Modeling of a Hybrid Renewable Power System

for Calayan Island, Cagayan Using the

HOMER Software
Adrian L. Rey, Ronald Vincent M. Santiago, and Michael C. Pacis
School of Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering
Mapua University
Intramuros, Manila, Philippines

engr.adrianrey@gmail.com
rvmsantiago@mapua.edu.ph
mikeinmars@yahoo.com

Abstract—The island of Calayan is locared 39 kilometers from
the Babuyan Island directed west-south-west off the coast in the
Philippines. Grid connectivity is nearly impossible since the
island is far away from the mainland based on geographic
location. The electricity demand in the area is fulfilled by stand-
alone diesel generators but for limited hours only. Fortunately, a
reliable and continuous supply of electricity is possible because
the island is rich with renewable energy sources such as hydro,
wind and solar. In this study, an attempt has been made to model
a hybrid renewable power system to supply the electricity
demand of the island in a reliable and sustainable manner. This
hybrid system incorporates a combination of solar PV, wind
turbines, diesel generators, micro-hydro plant and batteries.
HOMER software is used to analyze and find out the best
possible configuration based on the available renewable sources
in the area. A 50 kW solar PV, 50x10 kW wind turbines, 1x180
kW and 1x120 kW diesel generators, 450x2 kWh batteries, 250
kW hydroelectric plant and a 150 kW converter hybrid system
are found to be the best among all other configurations in terms
of net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE). This
configuration gives the lowest COE at P11.89/kWh and NPC of
P236M with a renewable fraction of 88%.
Index Terms—Hybrid power system, Renewable energy, HOMER
analysis
I. INTRODUCTION
A hybrid power system is a developing power generation
technique which comprises a combination of different energy
systems, mostly renewables for optimal power output.
Renewable energies (RE) have the oppurtunity to play an
essential role in the electrification of rural and off-grid areas.
Unfortunately, they do not make any major contribution at
present due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of
renewable energy sources (RES), and the effort in using RE
has often dedicated in single technology. Depending on a
technology that will result to the system over-sizing, thus,
increasing the overall project cost. A HRPS can overcome the
over-sizing problem and can improve the reliability of power
supply. Due to the increasing amount of renewable energy
sources, improvement of the standard of living, healthcare,
school and economy will soon arise, thus these access on
distributed generation is a necessity. Considering the high and
continuously increasing cost of diesel-based electricity
production, hybrid renewable power systems (HRPS) represent
an economic alternative for a reliable power supply in off-grid
areas like Calayan Island where the renewable energy
resources are abundant. But yet, HRPS proved to have a
complex controls and have few related works on the literature
on reliable supply on remote areas and thus, it received a
limited attention. The main objective of this study is to model
a hybrid renewable power system for Calayan Island that can
meet the electricity demand in a reliable and sustainable
manner. Specific objectives are (1) identify the best
combination of RE technologies from the available resources,
and (2) analyze whether such hybrid option is a cost effective
or not. The significance of this study will help to have a cost-
effective hybrid power system. The HRPS will have an impact
on performance and control due to the combination of the
generating sources, components and auxiliaries of the
modified power system. Considering the economic aspect of
rural areas, technologies like distributed generation can give
better power quality, voltage profiles and different distribution
choices among customers especially on the islanded
geographical location. Thus, on a step by step process, the
quality of system auxiliaries will reach the real long term goal
which is to minimize the cost of generation
II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
In recent years, investigation of off-grid hybrid systems
based on RES has been attracted significant attention. Yang et
al. [1] conducted a feasibility study of a stand-alone hybrid
solar-wind-battery system for a remote island. Mohammed et
al. [2] presented a review of substantial issues for hybrid
renewable energy systems for off-grid electric power.
Muralikrishna and Lakshminarayana [3] studied hybrid energy
systems for rural application in India. Furthermore, Nandi and
Ghosh [4] suggested a HRPS in terms of a Wind and PV
system as an optional supply to the utility in Bangladesh while
Khan and Iqbal [5] accomplished a pre-feasibility study of
using HRPS for the electrification of remote houses in
Newfoundland, Canada.

978-1-5386-0912-5/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

 Table 1 shows similar hybrid technology analysis using TABLE II
ANALYSIS OF HYBRID SYSTEM SOFTWARE TOOLS
HOMER software. It is observed that, the options of the
Economic Technical
HRPS have often considered limits on their technologies. Tools
Analysis Analysis
PV Wind DG Storage Bio Hydro Thermal

Recently, majority of the studies concentrates on supply of HOMER / / / / / / / /

electricity merely for domestic use and does not consider the HYBRID2
iHOGA /
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/
/ /
/

electric demand for agriculture, water supply for rice crops, RETScreen / / / / /

community and business establishments which are important HYBRIDS / / /

SOMES / / / / /
to the development of socio economy level. Load Profiling is RAPSIM / / / / /
also not considered on these studies and thus these issues can SOLSIM / / / / / / /
ARES-I&II / / / / /
be a good motivation or gap for the other future researches to HYSYS / / / / /
come. INSEL / / / / / /
HybSim / / / / /
TABLE I Dymola/Modelica / / / /

SELECTED EXAMPLES OF HYBRID TECHNOLOGY SOLSTOR / / / / /

HySim / / / / /
ANALYSIS USING HOMER SOFTWARE
IPSYS / / / / / /
Reference Technology Location Methodology Hybrid Designer / / / / /
Rahman et al. PV-WT- Bangladesh considered basic TRNSYS / / / / / / /
iGRHYSO / / / / / /
[6] Battery-DG electricity needs
only
Himri et al. Wind-Diesel Algeria limited HOMER first runs an hourly simulation of all possible
[7] technology configurations on different system types. The speed of
options simulation processing allows for the evaluation of thousands
Givler et al. PV-Diesel- Sri Lanka considered basic of combinations. The main advantage of the hourly
[8] Battery electricity needs simulations is the improved accuracy over statistical models
only that only evaluates the average in terms of months of a
Boneya et al. PV-Wind- Ethiopia hypothetical particular system. [13].
[9] Diesel- load data was
Battery used The process of simulation of the HOMER has two functions.
Mehranzamir PV-Wind- Malaysia typical First, it determines whether the system is feasible. The
et al. [10] Diesel residential load
software considered the power system to be feasible if it can
was considered
satisfy the loads regarding the source and depending on the
Uchenna et al. PV-Wind- Nigeria load demand of
[11] Battery 3-bedroom constraints of the problem. Second, the projection of the
apartment was lifecycle cost of the system which is equals to the installation
used cost and the operating costs. After running the simulations, the
software sorts out the feasible cases in increasing order of net
III. METHODOLOGY present of lifecycle cost. The lifecycle cost represents the
This study will use HOMER (Hybrid Optimization Model present value of the operations, maintenance of equipments,
for Electric Renewables) software developed by Mistaya fuel cost and the initial costs. HOMER will list the system in
Engineering, Canada for the National Renewable Energy terms of optimality defined as the one with the least present
Laboratory (NREL). Fig. 1 illustrates the process flow of the cost for each renewable energy source type.
study.
The objective of the optimization process is to define the
optimal value of each decision variable. The decision
variables used in the HOMER software are :

1. PV array sizing
2. Total no. of Wind turbines
Fig. 1 Process flow of the study
3. The presence of the hydro system
4. Generator sizes
Of all the energy modeling softwares available in the 5. The number of batteries
market, HOMER’s capabilities provide the best option for 6. The dispatch strategy
modeling and optimizing the result of this study. Sinha and
Chandel [12] presented a review of software tools for hybrid Figure 2 represents the equivalent power system diagram of
renewable energy systems. In their conclusion, the HOMER the HRPS.
software is commonly used for the optimization of loads and
costs of different combination of renewable energy source
which gives a faster way for feasibility studies and source
evaluation. Table 2 presents the comparative features of the
different software tools based on capabilities and renewable
energy generator options.
 The researcher used the solar irradiance data obtained from
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The annual
average solar radiation in Calayan Island is 4.78 kWh/m2/day.
Fig. 4 shows the daily radiation and clearness index of the
Calayan Islaand over a one year period
.

Fig. 4 Monthly average daily radiation and clearness index

Fig. 2 HOMER diagram of the hybrid system
3) Wind Supply:
HOMER’s sensitivity analysis then repeats this optimization
using user-defined factors, such as fuel price, load size, The wind speed value used in this paper was obtained from
reliability requirement, and resource quality. A pre-HOMER the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
analysis will be done to complement the simulation to The annual average wind speed is 7.13 m/s. Fig. 5 shows the
HOMER. In the pre-HOMER analysis, a detailed assessment monthly average wind speed over a one-year period.
of the electrical load demand and available renewable energy
resources such as wind, solar and hydro in Calayan Island will
be conducted.

The detailed assessment on the electrical load demand in the

island will be coming from PowerSource Philippines, Inc., a
private company engaged in off-grid electrification in the
Philippines. In the assessment, an electrical load survey was
conducted covering all the commercial establishments,
government offices, institutional buildings and thirty percent
(30%) of the total household population. The methodology of
the electrical load analysis will not be discussed in this paper
due to confidentiality. Fig. 5 Wind speed in average per month
A. Load Profile and RE Resources 4) Hydro Supply:
1) Electrical Load: The monthly average stream flow in Fig. 7 is derived from
Fig. 3 shows the load profile in Calayan Island (Latitude: the monthly average rainfall and precipitation of the island as
presented in Fig. 6, and the stream flow study conducted by
19° 16.6’ N, Longitude: 121°, 29.0’ E) considering the
Filipinas Renewable Energy Development Corporation on
electricity demand for all residential households, commercial
Balagubag Creek located in the island of Calayan [14].
establishments and institutional buildings in the area.
Average energy demand in a day is 4,202.3 kWh and an
average power demand of 175.1 kW at 0.38 load factor.

Fig. 3 Daily load profile of Calayan Island

2) Solar Resource:
Fig. 6 Monthly average rainfall and precipitation
 The battery model used is Trojan L16P 2 kWh. The capital
cost, replacement cost and annual O&M cost of the battery
were assumed to be P16,100.00, P16,100.00 and P46.00,
respectively. Lifetime of the battery was assumed to be 10
years and a throughput of 1,075 kWh. The quantities of
batteries considered were 0, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450
and 500.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
HOMER simulated different system configurations with all
Fig. 7 Monthly average stream flow
of the possible combinations of components were specified in
B. HOMER Inputs the component input. HOMER performed hundreds or
thousands of hourly simulations to identify the best possible
1) Solar panel inputs:
match of power sources and offered a list of feasible schemes
The study shows, the annual operating and maintenance ranked on the basis of the Net Present Cost (NPC). The
cost, capital and replacement cost of the solar panel per kWp strategy taken in these simulations is to ensure that power
were assumed to be P110,000.00, P110,000.00 and P3,300.00, sources provide enough power to meet the demand of the
respectively [15]. The lifetime of the solar panel was assumed island.
to be 25 years. The derating factor used is 0.75. The factor
For the best case, the NPC of the system is found to be
means a 25% reduction of the panel’s productivity which is
P236M with the cost of energy (COE) at P11.89/kWh.
the effect of temperature and foreign matters on solar panel
Operating cost and initial capital cost are at P10.3M and
performance. The sizes of PV panels considered were 0, 50,
P102M, respectively. The hybrid is composed of a 50 kW
100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 kW.
solar PV, 50x10 kW Bergey Windpower wind turbines, 1x180
2) Wind Turbine Inputs: kW and 1x120 kW diesel generators, 450x2 kWh Trojan L16P
batteries (4.21 hours of autonomy), 250 kW hydroelectric
The wind turbine model used is BWC Excel-s 10 kW by plant and a 150 kW converter as shown on Table 3. The
Bergey Windpower to simplify the analysis. The capital cost, hybrid system consisting of a 350 kW solar PV, 65x10 kW
replacement cost and annual O&M cost of the wind turbine wind turbines, 1x180 kW and 1x220 kW diesel generators and
were assumed to be P690,000.00, P690,000.00 and P4,232.00, a 150 kW converter is the worst case presented by HOMER.
respectively [16]. The lifetime of 15 years and hub height of This system has a COE of P32.04/kWh and an NPC of
25 m were assumed. The quantities of wind turbines P635M.
considered were 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60 and
65. TABLE III
HOMER OPTIMIZATION RESULT
3) Hydro Plant Inputs: PV (kW) WT DG1 (kW) DG2 (kW) BESS
Hydro Converter
COE (଑)
Ren. Frac.
(kW) (kW) (% )
The inputs for the hydro plant were based on the pre- 50 50 180 120 450 250 150 11.89 88
50 180 120 450 250 150 11.90 87
feasibility study of Filipinas Renewable Energy Development 300 120 220 500 250 150 13.41 84
Corporation on Balagubag Creek located in the island of 300 65 220 500 250 150 13.62 92
Calayan [14]. This study is for the development of a mini- 300 65 220 500 250 150 13.62 92
hydroelectric plant (run-of-river) to supply the power demand 50 55 220 120 250 50 15.11 84
180 220 450 250 150 15.35 76
of the island. Total installed plant capacity is 250 kW (2x125
250 120 220 250 100 17.49 77
kW) with a net head of 72 m at a design flow of 0.43 cms 350 65 120 220 500 200 21.85 68
(30% exceedance). Total estimated project cost is 65 120 220 500 100 24.78 52
P37,500,000.00 and estimated annual O&M cost is 350 65 180 220 150 32.04 55

P1,179,871.00.
Table 4 compares the COE for all suitable hybrid system
4) Diesel Generator Inputs: combinations. A Solar-Wind-DG-Battery-Hydro hybrid
system is the best combination followed by the Wind-DG-
The researcher decided to use two (2) small size diesel
Battery-Hydro and Solar-DG-Battery-Hydro hybrid systems.
generators instead of a single unit with large capacity to
COE will increase more than 80% for hybrid systems without
provide flexibility in the operation of the generators. The
a hydro plant. A Wind-DG-Battery and Solar-Wind-DG
capital cost, replacement cost and O&M cost per hour of the
hybrid systems are the combinations with highest COE. Other
diesel generator per kW were assumed to be P40,250.00,
hybrid system combinations not included in the table is
P40,250.00 and P17.14, respectively [15]. Minimum loading
expected to have a very high COE and will have system
was set at 30% and the lifetime of 15,000 running hours was
reliability issues.
used. The sizes of diesel generators considered were 0, 80,
120, 180 and 220 kW.
5) Battery Inputs:
 TABLE IV
COE COMPARISON FOR ALL SUITABLE HYBRID COMBINATION
Hybrid System Combination COE COE Rise
Solar Wind DG Battery Hydro (଑/kWh) (% )
/ / / / / 11.89 -
/ / / / 11.90 0.08%
/ / / / 13.41 12.78%
/ / / / 15.11 27.08%
/ / / 15.35 29.10%
/ / / 17.49 47.10%
/ / / / 21.85 83.77%
Fig. 9 Annual power output of the 180 kW diesel generator
/ / / 24.78 108.41%
/ / / 32.04 169.47% The 120 kW diesel generator will operate 1,126 hours in a
year with a mean electrical output of 82.67 kW. Minimum
Overall, the hydroelectric plant provides 1,586,707 electrical output is 36 kW while the maximum electrical
kWh/year equivalent to 57.21% of the total annual energy output is 120 kW. Total fuel consumption in a year is 25,333
output of the hybrid system as shown on Table 5. Wind L, and the specific fuel consumption is 0.29 L/kWh with mean
turbines, diesel generators and solar PV will only supply electrical efficiency of 34.61%. The generator will operate
33.96%, 6.61% and 2.23%, respectively. daily on March, April and July, and expected to provide back-
TABLE V up power during poor RE resource period just like the 180 kW
ENERGY PRODUCTION OF EACH HYBRID SYSTEM COMPONENT diesel generator.
Component kWh/year %
Solar PV 61,935 2.23
DG 1 90,146 3.25
DG 2 93,081 3.36
Wind
941,833 33.96
Turbine
Hydro 1,586,707 57.21
Total 2,773,703 100.00

The wind turbines will have a total rated capacity of 500 kW

with a mean output of 107.52 kW. Capacity factor is 21.50%
and the wind penetration at 61.40%. It will operate 8,264
hours in a year. From October to February, the wind turbines
are expected to supply large amount of electrical energy due
to strong wind resource during the period.
Fig. 10Annual power output of the 120 kW diesel generator
The hydro plant will have a mean output of 181.13 kW and
a capacity factor of 72.45% at a hydro penetration of
103.45%. The plant will be operational for only 7,296 hours in
a year. During March and April when the stream flow is at
minimum, the two diesel generators will supply most of the
electric demand in the island. On these months, diesel fuel
transportation is easier due to the effect of the summer season
making the power supply from the diesel generators a reliable
option.

Fig. 8 Annual power output of the wind turbines

The 180 kW diesel generator will operate 577 hours in a

year with a mean electrical output of 156.23 kW. Minimum
electrical output is 78.95 kW while the maximum electrical
output is 180 kW. Total fuel consumption in a year is 25,715
L, and the specific fuel consumption is 0.29 L/kWh with mean
electrical efficiency of 35.63%. The generator will operate
daily on March and April, and expected to provide back-up
power during poor RE resource period.
Fig. 11Annual power output of the hydro plant
Due to the minimal diesel fuel consumption of the hybrid
system (see Fig. 12), the effect of diesel fuel price increased to
COE is also minimal as presented in the sensitivity analysis
result on Table 6. The sensitivity analysis is done using diesel
fuel price of P55/L, P60/L and P65/L.
 The modeling of a hybrid renewable power system in
Calayan Island, Cagayan using HOMER software resulted to a
least cost combination of solar PV, wind turbines, diesel
generators, hydroelectric plant and batteries at a COE of
P11.89/kWh. With the true cost generation rate of diesel based
off-grid power generation in the Philippines many times well
over P20/kWh, the COE achieved in this study is promising
for hybrid renewable power systems. Based on HOMER
Fig. 12 Annual diesel fuel consumption of the diesel generators simulation, the best possible hybrid renewable power system
is composed of a 50 kW solar PV, 50x10 kW wind turbines,
TABLE VI
DIESEL FUEL PRICE SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS RESULT 1x180 kW and 1x120 kW diesel generators, 450x2 kWh
Diesel
PV (kW) WT DG1 (kW) DG2 (kW) BESS
Hydro Converter
Dispatch COE (଑)
batteries, 250 kW hydroelectric plant and a 150 kW converter.
Price (଑/L) (kW) (kW)
55 50 50 180 120 450 250 150 LF 11.89 Most of the electricity in the optimal solution comes from the
60 50 50 180 120 450 250 150 LF 12.07 hydroelectric plant providing a cheap source of power to the
65 50 50 180 120 450 250 150 LF 12.24
locality.
Cost summary for each hybrid system component is shown
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