Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis

Dynamic Equation
mx  cx  kx  F t  k

Matrix notation m

mx cx k x  F t  A spring-mass system.

F(t), x

No damping

mx k x  F t 
x  Xe it
where X = displacement amplitude
 = n which is the natural
frequency of the system.
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement
d1x x d2x

f1xe(t) 1 2 f2xe(t)
A,L

A bar element under dynamic loads.

According to the Newton’s law,

 2d
f ma m 2
t

For node-1 and node-2 respectively,

 2 d1 x
f1x  f1x  m1
e

t 2
 2d2x AL AL
m1  m2 
f 2 x  f 2 x  m2
e
2 2
t 2
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement
In matrix form,
  2 d1 x 
 f1ex   f1x  m1 0   t 2 
 e       
 f2x   f2x   0 m2    2 d 2 x 
 t 2  The consistent-mass matrix is obtained
from the following equation,
or m    N T N  dV

f e t  k d  m d V

which for bar element yields,

m  AL  
2 1
For the bar element
6 1 2 
1  1
k   AE 
L  1 1 
; element stiffness matrix

m  AL  
1 0
; lumped-mass matrix
2 0 1 
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement
The assembly will result in the following equation,

F t   K d  M  d
The solution process will result in displacementd , velocityd , and accelerationd , at
each node. Further manipulation will result in stress and strain.

The solution can be obtained using numerical integration in time, such as Newmark,
Wilson, or central difference methods.
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement
The central difference methods.
d(t)
d d
di  i 1 i 1
d i+1 2t 

 
d  d i 1  d i 1
2t 
i
d i-1

Based on Taylor's series,

d  2d i  d i 1
di  i 1
ti-t ti ti+t t 2
Gradient of a curve using central difference approach. or
d i 1  2d i  d i 1  di t 
2

Also,
di  M 1 Fi  K d i 
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement
The central difference methods.

Mdi 1  2Mdi  Mdi 1  F  Kd i t 

2
 
Mdi 1  t  Fi  2M  t  K di  Mdi 1
2 2

di 1  di  t di 
t 2
di
2
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement

The central difference procedure.

1. Given d 0 , d0 , d0 , and Fi(t)

2. If d0 is not initially given, solved0 t = 0,

d  M 1 F  K d 
0 0 0

3. Solve d-1for t = -t,

d 1  d 0  t d 0 
t  2
d0
2
4. Having solved d-1 in step-3, now solve for d1

 
d1  M 1 t  F0  2M  t  K d 0  Md 1
2 2
 
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Finite Element Solution for Time Dependent Displacement

The central difference procedure.

5. Obtain,
  
d 2  M 1 t  F1  2 M  t  K d 1  Md 0
2 2

6. Solve for d1 ,
d1  M 1 F1  K d 1 

7. Using the result of step-5, determine the velocity at the first time step
d  d0
d1  2
2t 

8. Steps 5, 6, and 7, are done repeatedly to obtain the displacement,

acceleration, and velocity for all other time steps.
 Chapter 7 W Kuntjoro

Dynamic Analysis
Natural Vibration of Bar Structures
Natural frequency is an important parameter in a vibration analysis. Natural frequencies
are obtained from free-vibration analysis. The dynamic equation without damping is
written as follows,
Md  Kd  F t 

When the forcing function is zero, that is a free vibration,

Md  Kd  0

The standard solution for d(t) is in the form of harmonic equation,

d t   d e it

 
eit K   2 M d  0

K   M d  0
2
K   2M  0
Eigenvalue solutions