Aklan State University

College of Teacher Education

Banga, Aklan

Experiment No. 1
CHEMICAL REACTION

Submitted by:

MAINIT, REGINE L.

NALLOS, KHYLA MAE V.

NIÑOFRANCO, RODALYN T.

MAEd – Physical Science

Submitted to:

Engr. Tomas O. Ortega

Professor

May 2019
I. PRE – LAB EXERCISE

1. What law states that, “Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical
reaction”?
Answer: Law of Conservation of Mass

2. What type of reaction occurs when a substance rapidly combines with oxygen to
form one or more oxides?
Answer: Combustion

3. It refers to the formation of an insoluble salt when two solutions containing soluble
salts are combined.
Answer: Precipitation Reaction

4. It is a synthesis in which two or more substances combine to form a single

compound?
Answer: Combination Reaction

5. It is the ability of a solid, liquid, or gaseous chemical substance to dissolve and

form a solution.
Answer: Solubility

6. Balance the equation: 𝐶𝐻4 + ___𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + ___𝐻2 𝑂

Answer: 𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂

7. Write the balanced chemical equations for the reaction:

Zinc Sulfide + Oxygen Zinc Oxide + Sulfur Dioxide
Answer: 𝑍𝑛𝑆 + 3𝑂 → 𝑍𝑛𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂2

8. Complete the double replacement reaction: 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) →

Answer: 𝐶𝑜𝐶𝑙2(𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) → 𝐶𝑜𝑆𝑂4(𝑎𝑞) + 2𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(𝑎𝑞)
9. What are the coefficients needed to balance this equation?
___𝐶2 𝐻6 + ___𝑂2 → ___𝐶𝑂2 + ___𝐻2 𝑂
Answer: 2,7,4,6

10. How many moles of products are in this chemical equation?

𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 = 𝐶𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂
Answer: 3

II. INTRODUCTION
One of the most fundamental concepts of chemistry is something known as the
Law of Conservation of Mass, that states that atoms are neither created nor
destroyed in a chemical reaction. The chemicals present before the reaction are
called reactants, and the chemicals present after the reaction are called products.
No chemical reaction is a chemical reaction without both of these components.
There are many different types of chemical reactions, and they are
classified based on a combination of the identity of the reactants and products and
how many substances/ions are directly involved in the reaction.
A single replacement reaction is a reaction where one substance or ion is
moved, and nothing else.
Double replacement reaction is where two substances or ions are
moved/inverted to create new substances.
A synthesis reaction is where two or more chemicals are combined to create
one chemical.
A decomposition reaction is a reaction that is in the reverse process of a
synthesis reaction; a chemical decomposes into two or more different chemicals.
An oxidation-reduction reaction is a reaction that meets one of two
conditions: 1. Elemental oxygen is a reactant. 2. One substance is oxidized, or has
electrons taken away from it, and one substance is reduced, where it gets
additional electrons.
A combustion reaction is a subtype of redox reactions where a substance
is burned with an oxygen flame.

III. OBJECTIVES
At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to:
1. classify the different chemical reactions present in each experiment;
 2. identify the limiting and excess reactant; and,
3. calculate molarity, theoretical yield and percent yield from the given data
of the experiment.

IV. SAFETY
Laboratory safety is essential in every experiment being carried out. To avoid
disaster or any accidents in the laboratory, laboratory rules must be enforced. Here
are the safety rules that are implemented in the conduct of this experiment:

DRESS CODE SAFETY RULES

 Always tie back hair that is chin-length or longer.
 Make sure that loose clothing or dangling jewelry is secured, or avoid
wearing it in the first place.
 Never wear sandals or other open-toed shoes in the lab. Footwear
should always cover the foot completely.
 Never wear shorts or skirts in the lab.
 When working with Bunsen burners, lighted splints, matches, etc.,
acrylic nails are not allowed.

PERSONAL PROTECTION SAFETY RULES

 When working with equipment, hazardous materials, glassware, heat,
and/or chemicals, always wear face shields or safety glasses.
 When handling any toxic or hazardous agent, always wear the
appropriate gloves.
 When performing laboratory experiments, you should always wear a
smock or lab coat.
 Before leaving the lab or eating, always wash your hands.
 After performing an experiment, you should always wash your hands
with soap and water.
 When using lab equipment and chemicals, be sure to keep your hands
away from your body, mouth, eyes, and face.

HOUSEKEEPING SAFETY RULES

 Always keep your work area(s) tidy and clean.
 Make sure that all eye wash stations, emergency showers, fire
extinguishers, and exits are always unobstructed and accessible.
 Only materials you require for your work should be kept in your work
area. Everything else should be stored safely out of the way.
 Solids should always be kept out of the laboratory sink.
 CHEMICAL SAFETY RULES
 Every chemical should be treated as though it were dangerous.
 Do not allow any solvent to come into contact with your skin.
 All chemicals should always be clearly labeled with the name of the
substance, its concentration, the date it was received, and the name of
the person responsible for it.
 Before removing any of the contents from a chemical bottle, read the
label twice.
 Never take more chemicals from a bottle than you need for your work.
 Do not put unused chemicals back into their original container.
 Chemicals or other materials should never be taken out of the
laboratory.
 Chemicals should never be mixed in sink drains.
 If a chemical spill occurs, clean it up right away.
 Ensure that all chemical waste is disposed of properly.

V. WASTE DISPOSAL
After experiments have been carried out, there are several things we should
remember in disposing properly the waste chemicals to prevent accidents in the
laboratory. Here are the lists of things we should consider in disposing properly or
wastes from the laboratory.
 Acid chemicals, especially when it is corrosive and volatile, must be
placed in an acid jar.
 Basic chemicals must be disposed in a base jar.
 Non-volatile or neutral substances can be disposed in the sink or can be
flushed in toilets.
 Other waste generated from the laboratory that are not chemicals like
gloves, tissues, wipes, masks must be disposed properly in the trash
bin.

VI. PROCEDURE

A. Combustion Reaction of Magnesium Ribbon

1. Take a piece of magnesium ribbon for about 5 cm long.

2. Weigh an empty watch glass and record its mass.
3. Place the magnesium ribbon into the watch glass and record its mass.
4. Hold the magnesium ribbon with tongs and burn it using the alcohol lamp.
5. Collect the ash and put it on the watch glass.
6. Weigh the collected ashes and weigh its mass.
 B. Precipitation Reaction

1. Weigh 8.3 g of KI using electric balance.

2. Weigh 8.30 g of Pb(NO3)2 using electric balance.
3. Dissolve KI in 100 ml of water.
4. Dissolve Pb(NO3)2 in 100 ml of water.
5. After two separate samples have been completely dissolved, transfer it to
the volumetric flask.
6. Weigh the evaporating dish, filter paper, and record its mass.
7. Using a graduated cylinder, get 5 ml of each solution, put it on a test tube.
8. Using another test tube, combine the solution.
9. Place the test tube with the combined solution on the centrifuge and wait
for three minutes.
10. Using the filter paper, filter the precipitate and decant it using water making
sure that no impurities left.
11. After that, put the filter paper on the evaporating dish and sundry.
12. When the precipitate is completely dry, weigh it and record its mass.

A. FIGURES

The following figures were obtained during the conduct of this experiment.

A. Combustion of Magnesium Ribbon

Weighing of Magnesium ribbon

Burning of Magnesium ribbon
Mass = 0.09 g
Product formed after the combustion of Weighing the product formed from the
Magnesium ribbon combustion of Magnesium ribbon

B. Precipitation Reaction

Mixing two solutions: Potassium iodide Filtering the solution to get the
and Lead nitrate precipitate
 Rinsing the test tube with water to Removing impurities from the precipitate
remove all the filtrate. through filtering.

Sun drying the precipitate to remove The precipitate after two and a half hour
impurities of sun drying.
 VII. DATA AND RESULTS

The following data and results were obtained from the two different experiment
conducted:

A. Combustion Reaction of Magnesium Ribbon

Mass of Magnesium 0.09 g

Mass of Magnesium Oxide (actual) 0.13 g

Mass of Magnesium Oxide (theoretical) 0.15 g

Percent Yield of Magnesium Oxide 86.87 %

B. Precipitation Reaction

Molarity of Potassium Iodide 0.5 M

Volume of Potassium Iodide used 0.005 L

Mole of Potassium Iodide 0.0025 mol

Molarity of Lead Nitrate 0.25 M

Volume of Lead Nitrate 0.005 L

Mole of Lead Nitrate 0.00125 mol

Limiting Reactant Lead Nitrate

Mass of Lead Iodide (actual) 0.53 g

Mass of Lead Iodide (theoretical) 0.58 g

Percent Yield of Lead Iodide 91.38%

VIII. CALCULATIONS

A. Combustion of Magnesium Ribbon

Chemical Equation: 2 Mg + O2 = 2 MgO

Calculations:

To calculate for the theoretical yield,

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔𝑂 40.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂
𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂 = 0.09 𝑔 𝑀𝑔 ( )( )( ) = 0.15 𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂
24.31 𝑔 𝑀𝑔 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑀𝑔𝑂

After theoretical yield was obtained, calculate for the percent yield by substituting
the obtained values,

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

0.13 𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
0.15 𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂

% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 86.87 %

B. Precipitation Reaction

Chemical Equation: 𝑃𝑏(𝑂3 )2 + 2 𝐾𝐼 → 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 + 2 𝐾𝑁03

Calculations:

To get the mass of KI, calculate first for the moles of KI using this equation:

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦𝐾𝐼 =
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼 = (𝑀𝐾𝐼 )(𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼 = (0.5 ) (0.005 𝐿)
𝐾

𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼 = 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼

Use the obtained value of moles of KI in calculating the mass of KI:

166 𝑔 𝐾𝐼
𝑔 𝐾𝐼 = 0.0025 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾𝐼

𝑔 𝐾𝐼 = 0.415 𝑔 𝐾𝐼

Same process will be used in calculating for the mass of Pb(NO3)2

𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑦(𝑁𝑂3 )2 =
𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = (𝑀Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 )(𝐿 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = (0.25 ) (0.005 𝐿)
𝐾

𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = 0.00125 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2

331.2 𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2
𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = 0.00125 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2

𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = 0.414 𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2

Obtained values of the mass of different compounds are can be used in

determining the limiting reactant in the chemical reaction:
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 461 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2
𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 = 0.414 𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 ( )( )( )
331.2 𝑔 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏𝐼2
𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 = 0.58 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 KI 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 461 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2

𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2 = 0.415 𝑔 𝐾𝐼 ( )( )( )
166 𝑔 KI 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 KI 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑃𝑏𝐼2
Pb(𝑁𝑂3 )2 = 1.1525 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2
 The reactant that produces the lesser amount of product in this case is the
Pb(NO3)2, which is thus the “limiting reactant”.
After calculating the amount produced by the limiting reactant, we can now
calculate for the percent yield:

𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

0.53 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
0.58 𝑔 𝑃𝑏𝐼2

% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 91.38 %

IX. INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Percent yield is the percent ratio of actual yield to the theoretical yield. Usually,
percent yield is lower than 100% because the actual yield is often less than the
theoretical value. Reasons for this can include incomplete or completing reactions
and loss of sample during recovery.
The percent yield obtained from burning the magnesium ribbon is 86.87%
which denotes a very good percentage yield while in the precipitation reaction,
91.38 percent yield was obtained from the reaction. This may imply that small
amount of sample were loss during the recovery of the product, since not all
reactants actually react.

X. SOURCES OF ERROR

To ensure accuracy of data, errors must be avoided in every experiment carried

out in the laboratory. However, in this experiment, errors occur and 100 percent
accuracy was not obtained due to several reasons:
1. Electric balance was used in weighing the compounds and not the analytical
balance (since it is not available in the laboratory), which could have been
more accurate to use.
2. Combustion of magnesium ribbon was not complete.
3. Time was not sufficient in completely drying the precipitate.
XI. REMARKS AND CONCLUSIONS
Chemical reaction comes in different forms depending on the reactants and
comes at different rates because of different factors; it can be temperature,
concentration of solution or surface area of the substance. It always obeys the Law
of Conservation of Mass, that states that atoms are neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction. This is what allows chemical reactions to work, where one
or more chemicals react in such ways that one or more new chemicals are formed,
via the moving of electrons between substances.
Chemical reactions are important, for without it, life would never exist and we
wouldn’t have the things we have today.

XII. QUESTIONS

1. How will you know if a precipitation reaction occurs?

Answer: Precipitation reaction will occur when an insoluble ionic solid or
precipitate was formed.
2. What kind of flame is produced by burning magnesium ribbon?
Answer: Magnesium ribbon burns in air with an intense white light.

3. What are clues or evidences that a chemical reaction has taken place?
Answer: There are four visual clues that indicate that a chemical reaction is
likely occurring.
1. A change of color occurs during the reaction.
2. A gas is produced during the reaction.
3. A solid product called a precipitate is produced in the reaction.
4. A transfer of energy occurs as a result of the reaction.

XIII. POST – LAB EXERCISE

1. What must be present for a combustion reaction to occur?

Answer: Oxygen

2. What do you call the maximum of the product that can be produced?
Answer: Theoretical Yield

3. What chemical reaction is being shown by this balanced equation?

CdSO4(aq) + K2S(aq)  CdS(s) + K2SO(aq)
Answer: Double Replacement Reaction
4. The molecular weight of glucose, C6H13O6, is 180.0 g/mol. How many moles of
glucose are there in 19.1 g of glucose?
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶 𝐻 0
Answer: 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻13 06 = 19.1 𝑔 𝐶6 𝐻13 06 𝑥 180 𝑔 𝐶6𝐻1306 = 0.106 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶6 𝐻13 06
6 13 6

5. Silver nitrate reacts with barium chloride to form silver chloride and barium nitrate.
If 410.8 grams of barium nitrate are produced how many grams of silver nitrate
were reacted?
2 AgNO3 + BaCl2 2 AgCl + Ba(NO3)2
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 169.872 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3
Answer: 418 𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
208.233 𝑔 𝐵𝑎(𝑁𝑂3 )2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐵𝑎𝐶𝑙2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3

𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3 = 534.1 𝑔 𝐴𝑔𝑁𝑂3

6. In a particular reaction between copper metal and silver nitrate, 12.7 g Cu
produced 38.1 g Ag. What is the percent yield of silver in this reaction?
Cu + 2AgNO3  Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag
a. 56.7% c. 88.2%
b. 77.3% d. 176%

7. Iron(III) oxide is formed when iron combines with oxygen in the air. How many
grams of Fe2O3 are formed when 16.7 g of Fe reacts completely with oxygen?
a. 12.0 g c. 47.8 g
b. 23.9 g d. 95.6 g

8. Aluminum reacts with sulfuric acid to produce aluminum sulfate and hydrogen gas.
How many grams of aluminum sulfate would be formed if 250 g H2SO4 completely
reacted with aluminum?
a. 0.85 g c. 450 g
b. 290 g d. 870 g

9. When two substances react to form products, the reactant which is used up is
called the ____.
a. determining reagent c. excess reagent
b. limiting reagent d. catalytic reagent

10. Which of the following would be the limiting reagent in the reaction shown below?
2H (g) + O2 (g)  2H2O(g)
a. 50 molecules of H
b. 50 molecules of O
c. Neither a nor b is limiting.
d. Both a and b are considered limiting reagents.