SMART AGRICULTURE REAL TIME MONITORING SYSTEM

USING INTERNET OF THINGS

A PROJECT REPORT

Submitted by

PREMKUMAR. G
RAHUMAN. A
IMRANALI. S

in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING

in

ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MAILAM ENGINEERING COLLEGE, MAILAM

ANNA UNIVERSITY : CHENNAI 600 025

APRIL 2019
 ANNA UNIVERSITY: CHENNAI 600 025

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

Certified that this project report “SMART AGRICULTURE REAL TIME

MONITORING SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS ” is the bonafide
work of “ PREMKUMAR.G , RAHUMAN.A , IMRAN ALI . S , ” who carried out
the project work under my supervision.

SIGNATURE SIGNATURE

Dr .N. MURALIKRISHNAN Dr. G. PREM SUNDER

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT SUPERVISOR

PROFESSOR PROFESSOR

Electrical and Electronics Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Mailam Engineering College Mailam Engineering College

Mailam-604 304 Mailam-604 304

Submitted to project work and viva-voice examination held on……………….

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNALEXAMINER

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMET

I take immense pleasure in thanking our honorable Chairman and Managing Director
Sree. M.DHANASEKARAN, our honorable Vice chairman Sree.S.V.SUGUMARAN, M.L.A
and our honorable Secretary Dr.K.NARAYANASAMY for providing me with an
environment to complete my project successfully.

I wish to express our deep sense of gratitude to our principal Dr.S.SENTHIL for
giving us this opportunity to showcase our technical ability with this project.

I would like to express our sincere thanks to our Dean Dr.R.RAJAPPAN for this kind
patronage.

I am deeply in debited to our Head of the department Dr.N.MURALIKRISHNAN for

unwavering support during t h e t h i s entire course of this project.

It is a great pleasure to express our gratitude and thanks towards our supervisor
Dr.G.PREM SUNDER Professor for his uninterruptable suggestions and words of
improvements regarding this project, which played a major role in guiding us in my track.

Works are in adequate in offering our thanks to all staff members of our
department for their constant encouragement and support throughout the course,
especially for the useful suggestions given during the project period.

Finally, yet importantly , I would like to express my heartfelt thanks to my beloved parents
for their blessings my family and friends for their help and wishes for the Successful
completion f or this Project. I also thank all the others who directly or indirectly were a
source of help to mean accomplishing this Project.

ii
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO

ABSTRACT (ENGLISH) vi

ABSTRACT (TAMIL) vii

LIST OF FIGURES ix

LIST OF TABLE xi

ABBREVATIONS xii

1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERARY REVIEW 1
1.2 WORK PROPOSED 2

2. RASPBERRY PI-3B-MODEL

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY 4

2.2 BASIC SET UP FOR RASPBERRY PI 6
2.3 RASPBERRY PI GPIO 6
2.4 OPERATING SYSTEM 7
2.5 RASPBERRY OS SETUP 8
2.6 PROGRAMMING 8
2.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF IOT WITH RASPBERRY 8
2.8 RELAY CONNECTION 9
2.9 RASPBERRY PI CAMERA 10
2.10 RASPBERRY PI 11
2.11 DRIVES APIs 13

iii
2.12 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN RASPBERRY 15
2.13 HARDWARE AND DESCRIPTION 16

2.14 WORKING OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING 17

2.15 INSTALLING AND LOADING OF IDE 18

2.16 PYTHON PROGRAME FOR SMART AGRICULTURE

USING IOT 20
3. TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSORS
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO SENSORS 24

3.2 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 25

3.3 CHALLENGE OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT 26

3.4 FEATURES LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSORS 26

3.5 WORKING OF LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSORS 27

3.6 HUMIDITY SENSORS 27
3.7 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO HUMIDITY 28
3.8 HUMIDITY SENSORS WORKING PRINCIPLE 29
3.9 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WITH SELECTING
HUMIDITY SENSOR 31
4 SOIL MOISTURE SSENSORS AND RAIN SENSORS
4.1 SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS INTRODUCTION 32
4.2 SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS PURPOSE 32
4.3 WORKING OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS IN
RASPBERRY PI 33
4.4 PROGRAM FOR SOIL MOISTURE SENSORS 34
4.5 METHODS OF CROP MOISTURE MEASUREMENT 35
4.6 RAIN SENSOR 35
iv
4.7 WATER LEVEL SENSORS 37
5 WORKING AND RESULTS
5.1 WORKING MODULE 39
6 CONCLUSION 44
REFERENCES 45

v
ABSTRACT

Agriculture plays vital role in the development of agricultural country like

India. Issues concerning agriculture have been always hindering the development of
the country. The only solution to this problem is smart agriculture by modernizing the
current traditional methods of agriculture. Hence the proposed method aims in
making agriculture smart using automation and IOT technologies. Internet of
Things (IOT) enables various applications crop growth monitoring and selection,
irrigation decision support. A Raspberry- Pi -3 based automatic irrigation IOT
system is proposed for modernization and to improves productivity of the crop.
Main aim of this work is to promote development of crop at low quantity water
consumption with monitoring of crop and taking necessary solution from anywhere
across world. In order to focus on water availability and maintaining plants at the
required time, most of the farmers waste lot time in the fields. An efficient
management of water should be developed and the system circuit complexity to
be reduced. The proposed system developed on the information sent from the sensors
and estimate the quantity of water needed and monitor the malfunctioning of crops.
Various sensors are used to get the data from the base station like humidity , the
temperature of soil, Rain sensor and flow sensors has been interfaced with
Raspberry-pi . The system is based on these values of limits to sustain plants and
calculate the water quantity for irrigation is required. The major target of the system
is implementing of Precision Agriculture (PA) with cloud computing.

vi
 திட்டச்சுருக்கம்

இந்தி஬ா பபான்ம லிலசா஬ நாடுகரின் லரர்ச்சி஬ில் லிலசா஬ம்

முக்கி஬ பங்கு லகிக்கிமது. லிலசா஬ம் ததாடர்பான பி஭ச்சினனகள்

஋ப்பபாதும் நாட்டின் லரர்ச்சிக்கு தனட஬ாக உள்ரன. இந்த

பி஭ச்சனனக்கு ஒப஭ தீர்லானது லிலசா஬த்தின் தற்பபானத஬

பா஭ம்பரி஬ லறிமுனமகனர நலனப்படுத்துலதன்

ீ மூயம் ஸ்஫ார்ட்

பலராண்ன஫ ஆகும். பலராண்ன஫ ஫ற்றும் IOT

ததாறில்நுட்பங்கனரப் ப஬ன்படுத்தி பலராண்ன஫ ஸ்஫ார்ட்

தசய்லனத பநாக்க஫ாகக் தகாண்டது. தின்படரங்கரின்

இனை஬ம் (ஐ.ஓ.ஓ.) பல்பலறு ப஬ன்பாடுகனர ப஬ிர் லரர்ச்சி

கண்காைிப்பு தசய்஬ உதவுகிமது. பாசன முடிவு ஆத஭வு ஒரு

஭ாஸ்தபர்ரி-னப-3 அடிப்பனட஬ியான தானி஬ங்கி நீ ர்ப்பாசனம்

ஐஓடி முனம நலன஫஬஫ாக்கல்

ீ ஫ற்றும் ப஬ிர் உற்பத்தின஬

ப஫ம்படுத்துலதற்கு முன்த஫ாறி஬ப்பட்டது. குனமந்த அரவு நீ ர்

நுகர்வுக்கு ப஬ிர் லரர்ச்சின஬ ஊக்குலிப்பபத இந்த பலனயக்கான

முக்கி஬ குமிக்பகாள். பதனலப்படும் பந஭ங்கரில் தால஭ங்களுக்கு

vii
கினடக்கும் நீ ர் ஫ீ து கலனம் தசலுத்துலதற்காக, தபரும்பாயான

லிலசா஬ிகள் ல஬யில் நினம஬ பந஭ம் தசயலிடுகின்மனர். நீ ர் ஒரு

திமன஫஬ான ப஫யாண்ன஫ அபிலிருத்தி ஫ற்றும் கைினி சுற்று

சிக்கல்கனயக் குனமக்க பலண்டும். உைரிகரிட஫ிருந்து

அனுப்பப்பட்ட தகலல்கரில் உருலாக்கப்பட்டு முன்த஫ாறி஬ப்பட்ட

அன஫ப்பு ஫ற்றும் பதனலப்படும் தண்ை ீர் அரனல ஫திப்பீடு

தசய்தல். ஈ஭ப்பதம், ஫ண் தலப்பநினய, ஫னற தசன்சார் ஫ற்றும்

ஓட்டம் பபான்ம அடிப்பனட நினய஬த்தியிருந்து த஭னலப் தபம

பல்பலறு உைரிகள் ப஬ன்படுத்தப்படுகின்மன. இந்த ஫திப்புகள்

அடிப்பனட஬ில் உத்பதச அன஫ப்புகள் ஫ற்றும் பாசன நீ ர் அரவு

கைக்கிட பலண்டும். கைினி முக்கி஬ நன்ன஫ கிரவுட்

கம்ப்யூட்டிங் மூயம் துல்யி஬ பலராண்ன஫ (PA)

தச஬ல்படுத்தப்படுகிமது.

viii
 LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO

1.1 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM 3

2.2 BASIC BLOCK OF RASPBERRY PI 3 5

2.3 RASPBERRY PI MODULE 5

2.4 BASIC SETUP FOR RASPBERRY PI 6

2.5 RASPBERRY PI PIN CONFIGURATION 7

2.6 RELAY CHANNEL 9

2.7 CLASSIC 10 CAMERA RASPBERRY PI 10

2.8 FLOW CHART IMPLEMENTING FOR SMART

AGRICULTURE MONITORING SYSTEM 23

3.1 LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR 26

3.2 HUMIDITY SENSORS 29

4.1 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR 35

4.2 RAIN SENSOR 37

4.3 WATER LEVEL SENSORS 38

5.1 MAIN BOARD WITH RELAY 39

5.2 INSTALLATION OF CIRCUIT IN CROP FIELD 40

ix
5.3 IMPLEMENTAION OF RASPBERRY PI WITH CAMERA 41

5.4 CONNECTION OF SENSOR IN AGRICULTURAL LAND 42

5.5 (a) OUTPUT OF MOTOR STATUS FROM LAND 43

5.5 (b)TEMPERATURE AND SOIL OUTPUT 43

5.6 DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM FROM THE CIRCUIT 44

x
 LIST OF TABLES PAGE NO

2.2 SPECIFICATIONS OF RASPBERRY PI 4

xi
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

HDMI High-Definition Multimedia Interface (Port)

USB Universal Serial Bus

ARM Advanced Risk set Machine

GPIO General Purpose Input and Output

COA Corporation of America

IDE Integrated Drive Electronics

CSI Construction Specification Issues

DSI Decision science Issues

VNC Virtual Network Computing

xii
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 LITERARY REVIEW

India‘s major source of income is from agriculture sector and 80% of farmers
depend on the agriculture. Indian irrigation system for the farmers are chosen most of the
methods manually such as drip, terraced, ditch irrigation system are in practice. In order
to improve the crop productivity there is an urgent need to change manual method to
automation. India, it is one of the valuable resources to protect and save for future
needs. This system helps the farmer which provides the water to crop at stringent time
and quantity. Automation irrigation system along with monitoring process observes the
moisture sensors and temperature variations around the crop area that‘s gives a precise
time of operation and smart monitoring the motor turn ON and OFF. So to implement
Automation and to avoid the human errors Internet of things (IOT) is allowing control to
the systems from remote area over an internet. IOT is the emerging area that penetrates
other area and made them efficient. It develops a inclusion of new sensors, sensor
network, RF based communications. It can exhibits smart intelligence, precise sensing
along with good identification. Once added cloud computing with IOT a changes has
occurred in computer network base technologies and mobile based technology. Now days
other networks are 3G, LTE, GSM, WLAN, WPAN, wi Max, RFID, Zig bee, NFC,
Bluetooth that develops IOT so smart system and operate system at remote places.

1
1.2 PROPOSED WORK
1. The aim of this project is to introduce the latest technology into the
agriculture business and better crop production by collecting real-time
status of crop.
2. To Digitalize farming and agricultural activities so that the farmers can check
the requirements of crop developing activity and accurately predict the growth
in field.
3. In order to focus on water available to the plants at the required time, for that
purpose most of the Hydroponics systems are implemented to crop
cultivation.

2
1.3 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure1.1 : Functional Block Diagram of Smart Agriculture using Raspberry Pi

3
 CHAPTER 2
RASPBERRY- PI- 3B MODEL

2.1 INTRODUCTION TO RASPBERRY

WHAT IS RASPBERRY PI?

• Computer in your palm.

• Single-board computer.

• Low cost.

2.1 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS

Key features Raspberry Pi 3 Raspberry Pi 2 Raspberry Pi

model B model B Zero
RAM 1GB SDRAM 1GB SDRAM 512MB SDRAM
CPU Quad Cortex Quad Cortex ARM 11@ 1GHz
A53@1.2GHz A53@900MHz
GPU 400 MHz video 250 MHz video 250 MHz video
core iv core iv core iv
Ethernet 10/100 10/100 None
Wireless 802.11/Bluetooth None None
4.0
Video output HDMI HDMI HDMI
COMPOSITE COMPOSITE COMPOSITE
GPIO 40 40 40

4
Figure 2.2: Basic Block of raspberry pi-3.

Fig2.3.RASPBERRY- PI –MODULE

5
2.2 BASIC SET UP FOR RASPBERRY PI

• HDMI cable.
• Monitor.
• Key board.
• Mouse.
• 5volt power adapter for raspberry pi.
• LAN cable .
• Min- 2GB micro SD card

Fig 2.4 Basic Set up for Raspberry Pi

2.3 RASPBERRY PI GPIO

• Act as both digital output and digital input.

• OUTPUT-turn a GPIO pin high or low.
• INPUT- detect a GPIO pin high or low

6
 Fig.2.5 Raspberry Pi pin configuration

2.4 OPERATING SYSTEM OFFICIAL SUPPORTED OS

• Raspbian
• NOOBS
SOME OF THE THIRD PARTY OS
• UBUNTU mate
• Snappy Ubuntu core
• Windows 10 core
• Pinet
• Risc OS

7
2.5 RASPBERRY PI OS SETUP WRITE RASPBIAN IN SD CARD
• Install ―Win32 Disk Imager‖ software in windows machine .
• Run Win32 Disk Imager
• Plug SD card into your PC
• Select the ―Device‖
• Browse the ―Image File‖(Raspbian image)
• Write
2.6 PROGRAMMING DEFAULT INSTALLED
• Python
• C
• C++
• Java
• Scratch
• Ruby
2.7 IMPLEMETAION OF IOT WITH RASPBERRY PI
IOT
 Creating an interactive environment
 Network of devices connected together
SENSOR

 Electronic element

 Converts physical quantity into electrical signals

 Can be analog or digital

ACTUATOR

 Mechanical/Electro-mechanical device

 Converts energy into motion

8
  Mainly used to provide controlled motion to other components
SYSTEM OVERVIEW

 Sensor and actuator interfaced with Raspberry Pi

 Read data from the sensor
 Control the actuator according to the reading from the sensor
 Connect the actuator to a device
RELAY

 Mechanical/electromechanical switch
 3 output terminals (left to right)
 NO (normal open):
 Common
 NC (normal close)

Figure 2.6 : Relay Channel

2.8 CONNECTION RELAY

 Connect the relay pins with the Raspberry Pi as mentioned

 Set the GPIO pin connected with the relay‘s input pin as output in the sketch
GPIO.setup(13,GPIO.OUT)

9
  Set the relay pin high when the temperature is greater than 30 if temperature >30:
GPIO.output(13,0) # Relay is active low print(‗Relay is on') sleep(5)
GPIO.output(13,1) # Relay is turned off after delay of 5 second

2.9 RASPBERRY PI CAMERA

 Raspberry Pi specific camera module is used to capture image monitoring system.

 Dedicated CSI slot in Pi for connection
 The cable slot is placed between Ethernet port and HDMI port

Figure 2.7 Class 10 camera of raspberry Pi

10
2.10 RASPBERRY PI PIN DECRIPTIONS

The Raspberry Pi device looks like a motherboard, with the mounted chips and ports
exposed (something you'd expect to see only if you opened up your computer and looked
at its internal boards), but it has all the components you need to connect input, output,
and storage devices and start computing.

You'll encounter two models of the device: Model A and Model B. The only real
differences are the addition of Ethernet and an extra USB port on the more expensive
Model B.

ARM CPU/GPU -- This is a Broadcom BCM2835 System on a Chip that's made up

of an ARM central processing unit (CPU) and a Videocore 4 graphics processing unit
(GPU). The CPU handles all the computations that make a computer work (taking
input, doing calculations and producing output), and the GPU handles graphics output.

GPIO -- These are exposed general-purpose input/output connection points that will
allow the real hardware hobbyists the opportunity to tinker.

RCA -- An RCA jack allows connection of analog TVs and other similar output
devices.

AUDIO OUT -- This is a standard 3.55-millimeter jack for connection of audio

output devices such as headphones or speakers. There is no audio in.

LEDs -- Light-emitting diodes, for all of your indicator light needs.

USB -- This is a common connection port for peripheral devices of all types
(including your mouse and keyboard). Model A has one, and Model B has two. You

11
can use a USB hub to expand the number of ports or plug your mouse into your
keyboard if it has its own USB port.

HDMI -- This connector allows you to hook up a high-definition television or other

compatible device using an HDMI cable.

POWER -- This is a 5v Micro USB power connector into which you can plug your
compatible power supply.

SD CARDSLOT -- This is a full-sized SD card slot. An SD card with an operating

system (OS) installed is required for booting the device. They are available for
purchase from the manufacturers, but you can also download an OS and save it to the
card yourself if you have a Linux machine and the wherewithal.

ETHERNET -- This connector allows for wired network access and is only
available on the Model B.
Many of the features that are missing, such as WiFi and audio in, can be added
using the USB port(s) or a USB hub as needed. Next: More details on the device itself
and its compatible operating systems.

WHY WE CHOOSE THE RASPBERRY PI AND NOT SOMETHING ELSE?

The Raspberry Pi has a few competitors, although the foundation encourages

people to clone its idea, so competitor might not be the right word. They include
BeagleBoard and PandaBoard (which are both the names of the companies and their main
devices). Both are nonprofit organizations but with slightly different goals than the
Raspberry Pi Foundation. BeagleBoard is geared toward adult hardware tinkerers,
and PandaBoard aims to make a mobile software-programming platform available at a
reasonable price.

12
Like Raspberry Pi, they're both exposed boards with ARM processors and are HD video
capable. But BeagleBoards and PandaBoards have more connectors and connection
headers (bits of the board that can be used by soldering additional hardware) than the
Raspberry Pi, and both devices are a bit larger. The following aren't exhaustive lists of
components, but here are some features that differ from the Pi:

For its intended Agricultural purposes, the Raspberry Pi has two major advantages
over the others. First, it was conceived to be a complete working computer. You simply
need to insert an SD card containing the OS, connect the peripherals and power, and it's
ready to go. Beagle Boards and Panda Boards require hookup to a host computer for
initial setup, and though they have similar processing capabilities, they take a little more
know-how to get them fully functional.

Second, the other devices are much more expensive than the Raspberry Pi. For
example, in April 2012, the pricing was $125 to $149 for the two main Beagle Board
models, and $174 to $182 each for the two Panda Board models. These prices are a far
cry from the $25 and $35 base prices of the Raspberry Pi. You just have to examine the
spaces and determine which machine best suits your needs. Given its functionality and
price, the Raspberry Pi seems better poised to get computing power to the masses.

2.11 DRIVER APIs

Raspberry Pi can use a VideoCore IV GPU via a binary blob, which is loaded into
the GPU at boot time from the SD-card, and additional software, that initially was closed
source. This part of the driver code was later released. However, much of the actual
driver work is done using the closed source GPU code. Application software makes calls
to closed source run-time libraries (Open max, OpenGL ES), which in turn call an open
source driver inside the Linux kernel, which then calls the closed source VideoCore IV
GPU driver code. The API of the kernel driver is specific for these closed libraries. Video

13
applications use OpenMAX, 3D applications use OpenGL ES and 2D applications use
OpenVG, which both in

ADVATANGES

1. It‘s Cheap. About £30. Some people have bought many RPi‘s to make a super
computer cluster. It‘s difficult to do, but an option if you want a more powerful
computer. You do have to buy everything else (monitor, keyboard, mouse etc.
However you can use existing TV monitor and existing IO devices)
2. It‘s SMALL. Fits in the palm of your hand. In your pocket. The Raspberry Pi
Zero is even smaller. Less than half of a playing card. Great for putting in small
spaces.
3. It has GPIO pins. So it can interface with real world devices, electronics, relay
units, water pumps, sensors etc.
4. Highly CUSTOMISABLE. You can add whatever sensors, cameras, batteries,
touch screens, fans, electronics, robotics, remote control devices to it. Thus you
can use it to solve many real problems like an automated water system to keep
your plants alive while you‘re on holidays.
5. ENERGY EFFICIENT. Uses very little electricity. (1.21W). So you can use this
to run a 24/7 home server without sucking too much electricity.
6. You can run other OS‘s like Retro-Pi which is essentially a NES, SNES and
other retro console emulators, which you can put in a case, connect a controller
and use as dedicated retro gaming console.
7. There‘s wide COMMUNITY SUPPORT for Software is a great place to see the
possibilities and potential that Raspberry Pi‘s have (amongst other devices like
Arduino). Everyone gives you instructions on how to pull off certain projects.

14
 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Requires a bit of TECHNICAL knowledge and desire to ―tinker‖ Knowledge of

basic electronics, and programming language like Python.
2. It DOESN‘T WORK OUT OF THE BOX. Assembly is required. The basic
assembly itself is simple, but any more than that requires more technical
knowledge and parts. Additional devices like keyboard, monitor and mouse, web
cam etc. If you want a computer that just works out of the box then this isn‘t for
you.
3. It‘s UNDERPOWERED. (Which can be countered by buying multiple API‘s.
But it very difficult to setup a Super Computer Cluster if you‘ve never done it
before.

2.12 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES USED IN RASPBERRY PI

Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry Pi. The people from Raspberry Pi recommend Scratch for younger kids. Other
languages that can be used are: HTML5.

A considerable number of programming languages have been adapted for the

Raspberry Pi, either by the creator of the language or by users of the language who
wanted to see their language of choice available on the Raspberry Pi.

Python, C, C++, Java, Scratch, and Ruby all come installed by default on the
Raspberry Pi. The people from Raspberry Pi recommend Scratch for younger kids Other
languages that can be used are:

 HTML5
 Javascript and JQuery
 Perl
15
2.13 HARDWARE DESCRIPTION

 The Raspberry Pi 3 Model B builds upon the features of its predecessors with a
new, faster processor on board to increase its speed

 . It also features Wi Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy capabilities to enhance the

functionality and the ability to power more powerful devices over the USB ports.

 The specifications of raspberry pi 3 are Quad Core 1.2GHz Broadcom BCM2837

64bit CPU, 1GB RAM, BCM43438 Wi Fi and Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) on
board, 40-pin Extended GPIO, 4x USB 2 ports, 4 Pole stereo output

 Composite video port, Full size HDMI, CSI camera port for connecting a
Raspberry Pi camera, DSI display port for connecting a Raspberry Pi touch screen
display, Micro SD port for loading your operating system and storing data

 Upgraded switched Micro USB power source up to 2.5A. Fig. 2 and 3 represents
the transmitter and receiver section.

 The Raspberry Pi is a single computer board — developed to encourage and aid

the teaching of programming and computing.
 Fig.2.2 shows hardware kit of raspberry pi3 model B. The low cost and 'plug play'
nature of Pi makes for a board that is accessible to all and has numerous
connectivity options. Pi is the perfect experimental tool, whether you want to use it
as a desktop computer, media centre, server or monitoring/security device within
your home.

 No limits. Linux-based operating systems run on the Pi with plenty of access to

free software and downloads. Fig. 5

16
GETTING STARTED WITH RASPBERRY PI-3
Step 1: What You'll Need. 1 Raspberry Pi (model A, A+, B, B+, Bv2). ...
Step 2: Setting Up Your SD Card. If you are going to buy (or have) an SD card
preinstalled with the OS, skip this step. ...
Step 3: Hook Up the Raspberry PI. ...
Step 4: First Boot. ...
Step 5: Find and Install Software. ...
Step 6: Python Programming
2.14 WORKING OF PYTHON PROGRAMMING

Python is a programming language that has recently become very popular—so

popular, in fact, that it is now the fourth most popular language (according to the
TIOBE index). But why has Python become so popular? What makes it an ideal
language for the Raspberry Pi?

Unlike other languages (C, C++, etc.), Python is an interpreted language, which
means when a Python program is executed, an interpreter reads the Python
instructions and then performs the desired action. The interpreter itself is written in
CPU native instructions, but the Python program is not. This means Python programs
can, in theory, run on ANY computer, so long as that computer has a Python
interpreter. This makes Python a cross-platform language, which is one of the main
reasons why it has become so popular. A program written on Windows does not need
to be rewritten to work on a Mac or a Linux machine. It‘s also incredibly simple, easy
to read, and powerful. It can write advanced programs, including graphical interfaces,
networking, parallelism, and much more. Python is a productive language, resulting in
faster program production and requiring less code and time.

17
Since Linux has been written for the Pi (ARM core), the Python interpreter can run on
it and, therefore, so can Python programs. So, how do we start with this wonderful
programming language on the Pi?

2.15 INSTALLING AND LOADING IDE

Raspbian, the default OS choice for the Raspberry Pi, should contain both
Python 2 and 3, so loading Python should be easy to navigate through menu options.
Firstly, click the top left Pi icon on the menu bar. Then navigate to ―Programming‖
and click ―Python 3 (IDEL)‖.

UNDERSTANDING THE IDE

When Python 3 loads, the visible window is the shell, which has two main purposes:

1. Entering Python commands: some quick calculations

2. Input/output for programs: getting data from a user and displaying
information
RUNNING OUR PROGRAM

With the code entered and the file saved, it‘s time to run the program. Running a
Python program can be done in one of three ways: press F5 in the window with the
program to run, go to the menu bar and click Run > Python Shell, or run the file via a
terminal window as an argument for Python. For now, the easiest way is to simply
press F5 in the window with the code. Once pressed, the code should return no errors,
and the shell window should prompt for data.

18
FIRST BOOT

1. Plug in your keyboard, mouse, and monitor cables.

2. Now plug the USB power cable into your Pi.
3. Your Raspberry Pi will boot, and a window will appear with a list of different
operating systems that you can install. ...
4. Raspbian will then run through its installation process.

WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES OF RASPBERRY PI OVER OTHER

PROCESSOR?
Actually RPi uses softwares which are either free or open source. So your learning
atmosphere expands. It provides direct accessible processor pins as GPIOs. So
prototyping your vision project or learning computer science from scratch in such a
device is better. One can learn in PC also but implementation at hardware level is not
feasible as PC does not provide much hardware details.

The processor if compared to its class , then it is very good. It is a Broadcom 900
MHz Quad core CPU. It is ARM Cortex A7 based device. RPi is known for the whole
system as a whole. There are other products like Banana pi or orange pi having equal or
better CPU capabilities but lacks somewhere in other support (like software integration
with hardware).

It is convenient to use RPi for beginning as it has very less software glitches and provides
overall performance. Other products may considered if it is known that a particular
feature of that device has to be used extensively. Now Raspberry pi 3 has arrived with
better 64 bit CPU.

19
2.16 PYTHON PROGRAM FOR SMART AGRICULTURE USING IOT

import sys

import Adafruit_DHT

import time

import os

from time import sleep

from date time import date time

import board

import busio

import adafruit_ads1x15.ads1015 as ADS

from adafruit_ads1x15.analog_in import AnalogIn

import urllib.request

myAPI = "TNTOIKX6S9BX6L52"

baseURL = 'https://api.thingspeak.com/update?api_key=%s' % myAPI

# Create the I2C bus

i2c = busio.I2C(board.SCL, board.SDA)

# Create the ADC object using the I2C bus

ads = ADS.ADS1015(i2c)

# Create single-ended input on channel 0

20
chan = AnalogIn(ads, ADS.P0)

chan1 = AnalogIn(ads, ADS.P1)

# Create differential input between channel 0 and 1

#chan = AnalogIn(ads, ADS.P0, ADS.P1)

print("{:>5}\t{:>5}".format('raw', 'v'))

file = open("/home/pi/datalog/data_log.csv", "a")

i=0

if os.stat("/home/pi/datalog/data_log.csv").st_size == 0:

file.write("Time/date, temperature *C, humidity %, Gas level , sound level\n")

while True:

humidity, temperature = Adafruit_DHT.read_retry(11, 4)

print ("Temp: {0:0.1f} C Humidity: {1:0.1f} %".format(temperature, humidity))

print("{:>5}\t{:>5.3f}".format(chan.value, chan.voltage))

time.sleep(0.5)

print("{:>5}\t{:>5.3f}".format(chan1.value, chan1.voltage))

time.sleep(0.5)

now = datetime.now()
file.write(str(now)+","+str(temperature)+","+str(humidity)+","+str(chan.value)+","+str(c
han1.value)+"\n")

file.flush()

21
f = urllib.request.urlopen(baseURL +"&field1=%s&field2=%s&field3=%s&field4=%s"
% (temperature, humidity,chan.value,chan1.value))

print (f.read())

f.close()

time.sleep(5)

22
Figure 2.8 Flow Chart for implementing Smart Agriculture Monitoring System

23
 CHAPTER 3

TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY SENSORS

3.1 INTRODUCTION TO SENSOR

Temperature sensors are vital to a variety of everyday products. For example,

household ovens, refrigerators, and thermostats all rely on temperature maintenance and
control in order to function properly. Temperature control also has applications in
chemical engineering. Examples of this include maintaining the temperature of a
chemical reactor at the ideal set-point, monitoring the temperature of a possible runaway
reaction to ensure the safety of employees, and maintaining the temperature of streams
released to the environment to minimize harmful environmental impact.
While temperature is generally sensed by humans as ―hot‖, ―neutral‖, or ―cold‖,
chemical engineering requires precise, quantitative measurements of temperature in order
to accurately control a process. This is achieved through the use of temperature sensors,
and temperature regulators which process the signals they receive from sensors.
From a thermodynamics perspective, temperature changes as a function of the
average energy of molecular movement. As heat is added to a system, molecular motion
increases and the system experiences an increase in temperature. It is difficult, however,
to directly measure the energy of molecular movement, so temperature sensors are
generally designed to measure a property which changes in response to temperature. The
devices are then calibrated to traditional temperature scales using a standard (i.e. the
boiling point of water at known pressure). The following sections discuss the various
types of sensors and regulators.

24
3.2 TEMPERATURE SENSORS

Temperature sensors are devices used to measure the temperature of a medium.

There are 2 kinds on temperature sensors: 1) contact sensors and 2) noncontact sensors.
However, the 3 main types are thermometers, resistance temperature detectors, and
thermocouples. All three of these sensors measure a physical property (i.e. volume of a
liquid, current through a wire), which changes as a function of temperature. In addition to
the 3 main types of temperature sensors, there are numerous other temperature sensors
available for use

NEED FOR TEMPERATURE SENSOR IN AGRICULTURAL LAND

Soil Parameters to Be Detected at any component of soil that affect plant growth
and development shall be tested or detected. Some of them are nutrients, moisture,
pollutants, ph, thermal conductivity, temperature, electrical conductivity, color, texture,
structure and bulk density
The Need for Soil Temperature Measurement Temperature affect s several
processes in soil and soil ecosystem. As a result of this soil temperature measurement is
required(Valente et al. 2006). Soil temperature affects: photosynthesis, respiration,
transpiration, water potential of the soil, soil translocation and microbial activity. 2.3.
Factors That Influence Soil Temperature These can be classified as surface soil
temperature factors and subsurface soil temperature factors. Surface soil temperature
factors include: radiation from the sun, slop of the land, water content, vegetative cover
and albedo (light reflected by the earth). Subsurface soil temperature factors include: heat
flux from the surface, water content, bulk density and heat capacity of the soil(Anon
2001). Soil Temperature And Heat Flow There are three major heat transfer processes in
soils namely conduction, convection and radiation. These processes are affected by the
soil medium(Hillel 1998).

25
3.3 CHALLENGES OF TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT

 Some of the challenges of soil temperature measurement are:

 non-uniform temperature distribution,
 low resolution,
 low accuracy in modeling,
 self-heating effect

3.4 FEATURES OF LM35 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

 Calibrated directly in ˚ Celsius (Centigrade)

 Rated for full l −55˚ to +150˚C range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer-level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts

Figure 3.1 LM35 temperature sensor

26
3.5 WORKING OF TEMPERATURE SENSOR

 When the temperature of the device exceeds a user-defined temperature HIGH then the
output TOUT is active. The output will remains active until the temperature drops
below user defined temperature LOW.
 User defined temperature settings are saved in nonvolatile memory so it may be
programmed prior to insertion in a system.
 The temperature reading is provided in a 9-bit, two‘s complement reading by issuing
the READ TEMPERATURE command in the programming.
 A 2 wire serial interface is used for input to the DS16121 for the temperature settings
and for output of temperature reading from the DS1621

3.6 HUMIDITY SENSORS

Humidity Sensor is one of the most important devices that has been widely in
consumer, industrial, biomedical, and environmental etc. applications for measuring and
monitoring Humidity.

Humidity is defined as the amount of water present in the surrounding air. This
water content in the air is a key factor in the wellness of mankind. For example, we will
feel comfortable even if the temperature is 00C with less humidity i.e. the air is dry.

But if the temperature is 100C and the humidity is high i.e. the water content of air
is high, then we will feel quite uncomfortable. Humidity is also a major factor for
operating sensitive equipment like electronics, industrial equipment, electrostatic
sensitive devices and high voltage devices etc. Such sensitive equipment must be
operated in a humidity environment that is suitable for the device.

27
 Hence, sensing, measuring, monitoring and controlling humidity is a very
important task. Some of the important areas of application for sensing, measuring and
controlling Humidity are mentioned below.

AGRICULTURE: Irrigation techniques like drip irrigation need accurate moisture

content for plants. Also, the moisture in the soil plays an important role in the proper
growth of the plant. Other areas where humidity control is required is indoor vegetation.

ELECTRONIC SENSOR: Almost all electronic devices are rated with a range of
humidity values in which they work as expected. Generally, this value will be something
like 10% – 50% Humidity. Semiconductor Fabs (Fabrication Plants) should maintain
very precise temperature and humidity values as even minute difference can show a huge
impact in the production.

3.7 IMPORTANT TERMS RELATED TO HUMIDITY

MOISTURE: Generally, the term Moisture means water content of any material or
substance. But practically, the term Moisture refers to the water content in solids and
liquids. The term Humidity refers to the water content in gases (air).

ABSOLUTE HUMIDITY: Absolute Humidity (AH) is the ratio of mass of the water
vapour to the volume of the air. If m is the mass of the water vapour and V is the total
volume i.e. volume of air and water vapour mixture, then Absolute Humidity AH is
given by

28
 Figure 3.2 Humidity sensors

3.8 HUMIDITY SENSORS WORKING PRINCIPLES

A simple Capacitive RH Sensor can be made from an air filled capacitor as the
moisture in the atmosphere changes its permittivity. But for practical applications, air as a
dielectric is not feasible.

Hence, the space between the capacitor plates is usually filled with an appropriate
dielectric material (isolator), whose dielectric constant varies when it is subjected to
change in humidity.

The common method of constructing a capacitive RH sensor is to use a

hygroscopic polymer film as dielectric and depositing two layers of electrodes on the
either side.

On top of this layer, a dielectric layer is deposited. The following image shows a
top and cross section view of the capacitive humidity sensor. Note that two temperature

29
sensitive resistors are deposited on the same substrate to provide temperature
compensation

ADVANTAGE OF HUMIDITY SENSORS

 Suitable for high temperature environments and high corrosive situations.

 Very durable
 Higher resolution compared to other types

DISADVANTAGE OF HUMIDITY SENSORS

 Exposure to any gas with thermal properties different than Nitrogen might affect
reading measurement.

APPLICATION OF THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY HUMIDITY SENSORS

Some of the common applications of Thermal Conductivity Humidity Sensors are:

 Drying kilns
 Pharmaceutical plants
 Owens
 Clothes dryers and drying machines
 Food dehydration

30
3.9 IMPORTANT CONSIDERATION WHEN SELECTING A HUMIDITY
SENSOR

The following are some of the factor that must be taken into consideration when selecting
a Humidity Sensor.

 Accuracy of the sensor.

 Calibration – requirements and methods
 Size of the sensor
 Cost of the sensor and cost of replacement
 Output repeatability
 Circuit complexity
 Resistance to contamination

31
 CHAPTER 4

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR AND RAIN SENSORS

4.1 SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR - INTRODUCTION

The soil Moisture Sensor is used to measure the volumetric water content of soil.
This makes it ideal for performing experiments in courses such as soil science,
agricultural science, environmental science, horticulture

The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure the water content of soil (by
measuring the dielectric permittivity of the soil, which is a function of the water content).
Simply insert this rugged sensor into the soil to be tested, and the volumetric water
content of the soil is reported in percent to Raspberry Pi .

SPECIFICATIONS

 Range: 0 to 45% volumetric water content in soil (capable of 0 to 100% VWC with
alternate calibration)
 Accuracy: ±4% typical
 Typical Resolution: 0.1%
 Power: 3 mA @ 5VDC
 Operating temperature: –40°C to +60°C
 Dimensions: 8.9 cm × 1.8 cm × 0.7 cm (active sensor length 5 cm)

4.2 SOIL MOISTURE MONITORING PURPOSE

Good irrigation management gives better crops, uses fewer inputs, and increases
profitability. Soil moisture sensors aid good irrigation management. They are useful tools
to help irrigators to understand what is happening in the root zone of a crop.

32
 TO BE USED EFFECTIVELEY, SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR MUST BE

 used in an irrigation shift that delivers water evenly

 installed correctly and placed in an area which is representative of the crop being
grown
 used in combination with other irrigation management information (soil moisture
sensors only measure a tiny area of an irrigation shift):
 soil moisture monitoring
 grower observation

SENSORS TYPES

There are basically 2 groups of sensors:

 Water s potential sensors, such as tensiometers and granular matrix sensors

 Soil moisture sensors that give a percentage or relative content of soil moisture.

4.3 WORKING OF SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR IN RASPBERRY PI

The Soil Moisture Sensor uses capacitance to measure dielectric permittivity of the
surrounding medium. In soil, dielectric permittivity is a function of the water content.
The sensor creates a voltage proportional to the dielectric permittivity, and therefore the
water content of the soil. The sensor averages the water content over the entire length of
the sensor. There is a 2 cm zone of influence with respect to the flat surface of the sensor,
but it has little or no sensitivity at the extreme edges. The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to
measure the loss of moisture over time due to evaporation and plant uptake, evaluate
optimum soil moisture contents for various species of plants, monitor soil moisture
content to control irrigation in greenhouses and enhance bottle biology experiments.

33
4.4 PROGRAM FOR SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

The program will generate the sensor value as output. Take different types of
soil(eg: wet ,dry)and insert the sensor into the soil. As a result, you will obtain the
moisture value present in the soil. For the sake of demo, the user can hold the sensor in
their palm. In the serial monitor, notice that the sensor will read the moisture in your
palm and displays the output.

int sensorPin = A0; // select the input pin for the potentiometer
int sensorValue = 0; // variable to store the value coming from the sensor
void setup()
{
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop()
{
sensorValue = analogRead(sensorPin); // read the value from the sensor:
delay(1000);
Serial.print("sensor = " );
Serial.println(sensorValue);

34
4.5 METHODS OF CROP MOISTURE MEASUREMENT

Direct measuring procedures are e.g. the Karl-Fischer-Tritation or drying out

material (loss of water by using a drying cabinet, probably the most often used method).
Moisture sensors and systems belong to the indirect moisture measuring techniques as
they allow conclusion concerning the water content by using for example the capacitive
moisture measuring principle. Further possible measurements work with microwave,
infrared or conductance methods. The main criteria is that these procedures do not detect
the residual moisture of the bulk solids directly. Rather they use their physical
characteristics and how they change after the material has been dehydrated or
moisturized. That is the reason why it is necessary to calibrate the sensor to the individual
material.

Fig 4.1 soil moisture sensor

4.6 RAIN SENSOR

A rain sensor or rain switch is a switching device activated by rainfall. There are
two main applications for rain sensors. The first is a water conservation device connected
to an automatic irrigation system that causes the system to shut down in the event of
rainfall. The second is a device used to protect the interior of an automobile from rain and

35
to support the automatic mode of windscreen wipers. An additional application in
professional satellite communications antennas is to trigger a rain blower on the aperture
of the antenna feed, to remove water droplets from the molar cover that keeps pressurized
and dry air inside the wave-guides.

Rain sensors for irrigation systems are available in both wireless and hard-wired
versions, most employing hygroscopic disks that swell in the presence of rain and shrink
back down again as they dry out an electrical switch is in turn depressed or released by
the hygroscopic disk stack, and the rate of drying is typically adjusted by controlling the
ventilation reaching the stack. However, some electrical type sensors are also marketed
that use tipping bucket or conductance type probes to measure rainfall. Wireless and
wired versions both use similar mechanisms to temporarily suspend watering by the
irrigation controller specifically they are connected to the irrigation controller's sensor
terminals, or are installed in series with the solenoid valve common circuit such that they
prevent the opening of any valves when rain has been sensed.

Some irrigation rain sensors also contain a freeze sensor to keep the system from
operating in freezing temperatures, particularly where irrigation systems are still used
over the winter.

WORKING OF RAIN SENSORS

When drops hit the outside surface, it allows some of the beams to escape. The
RG-11 detects the change in beam intensity, and determines the size of the rain drop that
caused the change. The sophisticated circuitry and Digital Signal Processing detect tiny
rain drops, and reject the effects of ambient light disturbances.

The RG-11 detects the surface condition, caused by dirt, contaminants, aging, and
other factors. It properly compensates the data, making the device virtually impervious
to environmental factors.

36
 Figure 4.2 Rain sensor

4.7 Water Level Sensor

Fig.4.8 displays the water level sensor. The specifications of water level sensors
are 0utputs: 4-20 mA or 0.5 to 2.5 VDC, Supply Voltage: 3.3 to 5 VDC, Dimensions:
60 x 20mm, contacts 45mm, when the water level is low then the digital output goes high
and Adjustable sensitivity.

37
Figures 4.3 Water Flow Sensor

38
 CHAPTER 5

WORKING AND RESULTS

5.1 WORKING MODULES

A different sensors are placed in the crop, the data will be collected from the
sensors these data in the form of analog converts analog values in to 12 bit digital values,
the digital values are given input to the Raspberry-pi that data sends to the database by
using wifi.

Figure 5.1 : Main Board with Relay

39
 Figure 5.2 Installation of circuit in crop field

The sensors has been calibrated so that the minimum wet condition in the field
2.4v is taken, The threshold voltage is varied according with different crop field in
different sons.

Figure5.3 Implementation of Raspberry pi with camera System

40
In that 2.4v ,according that voltage the Raspberry-pi operated the relay, relay is also
placed on board, when the data comes from the controller value is compare with 2.4v ,
value is less than when the 2.4volts and so the field is dry conditions then signal send to
conditions and special monitoring system is used .

Figure 5.4 connection of sensor in Agricultural Land.

The temperature variation is calculated through another temperature sensor, by
considering the calibrating value and these sensors data are correlated at every instant
time then accurate level of soil dry is measured.

41
 Figure 5.5 (a)Output of Motor Status from land

Figure 5.5(b) Temperature and Humidity From Agricultural Land

So that the signal send to the motor off automatically a and fault detection is
automatically monitored through class10 camera from anywhere across world. Proposed

42
system implemented on raspberry pi as shown in fig.5.6.A python programming is
chosen to implement proposed algorithm on LINUX operating system

Figure.5.6 Drip Irrigation System from the circuit control

43
 CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
A smart agriculture Real time monitoring system is developed with Raspberry Pi
may be varying depends on the crop and plantation. In future by introducing the machine
learning algorithm to be used to process the data and reduce the complexity of the
hardware. Hardware resources in agricultural information network are integrated into
resource pool by using vitalization technology, achieving dynamic distribution of
resource and balance of load, significantly improve efficiency. All observations and
experimental tests proves that proposed is a complete solution to field activities,
irrigation problems, Implementation of such a system in the field can definitely help to
improve the field of the crops and overall product By the use of ―Internet of Things‖, we
monitored the soil moisture and environmental temperature. These analyzed values are
used to get the more efficiency in the agriculture field. This paper can undergo for further
research to improve the functionality of device and its applicable areas. The advantages
of the proposed work are more efficient and accurate information is fetched, reduced man
power and Electrical Energy was saved. The applications of this work are in Agricultural
fields, Land and Water Division.

44
REFERENCES

[1] J. S.Lin, Chun-zu, Liu, ―A Monitoring System Based on Wireless Sensor Network
and an Platform in Precision Agriculture,‖ 11th IEEE international conference on
communication technology proceedings, 978-1-4244-2251-7/08, pp. 1–4, 2008.
[2] L. Hopper, P. Womble , R. Moore, and J. Paschal, ―A Wireless Electronic
Monitoring System for Securing Milkfrom Farm to Processor,‖ IEEE conf., 978-1-
4244- 1978-4/08pp. 1–5, 2008.
[3] X. Li, Yuyan Deng, Lixing Ding, ―Study on Precision Agriculture Monitoring
Framework Based on WSN,‖IEEE conf., pp. 1–4, 2008.
[4] J. Nuamah, Younho Seong, ―Human Machine Interface in the Internet of Things (
IoT ),‖ IEEE conf., pp. 1–6,2008.
[5] H. Durmu, E. Olcay, K. Mürvet, B.B. Ustiindag, ―The Design of General Purpose
Autonomous Agricultural Mobile-Robot : AGROBOT ,‖ IEEE conf., pp.1-5, 2013.
[6] S. Abd, H. Zainal, and S. N. Ibrahim, ―Web-based Monitoring of an Automated
Fertigation System : An IoT Application,‖ IEEE 12th malaysia international
conference on communications, pp. 1–5, 2015.
[7] T.Baranwal, Nitika, P.K.Pateriya, ―Development of IoT based Smart Security and
Monitoring Devices for Agriculture,‖ IEEE conf., 978-1-4673-8203-8/16, pp. 597–
602, 2016.
[8] G.Deepika, P.Rajapirian, ―Wireless Sensor Network in Precision Agriculture A
Survey,‖ 978-1-4673-6725-7,IEEE conf., pp. 1–4, 2016.
[9] S. Khan, ―Wireless Sensor Network Based Water Well Management System for
Precision Agriculture,‖ 26thinternational telecommunication networks and
applications conference, 978-1-5090-0919-0/16, pp. 1–3, 2016.

45
[10] S. Koley and P. Ghosal, ―Addressing Hardware Security Challenges in Internet of
Things : Recent Trends and Possible Solutions,‖ IEEE conf., 2015.
[11] F. Lao, G.Teng, ―3G-based Remote Video Surveillance and Control System for
Facility Agriculture,‖ Seventh International Conference on Computational 4, 978-
[12] I. Mat, M. Rawidean, M. Kassim, and A. N. Harun, ―Precision Agriculture
Applications using Wireless Moisture Sensor Network,‖ IEEE 12th malaysia
international conference on communications, pp. 18–23, 2015.
[13] P. Shrivastava, S. K. Satpathy, and K. K. Nagwanshi, ―Development of an
ExpertSystem as Spiritual Guru,‖ Second International Conference on Machine
Learning and Computing, pp. 166–168, 2010.
[14] E. J. Spatariu, M. C. Popescu, and A. Naaji, ―Intelligent System with Remote
Transmission for Monitoring.

46