Reinforced Concrete

Design
Basic Design Relationship

 Moment diagram is dependent on the composition

or size of the beam
Basic Design Relationship

 Load Effect Bending Moment

 Other load effects include shear force, axial force,
torque, deflection, and vibration
Basic Design Relationship

 Internal Resisting Moment, Couple Moment, or

Moment Resistance
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝛼1 𝑠1 + 𝛼2 𝑠2 + ⋯
Where Rn is the Nominal Resistance
-implies that the resistance is a computed value
based on the specified concrete and steel strengths,
and the dimensions shown on the drawings
Basic Design Relationship

 Strength Reduction Factor

 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝛼1 𝑠1 + 𝛼2 𝑠2 + ⋯
Where:
∅ is the Strength Reduction Factor
α1, α2, αn are the Load Factors
NSCP 2010 Sections 409.4.2.7, 409.4.3, 409.4.4,
409.4.5
Basic Design Relationship

 Design Strength
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝛼1 𝑠1 + 𝛼2 𝑠2 + ⋯
Where:
∅Rn is the Design Strength
 NSCP 2010 Section 409.1.4.1
Basic Design Relationship

 Required Strength
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑅𝑛 ≥ 𝛼1 𝑠1 + 𝛼2 𝑠2 + ⋯
Where:
𝛼1 𝑠1 + 𝛼2 𝑠2 + ⋯ is the Required Strength or Factored
Loads
 NSCP 2010 Section 409.3.1
Basic Design Relationship
 NSCP 2010 Section 409.3.1
Basic Design Relationship

 In terms of Moment
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑀 𝑀𝑛 ≥ 𝛼𝐷 𝑀𝐷 + 𝛼𝐿 𝑀𝐿 + ⋯
 ∅𝑀 - Strength Reduction Factor for Moment
 𝑀𝑛 – Nominal Moment Resistance
 𝛼𝐷 - Load Factor for Dead Load
 𝛼𝐿 - Load Factor for Live Load
 𝑀𝐷 - Bending Moment due to Dead Load
 𝑀𝐿 - Bending Moment due to Live Load
Basic Design Relationship

 In terms of
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑣 𝑉𝑛 ≥ 𝛼𝐷 𝑉𝐷 + 𝛼𝐿 𝑉𝐿 + ⋯

 In terms of Moment
 Resistances ≥ Load Effects
∅𝑝 𝑃0𝑛 ≥ 𝛼𝐷 𝑃𝐷 + 𝛼𝐿 𝑃𝐿 + ⋯
Structural Safety

 Variability in Resistance
Actual strengths (resistances) of structural members
may differ from the values calculated by the
designer
 Variability
of the strengths of concrete and
reinforcement
 Differencesbetween the as-built dimensions and
those shown on the structural drawings
 Effectsof simplifying assumptions made in deriving
the equations for member resistance
Structural Safety

 Variability in Loadings
All loadings are variable
 Differences
between the actual forces and
moments, and those computed by the designer
 Definite chance that a weaker-than-average
structure may be subjected to higher-than-average
load
Structural Safety

 Consequences of Failure
Subjective factors must be considered in determining
an acceptable level of safety for a particular class of
structure
 Cost of clearing the debris and replacing the
structure
 Potential loss of life
 Cost to society in lost time, lost of revenue, or
indirect loss of life or property
Loadings and Action

 Action
- Anything that gives rise to stresses in a structure
 Load or Direct Action
- concentrated or distributed forces
 Weight of the structure and its contents
 Pressures due to wind, water, or earth
Loadings and Action

 Imposed Deformation or Indirect Action

- does not result from applied loads but causes
stresses in a structure
 Uneven support settlements of continuous beams
 Shrinkage of concrete if it is not free to shorten
Classification of Loads

 Permanent Loads
Remains roughly constant once the structure is
completed
Self-weight of the structure
Soil pressure against foundation
Classification of Loads

 Variable Loads
 Change from time to time such as occupancy loads
and wind loads

Sustained Loads of Long Sustained Loads of Short

Duration Direction
Weight of filing cabinets in Weight of people in the
an office same office
Classification of Loads

 Variable Loads
 May be fixed or free in location

 Creep deformation of concrete structures result

from the permanent loads and the sustained
portion of the variable loads
Classification of Loads

 Accidental Loads
 Include vehicular collisions and explosions
 Static Loads
 Do not cause appreciable acceleration
Larger accelerations are accounted for by
multiplying the live load by impact factors, or
dynamic analyses may be used
 Dynamic Loads
 Cause appreciable acceleration
Types of Loads

 Dead Loads
 Live Loads
 Roof Loads
 Construction Loads
 Wind Loads
 Earthquake loads
Types of Loads

 Dead Loads
 Live Loads
 Roof Loads
 Construction Loads
 Wind Loads
 Earthquake loads
Dead Loads

 Weight of the member itself plus the weight of all

materials permanently incorporated into the
structure and supported by the member in
question
 Weights of permanent partitions or walls
 Weightsof plumbing stacks, electrical feeders,
permanent mechanical equipment
Dead Loads
Dead Loads

 Given
 Thickness of slab, 150mm
 Thickness of partition, 100mm
 Height of storey, 3m
 Length of slab, 8.60m
 Width of slab, 4.60m
Dead Loads

 Weight of slab
SW = 𝛾𝑐 𝑡𝑠

 Partition
Pw = 𝛾𝑝 𝐿𝑝
Dead Loads

 Toppings and Finishes

Fw~22𝑝𝑠𝑓
Table 204-2

 Ceiling and Utilities

Uw~3𝑝𝑠𝑓
Table 204-2
Dead Loads