Microwave

S PARAMETERS
Using MatLab code
Under the guidance of
Ms. Bhuvaneshwari V M
Asst. Professor of Electronics & Communication
Submitted by
1. Arshdeep Singh 1NT16EC017

2. Kosh Thapa 1NT16EC183
3. Krishna 1NT16EC063
4. Shreyas S. Hampole 1NT16EC144

AIM |
To plot the S- parameters of Two Port R-C Network for the Frequency
100 kHz < f < 100 Mhz using Matlab.

THEORY |
Scattering parameters or S-parameters (the elements of a scattering matrix or S
matrix) describe the electrical behavior of linear electrical networks when undergoing
various steady state. The parameters are useful for electrical engineering, electronics
engineering, and communication systems design, and for microwave engineering.
The S-parameters are members of a family of similar parameters, S-parameters do
not use open or short circuit conditions to characterize a linear electrical network; instead,
matched loads are used. These terminations are much easier to use at high signal
frequencies than open-circuit and short-circuit terminations. Moreover, the quantities are
measured in terms of power. Many electrical properties of networks of components
(inductors, capacitors, resistors) may be expressed using S-parameters, such as gain, return
loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), reflection coefficient and amplifier stability.
Although applicable at any frequency, S-parameters are mostly used for networks
operating at radio frequency (RF) and microwave frequencies where signal power and energy
considerations are more easily quantified than currents and voltages. S-parameters change
with the measurement frequency, so frequency must be specified for any S-parameter
measurements stated, in addition to the characteristic impedance or system impedance.

The S-parameter matrix for the 2-port network is probably the most commonly used
and serves as the basic building block for generating the higher order matrices for larger
networks.In this case the relationship between the reflected, incident power waves and the
S-parameter matrix is given by:

Expanding the matrices into equations gives:

Each equation gives the relationship between the reflected and incident power waves at each
of the network ports, 1 and 2, in terms of the network's individual S-parameters,
S 11 , S 12 , S 21 , and S 22 . If one considers an incident power wave at port 1 ( a1 ) there may result
from it waves exiting from either port 1 itself ( b1 ) or port 2 ( b2 ). However if, according to
the definition of S-parameters, port 2 is terminated in a load identical to the system
impedance ( Z 0 ) then, by the maximum power transfer theorem, b2 will be totally absorbed
making a2 equal to zero. Therefore

Similarly, if port 1 is terminated in the system impedance then a1 becomes zero, giving

Each 2-port S-parameter has the following generic descriptions:
1. S 11 is the input port voltage reflection coefficient

2. S 12 is the reverse voltage gain
3. S 21 is the forward voltage gain
4. S 22 is the output voltage reflection coefficient
CODE |
% Assigning the parameters %

C = 1e-9;
R = 70;
% C = 1 × 10−9 is the capacitance value & ‘R’ is the resistor value
freq = logspace(5,8);
% row vector of 50 logarithmically spaced points b/t decades 10 5 & 10 8
omega = 2.*pi.*freq;
% generates a list of variables with the value of 2 π f
Zo = 50;
% Characteristic impedance being 50
% S 11 %
S_11=(R+1j.*omega.*C.*Zo.*(R-Zo))...
./(R+2*Zo+2.*1j.*omega.*C.*Zo.*(R+Zo));
% ... used in MatLab to represent that the next line is same line
%{

}%
figure(1);
subplot(211)
semilogx(freq,abs(S_11));
% plots the logarithmic graph with freq. in x-axis & | S 11 | in y-axis
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Amplitude')
title('S_{11}');
subplot(212)
semilogx(freq,angle(S_11));
% plots the logarithmic graph with freq. in x-axis & ∠ S 11 in y-axis
ylabel('Phase(rad)')
------------------------------------Figure 1------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% S 21 %
S_21=(2*Zo)...
%{

}%
figure(2);
subplot(211);
semilogx(freq,abs(S_21))
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)')
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('S_{21}')
subplot(212)
semilogx(freq,angle(S_21))
ylabel('Phase(rad)');
------------------------------------Figure 2------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% S 22 %
S_22=(R-1j.*omega.*C.*Zo.*(R+Zo))...
%{

}%
figure(3);
subplot(211)
title('S_{22}')
subplot(212)
------------------------------------Figure 3------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
% S 12 %
S_12=(2*Zo)...
%{

}%
figure(4);
subplot(211)
title('S_{12}')
subplot(212)
------------------------------------Figure 4------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

CONCLUSION |
This Experiment helps us to plot the S-parameters of Two Port Network for the
frequency range from 100Khz to 100Mhz and compare the parameters values theoretically
and practically.

Microwave

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Microwave

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Under the guidance of

1. Arshdeep Singh 1NT16EC017

1. S 11 is the input port voltage reflection coefficient

% Assigning the parameters %

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