0STUDY AND PRACTICE

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE AND PAST PERFECT TENSE

DOSEN :MAM MELIA, S.Pd

Arranged By :

Group 3 :

1. RizkiWulanApriani
2. Indah Sari
3. Maynur Irma
4. RinaApriani
5. Muhammad Akbar

FACULTY OF ECONOMICS
UNIVERSITY OF TRIDINANTI

PALEMBANG

2019
 FOREWORD

Thank you, we pray for the presence of God Almighty because of the abundance of
grace and guidance so that we can complete our paper entitled "Present Perfect Tense and Past
Tense".
In this paper we take a lot from various sources and references and directives from
various parties. that, on this occasion we express our deepest gratitude to all those who have
helped in the preparation of this paper.

The compiler is fully aware that this paper is very far from perfect, for that we really
expect constructive criticism and suggestions for the perfection of this paper.
Finally, the compiler said thank you and hope this paper can be useful for all those who read ...

Palembang, 29 April 2019

Composer

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 CONTENTS

FOREWORD ................................................................................................................................................. i
CONTENTS.................................................................................................................................................. ii
CHAPTER I ................................................................................................................................................. iii
PRELIMINARY .......................................................................................................................................... iii
1.1 Background .................................................................................................................................. iii
1.2 Problem Formulation ................................................................................................................... iii
1.3 Purpose......................................................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER II................................................................................................................................................. 1
DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................................................... 1
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE..................................................................................................................... 1
Understanding Present Perfect Tense ....................................................................................................... 1
Present Perfect Tense Formula ................................................................................................................. 1
Time Expressions at Present Perfect Tense .............................................................................................. 2
Examples of For and Since Sentences ...................................................................................................... 4
Functions and Examples of Present Perfect Tense Sentences .................................................................. 4
PAST PERFECT TENSE ............................................................................................................................. 6
Understanding Past Perfect Tense............................................................................................................. 6
Past Perfect Tense formula ....................................................................................................................... 6
Functions and Examples of Past Perfect Tense Sentences........................................................................ 7
CHAPTER III ............................................................................................................................................... 9
CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................... 9
SUGGESTION ......................................................................................................................................... 9
REFERENCES: ........................................................................................................................................ 9

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 CHAPTER I

PRELIMINARY

1.1 Background

English is the international language. By mastering English well, we will be able to

communicate with other nations in this world. In addition, we will also be able to add insight and
our knowledge. But speaking English is not as easy as turning your palm because there are many
structures in an English learning system such as grammar, tenses, etc. Not many people who
learn English understand and know correctly what tenses are, what kinds, etc.
In this paper we will discuss several tenses, namely "Present Perfect Tense and Past
Perfect Tense" to deepen our knowledge of tenses and their explanations.

1.2 Problem Formulation

The formulation of the problem that we found in making this paper are:
1. What is meant by the Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect
2. What are the formulas / rules for making sentences Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect?
3. Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Functions

1.3 Purpose

1. To find out the Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Tense.
2. To find out the Function of the Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Tense
3. To find out what formulas / rules make sentences Present Perfect Tense and Past Perfect Tense

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 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

Understanding Present Perfect Tense

The present perfect tense is a form of verb that is used to express an action or situation that has
begun in the past and still continues until now or has been completed at a certain point in the past
but the effect still continues.

Present Perfect Tense Formula

The present perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "have" or "has", and the past
participle (verb-3). Have used for I, you, and plural subjects such as: plural pronoun (such as:
they, we), plural noun (such as: boys, men), and compound subject with "and" conjunctions
(such as: you and I, Tom and Jack); while it has been for singular subjects such as: third person
singular pronoun (such as: he, she, it) and singular noun (such as: Tom, man).

Past participle is formed by adding -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne to the base form in the form of a
regular verb. On the base form in the form of irregular verb, the past participle shape is not
consistent.

The following is the present perfect tense formula for positive, negative, and interrogative
sentences

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense Formula
Example

Positive Sentence (+) I have read the book

S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + past participle (verb-3)

He has left

Negative Sentence (-) I have not read the book

S + auxiliary verb (have/has) + not + past participle

(verb-3)
He hasn’t left

Interrogative Sentence (?) Have I read the book

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auxiliary verb (have/has) + S + past participle (verb-3)
Has he left

Time Expressions at Present Perfect Tense

The following are some time expressions that can be used in the present perfect tense

Example of Present Perfect Tense

Time Expression
Sentence

 already (sudah) We haven’t seen Dimas recently.

 just (barusaja)
 recently, lately (belum lama ini)
 ever (pernah)
 yet (masih)
 for + period of time up to present: for
an hour (selamasatu jam), for three
days(selamatigahari), for two
weeks (selamaduaminggu), for a long
time (selamawaktu yang lama), for many
years (selamabertahun-tahun)
 since + starting time: since
yesterday(sejakkemarin), since 7
am (sejak jam 7 pagi), since
February (sejakFebruari), since we first
met (sejakkitapertamabertemu), since I
moved here(sejaksayapindahkesini)
(Kamubelummelihat Dimas lagi.)
Have you ever been to Scotland?
(ApakahkamupernahkeSkotlandia?)
Adam hasn’t received the document yet.
(Adam
masihbelummenerimadokumentersebut.)
We haven’t seen Dimas for two weeks.
(Kamutidakmelihat Dimas
selamaduaminggu.)
It hasn’t rained since February.
(BelumturunhujansejakFebruari.

For and since it is often used in simple present perfect and present perfect continuous
tense to declare that an action has begun in the past and still continues today.

Both can provide information on how long the action has taken place (answering
questions with how long questions). But both of them have different ways to declare that time
information.

For "as long as" followed by a period of time from the start of the action until now
(period of time up to present).

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 for + period of time up to present
Because it is a preposition, for followed by a period of time in the form of noun (noun) or noun
phrase (noun phrase)

Example for:

• for an hour (for one hour)

• for three days (for three days)

• for two weeks (for two weeks)

• for a long time (for a long time)

• for many years (for years)

Since is followed by information when the action starts.

since + starting time

This word can function as a preposition or subordinate conjunction (conjunctions that form an
adverbial clause). As a conjunction, since it is followed by an independent clause (at least
containing subject and verb), and forming a whole mind) which generally uses a verb in the form
of simple past tense (with main clause still using simple present perfect or present perfect
continuous tense).

Example since:

• since 9 am (since two hours ago)

• since yesterday (since yesterday)

• since March (since March)

• since 1890 (since 1890)

• since we last met (since we last met) conjunction

• since I bought my car (since I bought a car) conjunction

• since he moved to the big city two years ago. (Since he moved to that big city two years
ago.)Conjunction.

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Examples of For and Since Sentences

No ContohKalimat For dan Since Keterangan

We have been living here for almost

three years.
(Kami telahtinggaldisiniselama hamper
1 tigatahun.)

We have been living here since 2012.

(Kami telahtinggaldisinisejaktahun Menjawabpertanyaan: How long have
2 2012.) you been here?

Functions and Examples of Present Perfect Tense Sentences

No Function and Example Present Perfect Tense Sentence

Present perfect tense untukmengungkapkankejadian di

masalalutanpapedulikapantepatnyaterjadi.

Can you recommend the most delicious seafood restaurant in this town? Yes, I’ve
visitedall of them.
(Dapatkahkamumerekomendasikanrestoran seafood paling lezat di kotaini? Ya,
sayatelahmengunjungisemuanya.)

I’ve read this book.

1 (Sayasudahmembacabukuini.)

Present perfect tense untukmenunjukkanbahwasuatuaksiterjadiberulang kali

dimasalampau (adverb of number dapatdigunakan).

She has called you three times.

2 (Diasudahmeneleponmutiga kali.)

Present perfect tense untukmengungkapkanaktivitasatausituasi yang

dimulaipadamasalampaukemudiandilanjutkansampaisekarang (belumselesai).

I have lived in Cilegon for 3 months.

3 (Sayatelahtinggal di Cilegonselama 3 bulan.)

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 She has studied in French since April.
(Sayatelahsekolah di Perancissejakbulan April.)

My brother has worked already/lately/ up to now.

(Saudarakusudahbekerjasampaisekarang.)

Present perfect tense untukmembicarakan event yang terjadibelum lama

ini. Adverb“recently” dan lately” (= not long ago) dapatdigunakan.

Have you visited any market recently?

(Apakahkamumengunjungisuatupasarbaru-baruini?)

Sita hasn’t been too well lately.

4 (Sitatidakterlalusehatbelum lama ini.)

Present perfect tense untukmembicarakan event yang

barusajaterjadi. Adverb “just” (= very recently) dapatdigunakan.

I’ve just sent you an email.

(Sayabarusajamengirimkankamu email.)

The rain’s just stopped.

(Hujanbarusajaberhenti.)
5 [the rain’s = the rain has; lihat contraction & apostrophe]

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 PAST PERFECT TENSE
Understanding Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is a form of verb that is used to state that an action has been completed
at a point in the past before another action occurred.

Actions that have been completed in the past can occur repeatedly or only once. In
addition, this tense can also be used to form conditional sentence type 3 and reported speech.

Past Perfect Tense formula

The past perfect tense is formed with the auxiliary verb "had", and the past participle
(verb-3). It is used both for singular and plural subjects. While the past participant is formed by
adding -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne to the base form in the form of a regular verb. In the base form
in the form of irregular verb, the past participle form is not consistent.

The following is the past perfect tense formula for positive, negative, and interrogative
sentences

Past Perfect Tense Formula Example Past Perfect Tense

Positive Sentence (+): My brother had slept

S + had + past participle (V-3)
They had come

Negative Sentence (-): My brother hadn’t slept

S + had + not + past participle (V-3)
They hadn’t come

Interrogative Sentence (?): Had my brother slept

had + S + past participle (V-3)
Had they come

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Functions and Examples of Past Perfect Tense Sentences

No Function and Example Past Perfect Tense Sentence

Past perfect tense untukmengekspresikanaksi di masalampau yang

telahselesaiterjadisebelum past event lainnya. Subordinate conjunction yang
dapatdigunakanantara lain:
 after (simple past tense + after + past perfect tense)
 before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the time / when +
simple past tense)
Selain subordinate conjunction, dapatjugadigunakan preposition prior
to dan before(sebelum) yang merupakansinonim.

When he came last night, the cake had run out.

(Ketikadia dating semalam, kuesudahhabis.)

The student had gotten a verbal warning before his parents were called.
(Siswatersebuttelahmendapatperingatan verbal sebelumorangtuanyaditelepon.)

I had already eaten breakfast by the time he picked me up.

(Sayatelahsarapan ketikadiamenjemput.)

Prior to the proclamation, Indonesia had been colonized by Japan for 3 years.
1 (Sebelumproklamasi, Indonesia telahdijajahJepangselama 3 tahun.)

Past perfect tense untukmenunjukkanseberapaseringsesuatuterjadi di

masalampau. Time expression (keteranganwaktu)
yang seringdigunakanyaitufrasa adverbial of number. Berikutbeberapacontohnya.
 twice / two times / three times + before + simple past tense / participle
(phrase): twice before getting married (dua kali sebelummenikah), two times
before they got married (dua kali sebelummerekamenikah), three times before I
read his review (tiga kali sebelumsayamembacatinjauannya)
 every day / every two days / every other day until 2012 (setiaphari /
setiapduaharisampaitahun 2012)
 every summer until 2000 (setiapmusimpanashinggatahun 2000)

I had read the book three times before I read his review.
(Sayatelahmembacabukuitutiga kali sebelumsayamembacaulasannya.)

They had met twice before married.

2 (Merekabertemudua kali sebelummenikah.)

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 Yulia had been to the gym every two days until 2012.
(Yuliatelahpergike gym setiapduaharisampaitahun 2012.)

Past perfect tense digunakanpada reported speech setelah verb

 said
 told
 asked
 thought
 wondered

He said that he had listened carefully the instruction.

(Diamengatakanbahwadiatelahmendengarkaninstruksidenganpenuhperhatian.)

I thought he had changed to be better man.

3 (Saya piker diatelahberubahmenjadipria yang lebihbaik.)

Past perfect tense untukmengekspresikanharapanatauimpian yang

tidakkesampaianmelalui conditional sentence tipe 3.

Rumus conditional sentence tipe 3:

if + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have + past participle

If you had remembered to invite me, I would have attended your party.
(Jikakamuingatmengundangsaya, sayaakanhadir di pestamu.)

Rina would been the same level with me if she had studied harder.
4 (Rinaakanberasapada level yang samadengansayajikadiabelajarlebihkeras.)

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 CHAPTER III

CONCLUSION
The present perfect tense is a form of verb that is used to express an action or situation
that has begun in the past and still continues until now or has been completed at a certain point in
the past but the effect still continues.

Past perfect tense is a form of verb that is used to state that an action has been completed
at a point in the past before another action occurred.

Actions that have been completed in the past can occur repeatedly or only once. In
addition, this tense can also be used to form conditional sentence type 3 and reported speech.

SUGGESTION
Hope this exposure is useful

REFERENCES:
1. Present Perfect
Tense. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/present_perfect.htm#perfect.
Accessed on February 18, 2013.
2. Verb Tenses. http://faculty.washington.edu/marynell/grammar/verbtenses.html. Accessed on
February 18, 2013.
3. Grammar Handbook: Perfect and Progressive Verb
Forms. http://www.cws.illinois.edu/workshop/writers/perfectforms/. Accessed on February
18, 2013.
4. Summary of Verb Tenses. http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html. Accessed on
February 18, 2013.
5. Sequence of Tenses. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/01/. Accessed on
February 18, 2013.
6. The Present Perfect Tense. http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/presperf.htm. Accessed on
October 8, 2018.
7. Definition of just adverb from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/just_1. Accessed
on October 8, 2018.
8. Definition of recently adverb from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/recently. Accessed
on October 8, 2018.
9. Definition of lately adverb from the Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/lately. Accessed
on October 8, 2018.

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10. Past Perfect Tense. http://grammar.ccc.commnet.edu/grammar/tenses/past_perfect.htm.
Accessed on October 9, 2018.
11. The Past Perfect Tense. http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/pastperf.htm. Accessed on
November 16, 2013.
12. Sequence of Tenses. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/601/01/. Accessed on
February 22, 2013.
13. After, Before, When. http://esl.about.com/od/Intermediate_Verb_Resource/a/Time-
Expressions-After-Before-When.htm. Accessed on February 22, 2013.

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