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Sedimentary textures refer to the shape, size, and arrangement of particles in sediment and sedimentary rocks. Textures can be clastic, consisting of grains from pre-existing rocks, or crystalline, where crystals grew together in a fluid. Primary textures form after particles come to rest, but secondary textures are more common as they have been altered after deposition. Describing textures involves analyzing grain size, sorting, rounding, fabric, and maturity to understand the depositional environment.
Sedimentary textures refer to the shape, size, and arrangement of particles in sediment and sedimentary rocks. Textures can be clastic, consisting of grains from pre-existing rocks, or crystalline, where crystals grew together in a fluid. Primary textures form after particles come to rest, but secondary textures are more common as they have been altered after deposition. Describing textures involves analyzing grain size, sorting, rounding, fabric, and maturity to understand the depositional environment.
Sedimentary textures refer to the shape, size, and arrangement of particles in sediment and sedimentary rocks. Textures can be clastic, consisting of grains from pre-existing rocks, or crystalline, where crystals grew together in a fluid. Primary textures form after particles come to rest, but secondary textures are more common as they have been altered after deposition. Describing textures involves analyzing grain size, sorting, rounding, fabric, and maturity to understand the depositional environment.
Sediment texture refers to the shape, size and three-
dimensional arrangement of the particles that make up sediment or a sedimentary rock.
Textures can be clastic, where they are composed of grains
from pre-existing rocks (allochthonous grains)
or
crystalline, where the crystals grew from a fluid producing
an interlocking mosaic of crystals. Textures are primary, where the grains possess their arrangement that existed after they came to rest (or after precipitation in the case of crystals).
In sedimentary rocks, however, textures are commonly secondary, because
they have been altered in some way from their original condition. Grain Size Particles are generally measured by their maximum grain diameter.
The most common classification is use is the
Wentworth scale.
In this classification, terms such as pebble, sand and gravel
have well-defined limits. Many statistical methods can be applied to article size distributions (e.g., median, mean, skewness, kurtosis, etc.) to try to characterize the depositional processes that produced them and even to distinguish depositional environments. A common practice in studying grain size distribution is to use the phi scale as well as mm.
The boundaries between each class can
be expressed by the negative logarithm of this dimension to the base 2:
(phi) Φ = -log2 d
where d is particle size in mm.
Most sedimentologists estimate the particle size range in a sediment or sedimentary rock rather than physically measure it, but it some situations quantitative measurement of particle size and its range is desirable or needed. SORTING
Sorting refers to the uniformity of grain size in a sediment
or sedimentary rock. Particles become sorted on the basis of density because of the energy of the transporting medium. High energy (high velocity) currents can carry larger fragments. Shape Particle shape is difficult to quantify or describe.
Shape is commonly described with reference to three axes at 90° to
each other.
The longest axis is L, shortest S and the intermediate is I.
In a sphere or cube, those axes intersect at the centre and have equal length.
By comparing the ratios of the axes, it is possible to describe four
basic "shapes" of particles:
Shape Includes: Form- --- outline of the grain i-e sphere, platy or rod like
Roundness------ measure of sharpness of grain corners i-e well
rounded, poorly rounded ROUNDING
During the transportation process, grains may be
reduced in size due to abrasion.
Random abrasion results in the eventual rounding
off of the sharp corners and edges of grains.
Thus, the degree of rounding of grains gives us
clues to the amount of time a sediment has been in the transportation cycle. Rounding is classified on relative terms as well.
Note that rounding is not the same a sphericity.
Sphericity is how closely a grain outline resembles that of a circle.
SEDIMENT FABRICS
Fabric refers to the mutual arrangements of grains in a
sediment
or Sediment fabric stresses the three-dimensional make up of
the components in the rock -- especially whether the particles show any preferred orientation, and how individual grains are in contact with each other.
Primary fabrics are those that formed during sedimentation;
Secondary fabrics reflect the imprint of post-depositional
processes such as compaction by overlying younger sediments. Fabric can be useful in determining the depositional processes.
If particles are elongate, they may be aligned by
currents parallel to the direction of flow.
A common fabric in gravel and conglomerate is
imbrication. Textural Maturity
The degree of sorting,
the roundness And the matrix content in a sandstone contribute towards the textural maturity of the sediment.
Texturally immature sandstones are
poorly sorted with angular grains and some matrix,
whereas
texturally supermature sandstones are well sorted with
well-rounded grains and no matrix. The longer sediment is involved in the transportation cycle, the more time it has to become well-sorted.
Similarly, the longer the sediment is transported, the
more time is available for grains to lose their rough edges and corners by abrasion.
Thus, we consider a texturally mature sediment to be
sediment that is well-sorted and well-rounded.
Note that sediment tends to become both texturally and
mineralogically mature the longer it is in the transportation cycle. DESCRIPTIONS OF TEXTURE
A complete description of the texture of a sedimentary rock should include
statements about each of the factors discussed above. To summarize, these are:
1. Size of the grains.
2. Sorting.
3. Degree of roundness and sphericity of the grains.
4. An estimate of the porosity of the rock.
5. Packing of the grains.
6. A description of the matrix.
7. A statement about the textural maturity of the rock