EMILE

DURKHEIM
SOCIAL FACTS
 PLEASE IGNORE THE TYPOS AS AND WHEN
I HAVE DISCUSSED AND TRIED TO REMOVE A FEW OF THEM IN MY VIDEOS ON YOUTUBE
 SOCIAL FACTS

Book: “Montesquieu & Rousseau”, 1892

Physical world: facts observed directly

Social world: facts observed indirectly

Aim: To make generalized laws using scientific methods. Influence of

August Comte.

Subject matter of Sociology: To study social facts

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL FACTS

1) Externality
2) Constraint
3) Generality
4) Independence
 TYPES

1) Institutional: Religion, education, morality

2) Structural Morphological: Housing pattern, Clothing, still
not accepted
3) Non – Institutional: Rise spontaneously.
4) Pathological: Suicide, rate of crime, etc.
 STUDY OF SOCIAL FACTS
1) Rules of observation
By identifying their manifestations, symbols, Eg: Reformative kws represents modern society.

2) Rules of classification

3) Rules of Distinction: Difference between normal & pathological. It shows Durkheim’s functional
bias.

4) Rules of Explanation:
- Define precisely
- Complete objectivity
- Methods of natural sciences
- Empirical investigation
- Make general laws
 EMILE
DURKHEIM
DIVIION
OF LABOUR
 DIVISION OF LABOR

“In modern society where heterogeneity, complexity &

differentiation is found, what holds the society together?”

Primitive society
Held together by – Mechanical Solidarity based on
likeness, norms & values.

D.O.L.: Splitting of activities.

Implies specialization
 Primitive society
Mechanical Solidarity (likeness)

Modern
Organic Solidarity (based on differences)

Low collective conscience

Increased individuality
D.O.L. maintains Functional interdependence
Binding society together
 Primitive Society
Individual conscience = societal conscience

Modern
Individual conscience IS NOT = societal
“Individual while becoming autonomous, comes to”
depend more heavily on society”
D.O.L. AS A SOCIAL FACT

Exists everywhere
eg family religion

It is sui–generis
Evolves with society

Integrates People
 ABNORMAL FORMS OF D.O.L.
Study of abnormal forms is important, as it helps in understanding the importance of normal form

1) Anomic
When people don’t follow norms – Corruption

2) Inadequate organization
Overburdening someone
Leads to conflicts

3) Forced D.O.L.
Caste system

Way Ahead
This will resolve by forming “ professional associations” , which will Implement ethical & moral codes.
Book – “Professional Ethics & Civic Morals”
 EMILE
DURKHEIM

SUICIDE
 SUICIDE

“Any death caused directly/indirectly, by a

positive/negative action of the victim himself which he
knows will produce this result”.

Used scientific methods

Multivariate analysis
Concomitant variables
Surveys, etc
 CERTAIN CONCLUSIONS

Not psychological
Wide range of variables
Rate of suicide in different societies fairly constant
 SUICIDOGENIC FORCES
Forces of Integration
High : Altruistic
Low : Egoistic

Forces of Regulation
High : Fatalistic
Low : Anomic

Suicidogenic forces exist in every society in forms of social currents

 SUICIDE AS A SOCIAL FACT
Rate of suicide of various societies is fairly constant

Not psychological certain normal people committed it

Certain ill people did not

Forces of integration & regulation as suicidogenic forces

originate from society

Certain rate of suicide as normal

 FARMER SUICIDE
Greater no. of suicide in last 2 decades

Reasons
- Agricultural income stagnation
- Consumerism
- Failed loan repayment

From farmer’s view : - Egoistic : that he’s left alone

Govt’s – Anomic : failing to follow norms like risk, consumerisms, geography
Societal – Altruistic : Upholding value that loan has to paid
Lender’s – Fatalistic : Former sees himself as overtly regulated by straight laws
 EMILE
DURKHEIM

RELIGION
 RELIGION

Book : “Elementary forms of religious life”, 1912

Religion
“A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative
to sacred things,
that is to say, things set apart and forbidden
-- beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community called a Church,
all those who adhere to them."
Society is conceptualised as divided into 2 halves, one sacred which
deals with the supernatural & rest of the society, he calls as profane.

He rejected the earlier psychological or intellectual explanations to

the origin of religion & instead proves that the real cause of religion is
social.

Both the words are mutually exclusive & a person can be a member
of only one world at a time

While an individual is in touch with sacred he also becomes sacred

 CAUSE OF RELIGION

A fact that modern religion have evolved from the simpler

forms of religion

To establish the cause of simpler form

He read various ethnographies

Selected the primitive religion practiced among “Arunta”
tribe of Central Australia
 Primitive men were wanderers
They moved from place to place in search of food or other things
Occasionally they came together for some purpose
The evidence of this Durkheim finds in ancient fairs, since time
immemorial
They (people) talk to each other, they dance, all are enjoying they
feel happy
 They feel something different which they do not feel when they are alone
Durkheim calls this as a state of exaltation or collective effervescences
The feeling disappears once they are separated
Primitive man explained this feeling with the help of presence of some
supernatural face
The study of various ethnographies revealed that primitive tribes do have a
conception of this supernatural force which is termed by various/different tribes
differently
It is called Mana, Bonga etc in different types.
Primitive man becomes anxious and wants to re-experience the
feeling
They need to explain this force
Eventually they create a totem as a representation
When they come closer to the totem, they imagine that feeling
This is the origin of totem of totem & the cause of religion
But we can say now that totem is the material representation of the
non- material force

Non- material is none other than society

Sacred god & society are one & the same thing this feeling of the
force was due to collectively or the elementary beginning of society
So totem is nothing but the symbol of the society

Finally Durkheim states, “if it (totem) is at once the symbol of god &
society, is it not because god & society are one”.
Ultimately he proposes that religion is the expression of self- creation
& autonomous development of society

As the society becomes complex religion also becomes complex

Thus, it is not the totem that we worship, it is the collectively we

worship.
 In modern, complex societies there is a lot of individualism
Religion provides the function of bringing people together
For eg. People come together at religious places, celebration of religion festivals
& thus the society is reinforced

Durkheim further explains increasing popularity of science considerably

Science as a unified system of beliefs & practices
All those who follow science tend to associate with each other & become a
common source of identity
The science is nothing but a modern religion.
Thank You