Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
doc
UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY – SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
ELEC 5204 POWER SYSTEMS
Introduction
This assignment is due Monday 23 May, 2009.
The objective of this assignment is to do the protection design of the high voltage, low voltage
and DC distribution network of a major industrial installation.
The 33/6.6kV main substation can operate with either 1 or two transformers. The local generator
may also operate or not, depending on circumstances such as fuel availability and amount of
total load connected. The fault levels experienced on the system will vary according to the
number of transformers in service and the availability of the local generator. All lines in the
plant are either heavy cables or bus-ways with negligible impedance. In addition, system
upstream impedance from the 33 kV bus can be ignored and all impedances can be assumed to
be totally inductive in nature.
A single-line diagram of the system and details of the transformers, generator, rectifier and
motors are shown in the attached file “Model Industrial Network”. You can assume a
“coincidence factor” of 85% between the general 415 volt loads and all other loads on the plant.
The 415 V motors are 85% efficient and the large motors and dc motors 90% efficient.
The substations and network are all three-phase. All transformers are delta-star (HV:LV) with
the star points solidly earthed on the LV side.
There are both differential and overcurrent relays on each side of the main 33/6.6kV substation
transformers, with overcurrent relays on the local generator, synchronous motor and the 6.6kV
and LV sides of each distribution substation. The differential and overcurrent relays each have
their own CT. Available CT sizes are 60:5, 80:5, 100:5, 150:5, 200:5, 400:5, 500:5, 800:5,
1000:5, 1200:5, 1500:5, 1800:5, 2000:5, 2500:5 and 3000:5 at all voltages. Available circuit
breaker ratings are 315, 630, 1000, 1500, and 2000 Amps with current breaking ratings of 13.1,
17 or 25 kA at 33kV and 6.6kV and up to 35 kA at 415 V and 690 V. The primary current rating
of CTs on the 6.6 kV side of the 33/6.6kV substation transformers will be chosen to suit the
differential protection and the overcurrent relays will have the same CT ratio. All CT
secondaries (and hence also all overcurrent relays) will be 5 amps. You will have to specify the
secondary current rating on the 6.6 kV side of the differential relays on each 33/6.6 kV
substation transformer.
Available fuse ratings are 20, 31.5, 50, 63, 100, 150, 200, 400, 630, 800, 1000, 1500, 2000 or
2500 Amps for both AC and DC. Available 6.6 kV (underground) 3-phase cable sizes are 185
mm2, 240 mm2 and 300 mm2 aluminium. Cable impedances and ratings (in Amps) are shown
below:
CABLE FAULT
DATA R1 X1 RO XO RATING CAPABILITY
185 mm2 0.211 0.102 2.24 0.096 335 15
240 mm2 0.161 0.0983 0.33 0.05 385 15
300 mm2 0.13 0.0958 0.266 0.0487 435 15
ohms per km ohms per km Amps/ph kA for 1 sec
What are the minimum operating arrangements that will meet maximum loading
conditions, i.e. how many transformers in main 33/6.6kV substation with the local
generator in or our of service;
Confirm that for the transformer impedances suggested, the maximum permissible fault
level of 250 MVA on the 6.6 kV bus and the cable fault capability is not exceeded;
Check that the maximum fault level on the local distribution substation 415 volt bus and
the 690 volt bus of the VS drives substation does not exceed 23 kA;
The DC fault level must not exceed 50 kA;
If necessary, recommend alternative transformer impedances to ensure the specifications
are met (up to 15% on own base); alternatively recommend transformer operating
restrictions in the main 33/6.6kV substation (i.e. can 2 transformers run in parallel at any
time);
If fault currents anywhere exceed maximum fuse availability recommend alternative
actions;
When choosing the differential relay settings, allow for up to 15% mismatch from the nominal
turns ratio of the 33/6.6kV transformers, due to tap-changer operation. For the overcurrent relays
choose both the current pick-up and time dial settings. The current pick-up must be at least
150% of normal maximum feeder load for transformers, motors and generators to allow for
temporary overloads for up to 2 hours. In addition the setting on the transformer relays must
allow for transformer inrush current (12 times full load for 0.01 second and 6 times for 0.1
second). The distribution transformer HV settings must act as back-up for the low voltage side
and be able to detect LV arcing faults of 4000 Amps phase-neutral. The earth fault pick-up
settings are normally about 20% of the overcurrent, but again relays must grade correctly. Note
carefully the impact of the delta-earthed star winding arrangement on all transformers, and the
impact that will have on single phase to earth faults on the LV side of transformers when
reflected to the HV side.
The standard IEC formula for the operating time of overcurrent relays is:-
A copy of the curves is attached in Fig B.1 (from the lecture notes). An Excel spreadsheet to
calculate the relay and fuse times and draw curves is also available. A copy of the different fuse
time-current curves is shown in Fig B.2.
As part of the analysis, you will have to consider faults at all points on the network, for both
maximum and minimum fault conditions. The overcurrent relays must grade properly between
themselves and all fuses under all fault conditions. Normally, you would use “standard inverse”
on the overcurrent relays on the 33/6.6kV transformers and on the 6.6kV side of both distribution
substation transformers, but you may wish to consider the ”extremely inverse” curve type for the
low voltage sides of the distribution substations, to improve grading with the downstream fuses.
When calculating faults, assume the transformers generator and motors are purely inductive.
Between the 6.6 kV overcurrent and 33kV overcurrent on the main supply substation
transformers, for faults on the main 6.6 kV busbar, for both one and two transformers in
service and with or without the local generator in service or the synchronous motor (i.e.
between relays „R1‟ and „R2‟),
Between the LV substation overcurrent and the outgoing low voltage lines, on both
distribution substations (i.e. between relays „R7‟ and fuses „F2,3 and4‟; and relay „R8‟
and fuses „F5‟) for faults on the low voltage lines,
Between the AC fuse and DC fuse(s) on the VSDs system (i.e. fuse „F5‟ and DC fuses
„F6‟ and „F7‟) for faults on the DC systems.
NB: At a given current multiple, operating time is proportional to the Time Lever setting
10000
1000
Op Time, Sec
100
10
0.1
0.01
100 1000 10000
Primary Current, A
Fig B.2 - Standard Fuse Time-Current Characteristics for Common Fuse types and 100 A Fuses.
NB: For fuses other than 100 A, operating time is proportional to the fuse rating/100
System single-line diagram and details of transformers, motors, etc are shown in Attachment.