Steam Turbine Fundamentals

STEAM TURBINE
SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENTATION
Energy Integrated System and Support Services Co.
Prepared by: Lucky Cham B. Aguila Reviewed By: Dave Cabral

STEAM TURBINE SUPERVISORY INSTRUMENTATION
Energy Integrated System and Support Services Co. Training Essentials
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Title Page i
Table of Contents ii
Introduction iii
Description of Steam Turbine iv
Operation and Maintenance of Steam Turbine vi
Steam Turbine Rotor Vibration Failure vii
Description of Steam Turbine

1. An overview to Steam Turbine
2. Transducers and Sensors
3. Measurement Techniques
4.
Operation and Maintenance of Steam Turbine

Operation
1. Start up and Shut down Procedures
2. Normal Operating Procedure
3. Abnormal Operating Procedure
4. Emergency Operating Procedure
Maintenance
1.
Steam Turbine Rotor Vibration Failure 19

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
References Cited 21
Review Questions 22
ii | P a g e
GPCALCS SOFTWARE
1|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. Basic Concepts of Electricity
 Electricity is the flow of electrons (current) through a conductor.

 Requires a source of power: usually a generating station.
 Travels in a closed circuit.
 When you become part of the circuit, the injury may be fatal.
Figure 1 Flow of
electrons in series Figure 2: Flow of electrons in
circuit parallel circuit
2. The Four Major Types of Electrical Injuries are:
2.1. Direct:
 Electrocution
 Electrical Shock
 Burns
2.2. Indirect:
 Falls
3. Effects of Electricity on the Human Body: Electrical Shock
 Received when current passes through the body.

 Severity of the shock depends on:
o Path of current through the body.
o Amount of current flowing through the body.
o Length of time the body is in the circuit.
3.1. Range of currents lasting 1 second will result to the following reactions:
– 1 milliamp
 Just a faint tingle.
– 5 milliamps
 Slight shock felt. Most people can let go.
– 6-30 milliamps
 Painful shock. Muscular control is lost. This is the range were “freezing
current” starts. It may not be possible to let go.
– 50-150 milliamps
 Extremely painful shock, respiratory arrest, (breathing stops) and severe
muscle contractions. Death is possible.
– 1,000-4,300 milliamps (1-4.3 amps)
 Arrhythmic heart pumping action, muscles contract, and nerve damage
occurs. Death is likely.
– 10,000+ milliamps (10 amps)

 Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur. Death is probable.
“The longer the exposure, the increased danger of shock to the victim.”
3.2. Low voltage can also be extremely dangerous because the degree of injury depends not only on the
current, but on the length of time in contact with the circuit.
 Example:
– A current of 100mA applied for 3 seconds is as dangerous as 900mA
applied for 0.03 seconds.
 Low Voltage Does Not Mean Low Hazard.
 DC sources causes more injury due to the absence of zero crossing compared
to AC sources.
 And most incidents happen on household voltage levels.
3.3. High voltages lead to additional injuries such as:
 Violent muscular contractions

– Muscle contractions may cause bone fractures from either contractions
themselves or from falls.
 Internal bleeding, destruction of tissues, nerves and muscles.

4. Arc Flash and Arc Blast
4.1. What is the best way to prevent the hazards of electricity?

Avoiding energized circuits is the safest way!
 Stop – Assess the situation / condition before
working
 Evaluate the Risks/Hazards
 Find safer options – Isolations, Lock-out / Tag-out
 Protection - Proper PPE
4.2. One Type of Burn from Arc Flash

Surface Burns
 Caused by exposure to the arc flash
 Can cause more surface burns if the initial arc ignites other material such as
clothing
 1st degree to 3rd degree can cause death!
 Arcs in enclosures, such as a Motor Control Centers (MCCs) or switchgear, magnify blast
and energy transmitted as the blast is forced to the open side of the enclosure.
 Arcs spray droplets of molten metal at high-speed pressure. Blast shrapnel can penetrate
the body.

 Blast pressure waves have thrown workers across rooms and

knocked them off ladders. Pressure on the chest can be higher than
2000 lbs/sq. ft.
 Electric produce the highest temperatures on earth – up to 20,000
o
C.
 The intense heat from arc causes the sudden expansion of air that
results in a blast with very strong air pressure (Lightning is a natural
arc).
 All known materials are vaporized at this temperature. (Copper
expands 67,000 times, Water 1,670 times).
4.3. Other type of physical damage due to exposure to Arc Flash/Blast

 Eye damage due to intense radiant energy.
 Inhalation of smoke and molten metal
 Fracture and body injury due to the blast.
 Hearing loss from sound blast. The sound can have a magnitude as high as
140dB at a distance of half a meter from the arc.
4.4. What can we do to prevent injury from Arc Flash / Arc Blast?
 The design of electrical equipment installation shall be Arc Blast
containment certified, and that CB’s can be racked out without opening the
panel door.
 Use insulated tools when working inside electrical panels.
 If panel isolation is not possible wear arc flash rated gears: Arc flash rated
suit, arc flash hood, arc resistant gloves, flame retardant (FR) shirts. The
minimum rating of this gears shall be above the calculated Incident Energy
level of the particular panel.
In western countries like the US and Australia, Arc Flash Protection

is legislated to protect electrical workers from the hazards of arc flash
incidents. It is a known experience that donning these gears presents
difficulty in performing the work and makes eye and hand coordination
cumbersome. But accidents only happen once and Prevention is better than
incurable injury or death. Don’t take the chance, it isn’t worth it.
 Do not breach designated approach boundaries:

 Limited Approach Boundary Approach Boundaries NFPA 70E-2012
Ch. 1, Section 130 - Entered only by qualified persons or
unqualified persons that have been advised and are escorted by a
qualified person
 Restricted Approach Boundary - Entered only by qualified persons
required to use shock protection techniques and PPE
 Prohibited Approach Boundary - Entered only by qualified persons
requiring same protection as if direct contact with live part
 Flash Protection Boundary - Linear distance to prevent any more
than 2nd degree burns from a potential arc-flash (typically 120 cm)
4.5. Section 110.16 of the 2011 NEC ® Requires Arc Flash

Hazards Labels

 110.16 Arc-Flash Hazard Warning. Electrical equipment, such as

switchboards, panel boards, industrial control panels, meter socket
enclosures, and motor control centers, that are in other than dwelling
units, and are likely to require examination, adjustment, servicing, or
maintenance while energized shall be field marked to warn qualified
persons of potential electric arc flash hazards. The marking shall be
located so as to be clearly visible to qualified persons before examination,
adjustment, servicing, or maintenance of the equipment.
 Arc Flash Labeling by NEC & NFPA 70E Minimum Requirement. Generic
labels prior to September 30, 2011 are acceptable if they at least have the
incident energy or required PPE/HRC level.
4.6. Who is Responsible for Safety?
The “Employer” is responsible for:

 OSHA requirements
 Electrical Safety Program
 Safety Policies and Procedures
 Safety Training and Retraining
The “Employee ” is responsible for:

 Implementing employer’s safety procedures
 Not putting himself in harm’s way or others that
may be affected by his work
5. International Standards and Codes
 International standards are standards developed by international standards organization.

International standards may be used either by direct application or by a process of
modifying an international standard to suit local conditions. International standards are
one way of overcoming technical barriers in international commerce caused by
differences among technical regulations and standards developed independently and
separately by each nation, national standards organization, or company.

5.1. Some of the standards organization in the electrical and electronics field are as follows:
ACRONYM DESCRIPTION LOGO
IEC International Electrotechnical

Commission
International Organization for

ISO Standardization
Institute of Electrical and Electronics

IEEE
Engineers
Deutsches Institut für Normung

DIN
(Germany)
Japan Industrial Standards Committee

JISC
(Japan)
SA Standards Australia
Standards New Zealand

SNZ
Bureau of Product Standards

BPS (Philippines)
Department of Standards Malaysia

DSM
Pacific Area Standards Congress (Asia

Pacific)
PASC
British Standards Institution

BSI
American National Standards Institute

ANSI

National Electrical Manufacturers

Association
NEMA
National Electrical Testing Association
NETA
National Fire Protection Association

(NFPA-70E: Standard for Electrical
Safety in the Workplace)
NFPA
5.2. Codes
 Codes are regionally adoptable standards for the safe installation of electrical wiring
and equipment. It is typically adopted by states and municipalities in an effort to
standardize their enforcement of safe electrical practices.
 NEC – National Electrical Code of the USA
 The Philippine Electrical Code is generally patterned after the National

Electrical Code of the USA. It is meant to be a guideline for the safe installation
of electrical wiring and equipment.
 The Philippines Bureau of Product Standards have also published some

technical standard detailing the specification for electrical equipment for the
purpose of fulfilling the requirement for Import Commodity Clearance.
5.3. Sample Mandatory Standards in Philippines

6. Earthing / Grounding
 Grounding needs vary according to function. The grounding requirements of a power
system will vary from those of electrical equipment, lightning protection or for the
proper function of electronic equipment.
6.1. Why do we need to ground?

There are important reasons why a grounding system should be installed.
 The most important reason is to protect people!

 Protection of structures and equipment from unintentional contact with
live conductors.

 Ensure maximum safety from electrical system faults and lightning.

It is a fundamental fact that electricity ALWAYS flows to the point of lowest
potential. The task is to ensure that electricity, including faults, lightning and
electronic noise, flows to this point with maximum safety to people, while
maintaining the reliability of equipment.
Proper installation of appropriate grounding systems requires knowledge of the

needs and layout of the facility. Soil characteristics, grounding conductor materials, grounding
connections and terminations, are significant factors determining the design of a grounding
system. Applicable standards and codes must be applied.
6.2. Definition:
10 | P a g e ELECTRICAL SAFETY
 STEP POTENTIAL
- Step Potential is the voltage difference between a person’s feet caused by the
dissipation gradient of a fault entering the earth.
 TOUCH POTENTIAL
- Touch Potential is similar to "Step Potential" except that the fault current
passes through the person’s arm and torso on the way to the ground.
Typically, one meter from a fault entry point, voltage will be reduced by 50%. (e.g.
A 1,000 Amp fault in a 5 Ohm grounding system will enter the earth at 5,000 volts. At a
distance of less than one meter away, a fatal potential of 2,500 volts will exist).
6.3. Another function of the grounding system is to provide a reference for circuit conductors to stabilize
their voltage to ground during normal operation. The earth itself is not essential to provide a reference
function; another suitable inductive body may be used instead. The function of a grounding electrode
system and a ground terminal is to provide a system of conductors, which ensures electrical contact
with the earth.
6.4. Earthing / Grounding Schemes

 International standard IEC 60364 distinguishes three families of earthing
arrangements, using the two-letter codes TN, TT, and IT.
The first letter indicates the connection between earth and the power-supply
equipment (generator or transformer):
"T" — Direct connection of a point with earth (Latin: Terra)
"I" — No point is connected with earth (Isolated), except perhaps via a high
impedance.
The second letter indicates the connection between earth or network and the
electrical device being supplied:
"T" — Earth connection is by a local direct connection to earth (Latin: terra),
usually via a ground rod.
"N" — Earth connection is supplied by the electricity supply Network, either
as a separate protective earth (PE) conductor or combined with the
neutral conductor
 TN networks
 In a TN earthing system, one of the points in the generator or transformer is
connected with earth, usually the star point in a three-phase system. The body of the
electrical device is connected with earth via this earth connection at the transformer.
This arrangement is a current standard for residential and industrial electric systems
particularly in Europe.
 The conductor that connects the exposed metallic parts of the consumer's electrical
installation is called protective earth (PE or Ground). The conductor that connects to
the star point in a three-phase system, or that carries the return current in a single-
phase system, is called neutral (N).
 Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:

6.4..1. TN−S
- PE and N are separate conductors that are connected together
only near the power source.
6.4..2. TN−C
- A combined PEN conductor fulfils the functions of both a PE
and an N conductor. (on 230/400v systems normally only used
for distribution networks)
6.4..3. TN−C−S
- Part of the system uses a combined PEN conductor, which is
at some point split up into separate PE and N lines. The
combined PEN conductor typically occurs between the
substation and the entry point into the building, and earth and
neutral are separated in the service head.
In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing

(PME), because of the practice of connecting the combined neutral-and-
earth conductor via the shortest practicable route to a local Earth-Rod at the
source and at each premises, to provide both System Earthing and Equipment
Earthing at each of these locations.[3] [4]. Similar systems in Australia and
New Zealand are designated as multiple earthed neutral (MEN) and, in North
America, as multi-grounded neutral (MGN).
 TT network
 In a TT (Terra-Terra) earthing system, the protective earth connection for the consumer
is provided by a local earth electrode, (sometimes referred to as the Terra-Firma
connection) and there is another independently installed at the generator. There is no
'earth wire' between the two. The fault loop impedance is higher, and unless the
electrode impedance is very low indeed, a TT installation should always have an RCD
(GFCI) as its first isolator.
The big advantage of the TT earthing system is the reduced conducted interference from other
users' connected equipment. TT has always been preferable for special applications like
telecommunication sites that benefit from the interference-free earthing. Also, TT networks do not pose
any serious risks in the case of a broken neutral. In addition, in locations where power is distributed
overhead, earth conductors are not at risk of becoming live should any overhead distribution conductor
be fractured by, say, a fallen tree or branch. In pre-RCD era, the TT earthing system was unattractive for
general use because of the difficulty of arranging reliable automatic disconnection (ADS) in the case of
a line-to-PE short circuit (in comparison with TN systems, where the same breaker or fuse will operate
for either L-N or L-PE faults). But as residual current devices mitigate this disadvantage, the TT earthing
system has become much more attractive providing that all AC power circuits are RCD-protected.
 IT network
 In an IT network, the electrical distribution system has no connection to earth at all, or
it has only a high impedance connection.
The TT earthing system is used throughout Japan, with RCD units in most industrial settings.
This can impose added requirements on variable frequency drives and switched-mode power supplies
which often have substantial filters passing high frequency noise to the ground conductor. (With
reference to Wikipedia)
6.5. Local Conditions
MERALCO 1 PH TRANSFORMER SERVICE ENTRANCE CONNECTION
6.6. TYPICAL SUPPLY DIAGRAM
6.7. The GFCI / RCD / RCCB

The problem with this scheme is that the equipment is energized to line voltage and is only
isolated after you make contact with the energized casing. 5 mA GFCI became unpopular due to
spurious tripping and is now replaced with commercially available units in 20mA or 30mA rating.
However this is the “freezing current” level and considered as painful shock level.
6.8. THE SOLUTION
In the Cooperative Utilities network the GFCI may not be required if the fault is closer to the
line conductor than to the neutral as the magnitude of the fault current could be enough to trip the
overcurrent set point of the line circuit breaker.
COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT
17 | P a g e COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT

18 | P a g e COAL FIRED THERMAL POWER PLANT

LOW AND HIGH VOLTAGES SYSTEM
19 | P a g e LOW AND HIGH VOLTAGES SYSTEM

20 | P a g e LOW AND HIGH VOLTAGES SYSTEM

Steam Turbine Fundamentals

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STEAM TURBINE

Prepared by: Lucky Cham B. Aguila Reviewed By: Dave Cabral

Description of Steam Turbine

Operation and Maintenance of Steam Turbine

Steam Turbine Rotor Vibration Failure 19

1|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

1. Basic Concepts of Electricity

 Electricity is the flow of electrons (current) through a conductor.

2. The Four Major Types of Electrical Injuries are:

3. Effects of Electricity on the Human Body: Electrical Shock

 Received when current passes through the body.

2|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 Cardiac arrest and severe burns occur. Death is probable.

 And most incidents happen on household voltage levels.

3.3. High voltages lead to additional injuries such as:

 Violent muscular contractions

3|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

4. Arc Flash and Arc Blast

4.1. What is the best way to prevent the hazards of electricity?

4.2. One Type of Burn from Arc Flash

4|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 Blast pressure waves have thrown workers across rooms and

4.3. Other type of physical damage due to exposure to Arc Flash/Blast

In western countries like the US and Australia, Arc Flash Protection

 Do not breach designated approach boundaries:

4.5. Section 110.16 of the 2011 NEC ® Requires Arc Flash

5|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 110.16 Arc-Flash Hazard Warning. Electrical equipment, such as

4.6. Who is Responsible for Safety?

The “Employer” is responsible for:

The “Employee ” is responsible for:

5. International Standards and Codes

 International standards are standards developed by international standards organization.

6|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

ACRONYM DESCRIPTION LOGO

IEC International Electrotechnical

International Organization for

Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Deutsches Institut für Normung

Japan Industrial Standards Committee

Standards New Zealand

Bureau of Product Standards

Department of Standards Malaysia

Pacific Area Standards Congress (Asia

British Standards Institution

American National Standards Institute

7|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

National Electrical Manufacturers

National Electrical Testing Association

National Fire Protection Association

 NEC – National Electrical Code of the USA

 The Philippine Electrical Code is generally patterned after the National

 The Philippines Bureau of Product Standards have also published some

5.3. Sample Mandatory Standards in Philippines

8|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

6.1. Why do we need to ground?

 The most important reason is to protect people!

9|Page ELECTRICAL SAFETY

 Ensure maximum safety from electrical system faults and lightning.

Proper installation of appropriate grounding systems requires knowledge of the

6.4. Earthing / Grounding Schemes

 Three variants of TN systems are distinguished:

In the UK, this system is also known as protective multiple earthing