relations and functions are the same and how they are different:
Relations
A relation is a rule that relates values from a
set of values (called the domain) to a second set of values (called the range).
The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule to these inputs to generate one or more outputs.
A relation is also a set of ordered pairs (x, y).
The function as a machine
Functions
A function is a relation where each element
in the domain is related to only one value in the range by some rule.
The elements of the domain can be imagined
as input to a machine that applies a rule so that each input corresponds to only one output.
A function is a set of ordered pairs (x,y) such
that no two ordered pairs have the same x- value but di erent y-values.
The function as a machine
Mention that we will represent mathematical
relations as machines with an input and an output, and that the output is related to the input by some rule.
Draw the following six `machines' on the
board similar to the gures below. Write the following rules inside the gures to indicate how the machine functions. Then provide the guide questions given below.
Figure 1.1: Function machines activity
Ask the class to give descriptive names to these
ve machines. Raise the following guide questions to the class about these machines:
(a) Which of these machines, if you know the
input, can you determine a single or unique output? The answers should be (a), (c), (d), and (f). Have the class explain why. Ask why (e) is not part of this list. Introduce the term function to describe these machines.
(b) Which of these machines, if the output is
known, can you determine a single or unique input? The answers should be (d) and (f). Have the class explain why. This will be used in the discussion of one-to-one functions later.
(c) Suppose we connect machine (a) to
machine (c) such that the output of (a) becomes the input of (c). Give the outputs for the following inputs: A, R, S, U.
Functions and relations as a table of
values
For the following illustrations of functions and
relations, we draw from the definitions for relations and functions given at the start of the chapter. Give the following examples to illustrate these concepts:
EXAMPLE 1. Which of the following relations
are functions?
Solution . The relations f and h are functions
because no two ordered pairs have the same x- value but different y-values, while g is not a function because (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y- values.
Relations and functions can be represented by
mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all the connections represented by the arrows.
EXAMPLE 2. Which of the following mapping
diagrams represent functions?
Solution. The relations f and g are functions
because each x ? X corresponds to a unique y ? Y. The relation h is not a function because there is at least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-value. For example, x = 7 corresponds to y = 11 or 13. Similarly, x = 2 corresponds to both y = 17 or 19.
Functions as a graph in the Cartesian
plane
Recall from Grade 8 that a relation between two
sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that a function passes the vertical line test (i.e., a vertical line can be drawn anywhere and intersect the graph in at most one point).
<strong>The Vertical Line</strong
> <strong>Test </strong>A graph represents a fun ction if and only if each vertica l line intersects the graph at mo st once.
If a vertical line x = a intersects a graph twice, say
at (a,b) and at (a,c), then the graph cannot represent a function because two di erent y- values correspond to x = a.
Give the following examples and ask the
students to identify which graphs represent functions and which do not.
EXAMPLE 3. Which of the following graphs can
be graphs of functions?
Solution. Graphs (a), (b), (c) are graphs of
functions while (d) and (e) are not because they do not pass the vertical line test.
EXAMPLE 4. Which of the following represents
a function?
Solution. All are relations. All are functions
except (c). Equation (c) is not a function because we can nd an x-value that corresponds to more than one y-value (ex. if x = 0, then y can be +1 or ? 1.)
<strong>Definition. </strong><strong></strong>The dom ain of a relation as the set of a ll possible values that the varia ble x can take.
EXAMPLE 5. Identify the domain for each
relation above using set builder notation.
Solution. The domains for the relations above
are as follows:
If a relation is a function, then y can be replaced
with f(x) to denote that the value of y depends on the value of x. Do this for the functions in the examples above, replacing f with other letters to distinguish the functions from each other:
Lesson Proper | 1 mins
TT II PP
) 0 REMIXES
Functions as representations of real-life
situations
Functions can often be used to model real
situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a better understanding of various phenomena.
EXAMPLE 66. Give a function C that can
represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.
Solution . Since each meal costs P40, then the
cost function is C(x) = 40x.
EXAMPLE 7. One hundred meters of fencing is
available to enclose a rectangular area next to a river. (see figure). Give a function A that can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x
Solution. The area of the rectangular enclosure
is A = xy. We will write this as a function of x. Since only 100 m of fencing is available, then x+2y = 100 or y = (100?x)/2 = 50?0.5x. Thus, A(x) = x(50 ? 0.5x) = 50x ? 0.5x2.
Piecewise Functions
Some situations can only be described by more
than one formula, depending on the value of the independent variable.
EXAMPLE 8. A user is charged P300 monthly for
a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the amount a consumer pays each month as a function of the number of messages m sent in a month.
Solution. Let t(m) represent the amount paid
by the consumer each month. It can be expressed by the piecewise function
EXAMPLE 9. A jeepney ride costs P8.00 for the
first 4 kilometers, and each additional integer kilometer adds P1.50 to the fare. Use a piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of the distance d in kilometers.
Solution. The input value is distance and the
output is the cost of the jeepney fare. If F (d) represents the fare as a function of distance, the function can be represented as follows:
The symbol [d] denotes the greatest integer or
floor function applied to d. The floor function gives the largest integer less than or equal to d, e.g. [4.1] = [4.9] = 4.
EXAMPLE 10. Water can exist in three states:
solid ice, liquid water, and gaseous water vapor. It takes a certain amount of heat before water can change state. Use the following information to sketch the graph of the function representing the temperature of water as a function of the amount of total heat added in Joules (J). Explain why this is a piecewise function.
A solid block of ice is at ?25?C and heat is
added until it completely turns into water vapor. The temperature of the ice increases steadily and reaches 0? after 940 J of heat is applied. The temperature stays constant at 0?C until all the ice melts, which happens once a total of 6,950 J of heat is applied. The temperature increases steadily and reaches 100?C) after a total of 14,470 J is applied. The temperature stays constant at 100? until all the water evaporates, which happens after a total of 55,260 J is applied. When all the water is in a gaseous state, its temperature can rise above 100?C (This is why steam can cause third-degree burns!) Solution. Let T(x) represent the temperature of the water in degrees Celsius as a function of cumulative or total heat added in Joules. The function T(x) can be graphed as follows:
This is a piecewise function because it behaves
differently across a sequence of intervals.
Seatwork | 1 mins TT II PP
) 0 REMIXES
Choose several of the activities below to assign
to the class as homework or seatwork.
Seatwork 1. Provide a real-world example or
scenario that can be expressed as a relation that is not a function. Sample Answer: Destination versus tricycle fare: For P15 you can go anywhere within 3 kilometers.
Seatwork 2. Provide a real-world scenario of a
scenario that can be modeled by a linear function. Sample Answer: Distance versus time if traveling at a constant speed.
Seatwork 3. A videoke machine can be rented
for P1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost of P400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number of days it is rented and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 4. The fee for hiring a guide to
explore a cave is P700. A guide can only take care of a maximum of 4 persons, and additional guides can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a function of the number of tourists who wish to explore the cave and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 5. The cost of hiring a catering
service to serve food for a party is P150 per head for 20 persons or less, P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is at P100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of attendees of the party.
Answer:
Seatwork | 1 mins TT II PP
) 0 REMIXES
Choose several of the activities below to assign
to the class as homework or seatwork.
Seatwork 1. Provide a real-world example or
scenario that can be expressed as a relation that is not a function. Sample Answer: Destination versus tricycle fare: For P15 you can go anywhere within 3 kilometers.
Seatwork 2. Provide a real-world scenario of a
scenario that can be modeled by a linear function. Sample Answer: Distance versus time if traveling at a constant speed.
Seatwork 3. A videoke machine can be rented
for P1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost of P400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number of days it is rented and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 4. The fee for hiring a guide to
explore a cave is P700. A guide can only take care of a maximum of 4 persons, and Log in additional Sign up guides can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a function of the number of tourists who wish to explore the cave and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 5. The cost of hiring a catering
service to serve food for a party is P150 per head for 20 persons or less, P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is at P100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of attendees of the party.
Answer:
Seatwork | 1 mins TT II PP
) 0 REMIXES
Choose several of the activities below to assign
to the class as homework or seatwork.
Seatwork 1. Provide a real-world example or
scenario that can be expressed as a relation that is not a function. Sample Answer: Destination versus tricycle fare: For P15 you can go anywhere within 3 kilometers.
Seatwork 2. Provide a real-world scenario of a
scenario that can be modeled by a linear function. Sample Answer: Distance versus time if traveling at a constant speed.
Seatwork 3. A videoke machine can be rented
for P1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost of P400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number of days it is rented and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 4. The fee for hiring a guide to
explore a cave is P700. A guide can only take care of a maximum of 4 persons, and additional guides can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a function of the number of tourists who wish to explore the cave and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 5. The cost of hiring a catering
service to serve food for a party is P150 per head for 20 persons or less, P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is at P100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of attendees of the party.
Answer:
Seatwork | 1 mins TT II PP
) 0 REMIXES
Choose several of the activities below to assign
to the class as homework or seatwork.
Seatwork 1. Provide a real-world example or
scenario that can be expressed as a relation that is not a function. Sample Answer: Destination versus tricycle fare: For P15 you can go anywhere within 3 kilometers.
Seatwork 2. Provide a real-world scenario of a
scenario that can be modeled by a linear function. Sample Answer: Distance versus time if traveling at a constant speed.
Seatwork 3. A videoke machine can be rented
for P1,000 for three days, but for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost of P400 per day is added. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine as a piecewise function of the number of days it is rented and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 4. The fee for hiring a guide to
explore a cave is P700. A guide can only take care of a maximum of 4 persons, and additional guides can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a function of the number of tourists who wish to explore the cave and plot its graph. Answer:
Seatwork 5. The cost of hiring a catering
service to serve food for a party is P150 per head for 20 persons or less, P130 per head for 21 to 50 persons, and P110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more persons, the cost is at P100 per head. Represent the total cost as a piecewise function of the number of attendees of the party.
