Respiratory

Particulates

 Dust
 Mist
 Fumes

Non-particulates

 Gas
 Vapor
 Dust – solid particles suspended in air
 Mist – liquid particles suspended in air
 Fumes – metal particulates form when heated metal suddenly cooled
 Inhalables – enters from nose to throat
 Respirables – particulates that enters lungs

Proper way of putting in/out respirator – away from hazardous areas

Organs affected

 Gas and vapors – brain

 Dust – liver and kidney
 Fumes, mist, and dust – respiratory

Common hazardous materials

 Cement dust – causes silicosis and failure of respiratory system

 Benzene – causes blood cancer or leukemia
 H2S – causes numbness of sense of smell, inability to breath, coma, and death

Our respirator

3M Niosh standard multipurpose type dual cartridge respirator

Filters most of hydrocarbon gas and vapors except benzene and toluene

Filter

N95 – non oil type, 95% efficiency, and uses electrostatic technology to filter particulates
Control valve operation

Valve – final control element and used to control fluids by varying the size of passage by signal of
controller such as pressure, temp, level and flow

 Red – fail close

 Green - fail open

Control Valve

 Valve used to control fluid flow by varying the size of the passage as directed by a signal from a
controller
 Manipulated instrument of a process to control different parameters and process variables such
as pressure, temp, level and flow itself
 Final control element in a control loop
 Can be Metso or Fisher

Valve classes

 Metal to metal contact – have some allowable leak

 Metal to seal contact – no leak tolerated

4 features of valve

 Capacity – normally measured as Cv (flow coefficient) – number uf US gallons/min at 60 deg F

that will flow through a valve with 1 psi pressure drop
 Rangeability – ration of the maximum to the minimum controllable flow
 Flow Characteristics – Relationship between control valve capacity and valve stem travel
 Pressure drop

Flow characteristics of valve

 Equal percentage - The equal percentage valve plug produces the same percentage change in
flow per fixed increment of valve stroke at any location on its characteristic curve.

 Linear - This characteristic provides a linear relationship between the valve position and the
flowrate. The flow through a linear valve varies directly with the position of the valve stem. These
valves are often used for liquid level control and certain flow control operations requiring constant
gain.

 Quick Opening - A quick opening valve plug produces a large increase in flow for a small initial
change in stem travel. Near maximum flow is reached at a relatively low percentage of
maximum stem lift.

Operation of valve (Actuation)

 Rotary
 Linear
Valve method of distinction

 Flow Characteristics
 Actuation (linear/rotary)
 Build (gate,globe,etc)

Linear – for slow fluid transfer and more that 40% pressure drop

Equal opening – for fast fluid transfer and high rangeability (the ratio of the maximum full scale range to
the minimum full scale range of the flowmeter)

Quick opening – for on/off function

Cavitation in valves – due to pressure drop and fluid forms vapor bubbles and instantly convert back to
liquid causing implosion

Types of actuator

 Diaphragm – direct acting and reverse acting

 Piston – use high pressure to move the valve and eliminate the use of pressure regulator
 Electro hydraulic actuator – use of pump the liquid in the piston actuator. Ideal for isolated
location
 Manual – use of manpower to operate the valve; no auto control required.

Actuator

 Single acting – spring return

 Double acting – no spring

Bonnet - The bonnet is the part of the encasing through which the stem (see below) passes and that
forms a guide and seal for the stem.

Types

 Plain – used when temp is 0C to 200C

 Finned - used when temp is above 200C
 Extended - used when temp is below 0C or above 450C
 Bellow – use when no leak is allowed

Control valve accessories

 Posistioners
 Limit switches
 Solenoid valve
 Position transimitter
  Volume bossters

Control valves uses I to P (current to pressure)

mAmps = 4 8 12 16 20

Psi = 3 6 9 12 15

% open = 0 25 50 75 100