Artificial Intelligence

AI involves machines that think the way humans think. Of course, it's very difficult to
determine whether or not a machine is "thinking," so on a practical level, creating artificial
intelligence involves creating a computer system that is good at doing the kinds of things
humans are good at.
Machine learning
The phrase "machine learning" also dates back to the middle of the last century. In
1959, Arthur Samuel defined machine learning as "the ability to learn without being explicitly
programmed." And he went on to create a computer checkers application that was one of the
first programs that could learn from its own mistakes and improve its performance over time.
One application of machine learning that has become very popular recently is image
recognition. These applications first must be trained – in other words, humans have to look at
a bunch of pictures and tell the system what is in the picture. After thousands and thousands
of repetitions, the software learns which patterns of pixels are generally associated with
horses, dogs, cats, flowers, trees, houses, etc., and it can make a pretty good guess about the
content of images.
Many web-based companies also use machine learning to power their recommendation
engines. For example, when Facebook decides what to show in your newsfeed, when Amazon
highlights products you might want to purchase and when Netflix suggests movies you might
want to watch, all of those recommendations are on based predictions that arise from patterns
in their existing data.
What is Machine Learning? Why Machine Learning?[ Edit ]
Motivation behind Machine Learning
Sometimes we encounter problems for which it's really hard to write a computer program to
solve. For example, let's say we wanted to program a computer to recognize hand-written
digits:

Source: MNIST handwritten database

You could imagine trying to devise a set of rules to distinguish each individual digit. Zeros, for
instance, are basically one closed loop. But what if the person didn't perfectly close the loop.
Or what if the right top of the loop closes below where the left top of the loop starts?

A zero that's difficult to distinguish from a six

In this case, we have difficulty differentiating zeroes from sixes. We could establish some sort
of cutoff, but how would you decide the cutoff in the first place? As you can see, it quickly
becomes quite complicated to compile a list of heuristics (i.e., rules and guesses) that
accurately classifies handwritten digits.
And there are so many more classes of problems that fall into this category. Recognizing
objects, understanding concepts, comprehending speech. We don't know what program to
write because we still don't know how it's done by our own brains. And even if we did have a
good idea about how to do it, the program might be horrendously complicated.

So instead of trying to write a program, we try to develop an algorithm that a computer can
use to look at hundreds or thousands of examples (and the correct answers), and then the
computer uses that experience to solve the same problem in new situations. Essentially, our
goal is to teach the computer to solve by example, very similar to how we might teach a young
child to distinguish a cat from a dog.

What is Machine Learning? - Definition

The field itself: ML is a field of study which harnesses principles of computer science and
statistics to create statistical models. These models are generally used to do two things:

Prediction: make predictions about the future based on data about the past
Inference: discover patterns in data
Difference between ML and AI
Machine Learning (ML) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) are highly interconnected fields, and
there is no universally agreed upon distinction between the two.

However, in general when people say machine learning, they are referring to making machines
(computers) learn certain patterns and then to make predictions using those learnt patterns.
When people say artificial intelligence, they are usually referring to computers behaving
intelligently. That is, AI makes use of machine learning. Hence, machine learning is a subset /
a component of AI.

In addition, historically (1960s-1970s), people often used AI to refer to a technical field which
focused on programming computers to make decisions (usually based on hardcoded rules),
whereas ML focuses more on making predictions about the future (based on patterns learnt
from data).
Difference:
Machine Learning (ML) deals with making your machine learn from the external
environment. This external environment can be in the form of sensors, electronic
components, external data storage devices and many other. What ML does is, based on the
user input or a query by the user, the system checks whether it is present in the knowledge
base or not. If it is present, it will return the result to the user associated with that query, but
if it is not stored initially, the machine will learn the user input and will improve its knowledge
base, so as to provide better value to the end user.
ML and AI are completely different. AI is more generic, while ML is more specific which deals
with classification, clustering, prediction and other operations. AI deals with images,
multimedia data, neural networks, expert systems and other fields which work based on the
type of data that you have and also based on what the end result should be.

Artificial Intelligence is a superset of Machine Learning

Artificial intelligence is the ability of systems to do things that would otherwise

require human intelligence. Things that require human intelligence are:

1. Reasoning: Using logic to arrive at a conclusion

2. Sensing: Seeing or touching something and identifying it
3. Navigation: Moving around from one place to a targeted place
4. Language Processing: Making sense of human language
5. Knowledge: Understanding the world around you
6. Learning: The ability to pick up something new when taught/self learnt
7. Social Skills: How to behave, emote, show affection
8. Creativity: Creating something new and interesting
9. Planning: Deciding what to do in the future

As you can see, machine learning is basically when a machine does #6 i.e. learns like
a human would. Like a human being learns from information, so does a machine
learn from data.

Therefore, when a machine learns like a human, it’s called machine learning.

When a machine behaves like a human, it’s called artificial general intelligence - a
machine should be able to do all .

What is Cloud Computing?

“The whole internet is basically the cloud. The websites that we access, are not
stored on our computers but on the cloud. Since the past few years, cloud hosting
has been gaining popularity because of its advantages.” Source[1]

If you use the internet, then you’re on the cloud.

Cloud computing is a safe way to store and share data which can be accessed from
anywhere at any time.

It’s secure, easy to maintain, and cost effective.

When you store and access data and programs over the Internet instead of your
computer's hard drive is known as cloud computing. The cloud is just a metaphor for
the Internet. Cloud Computing is a technology uses the internet and central remote
servers to maintain data and applications. Cloud computing allows consumers and
businesses to use applications without installation and access their personal files at
any computer with internet access.

At a technical level, it is a collective use of various network protocols to develop services such
as IaaS (infrastructure as a service), SaaS (software as a service), and StaaS (storage as a
service).
The use of cloud computing can be categorised into two categories:-

1. For IT Companies - since the inception of internet and mobile, most of the services are
offered on internet. This has led to huge surge in data and user base. Cloud computing
provides a solution to such problem. Many big companies such as Amazon, Google,
Facebook etc. have built huge centres to cater to smaller companies.

2. For end user - Google drive, OneDrive, amazon web services etc. are some of the end user
services provided by companies. One can store data on google storage instead of physical
hardrive. One with a device without any OS still can rum any OS with amazon web services..

What is deep learning? How does it relate to machine learning?[ Edit ]

Deep learning is a subfield of machine learning, i.e. in deep learning we are dealing with
algorithms which learn from examples, similar to machine learning. The main difference
between deep learning and machine learning is that deep learning models have a notion of
multiple layers or multiple levels of hierarchy, which opens up the possibility of being able to
learn models for more complicated tasks.
Examples for what we mean by levels of hierarchy
Lets take an example at which deep learning works particularly well, computer vision. Suppose
we want to write a computer program which given an image of an animal predicts whether it
is a cat, dog, horse, tiger, etc.

Big data analytics is the process of examining large data sets to uncover hidden
patterns, unknown correlations, market trends, customer preferences and other
useful business information. The analytical findings can lead to more effective
marketing, new revenue opportunities, better customer service, improved
operational efficiency, competitive advantages over rival organizations and other
business benefits.

The primary goal of big data analytics is to help companies make more informed
business decisions by enabling data scientists, predictive modelers and other
analytics professionals to analyze large volumes of transaction data, as well as other
forms of data that may be untapped by conventional business intelligence (BI)
programs. That could include Web server logs and Internet clickstream data, social
media content and social network activity reports, text from customer emails and
survey responses, mobile-phone call detail records and machine data captured by
sensors connected to the Internet of Things.

Augmented reality software is now becoming increasingly portable, thanks to

advances in 3D technology, including 3D printing. Engineering students in London
created ‘Gravity’, which allows consumers to design objects in 3D on a tablet-sized
plane to create and rotate objects at every angle possible.

ThirdEye Gen is the leading platform for AR smart glasses which offers AR
accessories like X1 smart glasses head strap and portable case. The AR
Software provides a platform for video, live audio and data communication between
remote users which allows enhancing operations, increasing efficiency and
maximizing savings in the best way possible. Has a team of AR developers who uses
cutting-edge technologies which provides a real view experience in an innovative
way.

What is cybersecurity: Cybersecurity is the condition of being guarded against

criminal and illegal activities that comprise of activities related to computer,
information technology, and virtual reality. It also means the measures taken to
acquire this condition. One must know the risks, threats, and consequences of cyber
attacks.

- Who are the attackers: The attacker could be an external source like a hacker who
gets into the system and steals files. The imposter could even be someone from the
company itself, like an employee who has an access to confidential information.

- How are the attacks carried out: The attackers through viruses or botnets invade
systems. It is even done by using a USB drive or clicking on an unknown link.

- When is the attack carried out: Cyber attacks mostly occur when your systems or
the internal staff are vulnerable. There is no specific vulnerability and the attack can
occur at any time.

- Which area is hit: Cyberspace is a limitless stretch so the attack can occur in any
area.

- Why do these attacks occur: The external agents strike to leak or held captive
crucial company data for earning ransom. And the internal sources like the
employees do it for competitors in exchange for money. Some even do it as a revenge
due to past unpleasant experiences.

- How to tackle cyber attacks: There are three ways of securing your website:

1) SSL Certificate: This certificate validates your website's identity and encrypts the
information visitors send or receive from your site.

2) CodeGuard: It is a service that does an automatic backup of your website.

3) SiteLock: It scans your website for any threat and when it is detected, it works
effectively to repair it. Also, you would be instantly notified about any attack.