TOURISTS INTENSITY ANALYSIS IN A MOUNTAIN BASED

TOURIST DESTINATION AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO

DEVELOP A MODEL OF VISITOR MANAGEMENT
A case study of Mount Patuha Cluster in Bandung Region

Wanjat Kastolani* , Fitri Rahmafitria **

Study Program of Management Resort & Leisure. Faculty of Social Science
Indonesia University of Education.
wanjat_pci@yahoo.co.id * , rahmafitria@upi.edu**

ABSTRACT
The Cluster of Patuha Mountain is located in South Bandung Region and famous for its
mountainous forest landscape. The uniqueness and its beauty become the main factors of its
popularity. Due to the nature of the area and its important role to the ecosystem, the government
has made the cluster as a preservation area. Thus every destination and resort management in
the area should have specific programs that appropriate for both preservation and tourism
functions. The objective of this research is to analyze tourist intensity in mountainous area as a
basis in developing visitor management model. As the method of the study the author used
parameter of tourist intensity Pfluger, Y (2004). Thus, the tourist intensity is determined based
on the analysis of visitor frequency and visitor use particularly concerning about the potential
visitor behavior that could threat the environment. The data are analyzed by using scoring
technique and then categorized them into level of intensity (high, intermediate and low. The
research was conducted in four destinations around the Patuha Mountain Cluster, namely
Kawah Putih Forest recreation, Situ Patengan Nature Park, Ranca Upas Camping Ground and
Cimanggu Nature Park. The visitor behavior was identified according to visitor perceptions on
vandalism and their concern on environment quality. Some careless visitors could cause more
damage on the environment quality in the area. The result of this research showed that level of
visitor density is not the only factor that influenced damage on environment. The area with high
visitor density and good visitor behavior will have a good physical environment quality, while
ignorant behavior from the visitors will contributed to environment damage even when the
visitor density is low. The role of visitor management system is important. Exemplary
supervision and development of media in motivating and educating visitor is very important to
support the environment preservation.

Key word : Tourist intensity, Visitor management, Mountain based destination

INTRODUCTION

Tourists’ interest toward nature-based and naturally unique areas has increased the
development of nature based tourist attractions (Fandeli; Hermantoro 2011, Supriyono and Sari
2013). Mountainous areas are one of the most wanted tourist destinations, particularly in tropical
countries. However, the increased number of tourist interests have affected the environment
quality in those natural sites (Cole 1989; Doggart and Doggart 1996; Nelson 1993; Harris and
Leiper 1995; Hillery et al 2001).

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 Mountainous areas need a particular model of tourism management and it is not an easy
task to do. On one hand, protection and preservation aspects become a main concern. On the
other hand, the increasing number of tourists have become the main reason to explore the
destination and gain material benefits from it. Thus, tourism management in mountainous areas
has a vital function for the society and other inhabitants surrounding it (Arrowsmith et al 2005;
Dudley 2008).
Areas that have preserve functions should keep the natural environment safe and clean.
However, in terms of tourism function, a nature-based area should be wielded to fullfil tourists’
satisfaction. This conflict of interest has impinged the two functions between protecting and
exploiting the areas. The tourism management in mountainous or other natural areas need a
particular treatment. The management should cover not only environment sustainability, but also
tourists intensity (Hammitt et al 1996; Hillary et al, 2001). A policy regarding a natural site
management should consider visitor density and behavior aspects implemented on the model of
visitor management (Arrowsmith et al 2005). The density level and visitor behavior can
determine a quality of tourism areas.
According to Mason, P (2003), the visitor management system is an important effort to
overcome tourist impact on environment, socio culture and economy. An inadequate visitor
management will caused damage on nature environment and decrease its environment and
attraction quality. Previous studies show that environment education through media
interpretation in nature-based tourism destinations has increased visitors understanding toward
environment conservation program, their environment awareness and their willingness to
maintain the environment quality (Kim, at all 2011; Kuok 2002; Moscardo 1999; Marion and
Reid 2007; Shackley,M 2001). Based on the above phenomena, the study was conducted by
analyzing the tourists intensity including visitors frequency and visitors use.

Research Objectives
The objective of this research is to analyze tourist intensity in mountainous area as a basis
in developing a visitor management model. The expected result from this study is a map of
tourists intensity category that describes records and analysis of visitor frequency and visitor
use. The map will be utilised as a foundation to determine a suitable model of visitor
management.

LITERATURE REVIEWS

A mountainous area is a location with beautiful landscape and has numerous potentials
that can be beneficial for humans particularly for the people who live there. The beauty and
uniqueness of a mountainous area have increased the interest for sightseers to visit the place
(Buckley et al 2000; Olafsdottir and Runnstrom 2013; Pickering and Hill 2007) and as a result,
visitor density in the place grow larger in numbers each year.
Several studies indicate that a nature based tourism management needs to consider
visitor density aspect. The higher the frequency the bigger possibility of environmental damage
in the destination (Beunen er al. 2008; Pickering and Hill 2007). Moreover, the management also
need a certain model of management that considers flora and fauna preservation and
environment quality. (Buckley et al 2000; Kim et al 2011; Pickering and Hill 2007). Other
studies also argued that tourism destination organizer should be able accomodate both tourists
needs and conservation function of the destination which in fact not trully happens due to the

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constrastive nature of both functions (Alden 1997; Beunen et al 2008; Kerkevliet and Nowell
2000).
Landscape fragility and visitor density become the prominent foundation of nature based
tourism destination. Moreover, visitor behavior is also considered as an important part in
managing a tourism destination. Numerous studies point out that bad visitor behavior can
negatively affected the destination in sense of environmental damage. (Hillary et al., 2001;
Liddle,M., 1997; Pickering and Hill 2007; Sun and Walls 1998).

Visitor interest has become the subject or agent of negative impacts caused by visitor
activities in the area.The impacts are various. Traffic congestion, high density, local community
problems, even enviromental damage are some examples of the impacts. To cope with this, many
scholars believe that Visitor Management System is a suitable management scheme for nature
based tourist destinations which are fragile and in need of protection (Alan et all 2008;
Arrowsmith et al 2005; Beunen et al 2008; Pfluger,Y 2004). According to Douglas (2000), the
objective of a visitor management is to provide guidelines and services for tourists to develop
their experience based on what the tourist destination organizer has to offer. The visitor
management can also “manipulate” both directly and indirectly in order to meet with the
management requirements and targets including satisfying service, protection and nature
preservation.
Mason (2003) added some effective methods of visitor management. He suggested that a
good visitor management should be able to control the number of visitor, modify visitor
behavior, tailor the destination resource in order to adapt with the number of visitor and
minimalize the damage caused. Furthermore, Alan et al (2008) proposed some techniques to
overcome with cisitor impacts. The techniques including applying queueing management,
increasing rooms capacity and their functions flexibility, strenghtening the soil, managing visitor
quota and applying ticket system. Visitors should be well managed so that they will get the best
experience and minimalize the negative impacts. If the visitor management system is
appropriately applied, it can help the organizer in saving maintenance expenditure and increasing
the destination’s income (Fielden and Jokilehto, 1993)

METHOD

The authors employed descriptive method by using survey as the tool of analysis. The research
stages are starting from presurvey, survey, analysis, and visitor management system designing. The
followng figure is the employed research design :

Visitor Frequency
Visitor density
per square meter
Cluster Area Visitor Intensity : Visitor Management Program
Patuha Mount Map
Visitor Use
Visitor behavior vs
environment quality
(T-test) 3
 Baseline data Analysis Result

Figure 1. Research design

Data Analysis
In anayzing the tourists intensity, the authors employed a parameter used by Yvone
(2004) who designed a model of visitor management in Natura nature resort, Lech River Valley
Austria. Yvone used the visitor density and impact of visitor behavior towards the environment
qualityas the data analysis model. In addition, the tourists intensity is described as follows:
a. Visitor Frequency. It refers to visitor density at some tourist destinations around Patuha
mountain cluster in Bandung Regency. The result of the visitor frequency analysis is in
form of a visitor density level (number of tourists in coalescene). The formula used in the
analysis is the standard of spatial needs suggested by Douglas, W (2000) as described
below:

AR = Tourism area needs for certain activities

D = number of visits per year
a = Spatial needs in feet2
CD = Capacity of usage in a year
TF = Soil recovery factor

b. Visitor use : the level of tourism space or area usage based on the visitor behavior and its
impacts toward environment quality (preserve function) in Patuha mountain cluster, T-test
is conducted to analyze the effect if visitor behavior on environment quality at several
tourists destinations.
c. Model of visitor management : VMS is measured based on a combination between visitor
behavior and its density (Pfluger, Y 2004).

RESULT

Tourism area in Mount Patuha cluster has become one of the most favorite tourist
attractions due to its uniqueness and natural beauty. Geographically, the area is located at
07o07’30” SL - 07o12’00” SL and 107o19’30” EL- 107o25’30” EL. The altitude of the area is
between 1600 mdpl – 1750 mdpl. In this area there are several nature based tourist attractions i.e
a crater, lake, forest, hot springs, tea plantation and village panorama. The study is conducted at

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four tourist attractions which have the highest level of visitor frequency; namely Kawah Putih
Crater Lake, Cimanggu Hot Spring, Ranca Upas Camping Ground, Situ Patengan Lake

Table 1. Visitor data at Kawah Putih, Cimanggu, Ranca Upas and Situ Patengan.
No Tourist destination Year Visitor
2011 2012 2013 Average
1 Kawah Putih 206,733 259,178 293,786 253,233
2 Cimanggu 138,733 121,058 96,802 118,864
3 Ranca Upas 6,304 38,868 51,396 32,100
4 Situ Patengan 139,905 169,285 189,599 166,263
Total 351,500 419,104 441,984

Visitor Frequency
An analysis on visitor frequency is needed in order to know the density level at the study
sites. Numerous study has shown that a high level of visitor density can be resulted in a negative
impacts on the environment quality such as bad impacts on flora and fauna habitats, polution,
soil problem, etc (Beunen et all, 2008). Visitor frequency has to be consistently practiced by the
site management, dealing with time and its distribution to gain fundamental information about
visitors that is required for decision making in visitor management system (Cessford and Muhar
2003). The visitor frequency or density level in this study is measured based on a comparison of
standard of tourism spatial needs and the spaciousness of land or area utilization in each tourist
destinations. Next, the results are compared with the current area utilization. The measurement
indicated that Kawah Putih natural resort is considered as a leading tourism destination in West
Java. The place has a dense level of visitors while the other destinations nearby have a lesser
level of density with a big potential of space utilization.

Table 2. Comparisons of standards of need and space availability for tourism activites in Patuha
Mountain cluster, Bandung Regency.

No DTW D a CD TF AR Actual use Density

(visitor/yr) (ft2) (days) (Ha) area (Ha)
1 Kawah Putih 253,233 726 164 1.5 6.86 5.42 Dense
2 Cimanggu 118,864 302 164 1.5 1.34 4.5 Spacious
3 Ranca Upas 32,100 907 164 1.0 1.63 4.5 Spacious
4 Situ Patengan 166,263 544 164 2.0 2.53 5.36 Spacious

As the most popular destination in West Java, Kawah Putih is the most dense destination,
comparing with others (253,233 visitors/year). The high level of visitor density has indicated the
strength of tourist attractions in that area. The attractions have attracted many tourists, yet the
limited utilization space in the areas has encouraged the tourist concentration to be only centered
in particular locations (Cole 1989; Douglass 2000). Comparing to the number of visitors, Kawah
Putih has a limited utilization space in spite of the fact that Kawah Putih is a vast expanse of
natural location. The limited utilization space is caused by the government regulation (PP no.72,
2010) that concerned with preservation and protection function of natural areas. While at the
other tourism areas, the attractiveness level is not as high as Kawah Putih so that the areas could
not boost tourists to visit. The high level of visitor density can cause a high pressure on the
physical environment of the destination. Numerous studies have shown that the high density can
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negatively impact the quality of vegetation, cleanliness, air and sound quality (Alan et al 2008;
Beunen et al 2008).

Visitor Use
The level of visitor use in a tourism area is categorized based on types of activity and its
impact on physical characteristic of the area, particularly on protection and preservation function
in mount Patuha cluster, Bandung Regency. Visitor use identification was conducted through the
tourists perceptional studies on visitor behavior while doing their activities. Previous studies
indicated that the visitors are quite sensitive toward the impacts such as littering and vandalizing
caused by tourist activities (Hillary et al., 2001). Moreover, tourists are sometimes very sensitive
about the environmental damaging behavior of other visitors (Hammit, Bixler and Noe, 1996,
Zhong et al 2015). Visitor behavior often reflects their passiveness toward the environment and
it has "add insult or the injury" of the environment. The visitor behavior analysis in this study is
assessed through tourist perception on the other visitor behaviors when visiting the same area.
The parameter used for the analysis are the visitor behavior in littering, in using facilities, in
maintaining area safety and freshness, and their care in inspiring people to protect the area.
The result of Duncan test shows that the level of visitor behavior at Kawah Putih is the highest
among other tourist destinations in mount Patuha area (3.3360). The fact is suported by the
availability of interpretative facilities which encourage the visitors to actively involved in saving
the environment. the facilities are effectively well known in educating the tourists to keep the
environment clean and preserved (Kim et al, 2011, Manning, 2003, Rogerbuck, 1992)
Meanwhile the visitors of Situ Patengan and Ranca Upas are considered as sufficient.it means
that the visitors have not yet fully understand the importance of environment quality. Litters are
still found n many spots in the area, particularly at visitor concentrated points. However the area
management have a proper cleaning service team so that he environment quality in these two
areas are sufficient. The visitors of Cimanggu have the lowest level of behavior among the other
destinations nearby (2,4950). The Cimanggu management did not pay too much attention about
the cleanliness and spatial management.
Table 3. Average Scale of Visitor Behavior in Mount Patuha Cluster Tourist
Destinations
Location N Subset for alpha = 0.05
1 2 3
Cimanggu 25 2.4950
Situ Patengan 21 2.6397 2.6397
Ranca Upas 23 3.0174 3.0174
Kawah Putih 25 3.3360
Sig. .481 .069 .123

Table 4. The level of environment quality between tourism area

Location N Environment quality Subset for alpha = 0.05

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 1 2
Cimanggu 25 0.480 2.8900
Kawah Putih 25 0.960 3.2050
Situ Patengan 21 0.667 3.2321
Ranca Upas 23 0.608 3.6902
Sig. .061 1.000
Uses Harmonic Mean Sample Size = 23.379.

The environment quality of an area is one of the indicators of a sustainable tourism area
(Pickering and Hill 2007; Cole 1989). In this study, the quality is determined based on the level
of tourist satisfaction toward eight aspects of environment quality; natural beauty, air cleanliness,
variety of vegetations and fauna, vegetation damage level, area cleanliness, visitor density, and
area safety. The result of the environment quality analysis are described in the table 4.
The results of the analysis indicated that in spite of the high level of visitor density, the
environment quality at Kawah Putih is considered exemplary (0.960). It has low level of
vegetation damage, a clean environment. While the other destinations have a low or sufficient
level. The results have shown that a density aspect is not the only prominent factor in
contributing to the environment damage. Visitor behavior in other case can be the determining
factor in measuring the environment quality of a tourism area (Hillary et al., 2001; Liddle,M.,
1997; Pickering and Hill 2007; Sun and Walls 1998).

Tourists Intensity Criteria in Mount Patuha Cluster

Tourists intensity is defined according to analysis of visitor frequency (through density
analysis), visitor use and environment quality at four tourism site in Patuha Mountain Cluster.
The tourism intesity indicated how big the area with hold pressures caused by visitor activities
and their impact on the environment. The result of the tourists intensity analysis showed that
there are three area categories; A,B and C. The category is resulted from comparisons between
visitor density aspect, visitor use and environment quality. A category means that the tourism
area has a high level of visitor density but the visitor behavior and environmen quality are in
exemplary level. Category B refers to a tourist area with a low level of density, but it has
moderate or sufficient level of environment quality and visitor behavior. While category C refers
to an area with a low level of density but with a low level of visitor behavior and environment
quality. The categories will imply on a sustainable tourism management model. Area utilization
for tourism in mountainous are protected and preserved because they are essential for human life
(Buckeley et al 2000; Cole 1989). Insuficient visitor behavior can cause a great pressure on the
environment and alleviate the quality of the environmetn. Moreover, if the management does not
have any appropriate policies to preserve the environment, the quality will dramatically declined
(Manning 2003; Alan et al 2008; Buckley et al 2000, Kerkevliet and Nowel 2000; Pfluger 2004).
The tourist area management needs to supervise periodically in order to maintain the areas’
cleanliness and beauty.

Table 5. Tourists Intensity Standard based on density level and visitor use.

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 Visitor Level of Environment Tourists
No Tourism Destination density Visitor Quality Intensity
Behavior Category
1 Kawah Putih High Exemplary Exemplary A
2 Cimanggu Low Insufficient Insufficient C
3 Ranca Upas Low Sufficient Sufficient B
4 Situ Patengan Low Sufficient Sufficient B

Visitor Management Model in Mount Patuha Cluster

The implication of the study lies on its focus on designing a management model for
mountainous tourism destinations. The analysis of tourists intensity has resulted in an
explanation of how important for a tourism destination manager to have an edu-tourism based
visitor management program. So that the visitors will be encouraged to be eco-friendly and
behave appropriately (Manning 2003; Kim et all 2001; Kuo 2002). Based in the analysis of
policies and spatial management, Mount Patuha cluster area has been constituted as a protected
and preserved area, Kawah putih and Ranca Upas are categorized as protected areas. Whereas

Table 6. Visitor management model for mountainous tourism areas

MODEL VMS
Tourists
Intensity Access Decentralize of Environmental Edu-tourism
Category restriction to the facilities and interpretation Program
tourism area tourism activities media
A V V V V
B V V
C V V

Cimanggu and Situ Patengan are categorized as conservation area with a limitation on
their land utilization. As a result of policy and observation analysis, a conservation area has a
high level of sensitivity. A conservation area is not only has an ecology impotance but also has a
prominent role in maintaining the environment stability (Cole 1989; Dudley 2008; Kuo 2002;
Liddle 1997; Pickering and Hill 2007). The development in this area needs a strict and well
organized supervision which includes zoning aspect, building and facilities standards, visitor
control and the supervision system.
Things that need to be implemented for visitor management aspect are as follows:
1. Limiting access to site and source of interest
Natural tourism objects are natural resources that have beauty, uniqueness and
particular scarcity. However, those objects have a high sensitivity and vulnerable level, thus a
conflict of interest between tourism function and conservation function may happen. This is
done by restricting protected objects to narrow the entrance way, using big rocks as paving
blocks or opening access with extreme land and relatively steep land (Beunen et al 2008;
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 Douglass 2000; Remacha et al 2011). Restriction to access will select tourist’s visit and those
who want to see the objects. The low number of tourists is expected to minimalize negative
impact and damage.

Figure 2. VMS Category Map

2. Applying decentralisation of facility and visitors activity

Deployment or decentralisation of facility and visitor activity is done by making
various attractions in tourism objects. Identifying attraction and tourist attraction have to be
done systematically to avoid activity and facility centralisation to only one point.
Identification of core products and support products is performed to determine the main and
support zones. Developing support products is essential since tourism activity is usually
focused and concentrated on the main attraction, thus the damage potential is high (Duddley
2008; Marion and Reid 2007).

3. Developing environment educational based interpretation facility

Developing an interpretation programme is very important for areas that have high
tourists intensity, especially with poor visitor behavior (Kim et al 2011; Kuo 2002; Marion
and Reid 2007; Moscardo 1999). Several media or interpretation facilities that can be
developed are tourist information centre, information leaflet about natural resources to
balance the environment, information board about maintaining and preserving nature,
vegetation media of interpretation which give information about its types, benefits and
functions.

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4. Applying and developing educational tourism programme
Natural tourism in mountains needs an area and knowledge about the importance of
preserving nature and taking care of it. Thus, the manager has an obligation to implement the
educational tourism programme which can transfer educational values to the environment
(Manning 2003; Marion and Reid 2007; Roggenbuck 1992). The development of the
programme is focused on the achievement learning values, enriching, rewarding and
adventuring.

CONCLUSIONS

The characteristics of mountainous region are not only aesthetically appealing with
unique natural phenomenon or scarcity of the formation, but also have a high level of
vulnerability and sensitivity. In implementing the tourism function in mountainous area, the area
manager should be very careful because the tourism destination is sometimes contrary to the
protection aims. A study about visitor frequency and visitor use will be very useful in
determining mountain tourist area management programme. Tourism in mountain area must
apply an educating programme and encourage visitors ‘respect to nature.
In general, natural tourist areas in Patuha mountain area are categorized as a protected
and conservation site with three categories of tourists intensity. Area management with more
emphasis on the rules relating to the function of forests as well as the identification of tourists
intensity as a reference to determine the model of the management of its visitors. Development
of natural and environmental interpretation programs should be prioritized based on the
achievement of the value of learning, enrichment, award and adventure.
Research related to the development of interpretation model and educational tours are
interesting and gratifying for visitors to be done. This is a challenge for academics to make the
resulting program to be able to enhance the tourists’ understanding and action in sense of caring
about the environment in order to minimize the negative impacts of tourism activities on
environmental quality.

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