ro7) OKEaVOV
el•
cs av E•Irrda eqr To Err it oW-t Oplo2p) : the word is regularly used of a reef of rocks:
Suidas also gives dacpXLto-a (cf. the Homeric 'plpa ardXrlo). The meaning given by
Hesychius, '7rrEpilpaypa,'which might suit the epigram with the sense of ' enclosed harbour'
seems to arise from a confusion with Cpypa. We may suppose that there was a statue of
Poseidon erected on the mole,4 and that this is addressed in the epigram. 'AXbV
daKXvo-roLo,as I hope to show below, alludes to the land-locked waters of the XlMrw.
As to the statue to which the base belonged, the antithesis in line 8
shows that it cannot have represented Poseidon. Mr. Bosanquet suggests
that a statue of the eponymous founder of the city would be appropriate; he
is frequently represented on coins and we have a record of a statue in C.IG.
3667; but the dedication and the ornaments on the pedestal seem to me
more suitable for a marine personage. It may have been one of the minor
sea deities, possibly a Triton, which occurs on Cyzicene coins of this date 5;
the upper surface of the monument is too much damaged to afford any clue,
and the insignificance of a Triton gives a semi-humorous turn to his
ambitious proposal to share the empire of Poseidon.
The queen Tryphaena who is mentioned in both the foregoing inscrip-
tions as the restorer of the port of Cyzicus was till comparatively lately
known only from coins.6 Her identity has since been established beyond
doubt by several important inscriptions from Cyzicus which enable us to
connect her with certain passages in the historians where she is not
mentioned by name. She is now perhaps best known to English readers
from Professor Ramsay's brilliant chapter in The Churchin the Roman Empire
(p. 375 ff.) Her vaunted kinship with more than one royal house is explained
by genealogical trees published by Mommsen7 and M. Theodore Reinach.8
The former adds the stemma of her husband Cotys, whose ancestors have
since been discussed briefly by T. Reinach8 and at some length by Mr. Crow-
1 Cramer, 5 Brit. Mus. Catal. Mysia, P1. VII. 12.
Anecd. Graec. e codd. Bibl. Oxon.
vol. 3, p. 249. 6 Her head appears with that of her son
2
C.I.G. 3311 ; cf. also 3268, 3282 also from Polemon II. on coins of Pontus (Brit.
Mu•.
Smyrna, which adopt the same spelling in Catal. Bithynia, &c. P1. X. 6), those of her
npoKovvtPra ; and J.H.S. vii. (1886), 144 (from husband Cotys and her son Rhoemetalces on
Lepsia). certain Thracian pieces (Brit. MAls. Catal.
e.g. Lycophr. i. 399. Thrace, pp. 209-210).
4 As at Cenchreae, Imhoof-Blumer and 7 Eph. Epigr. II. p. 262-3.
8 Rev. des At. Gr. vi. (1893), p. 21.
Gardner, Numismatic Commentary on Pau-
sanias P1. D. lx.

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 AN INSCRIBED BASIS FROM CYZICUS. 131

foot.' Latyschev2 gives the stemma of the kings of the Bosporus. The earliest
of these inscriptions, dating from Tiberius, tells us of her royal parentage and
her close connection with the Imperial cult at Cyzicus. She was the
daughter of Polemo I. King of Pontus and of Pythodoris, grand-daughter of
Mark Antony: the latter seems to have been a most capable woman, and,
after the deaths of Polemo and her second husband Archelaus King of Cappa-
docia, continued to rule in person certain territories of Pontus.3 Tryphaena's
connection through Antony with the house of the reigning Caesar doubtless
made her a particularly acceptable priestess for the newly associated cults of
Livia and Athene Polias.
We have too a second inscription,4 dating, like that under discussion,
from the early years of the reign of Caligula, and filled with extravagant
adulation of the young monarch in whom centred for the time the hopes and
affections of the Roman world; here Tryphaena appears as a widowed queen,
taking official part, with her three royal sons, in the games of the 'New
Aphrodite' Drusilla, the deified sister of their benefactor Caligula.
The history of the interval we know from Strabo,5 Dion,6 and Tacitus,
none of whom mentions Tryphaena by name. She was married to Cotys
king of Thrace, a loyal vassal of Rome, who was oppressed and finally
murdered by his uncle and partner in the kingdom Rhescuporis. The widow
appealed to Rome, and the murderer was banished, the kingdom being
divided and placed under Roman supervision during the minority of Try-
phaena's sons, who were meanwhile brought up at the court of Tiberius.
Caligula soon after his accession appointed the three companions of his
youth each to a vassal kingdom within the empire-Rhoemetalces, the
eldest, to his father's Thracian dominions, Polemo to Pontus, the kingdom of
his grandfather, and Cotys to the throne of Lesser Armenia.
It seems significant that Tryphaena, proud as she was of her royal
ancestry and royal offspring,s should omit all mention of the elevation of
Cotys. We can only surmise that though her three sons were solemnly
proclaimed at the same time, the two elder assumed their titles some
months at least earlier than the younger. As the harbour works of
Tryphaena appear to have been completed in the reign of Caligula, we may
date our inscriptions between his accession (37) and the proclamation of the
kings (38).
The reasons for Tryphaena's connection with Cyzicus are not at first
sight obvious. That a similar connection between the powerful mercantile

1 J.I.S. 1897, p. 321. 7 Tac. Ann. ii. 64 ff.

8 In
2 Inscrr. Ant. Orae Septentr. Ponti Eux. ii. Dittenberger Syll.2 365, Tryphaena is
p. xlv. yiv
styled BacdrxCwvo r77p, ao-Awovb Ovydr7)p,
3 Strabo xii. 3. 29 (p. 555). and a similar formula seems to be the solution
4 Monatsb. EKdn.Akad. Berlin, 1874, p. 7 of two more lines in the fragmentaryinscription
(Curtius). The second decree appears also in restored as far as the name of Tryphaena
Dittenberger, Syll.2 365. by Dr. Mordtmann (Ath. Mitth. vi. 40),
5 Strabo xii. 3. 29. 'AYf Nlas Tpv I alNHX
6 Dio Cass. lix. 12. BadAaIAIZZHs
GYyarpbs I Kal MHTPOZ.
BAlIx~,w
K2

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 132 F. W. HASLUCK
town and the ephemeral princes of Thrace had existed in former times seems
likely from Appian's' account of another widow of a murdered Thracian
kinglet, Polemocratia, who sent her son to be brought up out of harm's way
at Cyzicus. The Thracians and Cyzicenes had a certain amount of legendary
connection, the hero Cyzicus himself being, according to some accounts,2 a
son or grandson of Eusorus, King of Thrace. This may have afforded a
sentimental bond such as existed on equally slender grounds between Ilium
and Rome: but we have seen that Tryphaena's connection dates from before
her marriage with the Thracian Cotys. The material advantages of the
connection are more apparent. Cotys appears in history as a consistent
ally of Rome," Tryphaena, a descendant of Antony, and consequently a
cousin of Caligula, showed an obsequious devotion to the Imperial
house which is emphasised by the inscriptions, and evidenced by her
officiating as priestess in the combined cult of Livia and Athene Polias,4
and later in that of Drusilla.5 This prominent philo-Roman tendency
would make the position of the royal house precarious among the
half savage and naturally independent Thracian tribes, and Cyzicus was both
powerful and near enough to make it a convenient refuge. The Cyzicenes
on their part benefited by the munificence of the widowed queen, and doubt-
less also by her influence with the Roman authorities. How great this in-
fluence was is attested in the curious 'Acts of Paul and Thekla,' discussed
by Ramsay in his Church in the RomanaE Empire,6 where 'Queen Tryphaena'
secures the release of Thekla merely by her prestige as a relation of the
imperial house. In his analysis Ramsay decides that the legend can supply
several new facts for the history of Tryphaena, besides confirming our ideas
of her important position in Asia, during the reigns of her kinsmen Caligula
and Claudius.

The works of Tryphaena at Cyzicus appear to have been undertaken on

a grand scale. Foreign labour was imported, the city was' restored' (we
have unfortunately no details) and the port, crippled by the blocking of the
eivpeLWroduring a war scare,' was opened once more to commerce in the
peaceful times which followed the accession of the new emperor.8
Further light is thrown on the extent of the harbour improvements by
a votive inscription of one Bacchius,9 who superintended the' excavation of

1 App. Bell. Civil. iv. 75. passage was deliberately blocked, and subse-
2
Hyginus Fab. xvi. Schol. Apoll. Rh. i. quent neglect would account for the 'silting
948. '
3
up.
Tacitus Ann. 3, 64. s Ath. Mitth. xvi (1891), p. 141 ; Rev. des
4 Monatsber.Preuss. Akad. 1874, p. 7, iii. Et. Gr. (1893), p. 8, ib. vii. (1894) 45 ; Ditten-
Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. 1874, p. 7, iv. berger, Syll. 2 366.
(Dittenberger 2 366). 9 Bull. Corr. Hell. xvii. (1893), p. 453, Rev.
6 P. 375 ff. des &t. Gr. 1894, p. 45. Dittenberger, Syll.2
7 M. Th. Reinach (Rev. des At. Gr. vii. (1894) 543.
p. 50) suggests that the Thracian risings of Curtius (Monatsber.Kin. Acad. Berlin, 1874,
Tiberius' reign (21-26 A.D.) were the cause. p. 4) publishes a funeral inscription of 'Mae-
The word used (arvyXwaerO•a)shows that the andria,wife of Bacchius,' who left her native land

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 AN INSCRIBED BASIS FROM CYZICUS. 133
the harbours and the lagoon and the canals and the rebuilding of the
protecting moles'1, (3pvX7 7rv Xlqvov Kai ri4 ka rv
7Kat 7yO
Kal T779 EroKosoKia9 'Trjv7rpocetieVcov XWd/aTWvE).X•tviv
Here again we 810tvpt
have a
and canals (almost certainly the of our inscription). Thus
Xl•Vytwo e~ipe•7r
from inscriptions we know that a XlVpvyand canals were dredged, and the
re-opening of the canals is mentioned in a third: all these inscriptions are of
the same period.
In late authors2 we hear of two harbours at Cyzicus, one of which
(Panormus) is called 'the harbour of Cyzicus' and had entrances on both
sides. It was presumably natural, as the other is expressly called
0 F"1 aVTo4Vq\S Wv.
Any one who has been on the site will, I think, be convinced with Judeich3
that the topographical evidence contradicts the theory of Th. Reinach4 (based
chiefly on a passage in Scylax5 mentioning the isthmus) that the Arctonnesus
was originally a peninsula. In support of the generally accepted testimony of
Apollonius Rhodius,6 Strabo,' and Pliny,8 the low-lying neck connecting the
hills of the mainland with that on which Cyzicus once stood has every appear-
ance of a recent formation. East and west it is bounded by low banks of sand,
inside of which the whole isthmus is occupied by a reedy swamp sharply con-
trasting with the fertile slopes which rise behind the line of the southern walls.
Its general extent and the nature of the isthmus are well shown in the map
made by MM. Perrot and Guillaume in 1861 and published the following year
in their 'Exploration archdologique de la Galatie,' &c.' At the time of our
visit the swamp was partially submerged, there were small pools only a few
yards from the basis itself, and the south-east corner of the isthmus was a large
sheet of water: in Hamilton's time10 the moat outside the southern walls was
also filled, even in May, so the land of the isthmus is apparently still forming.
We can, then, easily imagine in Classical times a lagoon (the Xl'ptv of the
inscription), occupying the marsh-land of to-day, and containing sufficient
depth of water for the accommodation of shipping. The importance of this
harbour for commerce, if provided with communication east and west, as well
as its extent, justifies us in considering it the harbour of Cyzicus. That such
communication existed we have seen by inscriptions : Pocockell and Hamilton1"
also noted what seemed to them to be traces of canals on the east side, though,

2
(Asiatic, if we may judge by her name) to Etym. Mag. s.vv. xuty- Ail/LuE, 'AApL'vuios,
accompany her husband to Cyzicus. If the Schol. Ap. Rh. i. 901.
Bacchius of this inscription is identical with 3 Sitz. Berl. Akad. (1898), ii. 551.
the architect it would seem that he was one of Rev. des .t. Gr. vii. (1894), 48.
the foreign workmen mentioned in Dittenberger, G•5eogr. Min. i. 68.
366. 6 Argonautica, i. 936.
1 As to the moles Dr. Makrys (2Akho-yos, 18, 7 xii. 8. 11.
8 N.H.
p. 29) mentions existing traces of two moles on v. 32.
the west side of the isthmus, and remains of 9 Vol. ii. P1. III.
10 Asia Minor
another were shown me on the east side by (1842), ii. 102.
Mr. de Rustafjaell. These may have protected 11 Description of the East (1745),Yol. ii. Pt. ii.,
the entrances to the closed harbours mentioned 115.
by Strabo, xii. 8, 11. "2 Asia Minor ii. 102,

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134 AN INSCRIBED BASIS FROM CYZICUS.

owing to the shifting of the sandy banks, such appearances are notoriously
deceptive. The remains of the moles however, if these may be connected with
the entrances of the great harbour, afford more tangible evidence. Our
basis stands at the north-west corner of a rectangular recess some 200 yards
long, where the southern walls fall back about the centre of the isthmus.
This recess MM. Perrot and Guillaume mark conjecturally as a 'port': its
level is that of the marsh, and the path leading from the north drops abruptly
some fifteen or twenty feet immediately before reaching Tryphaena's monu-
ment. The inscriptions warrant us in supposing that this port stood in some
immediate relation with the great harbour and the canals, otherwise their
position is inappropriate. I suppose, then, that the port formed a northern
extension of the Xt'p~yand was surrounded on the three sides which are formed
by the city wall by quays for the disembarcation of merchandise; for this its
central situation rendered it particularly convenient. It may be these quays,
I would suggest, which are vaguely alluded to by the 7reptEXovra of the
inscription.
F. W. HASLUCK.

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