r15 IT Workshop Lab Manual-3

IT Workshop
(15A99201)
Lab Manual
(R-15)
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GATES Institute of Technology
, Anantapuramu District – 515 401 (A. P.)
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
IT Workshop Lab Manual

Academic Year – 2015-16
B.Tech I Year II sem.
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Gates Institute Of Technology
(Approved by AICTE New Delhi and affiliated to JNTUA,Anantapuramu
An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)
Gooty, Anantapuramu District – 515 401 (A. P.)
Department Of Computer Science & Engineering
Lab Manual for the Academic Year 2015-16
(In accordance with JNTUA syllabus)
SUBJECT : IT Workshop
SUBJECT CODE : 15A99201
CLASS : B.Tech I Year II Sem.
Branch : Common To All
Instructors :1)
2)
HOD
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GATES Institute of Technology::Gooty
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
(15A99201) IT Workshop
B.Tech I Year II Sem.
List of Experiments / Tasks
1. Identification of the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its functions. Draw the
block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each peripheral.
Assembling and disassembling the system hardware components of the personal computer and A PC
2. which does not boot due to improper assembly or defective peripherals. Identify the problems and
fix it to get computer back to working condition.
3. Operating System: To install Windows XP on pc.
4. Operating System Features: Features of an operating system and steps for to write the data into the
CD/DVD disk using Nero soft ware.
Networking: Connecting two PCs using a crossover Ethernet cable and to share data/information
5.
from one system to another system.
Browsing and Internet: Connect to the Local Area Network and access the Internet. In this process
6.
configure the TCP/IP settings and access the websites and email.
Antivirus: Expose to various threats on the internet and to configure the computer to be safe on the
7. internet. First install antivirus software; configure the personal firewall and windows update on the
computer.
Microsoft Word:
i. Mail Merge
8. ii. Write a leave letter to the Principal by using different alignments, correct formats in MS-
Word.
iii. Create a Visiting Card of your college
iv. Create a Identity Card of your own
9. Microsoft Excel
10. Microsoft PowerPoint
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IT Workshop Lab
Objective:
The IT Workshop for engineers is a training lab course spread over 90 hours. The
modules include training on PC Hardware, Internet, World Wide Web and Productivity tools
including Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Publisher.
PC Hardware introduces the students to a personal computer and its basic peripherals,
the process of assembling a PC, installation of System Software MS-Windows, Linux and the
required device drivers. In addition, hardware and software level troubleshooting process, tips
and tricks would be covered.
Internet & WWW module introduces the different ways of hooking the PC on to the
internet from home and workplace effectively usage of the internet. Usage of web browsers,
e-mails, news groups and discussion forums would be covered. In addition, awareness of
cyber hygiene, i.e., protecting the personal computer from being infected with the viruses,
worms and other cyber attacks would be introduced.
Prepared By:
M.Ramachandra
Asst. Professor,
G D Lavanya
Asst. Professor
Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
GATES Institute of Technology::Gooty,
Anantapuramu Dist.
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Introduction to IT Workshop:
Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications

equipment to store, retrieve, transmit and manipulate data,
The term is commonly used as a synonym for computers and computer networks, but
it also encompasses other information distribution technologies such as television and
telephones. Several industries are associated with information technology, including
computer hardware, software, electronics, semiconductors, internet, telecom equipment,
engineering, healthcare, e-commerce and computer services.[
stands for "Information Technology," and is pronounced "I.T." It refers to anything related to
computing technology, such as networking, hardware, software, the Internet, or the people
that work with these technologies. Many companies now have IT departments for managing
the computers, networks, and other technical areas of their businesses. IT jobs include
computer programming, network administration, computer engineering, Web development,
technical support, and many other related occupations. Since we live in the "information
age," information technology has become a part of our everyday lives. That means the term
"IT," already highly overused, is here to stay
Workshop:
Workshop may be a room or building which provides both the area and tools (or machinery)
that may be required for the manufacture or repair of manufactured goods.
A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.
1. a room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.
2. a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a

particular subject or project.
3. Present a performance of (a dramatic work), using intensive group discussion and
improvisation in order to explore aspects of the production prior to formal staging.
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Introduction to Computer:
Computer is an electronic device, which takes the input information from the input
device and generates the output information and it will be displayed on the output.
It enables arithmetic computations, data processing, information management
(storage) and knowledge reasoning in an efficient manner.
The word computer is derived from the word compute, which means ‘to calculate’. So a
computer generally considered to be calculating device that perform operations at very faster
rates.
Block Diagram of Computer
Basically the computer system has three major components. These are
• System Unit
o Central Processing Unit (Processor)
o Memory Unit. (Main memory and Auxiliary storage).
• Input Unit.
• Output Unit.
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TASK 1:
Identification of the peripherals of a computer, components in a CPU and its
functions. Draw the block diagram of the CPU along with the configuration of each
peripheral.
Computer:
Computer is an electronic device that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data,
and can be programmed with instructions. A computer is a machine that process data according to a
set of instructions that are stored either temporarily or permanently.
Applications of Computers:
The applications of Computers are:
1. Education
2. Banking
3. Multimedia
4. Transport
5. Industries
6. Communications
7. Space Technology
8. Medical &Research
9. Science & Engineering
Block Diagram of a Computer:
CPU
Control Unit
Input Unit ALU Output Unit
Primary Memory
Secondary Memory
A Computer is mainly divided into three major components namely
1. Input Device/ Unit

2. CPU
3. Output Device/ Unit
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1. Input Device/ Unit:
An input device is used to interact with, or provide data to the computer. The input
device plays a major role in giving the data and process to the CPU. The input device converts the
general data into machine understandable format.
Examples: Mouse, Keyboard, Joysticks, Touch screens, Webcams, Microphones,
Scanner etc…
2. CPU:
CPU stands for “Central Processing Unit”. It is also called as Processor or

Microprocessor. It is the most important component of the computer. It is the brain of the computer,
where the entire process is carried on. In this unit the data is transferred into three main units.
They are
a .Control Unit (CU)

b. Arithmetical Logical Unit (ALU)
c. Memory Unit (MU)
a. Control Unit :
The control unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer by sending electronic
signals. It receives the instructions one by one from the program which is stored in the memory. The
control unit controls the flow of data in other parts of the computer such as input device, output device
and secondary memory device.
b. Arithmetic Logical Unit:
The Arithmetical Logical Unit is called as ALU. The function of this unit is to help in
processing data by performing arithmetic and logical operations. The arithmetic and logical operations
are +, -, >, <, /, etc.
c. Memory Unit:
The memory unit stores the program instructions as well as input device, output device,
intermediate data temporarily. This is also referred as primary storage, main memory or internal
memory. The internal memory is divided into two types.
1. Primary Storage Memory :
Memory is a temporary storage where the processor can access program code or
instructions. Before switching off the computer data should be saved to permanent
storage device for future use. The primary storage memory is divided into two
types.
i. RAM:
RAM stands for “Random Access Memory “It usually refers to temporary memory.
Once the system is switched off the total information in the RAM is lost. Hence
RAM is known as volatile memory. RAM is divided into two types.
 DRAM :
DRAM stands for “Dynamic Random Access Memory”. It is also referred
to as RAM. DRAM is called dynamic because it must be constantly
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refreshed for every two minutes or it will lose the data. DRAM’s are cheap
and consume less power. Large capacity of memory is needed.
 SRAM :
SRAM stands for “Static Random Access Memory”. It is four times faster
than DRAM. SRAM retains data bits in its memory as long as power is
being supplied. SRAM does not have to be periodically refreshed. SRAM
provides faster access to data and is more expensive than DRAM.
ii.ROM:
ROM stands for “Read Only Memory”. ROM is a non-volatile memory. The
information stored in ROM will not be lost even when the power is turned off. We
cannot modify or erase information in ROM.The user cannot write into ROM, its
contents are written into at the time of manufacturing. It has less storage capacity.
ROM is classified into three types.
 P-ROM :
P-ROM stands for “Programmable Read-Only Memory”. It is a non-volatile
memory. In this we can record new information but it cannot erase the data,
which is already recorded
 EP-ROM :
EP-ROM stands for “Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory”. In this
memory it is useful in writing new contents as well as erasing the previous
contents, erasing of data is done UV-rays.
 EEP-ROM :
EEP-ROM stands for “Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only
Memory”. This memory works similar to EP-ROM.Here the data is erased
with the help of electric pulses or signals
2. Output Device/ Unit :
Output devices receive information from the CPU and present it to the user in the
desired form. The input device is communication between the user and the
Computer, Output device is communication between the computer and user.
Examples: Monitor, Compact Disk, Printer, Speakers, Floppy Disk, Headphones,
Projector
GENERATION OF COMPUTERS
According to continuous development in electronic technology, computers were
subjected to different modifications in various phases of its development from the beginning to
modern times. The different computers in each phase are termed in a separate generation. There are
five generations in the development of computers.
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FIRST GENERATION (1946 – 1954):
First generation computers were based on vacuum tubes, which are bulky in size and
generated a certain amount of heat.
EXAMPLES:
ENIAC (1946) – Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator
EDSAC (1949) – Electronic Data Storage Automatic Calculator
UNIVAC (1951) – Universal Automatic Computer
FEATURES:
1. Use of vacuum tubes
2. Big & Clumsy
3. High Electricity Consumption
4. Programming in Mechanical Language
5. Larger AC were needed
6. Lot of electricity failure occurred
SECOND GENERATION (1955 – 1964):
Second generation computers are developed using transistors, which are smaller in size
and more reliable than vacuum tubes. They are faster and require less power and occupy high memory
space.
EXAMPLES:
IBM (1620)
FEATURES:
1. Transistors were used

2. Core Memory was developed
3. Faster than First Generation computers
4. First Operating System was developed
5. Programming was in Machine Language & Assembly Language
6. Magnetic tapes & discs were used
7. Computers became smaller in size than the First Generation Computers
8. Computers consumed less heat & consumed less electricity
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THIRD GENERATION (1965 – 1974):
Third generation computers use integrated circuits. An IC consists of more than 100
transistors. Magnetic disks came into use to store the data and programs.
EXAMPLES:
IBM (320)
FEATURES :
1. Integrated circuits was developed

2. Power consumption was low
3. SSI & MSI Technology was used
4. High Level Languages were used
FOURTH GENERATION (1975 – UPTO NOW):
Fourth generation computers are microprocessors based computers, using large scale
integration (LSI) and very large scale integration (VLSI) technologies.
EXAMPLES :
Micro Computers
FEATURES :
1. LSI & VLSI Technology was used

2. Development of Portable Computers
3. RAID Technology of data storage
4. Used in virtual reality, multimedia, simulation
5. Computers started in use for Data Communication
6. Different types of memories with very high accessing speed & storage capacity
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FIFTH GENERATION :
Fifth generation computers are artificial intelligence (AI) based computers.
EXAMPLES:
Laptop
FEATURES :
1. Used in parallel processing

2. Used in super conductors
3. Used in speech recognition
4. Used in intelligent robots
5. Used in artificial intelligence
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Computers are categorized depending on their design, speed and its capabilities. They
are personal computers, work station, mini computers, main frame computers and super computers
and adding the fifth generation computer is Laptop.
1. Personal Computer (PC):
A personal computer is a small single user computer based on a micro processor. In

addition to micro processor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for
displaying information or a data and a storage device for saving the data. Personal computer is an 8-
bit or 16-bit machine.
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2. Work Station:
A work station is a single user computer and it looks like a personal computer but it has more
powerful micro processor and high quality monitor. Most work stations contain special purpose
graphics, hardware. These are used for the purpose of animations, software development and a
computer-aided design .Work station has 16-bit machines.
3. Mini Computers:
A Mini computer is a multi user computer capable of supporting from 10 to 100 of
users simultaneously. In 1970’s almost mini computers were 16-bit machines with the advancement in
technology of the speed, memory size and other characteristics developed at the mini computers. Mini
computers are 32-bit machines these machines are called super mini computers.
4. Main Frame Computers:
Main Frame computers are very large storage capacity and high speed processing rate.
These computers are powerful multi user computers capable of supporting many hundreds or
thousands of users at a time. These computers are used to 32-bit machines. These are used in big
organizations to manage high volume applications. Main Frame computers are also used as central
host computers in distributing systems.
5. Super Computers:
Super Computers are extremely fast computers and it can perform hundred millions of
instructions per second. These are fastest machines in terms of processing speed and using multi
processing techniques, vary number of processors which are used to solve the problem. These are
mainly used for weather forecasting, image processing, bio-medical applications, space technology.
These machines are used for 64-bit machines.
6. Laptop:
A laptop is a portable computer and it is like a PC that we can carry easy from one place
to another place. A laptop computer has inbuilt rechargeable battery, which provides enough power
supply for the computer.
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INTRODUCTION TO PC HARDWARE
AIM: To identify the peripherals of a computer.
1. Monitor:
The monitor of a PC works like television screen, it displays text characters and
graphics in colors. The monitor is also known as screen, a CRT (Cathode Ray Tube). Images which
produce on PC depend on the screen. An image is made up of tiny dots called as pixels. The results on
the screen are showed only temporarily and are not permanent unless they are saved permanently on
some storage device.
2. Keyboard:
The keyboard is an input device or type-writer device which contains keys to feed information into
the computer. In general keyboards are of two types.
i. Standard keyboard contains 83-84 keys.

ii. Enhanced keyboard contains 104 or more.
Every keyboard contains following keys are
1. Type Writer keys 8. Tab key
2. Function keys 9. Enter key
3. Space key 10. Caps Lock key
4. Home and end key 11. Shift key
5. Delete and Backspace key 12. Control and Alt keys
6. Page up and Page Down key 13. Escape key
7. Numeric keys 14. Cursor control keys
3. Mouse:
Mouse is an input device and allows us to control the system without typing instructions
from the keyboard. A mouse has a rubber ball embedded on its lower inside. This ball actually
controls the movement of the pointer on computer screen. Every mouse has one primary button and
one secondary button. The primary button is used to carry most of the process. Secondary button is
used for special cases. Generally mouse is of three types.
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i. Three Button Mouse
ii. Scroll Mouse
iii. Cordless Mouse
4. Scanner:
A Scanner is an input device and it can transfer typed or hand written text, graphs, diagrams and
photographs to the computer. To get required data, instead of making duplicate copy on the paper we
can use scanner. It is mainly used for storing important documents, photographs in their original
format.
5. Printer :
A printer is an output device that prints images (numbers, alphabets, graphs)on the
paper. After creating a document on the computer we can send it to printer for printing its copy,
which is called a printout. We can take the print out either in color or Black & white. Generally
printers are of three types.
i. Dot Matrix Printer :
This type of printer makes use of pins. The pins strike on ink ribbon and a dot appears
on the paper. The combinations of dots form a character. It can print 1 to 12 pages in one
minute.
ii. Ink Jet Printer :
This type of printer sprays ink on a sheet of paper. This printer produces high quality
text and graphics. An inkjet printer can print 4 to 12 pages in one minute.
iii Laser Printer :
This type of printer uses fine powder ink called toner. This printer use same technology
as photocopy missions. They produce high quality text and graphics.
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6. Speaker :
Speakers make the system much more reliable to use and entertain while you are
working on computer. Speakers enable us to take advantage of sound in many sites on the
internet and the multimedia.
System Unit:
The System Unit is the most important part of a PC. It is also called as brain of the computer.
The System Unit controls and executes all the operations performed by the PC. The System Unit is
divided in three ways:
1. Front Side of the System Unit
2. Back Side of the System Unit
3. Inside the System Unit
1. Front Side of the System Unit:
In this unit various components are seen in the front part of a System Unit and their functions
are
• Power switch: The power on/off switch is used to turn on or off the power to the PC.
• Reset button: This button helps to restart your computer without disconnecting the power
supply.
• Lights:
The front panel of the system unit may display a variety of colored indicator lights. These lights
are used to indicate whether the hard disk, the floppy disk or CD-ROM is being read or written
• Floppy disk drive:
It is used to read the information stored in floppy disks (also called a diskette). The System Unit
contains a slit in which the floppy disk can be inserted. Floppy disk drive is a component that enables
us to read information on floppy disk, a motor to spin the disk, and a recording/reading device that
moves across the disk to read or write data.
• CD-ROM Drive:
CD-ROM drive is a device that reads the information stored on CD. A CD-ROM is an
abbreviated term for Compact Disk-Read Only Memory. The information stored in a CD-ROM can
neither be changed nor can new information be added to it. So, it is called Read only Memory. A
number followed by the alphabet 'x' indicates the speed of a CD¬ROM drive. Here x means 150 KB
of data can be transferred from CD to computer's memory. The 56X CD-ROM is currently the most
popular drive specification. The CD¬ROM disk is flat and circular in shape and can store a lot more
information as compared to a floppy disk.
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• CD-Writer: A CD-Writer has three actions, they are
i. Recording
ii Rewriting
iii Reading The speed of the drive is 12x2x24.
2. Back Side of the System Unit:
The plugs on the backside of the System Unit are known as connectors. They are
keyboard; monitor, mouse, printer etc are linked to the System Unit through the cables.
• Keyboard Connector:
The keyboard of our computer has round shape connectors and has 8 pins. The male Keyboard
Connector appears at the edge of the keyboard and the female connector appears at the backside of the
System Unit.
• Mouse Connector:
The mouse of our computer has small round shape connectors and has 9 pins. The male
connector appears at the edge of the mouse and the female connector appears at the backside of the
System Unit.
• Monitor Connector:
The monitor of our computer has D-shape connectors and has 15 pins. The male connector
appears at the edge of the monitor and the female connector appears at the backside of the System
Unit.
• Printer:
The printer of our computer has D-shape connectors and has 25 pins. The male connector
appears at the edge of the printer cord and the female connector appears at the backside of the System
Unit.
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• Modem Connector: The modem connectors are quite different from other connectors. The male
modem connector does not have any pins. Instead of male modem connector they have thick
transparent plastic head in a rectangular shape.
• Networking Connector/ Ethernet:
These connectors are used for two or more computers. They need to be linked with each other
over a computer network, like local area network. The shape of male Ethernet connector is quite
similar to male modem connector except flat.
• USB (Universal Serial Bus) Port:
A USB port is used for connecting any device with a USB connection. .
3. Inside of the System Unit:
Inside of the System Unit we have many features.
• CPU (or) Processor Unit:
The processor is also known as CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the brain of a computer. The
faster the processor, the faster it will execute instructions and run the programs. The reason CPU is
called a processor because it can work with data. It has two important jobs. It can do calculations and
it can move data.
Intel Core2Extreme processor with 2.88GHZ
The leading Processor manufactures are Intel and AMD. Whichever the Manufacturer may be,
we have to make sure that we purchase a compatible Motherboard. Now a day’s Intel & AMD have
stopped GHz race and concentrated on how many cores they can fit in each CPU. So, having a 3 GHz
core CPU is not better than having 2.4GHx Dual core CPU. Now a day’s CPU is judged on how many
cores it has. The more cores it has the better it is.
• RAM:
RAM stands for ‘Random Access Memory’. The capacity of RAM is measured in Mega Bytes
(MB). The memory is read-write, and volatile. Two main types of RAM are the Dynamic RAM and
the Static RAM. A computer stores the data in units called bits and bytes. The measured units are
8 bits – 1 byte
1024 bytes – 1 kilo byte
1024 kilo bytes – 1 Mega byte
1024 Mega bytes– 1 Giga Byte
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• ROM:
ROM stands for ‘Read Only Memory’. This type of memory is permanent and cannot be
changed. ROM stores instructions to initialize all computer parts while booting (i.e. each time when
you switch on your computer). ROM is non-volatile. PROM stands for ‘Programmable ROM’.
EPROM stands for ‘Erasable Programmable ROM’. Its contents are erased by exposing it to ultra-
violet light. EEPROM stands ‘Electrical Erasable Programmable ROM’. Its contents can be erased by
applying a specific voltage to one of its input pins while providing the appropriate timing signals.
• BIOS:
BIO stands for ‘Basic Input Output System’. It is built in software, which keeps track of all
devices attached to computer and provide inter communication channel between the listed devices.
BIOS is typically placed in ROM chip that comes with computer often called as ROM BIOS
• BUS:
A bus cable is a collection of wire through which the data is transmitted from one part of a
computer to another. All the bus cables consist of two parts. They are
i Data Bus
ii Address Bus
The data bus transfers actual data where as the address bus transfer the Information where the
data should go and the size of the bus is depending on the width of the bus cable.
Example: A 16 bit bus can transmit 16 bits of data.
• Hard Disk:
Hard disk drive stores all the data including operating system, applications, user files and
documents. The hard disk memory is permanent so that the programs and data are not lost when a
computer is turned off.
There are three types of HDD, which are IDE/ATA, SCSI, SATA (Serial ATA). Majority of
home PCs are equipped with IDE Hard drives. SCSI hard drives are mostly included in servers and
powerful workstations as they offer better data transfer rate which results in better performance than
IDE drives. Modern SATA drives are not far behind SCSI drives in terms of performance with the
introduction of SATA 300 drives.
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• MODEM:
MODEM is technically called as modulator demodulator. It is an electronic device,

which helps to transmit programs and data locally or around the world through the telephone
line. The main function of modem is to transfer digital signals into analog signals and vice
versa. A modem may be a card mounted inside the PC (an internal modem), or it may be a
separate piece of equipment that connects to the serial port of the PC via a cable (an external
modem). Telephone lines then connect the modem to the telephone service.
• SMPS :
The power supply unit is a metal box found in a corner of the System Unit. This box is
known a SMPS. SMPS stands for ‘Switch Mode Power Supply’. It can supply power to all
components of the computer. The power supply is referred as switching power supply. Switch
technology is used to convert AC current into DC current. Once the current is converted to DC
the power supply unit sends required voltage or watts to different components of the computer.
The measurement unit of voltage is watts.
• Mother Board:
Motherboard is a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) that connects the processor, memory and
all our expansion cards together to assemble a PC. Most motherboards made now a days are
ATX. ATX means Advanced Technology Extended. An ATX motherboard has the standard I/O
connectors such as PS/2 ports, USB ports, parallel port, serial port, etc, built onto the
motherboard. An ATX motherboard fits into standard ATX case.
The shape and layout of a motherboard is called the form factor. The form Factor
affects where the individual components go and shape of the computer case.
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1. Socket 478 :
The Socket 478 is connected CPU to motherboard. It has CPU heat sink and fan
retention module. In this socket the locking lever is used in locking the CPU and it contains 478
pins. Socket 478 is used for Intel’s Pentium 4 and Celeron series CPUs.
2. North Bridge :
The North Bridge chip resides near the top of the motherboard, next to CPU socket and
serves as a four-way intersection connecting to CPU, memory, video card (AGP) bus, and its
partner the south bridge chip.
3. South Bridge :
The South Bridge chip resides at the bottom of the motherboard, and allows plugged-in
devices such as network cards or modems to communicate with the CPU and memory. The
south bridge handles most of mother boards“value-added” features such as IDE controller,
USB controller, Ethernet.
4. CMOS :
The CMOS stands for Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor. This Technology
is used for constructing integrated circuits. CMOS technology is used in microprocessors,
microcontrollers, static RAM, and other digital logic circuits. CMOS technology is also used
for a wide variety of analog circuits such as image sensors, data converters, and highly
integrated transceivers for many types of communication. It keeps the system running even
when the systems power is off.
5. AGP :
AGP stands for Accelerated Graphics Port. It is a high-speed point-to-point channel
for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration
of 3D computer graphics. It is used as dedicated port for video cards.
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6. PCI :
PCI stands for Peripheral Component Interconnect. These are used as connections
for video, sound and video capture cards, as well as network cards. PCI slots are used to
install the PCI cards such as
i. LAN (Ethernet) Card--- Back view Ethernet port
ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)
iii. TV Tuner(Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter
b. PCI Slots are white or yellow color

c. PCI Card has Single gap only
7. CNR :
CNR stands for Communications and Network Riser. It is the interface on a
computer motherboard for interfacing a communication device or peripheral.
8. BIOS :
BIO stands for Basic Input/output System. This chip controls the most basic functions
of the computer and performs a self-test every time when we turn it on.
9. ATX Power Connector :
The ATX Power Connector is the main power supply connector located along the edge
of the motherboard.
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10. Floppy Drive Connector :
Floppy Drive Connector is located besides the ATX Power Connector. This connector
is used to connect the data cable from motherboard to Floppy Disk Drive.
11. IDE :
IDE stands for Integrated Drive Electronics. It is a standard electronic interface used
between a computer motherboard’s data paths or bus and the computer's disk storage devices.
This is used to connect the data cables such as hard disk drive, CD-ROM drive
12. RAM slots: There are two types of RAM slots. .
i. SD-RAM slot: SD-RAM stands for Synchronous Dynamic Random
Access Memory. It has two fixing notches.
ii. DDR-RAM slot: DDR-RAM stands for Double Data Rate Random
Access Memory. It has only one fixing notch.
13. Backside of the System Unit port :
These ports are used as an interface between the system and external part of the system Unit.
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TASK 2
Aim: Assembling and disassembling the system hardware components of the personal computer
Steps for Assembling:
 Installing the Motherboard
 Installing the processor
 Installing the heat sink
 Installing the power supply
 Installing the video card
 Installing the hard disk
 Installing optical drive
 Connecting power to motherboard
 Connections of the output channel
Getting the Cabinet ready :

 Check how to open the cabinet and determine where to fix the components.
 Determine if the case has appropriate risers installed.
Steps for Assembling:
 CPU
 Motherboard
 RAM
 Heat Sink / Cooler / Fan
 Ribbon cables
 CD-ROM Drive
 Network adapter drive
 Floppy disk drive
 Hard disk
 Screws
Installing the Mother board:
 Open the side doors of the cabinet

 Lay the cabinet on its side
 Put the motherboard in place
 Drive in all the required screws
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Installing the Processor:
 Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard

 Place the CPU properly on the motherboard
 Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place
Warning:
Do not try to push the CPU into the motherboard. The most commonly used interface material
in the electronics cooling area is thermal compound, a sticky paste applied directly on the top surface
of the heat sink or CPU. Be careful not to put it on the neighboring parts of the motherboard. If you do
so, clean it immediately using the cloth.
Opening CPU Socket:
Locate the processor socket on the motherboard and open the processor slot by lifting the lever on
the side of the slot to the open position.
Align the processor:
Locate the keyed portion of processor that is signified by a diagonal corner of the pin layout.
Align the processor so that its corner matches between the processor and socket.
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Insert the processor:
With the processor aligned based on the key, make sure the pins are all lined up with the socket
and gently lower the CPU into the socket. So, all the pins are in proper holes.
Lock the processor in the socket:
Lock the processor in place to the motherboard by lowering the lever on the side of the processor
slot until it is in the locked position.
Installing the Heat sink:
 Place the heat sink on the processor

 Put the jacks in place
 Secure the heat sink with the lever
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Installing the RAM:
 The RAM must be suitable for motherboard

 Push down the RAM into the slot
 Make sure both the clips hold the RAM properly.
Installing the power supply :
 Place the PSU into the cabinet

 Put the screws in place tightly
Installing the video card:
 Remove the back plate on the cabinet corresponding to the graphics card
 Push the card into the slot
 Secure the card with a screw
 Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required)
High-end graphics cards need dedicated power supply and if your graphics card needs one then
connect the appropriate wire from PSU into the graphics card.
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Installing the hard disk :
 Place the hard drive into the bay

 Secure the drive with screws
 Connect the power cable from PSU
 Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive
Installing optical drive :
 Place the optical drive into the bay

 Drive in the screws
 Connect the power cable and data cable
Connecting power to motherboard:
 Close the side doors of the cabinet and get it upright and place it on the computer table. Get
the rest of the PC components like monitor, keyboard, mouse, speakers etc. which we will
connect now.
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Connections of the output channel :
 If the mouse/ keyboard are PS/2 then connect them to PS/2 ports or else use the USB port.
 Connect the speaker cable in the audio port
 Plug in the power cable from PSU into the UPS
 Also plug in the power cable of the monitor
Final Check:
 Motherboard jumper configurations are the settings for the processor operator.
 Driver jumper settings, master/ slave correct?
 Are the processors, RAM modules and plug in cards finally seated in their sockets.
 Did we plug all the cables in/ Do they all fit really?
 Have you connected the power cables to all drivers?
Potheing up for the first time :
 Ensure that no wires are touching the CPU heat sink fan.
 Plug in the monitor, mouse and keyboard.
 Plug in the pothe card and switch the pothe supply.
If everything is connected as it should be
 All system fans should start spinning.

 We should hear a single beep sound after about 5-10 sec.
 Amber light on monitor should go green.
 We will see the computer start to boot with a memory check.
 Now check front LED’s to see if u plugged them correctly.
 Check all other buttons.
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Hardware Trouble Shooting
To perform Hardware Troubleshooting.
PROBLEM:
No power to the system at all. Power light does not illuminate, fan inside power does not turn
on. Indicator light on keyboard does not turns on.
PROBABLE CAUSE DIAGNOSIS SOLUTION
Visually inspect power Make sure power cable is

Power cable is unplugged
supply Securely plugged in.
Visual inspection, try
Defective power supply Replace cable.
another cable
Power cable & wall socket
Power supply failure Are ok, but system is still
Contact technical support
dead
Use different socket, repair
Faulty wall outlet, circuit Plug in device known to
Outlet reset circuit breaker
Breaker or fuse blown Work in socket & test
or replace fuse.
PROBLEM: 2
System in operational. Keyboard lights are on, power indicator lights are lit, hard drive is
spinning.
Using even pressure

Expansion card is Turn off computer. Take cover off
on both ends of the
partially dislodged from the system unit. Check all expansion
expansion card,
expansion slot on the cards to ensure they are securely
press down firmly
mother board seated in slots.
on expansion card.
Turn off the system. Disconnect the
cables from one of the floppy drives.
Turn on the floppy drives. Turn on
Defective floppy disk Contact technical
the system, check to see if the
drive or tape drive support
keyboard operates normally. Repeat
until you have located defective unit.
Make sure
expansion card is
Defective expansion Turn off computer. Remove an
secure in expansion
card expansion card
socket.
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PROBLEM: 3
System does not boot from hard disk drive, can be booted from floppy disk drive.
Check the cable running from
Disk to disk controller board.
When attempting to run
Connector between Make sure both the ends are
FDISK utility you get a
hard drive & system securely plugged in; check the
message, INVALID
board unplugged drive type in the standard
DRIVE SPECIFICATION.
CMOS setup
Format hard disk; if unable
Damaged hard disk or to do so the hard disk is Contact technical support
disk controller defective.
Run fdisk program, format Backing up the hard disk drive
the drive. Copy data that is extremely important. All
Hard disk directory or
was backed up onto hard hard disk are capable of
FAT is scrambled
drive. breaking down any time.
PROBLEM: 4
System only boots from floppy disk. Hard disk can be read & applications can be used but
booting from hard disk is impossible
Backup data & application
files. Reformat the hard drive.
Hard disk boot program A number of causes could
Re-install applications & data
has been destroyed be behind this
using back up disks.
PROBLEM: 5
Error message reading “SECTOR NOT FOUND” or other error messages not allowing
certain data to be retrieved.
Backup any salvageable data.
Use a file by file backup The low level format partition
A number of causes instead of an image backup & high level format the hard
could be behind this in order to backup the hard drive. Re-install all the saved
disk. data when completed.
PROBLEM: 6
Disk formatted on IBM PS/2 will not operate with the system.
Format disk in the AT type
The IBM PS/2 uses a IBM PS/2 disk format will computer, insert disk into the
different format than not work in an AT type IBM PS/2 & copy the files as
other computer computer you wish.
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PROBLEM: 7
After installing an expansion card (network card, tape drive card etc..) the system will no
longer works properly.
All or part of the
Check the interrupt or RAM address on
system may be
the new expansion card. See the
inoperable. The
documentation that came with the new
new card may
No power to card in order to change settings. Many
work but a mouse
monitor expansion devices come with proprietary
or COM port may
software that will assist you in doing this.
not work.
PROBLEM: 8
Screen message says “Invalid configuration” or “CMOS failure”.
Incorrect information
Check the configuration Review systems equipment.
entered into the
program. Replace any Make sure correct information
configuration (setup)
correct information is in setup.
program.
PROBLEM: 9
Screen is blank
PROBABLE CAUSE SOLUTION
Check the power connectors to monitor & to system.
No power to monitor Make sure monitor is connected to display card, change
I/O address on N/W card if applicable.
Monitor is not connected to
computer See instructions above
PROBLEM: 10
Greek looking letters on screen
Memory problem Reboot computer. Re-install memory, make sure that all
display card jumpers are memo modules are installed in correct sockets. Check
not set properly jumper 7 switch on display card.
Computer virus Format hard disk
PROBLEM: 11
Screen goes blank periodically
Screen saver is enabled Disable screen saver.
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PROBLEM: 12
Keyboard failure
Key board is disconnected Reconnect keyboard. Check keys again. If there is no
improvement replace keyboard
PROBLEM: 13
No color on screen
Faulty monitor If possible, connect monitor to another system. If there is
no color replace monitor.
CMOS incorrectly setup Contact technical support
PROBLEM: 14
Floppy drive lights stays on.
Floppy drive cable is
Reconnect floppy cable making sure PIN1 on the floppy
not connected properly
drive corresponds with PIN1 on floppy cable connector.
PROBLEM: 15
Error reading in drive A.
Bad floppy disk Try new floppy disk.
Floppy disk formatted Format floppy disk (Type FORMAT A: type ENTER)
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Software Trouble Shooting
A malfunctioning CPU due to system software problems. Identify the problems and fix
it to get computer back to working condition.
AIM: To fix problems on given system.

PROCEDURE:
Issue :
Basic software troubleshooting.
Solutions :
Unable to install a software program
1. Verify the disks or CD which are readable by reading the files on the drive. For, example,
Microsoft Windows users can explore the drive in Windows Explorer. If the CD attempts to
Auto Play, we may need to right-click the drive and click Explore to browse the drive.
2. If the CD reads fine with no errors verify the computer meets the minimum requirements of
the software program. If the computer does not have enough disk drive space or does not
meet the requirements, the program will not install.
3. Make sure the program or utility we are installing is compatible with the version of
operating system we have on the computer. For example, many older utilities
Such as a virus protection programs may only work with a specific version of Microsoft
Windows.
4. If we are getting stopped at the CD-KEY or Serial Number verification, verify that we are
entering the correct number. If we lost the number or key or it does not work, we will need
to contact the developer of the program.
Error during installation:
1. Verify the computer meets the requirements of the program or utility. For Example, if the
computer runs out of disk space during the installation, this would cause an error during the
installation.
2. If we are running Microsoft Windows 95 or higher try installing the program from safe
Mode.
3. Verify the CD is clean and contains no significant scratches.
Issue:
Why do Windows programs stop responding?
Solutions:
Unable to install a software program
1. To recover from a program that has stopped responding, a user can generally press CTRL +
ALT + DEL keys on keyboards to open the “Close Program” window or open the “Task
Manager” window and click the “End Task” button to terminate the program. If another
window opens , click the “End Task” button again to confirm stopping that program.
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2. It is important to realize that when a program stops responding any work that has not been
saved will more than likely be lost when end tasking a program. Unfortunately, there is no
other alternative.
Issue:
Basic Microsoft DOS trouble shooting.
Solutions:
Error messages encountered during boot:
Before following the below steps, please make sure that the error we are encountering is not already
documented on computer.
1. Ensure that the computer BIOS settings are correctly configured to the hardware that is
installed in the computer. Improper settings in the BIOS may cause various types of errors
when first booting an IBM compatible co0mputer. These errors often occur as the computer
is first booting and may stop the load process of the computer.
2. Errors that are encountered during boot are commonly due to miss configuration with
autoexec.bat or config.sys. We recommend that we edit autoexec.bat and/or config.sys and
look for any abnormalities.
Issue:
Basic Microsoft Internet Explorer troubleshooting.
Solutions:
1. Close all but one Internet Explorer window.
2. Clear the Internet browser history.
3. Clear any “Unknown” or “Damaged” downloaded programs by clicking the Tools menu,
Internet Options, click the Settings button, click the View Objects button, and selecting each
of the programs that are damaged or unknown and pressing the delete key. If we are unable
to delete an object it may be a part of an add-on, step 6 gives additional information about
disabling and deleting add-ons.
4. Verify that the Security settings under Tools menu, Internet Options are set to medium at
the most. Some web pages may not function properly if the security settings are set too high.
5. Restore defaults for advanced Internet options by opening the Tools menu, Internet Options;
click the advanced tab, clicking the Restore Defaults button.
6. Disable and/ or uninstall all Internet Explorer Add-ons. To do this click Tools, Internet
Options, clicking the Programs tab, and then click the Mange add-ons button. In the
Mange add-ons window highlight each of the add-ons and then select Disable or if this is
something we wish to delete click the delete button. All programs will not have the option to
delete, if this add-on is a toolbar, toolbars and many other add-ons are usually deleted
through the Add/Remove programs.
7. Close Internet Explorer.
8. Open one Internet Explorer window and try again.
9. If we have any popup blockers installed on the computer try disabling the popup
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Blocker and/or uninstalling the popup blocker. Some popup blocker programs can cause
additional issues with the browser.
If all the above recommendations do not resolve the issue, this issue has recently started
occurring, and we are running Microsoft Windows XP, we can also do system recover back to an
earlier date.
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TASK 3:
Aim: Windows XP Installation Steps
OS - Operating System
The operating system is the most important program that runs on a computer. Every general-purpose
computer must have an operating system to run other programs and applications. Operating systems
perform basic tasks, such as recognizing input from the keyboard, sending output to the display
screen, keeping track of files and directories on the disk, and controlling peripheral devices such as
disk drives and printers.
(OR)
An Operating System (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware and
software resources and provides common services for computer programs. The
operating system is a component of the system software in a computer system.
Application programs usually require an operating system to function.
(OR)
An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware. It
also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to speak the
computer's language. Without an operating system, a computer is useless.
The operating system's job
Your computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware
on the computer. Most of the time, there are many different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates all of
this to make sure each program gets what it needs.
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Types of Operating System:
The three most common operating systems for personal computers are
Microsoft Windows,
Apple Mac OS X, and
Linux.
Microsoft Windows
Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the years,
there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent ones
are Windows 8 (released in 2012), Windows 7 (2009), and Windows Vista (2007).
Windows comes preloaded on most new PCs, which helps to make it the most
popular operating system in the world.
If you're buying a new computer or are upgrading to a newer version of Windows, you
can choose from several different editions of Windows, such as Home Premium,
Professional, and Ultimate. You may need to do some research to decide which
edition is right for you.
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AIM: To install Windows XP on pc.
Windows XP Installation Steps
Procedure:
Step 1:
Start the PC and place the Windows XP CD in the CD/DVD-ROM drive. The PC should
automatically detect the CD and we will get a message saying “Press any key to boot from CD”. If
we do not press a key, the PC will attempt to boot to the next device in the boot order, which is
probably the hard drive.
Step 2 : Soon as the computer starts booting from the CD we will get the screen.
Step 3:
At this stage it will ask us to press F6 if we want to install a third party SCSI or RAID driver.
If we are using an IDE Hard Drive the we no need to press F6.If we are using SCSI or SATA Hard
Drive then we must press F6 otherwise Windows will not detect the Hard Drive during installation.
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Step 4:
After necessary files and drivers are loaded we will get a Windows XP Professional Setup
screen. We have the options to install new Windows, Repair previous install or quit. Since we are
doing a new install we press Enter to continue.
Step 5: The next screen that appears is the Windows XP Licensing Agreement. Press F8 to confirm
and agree with the terms.
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Step 6: This step is very important. Here we will create the partition where Windows will be installed.
If we have a new unformatted drive we will get a screen as below. In our case the drive size is 8190
MB. We can choose to install Windows in this drive without creating a partition, hence use the entire
size of the drive. If we wish to do this we can just press enter and Windows will automatically
partition and format the drive as one large drive.
Step 7: We have to keep in remember that there are minimum space requirements to install XP. Set
the size of the desired partition and press Enter.
Step 8: After creating the partition, the screen in the below figure still shows the unallocated
space on the drive. If we want to create another partition, highlight the unallocated space and
press C again to repeat the partition creation process.
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Step 9:
Choose format the partition using NTFS file system. This is the recommended file system. If
the hard drive has been formatted before then we can choose quick NTFS format. We choose NTFS
file system because it offers many security features, supports larger drive size, and bigger size files.
Step 10: Windows XP Setup will now start formatting the drive C:
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Step 11: Windows XP Setup will now copy the necessary installation files from the Windows XP
installation CD to the newly formatted partition drive C.
Step 12: After the Setup has completed copying the files the computer will restart. Leave the XP CD
in the drive. But this time DO NOT press any key when the message “Press any key to boot from
CD” is displayed. In few seconds Setup will continue.
Step 13: Choose the Regional and Language Options.
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Step 14: Enter your name and Organization.
Step 15: Enter the product key.
Step 16: Enter the computer name and Administrator Password. Don’t forget to write down the
Administrator Password.
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Step 17: Enter the correct date, time and choose the time zone.
Step 18: For the Network Settings choose Typical and then press next.
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Step 19: Choose Workgroup or Computer Domain name. If we are not a member of a domain then
leave the default settings and press next.
Step 20: Windows will restart again and adjust the display.
Step 21: Finally Windows will start with a Welcome Screen. Click next to continue.
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Step 22: Choose ‘help protect my PC by turning on automatic updates now ‘and press next.
Step 23: Will this computer connect to the internet directly, or through a network? If we are
connected to a router or LAN the choose: ‘Yes, this computer will connect through a local area
network or home network ‘. If we have a dial up modem then choose :’No, this computer will connect
directly to the internet’. Then click next.
Step 24: Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.
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Step 25: We will get a Thank you screen to confirm setup is complete.
Step 26: Log in, to the PC for the first time.
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Task 4:
Features of an operating system and steps for to write the data into the CD/DVD
disk using Nero soft ware.
Features of an Operating System

You now have read about the various kinds of operating systems that are part of
computers ranging from a humble mobile phone to a mighty supercomputer taking up
an entire building. But they share some common features, some of which are more
important than others depending on the type of operating system
Scheduling
The task of handling how active processes are making efficient use of the CPU processing
cycles is called scheduling. There are many ways of doing this, which is covered in another mini-
website.
Memory Management
The operating system has to make sure that applications are able to run in the amount of
memory available and that they do not interfere with one another. There is a separate mini-website on
this topic.
Allocation of resources
The operating system will provide a working area for each user. This includes
 Disk space quota for their files ( especially on shared network drives)
 A personal GUI set up for each user (multi-user operating systems)
 Perhaps how many processing cycles they are allowed to use (especially on
mainframe)
 How much printer output they are allowed (networked and mainframe)
 How high a priority they can assign to a job (mainframe)
Keeping track of usage

The cost of using large computers is shared amongst the users. So the operating
system will have an accounting / tracking system in place that :
 Counts the processing cycles used per user

 Print out jobs completed
 Batch jobs completed
 Time spent logged in
 Other resources used
And so on. A regular bill is then sent to the user account providing an itemised charge.
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Data and User security
Each user has to be authenticated with an username and password (network and
multi-user operating system). Their data and files will be kept private from other users,
unless they choose to make some shareable with others. The operating system will only
allow administrators ('super users') to change parts of the operating system and install
applications.
Providing system services such as print spooling

Printing out is a time consuming process, so it makes sense to allow users to
hand-off a print job to the operating system so they can get on with other things. This is
called 'print spooling' and is common on multi-user and networked operating systems.
Managing input / output

Data and applications are stored on secondary storage devices such as hard
disks, optical drives, magnetic tape when not in use. The operating system has a file
management system that allows the user to organize their files, to move, delete and
copy files as they wish. Specialized input devices such as graphics tablets and scanners
are also handled by the operating system.
Handling Network communication

Data packets traveling to and from the connected computers on the network are
handled by the operating system. When an user drags a file from their hard disk to a
shared networked drive, they do not care how it happens - the operating system takes
care of all the details.
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Steps for to write the data into the CD/DVD disk using Nero soft ware.
There are two different types of CD Media, and two separate methods for writing to
CD, commonly referred to as burning. Although it is not absolutely necessary, I have found
that one way is most suitable for writing to CD-R and one is most suitable for CD-RW.
To clarify, CD-R is write once. With most modern CD drives, you can write again,
but each time you do, it gobbles up more space so it will eventually run out. Also, some older
drives will not see the subsequent data, and will only see the first write. So it is not best to do
that.
CD-RW is rewritable, where you format the CD, and write to it over and over, like it is a big
floppy disk.
CD-R’s are cheap and CD-RW’s are not, so there is a use for both in today’s world.
When Nero is installed, it should have been installed with the Nero Burning software, and the
InCD software. If you don’t have both, get your Nero CD and install them both.
Write to a CD-R (This process uses the Nero Burning software)
1. Insert a blank CD-R, and click on Start | Programs | Ahead Nero | Nero
Burning ROM.
2. Follow the Wizard which looks like
3. then choose Audio or Data as required
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4. Create a new CD
5. Finish.
6. This will give you a screen like the following:
7. Drag the files from the right hand side to the left hand side
8. Then click on the tool bar on the 8th button, called Write dialog and follow the
prompts.
Note: While it is writing, don’t touch the computer, to ensure there is no buffer overrun or
processing interruption. The smallest interruption will ruin your CD.
Write to a CD-RW (This process uses the Nero InCD software)
1. If the CD-RW has already been formatted, and even used, then simply insert it into
the CDRW drive, and the In CD software recognizes it, and makes it a writable drive.
You can then copy files to it with Windows explorer as you normally would.
2. If the CD-RW has not been formatted, then inserting it into the CDRW drive will
cause In CD to identify it, and pop a dialogue box up telling you it is there. If it
doesn’t offer the format button, or tells you it is ready, then click Cancel or OK.
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3. Right Click on the small In CD Icon in the task tray (bottom right of the screen) and
choose Format. This will present you with:
4. Click Next about 4 times, typing in a volume name if you want, the Finish to start the
formatting.
5. When it is finished, about 20 minutes, then you will be able to start writing to the CD
like a floppy. These CD-RW’s formatted like this can only be read and written to with
computers with the same software and CD-RW hardware. (Although some new multi
read CD’s can actually read them, we cannot be sure).
Copy a CD to CD-R (This process uses the Nero Burning software)
1. Insert the CD you want to copy, and click on Start | Programs | Ahead Nero | Nero
Burning ROM. (Note, if it is Auto-Running, either hold the Shift key down when you
insert it, or cancel the music or application that starts.
2. Follow the Wizard which looks like:
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3. Click “Copy a CD” and then Next.
4. Confirm Source Drive, and click Next:
5. Then Click “Burn” to start the copy write process, that will start storing to a
temporary space on your hard drive.
6. You will then be presented with a CD database screen. You can just cancel this, and
then the CD copying will start.
7. When finished, the CD will eject, and you can insert a blank CD.
8. After inserting a blank CD-R, the burn process will write to the CD.
9. When finished, you will get the completion message:
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NOTE: These instructions are written for the purpose of making a backup of a CD for
personal use only. You should be aware that infringing copyrights is illegal, and in most
cases, CD’s are not to be copied. Some authors do allow you to make a backup copy for
personal use. However, we do not condone illegal copying, and take no responsibility for any
actions taken as a result of the instructions supplied within this document.
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Task 5:
Connecting two PCs using a crossover Ethernet cable and to share data/information
from one system to another system.
Connecting two PCs using a crossover Ethernet cable is the safest and easiest way of
transferring files, pictures, videos and music. It is fail proof and secure. Data transfer between
two PCs through a crossover Ethernet cable creates a network for sharing data and using two
electronic resources, thus avoiding having a separate networking facility for each computer.
The two PCs must have network cards preinstalled and the LAN RJ45 Ethernet cable plug-in
between them. Change both computer names and in the network connection properties, select
the internet protocol properties and add values to the IP address and Subnet Mask. Then save
the changes. Later, when all internet connections are made, restart the PCs and view the LAN
of the two computers in the network connections.
How to set up a network between two computers?
Connect the crossover Ethernet cable to the LAN (RJ45) ports of both the PCs.
PC - 1
 Go to My Computer > Properties > Computer Name.

 Change the computer name to A and workgroup name to ABC, and click OK to save
changes.
 Go to Control Panel > Network Connections.
 Right click on your LAN connection and select Properties.
 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.
 Enter these values:
 IP Address - 192.168.0.1
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 Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
 Leave the other fields blank and click OK to save changes.
PC - 2
 Go to My Computer > Properties > Computer Name.

 Change the computer name to B and workgroup name to ABC, and click OK to save
changes.
 Go to Control Panel > Network Connections.
 Right click on your LAN connection and select Properties.
 Select Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) > Properties.
 Enter these values:
IP Address - 192.168.0.2
Subnet Mask - 255.255.255.0
 Leave the other fields blank and click OK to save changes.
After the connections and settings have been saved, both the PCs should be connected by
LAN. You may need to restart both the PCs.
You can check if the connection is working by pinging one PC from the other.
For PC-1, Start > Run > CMD > ping 192.168.0.2
For PC-2, Start > Run > CMD > ping 192.168.0.1
you can view the PCs in My Network Places. You can now use this LAN connection to play
multiplayer games or share files. You can also map a drive on another PC to a local drive by
using My Computer > Tools > Map Network Drive > Select Drive Letter and network path of
the shared folder on the other PC.
Hubs:
How do hubs, switches, routers, and access points differ?
Windows 7
Hubs, switches, routers, and access points are all used to connect computers together on a
network, but each of them has different capabilities.
Hubs
Hubs enable computers on a network to communicate. Each computer plugs into the hub with
an Ethernet cable, and information sent from one computer to another passes through the hub.
A hub can't identify the source or intended destination of the information it receives, so it
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sends the information to all of the computers connected to it, including the one that sent it. A
hub can send or receive information, but it can't do both at the same time. This makes hubs
slower than switches. Hubs are the least complex and the least expensive of these devices.
Network with a hub
Switches
Switches work the same way as hubs, but they can identify the intended destination of
the information that they receive, so they send that information to only the computers that are
supposed to receive it. Switches can send and receive information at the same time, so they
can send information faster than hubs can. If your home network has four or more computers
or you want to use your network for activities that require passing a lot of information
between computers (such as playing network games or sharing music), you should probably
use a switch instead of a hub. Switches cost a little more than hubs.
Crimpling activity:
Crimping tool
A crimping tool is a device used to conjoin two pieces of metal by deforming one or both of
them in a way that causes them to hold each other. The result of the tool's work is called a crimp. A
good example of crimping is the process of affixing a connector to the end of a cable. For instance,
network cables and phone cables are created using a crimping tool (shown below) to join the RJ-
45 and RJ-11 connectors to the both ends of either phone or CAT5 cable.
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How does it work?
To use this crimping tool, each wire is first placed into the connector. Once all the wires are
in the jack, the connectors with wires are placed into the crimping tool, and the handles are
squeezed together. Crimping punctures the plastic connector and holds each of the wires,
allowing for data to be transmitted through the connector.
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TASK 6:
Browsing and Internet

Connect to the Local Area Network and access the Internet. In this process configure the
TCP/IP settings and access the websites and email.
AIM: To prepare and access the Internet.

PROCEDURE:
To Setup dial up connection in windows XP:
Step 1: Click Start menu, choose Control Panel then click the Network and Internet
Connections option, then choose Network Connections.
Step 2: Click File menu and choose New Connection to start the New Connection Wizard.
Select Connect to the Internet and click next.
Step 3: Select Set up my connection manually and click next.
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Step 4 : Select Connect using a dial-up modem. Click the Next button.
Step 5: In the ISP Name field, enter the name for the Dialup Connection as Net Tally and then click
next
Step 6: Enter your Local Access Number into the Phone Number field as 9420052 and then
click next.
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Step 7: Enter the dialup Username and Password which we registered when we signed up for an
account. Reenter the Password into the Confirm Password field.
Step 8: Although it's not necessary, you can select the checkbox next to Add a shortcut to this
connection to my desktop if you want. Normally, if you're not already connected to the
internet, your computer will bring up the connection window, eliminating the need for the
desktop shortcut. Click Finish.
Step 9: If you want to, you can connect to the internet immediately by clicking Dial. If you
don't want to connect right now, click Cancel.
Step 10: After clicking the Dial box we can access the Internet.
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AIM: Customizing the web browsers
THEORY:
Web browser:
A web browser provides us for searching and also helps us to download the web content.
Web browser supports most of the famous Internet protocols like HTTP, FTP. Common file format
browser accepts are HTML. Well known browsers support a variety of other formats in addition to
HTML as JPEG, PNG, GIF image formats.
Different Web Browsers:

 Internet Explorer
 Google Chrome
 Netscape Navigator
 Mozilla Firefox
 Opera
 Safar
Bookmarks:
Each web browser is built-in with the support of Internet Bookmarks which serve as a
named anchor-primarily to URLs. The primary purpose of this bookmark is to easily catalog and
access the web pages that the web browser user has visited or plans to visit, without having to
navigate the web to get there.
Pop-up Blockers:
Pop-ups are a form of online advertising on the WWW intended to attract the attention
of the users. These pop ups are hosted on the websites which are frequently visited by the
netizens. These pop ups are activated when these websites open a new web browser window and
there by displaying the advertisements.
Plug-ins :
A plug-in is a software component program that interacts with a main Application to provide
a better integration of the media. The basic difference between application programs and plug-ins is
that multimedia files are launched in a separate window where as in plug-ins multimedia play in the
browser window.
Few famous Plug-ins are:
 Macromedia Flash
 Microsoft Media Player
 Adobe Shockwave
 Sun Microsystems Java Applet
PROCEDURE:
LAN Proxy Settings:
1. Select tools menu in Internet Explorer
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2. Select Internet Options
3. Select Connections
4. You end up in two options
 Dial-up and virtual network settings
 LAN settings
5. The selection at this step is dependent on the kind of connection you are trying to
Configure.
 Dial-up modem connection
 LAN connection
 DSL or Cable modem
AIM: To know how to search in Search Engines
THEORY:
Search engine:
A web search engine is a tool designed to search information on the World Wide Web.
The information may consist of web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search
engines also mine data which are available in databases or open directories.
On the Internet, a search engine is a coordinated set of programs that includes:
 A spider (also called a "crawler" or a "bot") that goes to every page or representative pages
on every Web site that wants to be searchable and reads it, using hypertext links on each page
to discover and read site's of other pages.
 A program that creates a huge index (sometimes called a "catalog") from the pages that have
been read.
 A program that receives the search request, will compare it to the entries in the index, and the
returns the results.
Different Search engines:
 http://www.google.com
 http://www.yahoo.com
 http://www.ask.com
 http://www.alltheweb.com
 http://www.hotbot.com
 http://www.altavista.com
 http://www.gigablast.com
 http://www.live.com
 http://www.lycos.com
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TASK 7:
Antivirus
Expose to various threats on the internet and to configure the computer to be safe on the
internet. First install antivirus software; configure the personal firewall and windows update on
the computer.
AIM: To learn various threats on the internet and configure the computer to be safe on the internet.
THEORY:
Antivirus:
Antivirus is protective software that is designed to defend your computer against
malicious software. Malicious software or "malware" includes viruses, Trojan horses, worms and
other unwanted invaders that can make your computer sick.
In order to be effective, antivirus software needs to run in the background at all times,
and should be kept updated so it recognizes new versions of malicious software.
Firewall:
A firewall is a special software or hardware designed to protect computer network from
unauthorized access. A firewall is a set of related programs located at a network gateway server which
protects the resource of the private network from user from other networks.
Virus:
Computer viruses are small software programs that are designed to spread from one
computer to another and to interfere with computer operation.
Worms:
A computer worm is a self-replicating virus that does not alter the files but resides in
active memory of computer and duplicates itself. A computer worm differs from a computer virus in
that a computer worm can run itself. A virus needs a host program to run, and the virus code runs as a
part of the host program. A computer worm
Can spread without a host program, although some modern computer worms also use files to hide
inside.
Different Anti-Virus Software:
 Norton Anti-Virus
 McAfee Anti-Virus
 AVG Anti-Virus
 Symantec Anti-Virus
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PROCEDURE:
Installing Symantec Anti –Virus for Windows:

1. Insert Symantec antivirus CD into your CD drive
2. Double click on the Symantec-setup.exe
3. The installer will open.
4. Click next to proceed.
5. License agreement will open. Click I accept the terms of license agreement
And then click next.
6. Follow the instruction on the screen to complete the installation.
Get Computer Updates:
1. Click start >settings> control panel
2. Click Automatic Updates icon to open Automatic Updates dialog box
3. Check the box keep my computer up to date
4. Choose a setting
5. Click ok.
Block pop-ups:
1. In the Internet Explorer open tools>pop-up blocker
2. Click on Turn on Pop-up blocker
Windows Firewall:
1. Go to Start>Control Panel>Network and Internet Connections>windows
Firewall
2. In the general tab check the On(recommended) box
3. If you don’t want any exceptions check on Don’t allow exceptions box
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TASK 8:
MICROSOFT WORD
Introduction to MS-WORD and its features.
Introduction:
MS-WORD is a part of the bigger package called MS OFFICE, which can do much more
than word processing. In fact when you open up MS OFFICE you will find four main components in
it. They are MS-WORD (for word processing), MS EXCEL (for spreadsheet), MS ACCESS (for
database management) and MS POWERPOINT (for presentation purposes).
Word Processing:
Word Processor is a Software package that enables us to create, edit, print and save
documents for future retrieval and reference. Creating a document involves typing by using a
keyboard and saving it. Editing a document involves correcting the spelling mistakes, if any, deleting
or moving words sentences or paragraphs.
Features of Ms-Word:
i. Using word you can create the document and edit them later, as and when required, by adding
more text, modifying the existing text, deleting/moving some part of it.
ii. Changing the size of the margins can reformat complete document or part of text.
iii. Font size and type of fonts can also be changed. Page numbers and Header and Footer Can be
included
iv. Spelling can be checked and correction can be made automatically in the entire Document Word
count and other statistics can be generated.
v. Text can be formatted in columnar style as we see in the newspaper. Text boxes can be made.
vi. Tables can be made and included in the text.
vii. Word also allows the user to mix the graphical pictures with the text. Graphical Pictures can either
be created in word itself or can be imported from outside like from Clip Art Gallery.
viii. Word also provides the mail-merge facility.
ix. Word also has the facility of macros. Macros can be either attached to some function/ Special keys
or to a tool bar or to a menu.
x. It also provides online help of any option.
Getting started with MS-WORD:
While working in MS-WORD you have to work with a mouse. Also one can work, to some extent,
through the keyboard. The use of mouse is simpler as it is fully menu driven. In Ms-Word every
command is available in the form of ‘icons’. You can go inside Ms-Word by the following way
1. Take the mouse pointer to START button on the task bar. Click the left mouse button. The
monitor will show like as follows:
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icons
START button TASK BAR click here clock
2. Move the pointer to programs. You will notice another menu coming up to the right.
3. In that menu identify where Microsoft word is placed. Move the cursor horizontally to come
out of programs.
4. Move into the rectangular area meant for Microsoft word. Click the left mouse button there.
The computer will start MS-WORD. You will find the screen as follows
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MAIN MENU BAR
TITLE BAR
RULER BAR
STANDARD TOOL BAR

FORMATTING TOOL BAR
STATUS BAR
SCROLL BAR
The important components of the screen are:
(a) Title Bar:

The title bar displays the name of the currently active word document. It can be used to
alter the size and location of the word window.
(b) Tool Bars:
Word has a number of tool bars that help you perform task faster and with great ease.
Two of the most commonly tool bars are the formatting tool bar and the standard tool bar. These
two toolbars are displayed just below the title bar. At any point of time any tool bar can be made
ON or OFF through the tool bar option of View Menu.
(c) Ruler Bar:
The ruler bar allows you to format the vertical alignment of text in a document.
(d) Status Bars:
The Status Bar displays information about the currently active document. This includes the
page number that you are working, the column and line number of the cursor position and so on.
(e) Scroll Bar:
The Scroll Bar helps you scroll the content or body of document. You can do so by
moving the elevator button along the scroll bar, or by click in on the buttons with the arrow marked
on them to move up and down and left and right of a page.
(f) Work Space:
The Workspace is the area in the document window where we can enter / type the text of
the document .
(g) Main Menu: The Word main menu is displayed at the top of the screen. The main menu further
displays a sub menu. Some of the options are highlighted options and some of them appear as faded
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options. At any time, only highlighted options can be executed, faded options are not applicable.
Infect if the option is faded you will not be able to choose it.
Main menu Options:
The overall functions of all the items of main menu are explained below.
(a) File:
By using file management operations we can perform the options such as can opening,
closing, saving, printing, exiting etc. It displays the following sub menu.
File Sub menu

(b) Edit:
Using this option you can perform editing functions such as cut, copy, paste, find and
replace etc. It displays the following sub menu.
Edit Sub menu

(c) View:
Word document can be of many pages. The different pages may have different modes.
Each mode has its limitations. For example in normal mode the graphical picture cannot be displayed.
They can only be displayed in page layout mode. Using the option “View” you can switch over from
one mode to other. It displays the following Sub menu.
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View Sub menu
(d) Insert:
Using this menu, you can insert various objects such as page numbers, footnotes, picture
frames etc. in your document. It displays the following Sub menu.
Insert Sub menu

(e) Format:
Using this menu, you can perform various type of formatting operations, such as fonts
can be changed, borders can be framed etc. It displays the following Sub menu.
Format Sub menu
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(f) Tools:
Using this menu, you can have access to various utilities/tools of Word, such as spell
check, macros, mail merge etc. It displays the following Sub menu.
Tools Sub menu

(g) Table:
This menu deals with tables. Using this menu you can perform various types of
operations on the table. It displays the following Sub menu.
Table Sub menu

(h) Window:
This menu allows you to work with two documents simultaneously. This would require
two windows to be opened so that each one can hold one document. Using this menu, you can switch
over from one window to another. It displays the following Sub menu.
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Window Sub menu
(i) Help:
Using this menu, you can get on-line help for any function.
CREATING AND EDITING A DOCUMENT
CREATING a DOCUMENT: To create a document we have to click on file from the

menu bar and then select New. Ms-Word will prompt us to choose a document or a
template. In Ms-Word there is a keyboard equivalence of each command. In each
option of the main menu you will notice that an alphabet of that option is underlined (F
in file, E in edit, V in view, etc.). If you type that alphabet while pressing the ALT key
that particular option is invoked. For example, you can type in Alt +F to open the file
option from the main menu.
Choose the default Document and General and then click on OK. A blank document
will be displayed where you can type the text. Ms-Word gives a temporary name to this
file as ‘Document 1’, until you save that document with a file name. Instead of clicking
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File and New you can directly open a new document by clicking at the NEW icon on
the standard tool bar (the first icon on standard tool bar).
ENTERING TEXT IN THE DOCUMENT:
After you create a document, you can start typing the required text. The text will
appear on the screen at the current location of the cursor. Ms-Word will automatically
take care of the right margin of the text. The insertion point moves automatically to the
next line. If you want to start a line or paragraph at the middle you have to press Enter
key.
EDITING OPERATIONS:
When you enter your text, you are likely to make mistakes. Corrections of these
mistakes are called editing.
 Delete a part of the text.

 Move a block of text from one place to another.
 Copy a block of text from one place to other place.
INSERTING, REPLACING AND DELETING CHARACTER:
(a) Inserting Character:
To insert characters, positioning the cursor at the required point. The Word
automatically reformats the paragraph and moves words that do not fit on the current
line to the next line or form the current page to the next page.
(b) Replacing Character:
Suppose you have typed some text. Now you want to replace it with some other. What
you have to do is to highlight the text by dragging the mouse. Next type in the new
material. Ms-Word will overwrite the existing material with the new material.
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(c) Deleting Characters:
By pressing either the backspace or the Del key, a character is removed from the
document. The Del key deletes a character in the current cursor position while
backspace deletes the character to the left of the current cursor position and moves the
cursor one position to the left.
(d) Deleting a block of Text:
Select the block of text to be deleted by dragging through the mouse. Then you can
press Del key. Another method is to select Edit from the menu bar and then select
clear.
(e) Moving Text:
If we want to shift the text from one place to another in the document, we can do so by
moving the text. Select the block of the text you want to shift. You can move the text
using the toolbar, the menu bar or the drag function.
(f) Using the Toolbar:
After you select the text, click on the Cut button in the standard toolbar (the icon with
a scissors) and then bring the cursor to the new location where the text has to appear
and click on the Paste button in the standard toolbar as shown below:
(g) Using the Menu Bar :
Select the text to be shifted. Choose the Cut option from the Edit menu. Bring the
cursor to the new location where the text has to appear and then choose the Paste
option from the Edit menu.
(h) Using the Click and Drag Function:
Select the text to be shifted. Click anywhere in the selected text and then drag it to the
desired new location and leave it there.
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(i) Copying Text:
If you want to copy the text from one place to another in the document, you need to
highlight the block of the text first. Select the block of the text you want to copy. You
can copy the text using the toolbar, the menu bar or the drag function.
USING TOOL BAR:
After you select the text, click on the Copy button in the standard toolbar and then
bring the cursor to the new location where the text has to appear again and click on the
Paste button in the standard toolbar
(a) Using the Menu Bar:
Select the text to be copied. Choose the Copy option from the Edit menu. Bring the
cursor to the new location where the text has to appear and then choose the Paste
option from the Edit menu.
(b) Using the Click and Drag Function:
Select the text to be copied. Click anywhere in the selected text and then drag into the
desired new location and leave it there.
(c) Deleting a Block of Text:
Select the text to be copied as a block and then either you can press the Del key or you
can select the Clear option from the Edit menu.
UNDO-REPEAT:
Many times, it is required to undo previous command and also to repeat previous
actions. For this you can use the undo and redo options of the edit menu. Undo
reverses the changes made in a document.
FIND AND REPLACE TEXT:
It is a very standard and powerful feature of any word processor. Ms-Word gives a
facility using which any word or text can be searched throughout the document and it
can be replaced with the required word or text. To find and replace text, click on Edit
from the menu bar.
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Following steps are to be followed to execute Find and Replace command.
 Type the text to be searched. For example, we type NOS if we have to find it.
 Click on Find Next. (This will allow you only to find a text, not to replace it with something
else.)
 Click at Replace on the top left hand corner. (You will find another box where you can type
the text which will replace the existing text)
 Type the text, which will replace the text.
 Click on Replace or Replace All, as per the requirement.
 Click on close to resume editing.
SAVE AND EXIT:
When you are finished with your document, it will not be stored automatically. In order
to save the document on to the disc for future use, you have to click on File from menu
bar, and then selecting save option
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When you save a document for the first time you have to click at Save As.
Here you have to specify the file name, the directory and the drive in which the
document has to be saved. The file is saved in directory ‘unitrev’, the file name is ‘m2’
and it is saved as a word document. Remember that Ms-Word offers scope to save your
file in different modes such as text only, word perfect, earlier versions of Ms-Word,
etc. Once you have specified the file name, directory, and document type, you have to
click at Save.
(a) Auto saving a Document:
When you are working with a document, Ms-Word can save your document,
periodically. You have to choose the option of Auto save and its period also. You can
enable the Auto save by clicking on Tools from the menu bar and then selecting the
Options option. Select the Save button from the dialog box.
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(b) Saving with a Password :
If you do not want your important documents to be opened by others. Ms-Word offers
you the scope of providing a password to open the file. In the Fig there is a separate
box where you can type in the password you want to give? Ms-Word will show an
asterisk (*) for every alphabet or number. In Fig. 10.8 we have given a password
‘GHXT’; hence the 4 asterisk. Remember that while assigning a password Ms-Word
distinguishes between lower case and capital case. So you cannot open a file with
password GHXT by typing in ‘ghxt’.
OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT:
In order to open an existing document you can click on File from menu bar and then
choose the Open option. The open file dialog box will be displayed.
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Opening a document
Here you can select the directory and the drive from where you have to open the
document and then selecting the file name from the file list box and then click on the
OK option to open the document.
QUITTING WORD:
Once you are finished with your work you need to exit from Ms-Word. This you can
do by clicking on the File from the menu bar and then selecting the Exit option. If the
document is not currently saved Ms-Word will ask whether to save the file or not. You
have to click on the option Yes to save the changes. Once you come out of the Word,
the Windows screen will be displayed and there you can continue to work on windows
or you can exit from Windows and switch off your machine. However, do not switch
off your machine without exiting from Ms-Word, this may result in loss of valuable
data.
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FORMATTING A DOCUMENT
INTRODUCTION:
There are two ways of formatting a document. One way is to use the MS-WORD Auto
format where MS-WORD analyzes the selected texts and it applies the relevant
formats. Alternatively you can also format each and every element such as character,
margins, etc. yourself by choosing customized formatting.
(a) Auto Formatting:
After typing a document, you can choose the AutoFormat option from the format
menu to make the Ms-Word format the text in a default style. Perform the following
steps for Auto formatting of text:
 Select the text that is to be formatted by dragging the mouse.

 Choose AutoFormat from the format menu.
 Ms-Word analyses the text and applies the relevant formats
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Auto Format
After choosing Auto Format one has to click OK button for default formatting.
CHARACTER FORMATTING:
Formatting the character means changing the font, size and color of the text. It also
includes the appearance of character by changing the font styles. Characters can be
formatted by
 Pressing the Shortcut keys

 By choosing the Font command from the Format menu
 Clicking the desired button on the Formatting toolbar
Select the text where you want to change the font. On selecting the Font from the
Format menu bar, the following dialog box will be appeared.
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Changing Font, Size and Color of the Text
You can choose the appropriate font from the list box. Some of the examples of
different fonts are given below
You can also select a font size from the size list box. Some of the examples of different
font point size are given below:
National Open School is in point size 12.
You can select a color for the text from the color list box.
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(a) Boldface:
Select the text you want to have boldface and click on the Boldface button from the
Formatting toolbar. B
NOS is in Boldface style
(b) Italics:
Select the text you want to have italics and click on the Italics button from the
Formatting toolbar. I NOS is in Italics.
(c) Underline:
Select the text you want to have underline and click on the Underline button from the
Formatting toolbar.
U NOS is underlined
Boldface, Italics and Underline button toggle between on and off. When you want to remove
boldface, italics or underline, you can select the text again and click on Boldface, Italics or Underline
button to remove it.
(d) Subscripts and Superscripts: You can add subscripts and superscripts to your typed text. First,
highlight the text to be shown as subscript or superscript. Second, click at format, font and
subscript/superscript.
Examples: Superscript 40th Subscript Bt,
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(e) Drop Caps :
Ms-Word offers a lot of options to design your text. In addition to ‘All caps’ and ‘small
caps’ options from the ‘Font’ dialog box, you can also use ‘Drop caps’ to decorate your
text.
11.5 LINE SPACING:
Once the characters have been formatted as per your desire, you can adjust the spacing
between the lines according to your requirement. Click on Format and select
Paragraph option from the menu bar.
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You can select Single or Double line spacing as per requirement. A sample text of
different line spacing is given below.
Single Line Spacing:
National Open School is an autonomous organization under Dept. of Education,

MHRD. It was established in 1989. NOS offer Secondary and Senior Secondary level
courses through distance education mode. Besides these courses, NOS also offers
various vocational courses. It also offers basic education at elementary level.
Double Line Spacing:
National Open School is an autonomous organization under Dept. of Education,

MHRD.It was established in 1989. NOS offer Secondary and Senior Secondary level
courses through distance education mode. Besides these courses, NOS also offers
various vocational courses. It also offers basic education at elementary level.
ALIGNMENT:
By default, Ms-Word aligns all the text as left aligned. However, you can make the text
aligned at right or centre aligned also.
(a)Left-aligning Text:
First select the paragraph you want to align and then click on the Left Align Tool from the
Formatting toolbar as shown below.
_____________
________
_____________
Left ________
Align Tool
You can also select the Format from the menu bar and then select the paragraph option. From
_____________
the Alignment drop-down line you can choose the Left option to get the desired effect of left-
________
justified paragraph.
(b)Right-aligning Text :
First select the paragraph you want to align and then click on the Right Align Tool.
_____________
________
_____________
________
_____________
the Alignment drop-down line you can choose the Right option to get the desired effect of
________
right-justified paragraph.
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(c)Centre-aligning Text:
First select the paragraph you want to align and then click on the Centre Align Tool from the
Formatting toolbar as shown below.
_____________
________
_____________
________
Centre Align Tool

_____________
________
the Alignment drop-down line you can choose the Centre option to get the desired effect of
right-justified paragraph.
(d)Justification:
After aligning the text, you may like to justify the whole paragraph. For justifying the text,
select the paragraph of the text and click the Justification Tool from the Formatting toolbar as
shown below _____________
_____________
_____________
_____________
Justification Tool
_____________
_____________
BORDERS AND SHADING: You can add borders and shading to your paragraph for
highlighting your text.
(a) Borders: Borders can be drawn around the entire page, around all paragraphs or
around specific paragraph. You can apply borders using the Borders toolbar from the
menu bar
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Borders Toolbar: You can click on the appropriate Border icon from the Border
toolbar to apply a top border, or a bottom border, a left border, a right border, or an
outside border. The thickness of the borderline can be changed by clicking on the down
arrow of the drop down list box and selecting the desired thickness.
(b) Shading: You can apply shading to your paragraph of text to make it more
prominent or to highlight your text. The shading level can be controlled by using
Shading tool available in the Borders toolbar. Select the paragraph you want to give
shading and then click on the drop-down list of the Shading style and choose a shading
type.
Shading Text
Alternatively, you can use the Borders and Shading option from the Format menu bar.
Customizing Borders and Shading
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You can change the color of the border by choosing the desired color from the Color
drop-down list box. You can select the different thickness of the border from the Style
list.
Page Breaks: Ms-Word starts a new page automatically when the current page is full.
These page breaks are called automatic or soft page breaks. To insert and remove hard
page breaks, also called user defined page breaks, bring the cursor to the insertion point
where you want the page break. Choose Break from the Insert menu bar or Press
Ctrl+Enter. In a similar way you can remove an existing page break by pressing
backspace or delete key.
Columns: Multiple columns make a document more appealing and sometime it is

requirement of the document also as the case of newspapers and magazines where texts
appear in multiple columns. Text runs down the left most columns to the bottom of the
page, wraps to the top of the next column, continues to the bottom of the page and then
wraps either to the top of the next column or if it has filled the last column on the page,
to the leftmost column on the next page. Text flows from the bottom of one column to
the top of the next column.
You can create the desired number of column before typing out the text or it can be
done even after you are finished with typing the text. In order to create the column,
click the Column button on the Formatting toolbar and drag to select the number of
columns.
Column selection
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This will create columns of equal width. You can also select the Columns from the
Format menu bar. From the dialog box, you can select one/two or three of equal width
or you can select left or right presets. The left preset makes the left column narrower
than the right and the right preset makes the right column narrower than the left.
You can also adjust the exact width and spacing of the column by seeing the preview in
the side box.
You can have a line divider between the columns by clicking Line Between button in
the box to make your text more decorative.
You can create columns of different width as per your choice or requirement by
disabling the ‘Equal Column width’ button in the box and then specifying the different
width and spacing for different columns.
You can also insert or remove a column at a later stage. To insert a column break,
choose the Break from the Insert menu bar. To remove a column, you can just select
the required number of column, which align the text in the required number of column.
CHANGING CASE :
Sometime you are required to change the case of your text due to typing mistakes. Ms-
Word provides five different types of text case, which you can choose as per your
requirements. Highlight the paragraph of text you want to change the text case and then
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click change case from the Format menu bar.
The following five different types of text case are shown in the dialog box.
(a) Sentence case: By choosing this option first character of every sentence will be
capitalized and the remaining character will remain unchanged.
(b) Lower case: By choosing this option all characters of the selected text will be
converted into small case.
(c) Upper case: By choosing this option, all characters of the selected text will be
converted into upper case.
(e) Title case: By choosing this option, the first character of every word of the selected
text will be converted into upper case.
(f) Toggle case: By choosing this option, all characters in lower case will be converted
into upper case and all characters in upper case will be converted into lower case.
ADDING AND REMOVING NUMBERS AND BULLETS:
To highlight some of the points of your documents in a list format. Your document
may contain list of items which you would like to call attention to, such items can be
numbered or bulleted. This improves the organization and appearance of the document.
(a) Adding Numbers and Bullets: To add numbers to specific paragraph, select
Format from the main menu and then on Bullets and Numbering.
Bullets and Numbering
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In order to assign a numbered style you have to select numbered. By default, the
bulleted list is displayed. In order to select a bullet style from the dialog box and click
on OK to get the new bullet style to the selected text.
Remember that when you add text to the list, the text will also get numbered or
bulleted as the case may be.
(b) Removing Number and Bullets:
When you want to remove the numbers or bullets, highlight the text again and click on
the Number tool or Bullet tool from the formatting toolbar. In the list, if the number or
bullet has to be ignored for a particular line of text, then press Shift and Enter instead
of pressing only Enter.
ADVANCED FORMATTING
TAB SETTING: Tab setting is basically a text alignment tool available in Ms-Word. Tab
stops are certain pre-specified column positions as shown in the ruler line by “1”,”2”, etc.
Pressing the Tab key can directly access each of these positions on any line.
You can align text and number at a tab stop left, right, centered aligned or
justified. In order to set tab stop, first select the paragraph and then select the Tab option
from the Format menu bar.
Tab Setting
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From the dialog box you can specify the Tab stop, choose the alignment and
then click on the OK button to get the desired effect. In a similar way, you can choose the
clear all option from the dialog box for clearing the tab setting.
Alternatively, you can use the drag feature of tab pointers on the ruler line for
setting the desired tab stops.
INDENTING:
You can use indenting to mark a clear distinction to a line or paragraph from
rest of the text. In order to indent your text selects the paragraph of text and then click the
Paragraph option of the Format main menu.
Indenting Paragraph
From the dialog box you can specify the left and right indentation as per
requirement and then click OK to get the desired effect. Alternatively, you can drag the
indent marker on the ruler for indenting the paragraph.
MARGINS:
You can set the margins of a page using the Ruler bar. It can also be adjusted
by clicking on the margin boundary and dragging it to the desired margin
Ruler Tab for right

Tab for left
margin margin
Margin Setting using Ruler bar
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You can also set the margins by choosing the Page Set-up from the File option at main
menu
Margin Setting
From the dialog box you can specify the Top, Bottom, inside and outside margins. The new
settings for the margins can be applied either to the whole document or a particular section of
the document. Selecting the required option from the drop-down list can be applied to do
this.
HEADER AND FOOTER:
A Header is text that appears automatically at the top of every page in a document, and
Footer is text that appears automatically at the bottom of every page of the document. The Headers
and Footers also get printed on every page of the document. It is a very powerful tool of Ms-Word
and is used extensively.
Headers and Footers can be invoked by clicking on View from the menu bar and then
selecting the Headers and Footers option.
A dotted box is provided for entering the Headers to be appeared at the top of every page.
--------------------------------Header------------------------------------------------------------
Header Area
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After typing the text for Header you can switch to the footer area by clicking on the Switch between
Header and Footer tool from the Header and Footer Toolbar
---------------------------Footer---------------------------------------------------------------------
Footer Area
You can use the Header and Footer toolbar buttons to insert the page number, the current
date, or the current time into your Header or Footer.
To insert page numbers, click on the Page number tool in the Header and Footer toolbar.
To insert the date, click on the Date tool in the Header and Footer toolbar.
To insert the time, click on the Time tool in the Header and Footer toolbar.
SPELL CHECKING THE DOCUMENT:
When you are typing, you are bound to make mistakes. Spell check is a powerful
feature of Word, which helps you correct spelling mistakes. Ms-Word checks a document using its
main dictionary, which contains most common words. You can also create your own custom
dictionary. You can invoke the Spell check by clicking on the Spell check tool from the Formatting
toolbar
ABC
Spellchecker Tool
You can also invoke Spellchecker by selecting the spelling option from the Tools
menu. The spellchecker feature verifies the whole document and displays a dialog box whenever it
encounters an error.
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Spelling Dialog Box
CREATING AND MANAGING TABLES:
(a) Creating a Table:

You can create a table into your document using the Insert option from the Table menu.
Place the insertion point where you want to insert the table and then select Insert
Table after clicking on Table from menu bar.
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From the box you can specify the number of columns and rows and then click OK to insert
the table. The following structure will be displayed if you specify number of columns at 3 and number
of rows at 3.
A table consists of vertical columns and horizontal rows as shown above. The
intersection of a column and a row is called a cell. Gridlines are displayed between the cells.
You can also create a table by clicking on Insert Table button from the formatting
toolbar. In this case you need to drag on the Insert Table button grid to specify the number of columns
and rows.
(b)Entering text into Table :
After creating a Table at the desired place, you can enter the text by clicking on any of
the cell. The Tab key can be used to move to the next cell. Within each cell, the text wraps just like it
does in a given column. The cell expands vertically to fit the text entered.
(c)Modifying Table:
After you have created your table or even after you have entered your data into the table,
you can still perform various operations on the table, which are described below:
Inserting Rows and Columns:
To insert a row at the end of a table, bring the cursor to the last cell and Press the Tab key.
To insert a row within a table, bring the cursor to the row before which the new row has to appear and
then select Insert Row option from Table menu bar. A new row will be inserted before the selected
row.
To insert a column, select the Column option from the Table menu and then select
the Insert Column option. A new column will be inserted to the left of the selected column.
Deleting Rows and Column:
To delete one or more contiguous rows in a table, select the row(s) that you want
to delete and then select Delete Rows from Table menu.
To delete one or more contiguous columns, select the column(s) that you want to
delete and then select Delete Columns option from the Table menu. To delete an entire table,
select the table and then choose Delete Rows option from the Table menu.
Changing Column Width:
To change column width, point the column boundary that you want to change,
the mouse pointer will become a horizontal double headed arrow. Then drag the column
boundary to the desired width and then release the mouse button.
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You can also change the column width by selecting the Column and then
selecting the option Cell Height and Width from Table menu. Enter the desired width in the
Width of Column text box and click on OK to change the column width of the selected
column.
Changing Row Height:

To change height of a row, point the row boundary that you want to change, the
mouse pointer will become a vertical down headed arrow. Then drag the row boundary to the
desired height and then release the mouse button.
You can also change the column width by selecting the Row and then selecting
the option Cell Height and Width from Table menu. Enter the desired height in the Height of
Row text box and click on OK to change the row height of the selected row.
(d) Sort:
Using this option any column of the table can be sorted either on ascending or
descending order. This is applicable only for the numerical values in the cells of the table.
(f) Formula:
Besides text, there can always be numerical values in the cells of the table. For
numerical values you may like to apply the different mathematical operations. Using the
‘Formula’ feature of MS-WORD you can calculate the values and put it at the proper place.
Preview and Printing a Document:
By default Ms-Word prints one copy of the entire document. Printing can be
done to a file also which is called print file. Printing a document is a three-step process,
namely
 Connecting a printer
 Selecting or installing the printer
 Printing a document
The first two steps are done only once. The printer is connected through a cable to the
computer. Choose the Print option from the File menu.
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Printing Document
Choose the Printer button and select the printer you want to use. If you do not
see your printer listed in the box, you must install printer driver first.
The third step, printing a document is then executed after you specify the
printing option. Before you actually print a document you can previews the document as it
will look when printed and allow you to make final adjustments to the layout.
From the Print dialog box, you can specify the number of copies to print an
also the page range to be printed. You can specify the page numbers separated by commas or
a range of pages with a hyphen between the page numbers.
Printing to a File:
When you print a document, instead of printing on a printer, you can redirect it
to a file which is called a print file. You can do so by enabling the Print to File option from
the Print dialog box and then mention a name of the print file.
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MAIL MERGE
INTRODUCTION:
The Mail Merge feature has been described here. Many times we required sending the
same content of a letter to different individuals. By using Mail Merge you can send the same letter to
a number of persons without typing the content of the letter again and again.
MAIL MERGE:
Mail Merge is the process of transferring selected information from one document to another
document.
CONCEPT OF MAIL MERGING AND ITS COMPONENTS
 Mail Merge is the facility which requires the following three information
 General body of the letter called main document
 Header Row, the record structure or the name of the fields, which will identify the data.
Data for all the individuals, for whom the letters are to be generated also called data source.
Mail Merge option of Word reads this data and physically merges it with Main document to generate
letters for all the persons or for all the records in the data file.
(a) Main Document :

In Mail Merge, Main Document is the common letter, which contains the common
information for each of the merged document. It also contains the field names, which contain the
instructions for carrying out the merge.
(b) Data Source :
Data Source is also called the Data File. It stores information to be brought into the Main
document. The data file table contains a column for each category of information, or data field, in the
data file. The Header Row is the first row of the table. It contains field names, which indicate the
type of information in each column. For example list of names and addresses. Each field name must
be unique and must begin with an alphabet/letter.
(c) Form Letter :
Form letter is the resultant document of the mail merge operations, which contains the
copy of the main document along with each piece of information stored in the data file.
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MAIL MERGE OPTION OF A WORD:
For Mail Merge document, you need to
 Create the main document

 Create data source
 Merge the data with the document.
All these operations can be performed by Mail Merge option of WORD. In order to invoke
the Mail Merge option, choose the Mail Merge option of the Tools menu. The following Mail
Merge Helper box will appear.
Mail Merge Helper
Mail Merge helper guides you through the steps of mail merging a document. There are
three main options available in the box.
(a) Creating the Main Document:
The first step in the mail merge is to create the main document. For this, choose ‘Create’
button of ‘Main Document’ option in Mail Merge Helper box. The following menu will be displayed.
Form Letter...
Mailing Labels...
Envelopes...
Catalog...
Restore to Normal Word document
Now choose ‘Form Letter’ option from this menu as the type of main document.
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Main Document
Choose the Active Window button from the above box. Type the main document and again
invoke the Mail Merge Helper.
(b) Creating Data Source:
Choose the ‘Get Data’ button from the Mail Merge Helper box. For creating data source,
select Create Data Source.
Structure of Data File
The field names are already available in the Header row, which are default fields for an
address list. Any field that is not required can be removed, and any new field can be added. For
removing a field, highlight that particular field and click on the ‘Remove field Name’ button. For
adding a new field, type the name of the field in the Field Name box and then click on the ‘Add Field
Name’ button.
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Click on OK button and save your data structure as well as the data source. Click on the
‘Edit Data Source’ button from the box to enter records in the data File.
(c) Opening the Data Source:
You can also use a data source already created. You can open it by clicking the ‘Get Data’
option in the Mail Merge Helper and then selecting ‘Open Data Source’ a dialog box will appear with
a list of data source file names. Select the name of the data source to open it.
(d) Merging the text with data:
After creating the main document and data source, the third step is to merge the main
document with the data source. For this, invoke the Mail Merge Helper again and choose the ‘Merge’
button.
Select ‘New Document’ from the ‘Merge To’ drop-down list and click on ‘Merge’ button.
The form letters are generated and stored in the document which may be previewed for final
adjustment in the main document, before printing the form letters.
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LEAVE LETTER
Aim: Write a leave letter to the Principal by using different alignments, correct formats in
MS-Word.
Procedure:
Step 1: Open MS-Word by click on START button; go to All Programs, then select
Microsoft Office Word 2007.
Step 2: To open a new document, Click on Office Button then select New - > Blank
Document then click on create option.
Step 3: Then select TEXT AREA, and then write Leave Letter as a heading, Select the text,
click on bold
button to make it bold as “LEAVE LETTER”, and change the font size
to 16. Step 4: Then write date and place in a format as follows
DATE:
05/01/2011,
Karimnagar.
Then Select the text and make it right by clicking on right alignment button
Step 5: Then write To address as follows and select this text and make it left by clicking on
left alignment
button
To
The Principal,
SreeChaitanyaCollegeof
Engineering, L.M.D. Colony,
Karimnagar.
Step 6: Then write Subject according to your letter. And select this text and press tab button for
two times. Step 7: Then write the body of the letter according to your letter. And select this
text and make it justification
By clicking on justify alignment button

Step 8: Then write “Thanking you Sir,” select this text and make it to center by clicking on
center alignment
Button
Step 9: Now write the “From
address” as follows Yours
Faithfully, T.Shirisha.
Then make it right by clicking on Right alignment button

Step 10: This is the final step in writing leave letter. In this step, we have to save the letter
as “leave letter.doc” by selecting “Save” option from Office button. Then a prompt
window will ask you to write a file name. Now you have to give the file name and press
the save button.
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OUTPUT: Date: 10/1/2016,
Gooty.
To
The Principal,
GATES Institute of Technology,
Gooty,
Anantapur Dist.
Sub:Requesting for 5 days leave-Reg
Respected Sir,
I T.Shirisha studying B.Tech I year in CSE department in your college.

As I am going to my home on the occasion of Pongal festival and also to celebrate my
birthday on the next day.So I kindly request you to grant me leave for 5 days
i.e.,11/1/2016-16/1/2016.
Thanking You Sir,
Yours Faithfully,
Shirisha,
B.Tech I year CSE,
.
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VISITING CARD
Aim: Create a Visiting Card of your college using page size as follows
• Page width=”3.2”
• Page height=”2.2”
And use different font styles, sizes, alignments, and apply printed watermark on the
paper.
Procedure:
Step 3: Now click on “Page Layout” from the Menu bar. Then click on Margins then click on
Custom Margins option. Then the “Page Setup” dialog box appears. In this you
find three tabs namely “Margins”,”Paper”,”Layout”.Then in the ‘Margins’ tab,
make all the parameters like Top,Bottom,Left,Right, and Gutter to zero and
make Gutter Position to Left. Then in the Page tab, change the width and height
options to 3.2 and 2 respectively. Then in the Layout tab, make the Header and
Footer to zero. Now this page is set to the visiting card as follows.
Step 4: In this step we have to enter the telephone number and Fax number on the top part of
the paper. it can be done as follows:
First go to Insert menu, then
select Symbol option. Then
change Font to “Windings”.
Then select the appropriate to your need i.e., to the telephone option
select ,and to the Fax option select .
Step 5: Now write your institution name and make it to the center alignment button.
Step 6: Now write all the details you want to put in your visiting card as your needs. And
select the text and
Make it to center.
Step 7: Now change the background color by selecting Page color option from Page
Layout menu. Step 8: Now insert printed Watermark option from the Page Layout
menu which is in the Menu bar.
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8: Now insert printed Watermark option from the Page Layout menu which is in the
Menu bar.
Step 9: This is the final step in creating Visiting Card. In this step, we have to save the letter
as “Visiting Card.doc” by selecting “Save” option from Office button. Then a
prompt window will ask you to write a file name. Now you have to give the file
name and press the save button.
OUTPUT:
Contact No : 08852 200444 Mobile No: 9490082001

GATES Institute of Technology, Gooty
www.gatesit.org
NH 44,GootyAnantapur Village, Gooty,
Anantapur Dist 515 401
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ID CARD
Aim: Create a Identity Card of your own which contains your own details by using
different font styles, font colors, alignments and page size as follows
• Page width=”2.2”
• Page height=”3.2”
Procedure:
Step 3: Now click on “Page Layout” from the Menu bar. Then click on Margins then click on
Custom Margins option.
Then the “Page Setup” dialog box appears. In this you find three tabs namely
“Margins”,”Paper”,”Layout”.Then in the ‘Margins’ tab, make all the parameters
like Top,Bottom,Left,Right, and Gutter to zero and make Gutter Position to
Left. Then in the Page tab, change the width and height options to 2 and 3.2
respectively. Then in the Layout tab, make the Header and Footer to zero. Now
this page is set to the visiting card as follows.
Step 4: In the text area type the text as “Sree Chaitanya College of Engineering” then select
the text and change the font size to 18 and font to bold and make the text to
center by clicking on center
alignment button
Step 5: Then in the next line type the texts as “Identity Card”, then select the text and apply
the format as size 16 and font to Arial Bold.
Step 6: Draw a box for attesting photo by clicking on the Shapes button
from Insert menu. Step 7: After that in the next line type all your details
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as follows:
NAME:
FATHER’S
NAME: ….
Then select the text and make it to Justify alignment

Step 8: After that in the next line, type the text as “Principal” and make it to left alignment by
clicking Left Alignment button. Then press tab for multiple times , then type the text
as “Student’s Signature”.
Step 9: Then go to Page Layout menu - >Watermark then click on Custom watermark. Then
Printed Watermark dialog box appears, then select Text Watermark radio button and
write the “Text” as “SCCE”.
Step 10: At last we have to save the file as “Identity Card” by clicking on “Save” option from
“Office” button.
OUTPUT:
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TASK 9:
MICROSOFT EXCEL
AIM: Introduction to MS-EXCEL and its features.
MICROSOFT EXCEL :
Microsoft Excel is a full-featured spreadsheet program that allows you to organize data,
complete calculations, make decisions, graph data, and develop professional looking reports.
The three major parts of Excel are:
Worksheets – Worksheets allow you to enter, calculate, manipulate and analyze data such as
numbers and text.
Charts – Charts pictorially represent data. Excel can draw two-dimensional and three-
dimensional column charts, pie charts and other types of charts.
Databases – Databases manage data. For example, once you enter data onto a worksheet,
Excel can sort the data, search for specific data, and select data that meets certain criteria.
THE EXCEL SCREEN :
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 Title Bar: name of the program you are using (Microsoft Excel) and the filename
appears here.
 Menu Bar: click on menu to get the drop-down list of commands.
 Formula Bar: Used for entering and editing cells. If a particular cell contains a
formula or function, it will be displayed in the formula bar as the result in the cell.
 Toolbars: shortcuts for commonly used commands such as opening a file, printing,
cut, copy, paste etc.
 Active cell : Active cell is a border around the cell where data will be entered
 Row & Column Headings: Gray boxes at the top of each column or the left of each
row to indicate the row or column number.
 Status bar: displays information about your document such as what page the
insertion point is on, how many total pages in the document, line and column position.
 Sheet tabs: Excel workbooks contain by default 16 worksheets. More can be added.
 Active cell: Active cell is a border around the cell where data will be entered.
SPREADSHEET TERMINOLOGY:
Columns are labeled with the letters of the alphabet: A, B, C….Z and the start with
AA, AB, AC…..AZ, BA, BB, BC….BZ until IV.
Rows are labeled with numbers from 1 to 65,536 down the left side of the screen.
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A Cell is where a column and a row intersect. A cell’s address consists of its column
letter and a row number such as A1 or C100. This is referred to as a cell reference or cell
address
The Active Cell is where the cursor is currently located.
STUDENT RECORD
ROLL
NAME NO EDC AP NA C&DS ENG M1 MM TOTAL AVG
RAMYA 51 28 90 29 89 95 89 85 505 72.14
SANDHYA 52 85 90 86 90 89 93 90 623 89
PRIYA 53 83 83 77 98 90 86 98 615 87.85
SWETHA 54 67 87 98 67 45 90 56 510 72.85
TRIPURA 55 54 66 98 89 47 68 79 501 71.57
MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM MARKS SUBJECT WISE
MAX 85 90 98 98 95 93 98
MIN 28 66 29 67 45 68 56
FORMULAS OF MS-EXCEL
SUM Function:
+ C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2+I2
(or)
=C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2+I2
(or)
=SUM (C2: I2)
AVERAGE Function:
+ (C2+D2+E2+F2+G2+H2+I2)/7
(Or)
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=AVERAGE (Starting cell address: Ending cell address)
MAXIMUM Function:
=MAX (Starting cell address: Ending cell address)
MINIMUM Function:
=MIN (Starting cell address: Ending cell address)
UPPER Function:
=UPPER (cell address)
LOWER Function:
=LOWER (cell address)
COUNT Function:
=COUNT (Starting cell address: Ending cell address)
IF Function:
=IF (comparison, action if match, action if no match)
Example: IF (a>b,1,0)
Method1: Method2:
1. Click on start button 1. Click on Start button
2. Click on programs 2. click run
3. Click on Ms-office 3. type the Excel
4. Click on Excel 4. After click ok button
Excel is an electronic spreadsheet program that can be used for storing, organizing
and manipulating data
Work Book: Collection of sheets is nothing but work book.

Work sheet: Collection of cells [65536x256]
Cells: Combination of rows & columns
Row: Horizontal line [1, 2,3,……]
Column: Vertical line [A, B, C, ……………..]
Cell address: Column name followed by Row name
Ex :( A1, B10, H2, C3…)
New Work Book: (ctrl+N)

1. Click on file menu
2. click on new [It will appears
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dialog box]
3. Click on blank work book
4. Default file
name(bok1,book2,)
5. Extension Excel file .XLS
Close the Work book: (ctrl+w)

1. Click on the file menu
2. click on close
Save the work Book(Ctrl+s):

1. Click on file menu
2. Click on Save
3. Type the file name
4. Click on save button(Ctrl+l)
Default setting
1. Sheets -- 3
2. Font - Arial
3. Font size - 10
4. Row Hight- 12.75
5. Column Width- 8.43
6. Font Style regular
7. Font Color- Black
8. Text alignment- Left
9. Numbering alignment =- Right alignment
Insert the work Sheet:

1. Click on the insert menu
2. Click in work sheet
Delete the work Sheet:
1. Click on the edit menu
2. Click on delete sheet
Rename the work sheet:

1. Click on format menu
2. Click on the sheet
3. Click on the rename
4. type the sheet name
5. After press enter key
Navigation in spread Sheet
To move the cell pointer to the left row Side -- (left arrow)
To move the cell pointer to the up row Side - (up arrow)
To move the cell pointer to the down t row Side -- (down arrow) To
move the cell pointer to the right row Side (right arrow)
To move the cell pointer to the first column in same row (“HOME”)
To move the cell pointer to the last column in last row (“CTRl+RIGHT ARROW”)) To
move the cell pointer to the first column in same row CTRl+LEFT ARROW”)) To move
the cell pointer to the same row column same row (CTRl+LEFT ARROW”)
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Functions:
1. Text functions
2. Date and Time Functions
3. Math functions
4. Logical functions
Text functions
CONCATENATE (): Single text item after join the

arguments Syn: =CONCATENATE(text1,text2)
EX: =CONCATENATE(A2," : ",B2) or
=CONCATENATE(raju," ",m) After press enter key
o/p: raju m
EXACT():true arguments are initial else or falsecase
sentence Syn: =EXACT(text1,text2)
Ex:
=EXACT("cnu","s
omu") Output:
fasle.
FIND():position of the first arguments with in second the third arguments can used to specified the
string point of search.
Syn: =FIND(find text1,within
text2,start number) Ex: =
=FIND("computers","aptech
computers",2) Out put:8
LEFT():No of characters specified by the second argument counting the left strart
Syn: =LEFT("text",number)
Ex:
=LEFT("comput
ers",3) Out put
:com
5 RIGHT():No of characters specified by the second argument counting
the left strart Syn: = RIGHT ("text",number)
Ex: = RIGHT
("computers",3)
Out put :ers
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TASK 10:
MICROSOFT POWERPOINT
AIM: Introduction to MS-POWERPOINT and its features.
PowerPoint :
PowerPoint (PPT) is a powerful, easy-to-use presentation graphics software program

which allows you to create professional-looking electronic slide shows. PPT is used to
present information in an organized manner to an individual or group. Using clip art, sound
clips, movie clips, graphs, organization charts, imported Web screens, and many other
features. We can easily create a presentation that will impress the audience and convey the
message clearly and professionally.
To start a PowerPoint program:
Click on the Start button, point to Programs, follow by Microsoft Office and click on
Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003.
Immediately you will see the screen shown below. The right hand side Getting
Started task pane provides help to you.
If you are not using it, you can click on the Close icon to close it. You also can start by
clicking on Create a new presentation… at the bottom of the task pane.
The PowerPoint 2003 screen elements:
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Creating A Presentation Using AutoContent Wizard :
By using AutoContent Wizard we can create impressive presentations.
1. Move the mouse pointer over the file menu bar option and click the left mouse button
a drop down menu appears on the screen.
2. from this drop down menu bar click on the new option
3. The new presentation dialogue box appears on the screen.
4. Click on the auto content wizard and then click next button to start creating your
Presentation.
5. Click on the categories that matches your type of presentation. In the right side of the
dialogue box a list appears showing the presentation available in the category.
6. Click on the type of output that suits to your presentation and click next button.
7. Type the title for your presentation. The title appears on the first side of your
presentation. Then type the text, in the footer text box.
8. If you want to add the data to the updated slide and slide numbers to each slide on
your presentation. Click on the data last update and slide numbers check boxes.
9. The wizard tells you that all the information needed to create the presentation has been
received.
10. Now the presentation is created. The left slide provides you a simple text for each
Slide which you can replace according to your requirements.
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Creating A Presentation Using Templates :
Templates are predefine power point presentation based on which you can create
your own presentation. You can replace text and graphic templates on your own. You can
create a presentation using templates which proceeds as follows :
2. from this drop down menu bar click on the new option
3. The new presentation dialogue box appears on the screen.
4. Click on the left mouse button on the ‘design template’ of tab in the dialog box.The list
of all design templates of power point is displayed.
5. Click on any one of the template.
6. Click on the ok button. The new slide dialogue box appears promoting you to select a
slide view for the first slide of your presentation.
7. Select the layout for the slide and click the left mouse button on the ok button.
Creating A Blank Presentation :
A blank presentation provides full flexibility to create your own design and contently
for the presentation for designing a blank representation follow the steps given in order :
2. From this drop down menu bar click on the new option
3. The new presentation dialogue box appears on the screen and click on blank
presentation option.
4. Move the mouse pointer over the ok button and click the left mouse button
5. Power point offers some layouts to choose from menu and then select the lay out
according to your needs.
6. Finally click on the ok button.
Different PowerPoint Views :
To see the different PowerPoint views, from the Menu bar, click on the View and you
will see 4 types of views. Click on the particular view to see the effect.
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1) Normal View :
The Normal View is the default view in PowerPoint. All slide editing is
performed in this view. The normal view comprises the Slide Pane, Outline and Slides
tabs and the Notes Pane.
2) Slide Sorter View :
The Slide Sorter view displays all slides in your presentation as thumbnails.
This view is useful to reorder, add, or delete slides. You an also preview animation
effects applied to each slide.
3) The Slide Show View :
The Slide Show view allows you to view your presentation as a slide show.
Your presentation is displayed as a full screen and you can view applied animations.
4) The Notes View :
The Notes Page view displays how notes pages will print. A notes page
contains a smaller version of the slide and notes entered from the Notes Pane
underneath the slide.
Viewing the Slide Show:
You can view the slide show by any one of the following ways:
 Click slide show at the lower left of the PowerPoint window.

 On the slide show menu, click view show.
 On the view menu, click slide show.
 Press F5 on the keyboard.
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IT Workshop

Department of Computer Science & Engineering

IT Workshop Lab Manual

B.Tech I Year II sem.

An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

Gooty, Anantapuramu District – 515 401 (A. P.)

Department Of Computer Science & Engineering

Lab Manual for the Academic Year 2015-16

(In accordance with JNTUA syllabus)

SUBJECT CODE : 15A99201

CLASS : B.Tech I Year II Sem.

Branch : Common To All

B.Tech I Year II Sem.

List of Experiments / Tasks

3. Operating System: To install Windows XP on pc.

10. Microsoft PowerPoint

Information Technology (IT) is the application of computers and telecommunications

A room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.

1. a room or building in which goods are manufactured or repaired.

2. a meeting at which a group of people engage in intensive discussion and activity on a

Block Diagram of Computer

Input Unit ALU Output Unit

A Computer is mainly divided into three major components namely

1. Input Device/ Unit

CPU stands for “Central Processing Unit”. It is also called as Processor or

a .Control Unit (CU)

SECOND GENERATION (1955 – 1964):

1. Transistors were used

1. Integrated circuits was developed

FOURTH GENERATION (1975 – UPTO NOW):

1. LSI & VLSI Technology was used

Fifth generation computers are artificial intelligence (AI) based computers.

1. Used in parallel processing

1. Personal Computer (PC):

A personal computer is a small single user computer based on a micro processor. In

i. Standard keyboard contains 83-84 keys.

MODEM is technically called as modulator demodulator. It is an electronic device,

i. LAN (Ethernet) Card--- Back view Ethernet port

ii. Sound Card- Back view Audio pin connectors)

iii. TV Tuner(Internal) Card - Dish Pin connecter

b. PCI Slots are white or yellow color

Steps for Assembling:

 Installing the Motherboard

 Installing the processor

 Installing the heat sink

 Installing the power supply

 Installing the video card

 Installing the hard disk

 Installing optical drive

 Connecting power to motherboard

 Connections of the output channel

Getting the Cabinet ready :

 Open the side doors of the cabinet

 Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard

Opening CPU Socket:

Align the processor:

Lock the processor in the socket:

Installing the Heat sink:

 Place the heat sink on the processor

 The RAM must be suitable for motherboard

Installing the power supply :

 Place the PSU into the cabinet

Installing the video card: