CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY

TO STUDY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND TENSILE STRENGTH

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING PLASTICS .

PROJECT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

Minor Project

at

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN, MOHALI

(from ________ to ________)

SUBMITTED BY
Yogesh:16BCE1080
Avinash:16BCE1083
AnjaliRana:16BCE1088
Satish:16BCE1089
AayusheeRajput:16BCE1096
AyshaKhannam:16BCE1117
ChiragGautam:16BCE1126

Civil Engineering Department

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
GHARUAN, MOHALI

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TO STUDY COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AND TENSILE STRENGTH

PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE USING PLASTICS.

PROJECT
REPORT

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

Minor Project

at

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY, GHARUAN, MOHALI

(from _____ to ________)

SUBMITTED BY
Yogesh:16BCE1080
Avinash:16BCE1083
AnjaliRana:16BCE1088
Satish:16BCE1089
AayusheeRajput:16BCE1096
Aysha:16BCE1117
Chirag:16BCE1126

Civil Engineering Department

CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY
GHARUAN, MOHALI

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ABSTRACT

The rapid Urbanization and Industrialization all over the world has resulted in large deposition
of Plastic waste. This waste can be utilized under proper condition as content in Concrete. In
this paper we study to the compressive strength of concrete using waste plastics and also add
waste plastics. M-25 grade of concrete having mix proportion 1:1:2 with water cement ratio
0 .50 to study the compressive strength and tensile strength of concrete using waste plastic.
Concrete cubes of size 150mm x150mm x 150mm are prepared and tested for compressive
strength after 3, 7 and 28 days.Also cylinders of size 150mm dia and 300mm height are
prepared for tensile strength.A result data obtained has been analyzed and compared with a
control specimen. A relationship between compressive strength vs. Days and tensile strength vs
days represented graphically.In this study we found that compressive strength is high at 0.3%
and tensile strength is high at 0.5%.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are highly grateful to the Dr.Satbir Singh Sehgal, Director Engineering, Chandigarh
University, Mohali, for providing this opportunity to carry out the Minor Project.

The constant guidance and encouragement received from Prof. Sandeep Salhotra, H.O.D & Er.
Sandeep Nasier C.O.D. CIVIL DEPTT. CHANDIGARH UNIVERSITY , MOHALI has been
of great help in carrying out the project work and is acknowledged with reverential thanks.

We would like to express a deep sense of gratitude and thanks profusely to As. Prof. Vikas
Khandelwal . Without the wise counsel and able guidance, it would have been impossible to
complete the report in this manner.
.

We express gratitude to other faculty members of Civil Department, Chandigarh University, Mohali ,
for their intellectual support throughout the course of this work.

Guide-
Mr. VIKAS KHANDELWAL

Co-Ordinator- H.O.D CIVIL-

Mr. SANDEEP NASIER Mr. SANDEEP SALHOTRA

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CONTENTS

Candidate's Declaration i

Abstract ii

Acknowledgement iii

Chapter 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Material Properties

1.1.1 Aggregates
1.1.2 Cement
1.1.3 Moulds
1.1.4 Plastic

Chapter 2 : LITERATURE REVIEW

OBJECTIVE
Chapter 3:MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1 Material specification

3.2 Flowchart
3.3 Experimental program
3.3.1 Compressive strength test
3.3.2 Tensile strength test
Chapter 4:RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Effects of compressive strength

4.2 Effects of tensile strength
Chapter 5:CONCLUSION
Chapter 6:REFERENCES

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1.Introduction
The rapid urbanization and industrialization all over the world has resulted in large deposition
of waste polymer materials. The world’s annual consumption of plastic materials has increased
from around 5 million tons in the 1950s to nearly 100 million tons in 2001. Plastic waste
materials consist of surplus, obsolete, broken, old plastic furniture, different household plastic
materials, equipment, anti-static packaging materials and devices made of plastic. These
polymer wastes are almost non-degradable in the natural environment even after a long period
of exposure. Inclusion of polymer waste in concrete can be a proper utilization of this valuable
property. In India, domestic waste plastics are causing considerable damage to the environment
and hence an attempt has been made to understand whether they can be successfully used in
concrete to improve some of the mechanical properties as in the case of the steel fibres. The
primary objective of this investigation is to study experimentally the properties of fiber
reinforced concrete containing polythene fibers. The properties of concrete, namely,
compressive strength and flexural strength were studied.

In civil engineering construction use of shredded plastics has increased drastically as a partial
replacement of aggregates. As it is an added advantage in terms of environmental and potential
economic consideration incorporation of waste in concrete increases. Plastic can be incinerated
with energy recovery, if material recycling is not feasible. Air pollution may cause and results
in acid rain because of waste incineration. Past investigations suggest that partial replacement
of aggregate of concrete with waste plastic can improve properties such as abrasion resistance,
impact resistance, ductility, shock absorption and thermal conductivity. It also shows that
addition of plastic to concrete causes some reduction in mechanical properties such as
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength. Literature reviews suggest that
addition of steel fiber in normal concrete improves these mechanical properties. Taking the
advantages of this, steel fiber is added to plastic waste aggregate concrete to make steel fiber
reinforced waste plastic mix concrete.

Concrete in general has a higher brittleness with increase in strength. This is a major drawback
since brittleness can cause sudden and catastrophic failure, especially in structures which are
subjected to earthquake, blast or suddenly applied loads i.e., impact. This serious disadvantage
of concrete can at least partially be overcome by the incorporation of fibers, especially, steel.
The incorporation of fiber can cause a change in the failure mode under compressive
deformation from brittle to pseudo-ductile, thereby imparting a degree of toughness to concrete.
Thus, utilization of waste polymer material in making concrete/mortar can be good solution to
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this environmental hazard. Very few information is available regarding recycling of

polyurethane formaldehyde (PUF) -based polymer wastes and its use as construction materials.
In the Dhaka city corporation area, about 3,315 tons of solid waste had been generated per day
during 2005, of which 4.15% was composed of plastic materials . In view of this, a unique,
novel experimental work has been conducted. The safe use of plastic waste (plastic bags or
plastic containers such as water bottle) is very important because plastics are normally stable
and not biodegradable. In Iraq approximately 11.3 million tons of solid waste is produced
annually. The aim of this research is to investigate the effect of two types of waste plastic on
strength of concrete.

1.1 Material Properties

1.1.1Aggregates

Aggregate is a broad category of coarse particulate material used in construction, including

sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, recycled concrete and geosynthetic aggregates. Aggregates
are the most mined materials in the world. Aggregates are a component of composite materials
such as concrete and asphalt concrete; the aggregate serves as reinforcement to add strength to
the overall composite material.
aggregates are used in concrete because, cement is just a binding material and does not possess
good compression and tensile strength on it’s own.

Adding of sand and other fine and coarse aggregate to the cement increases the strength and
also to reduce cost as using Cement alone in construction can boom the cost to sky level,

TYPES OF AGGREGATE— Aggregates are divided into two types as follows:

FINE AGGREGATE : “Fine aggregate” is defined as material that will pass a No. 4.75
sieve.For increased workability and for economy as reflected by use of less cement, the
fine aggregate should have a rounded shape. The purpose of the fine aggregate is to fill the
voids in the coarse aggregate and to act as a workability agent.

COARSE AGGREGATE: “Coarse aggregate” is a material that will pass a No.12 sieve and
will be retained on the No. 10 sieve. As with fine aggregate, for increased workability and
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economy as reflected by the use of less cement, the coarse aggregate should have a rounded
shape. Even though the definition seems to limit the size of coarse aggregate, other
considerations must be accounted for. When properly proportioned and mixed with cement,
these two groups yield an almost void less stone that is strong and durable. In strength and
durability, aggregate must be equal to or better than the hardened cement to withstand the
designed loads and the effects of weathering. It can be readily seen that the coarser the
aggregate, the more economical the mix. Larger pieces offer less surface area of the
particles than an equivalent volume of small pieces. Use of the largest permissible maximum
size of coarse aggregate permits a reduction in cement and water requirements. One restriction
usually assigned to coarse aggregate is its maximum size. Larger pieces can interlock and form
arches or obstructions within a concrete form. That allows the area below to become a void, or
at best, to become filled with finer particles of sand and cement
only. That results in either a weakened area or a cement-
sand concentration that does not leave the proper proportion to coat the rest of the
aggregate.

ENGINEERING PROPERTIES OF AGGREGATES

There are properties or characteristics of aggregate which influence the properties of resulting
concrete mix. These are as follow.

1. Composition
2. Size & Shape
3. Surface Texture
4. Specific Gravity
5. Bulk Density
6. Voids
7. Porosity & Absorption
8. Bulking of Sand
9. Fineness Modulus of Aggregate
10. Surface Index of Aggregate
11. Deleterious Material
12. Crushing Value of Aggregate
13. Impact Value of Aggregate
14. Abrasion Value of Aggregate

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1. COMPOSITION:- Aggregates consisting of materials that can react with alkalies in cement
and cause excessive expansion, cracking and deterioration of concrete mix should never be
used. Therefore it is required to test aggregates to know whether there is presence of any such
constituents in aggregate or not.

2. SIZE & SHAPE:- Maximum size of aggregate should be less than

 One-fourth of the minimum dimension of the concrete member.

 One-fifth of the minimum dimension of the reinforced concrete member.
 The minimum clear spacing between reinforced bars or 5 mm less than the minimum cover
between the reinforced bars and form, whichever is smaller for heavily reinforced concrete
members such as the ribs of the main bars.

3. SURFACE TEXTURE:- The development of hard bond strength between aggregate particles
and cement paste depends upon the surface texture, surface roughness and surface porosity of
the aggregate particles.

If the surface is rough but porous, maximum bond strength develops. In porous surface
aggregates, the bond strength increases due to setting of cement paste in the pores.

4. SPECIFIC GRAVITY:- The ratio of weight of oven dried aggregates maintained for 24
hours at a temperature of 100 to 1100C, to the weight of equal volume of water displaced by
saturated dry surface aggregate is known as specific gravity of aggregates.

5. BULK DENSITY:- It is defined as the weight of the aggregate required to fill a container of
unit volume. It is generally expressed in kg/litre.

6. VOIDS:- The empty spaces between the aggregate particles are known as voids.

7. POROSITY & ABSORPTION:- The minute holes formed in rocks during solidification of
the molten magma, due to air bubbles, are known as pores. Rocks containing pores are called
porous rocks.

Water absorption may be defined as the difference between the weight of very dry aggregates
and the weight of the saturated aggregates with surface dry conditions.

8. BULKING OF SAND:- It can be defined as in increase in the bulk volume of the quantity of
sand (i.e. fine aggregate) in a moist condition over the volume of the same quantity of dry or

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completely saturated sand. The ratio of the volume of moist sand due to the volume of sand
when dry, is called bulking factor.

When water is added to dry and loose sand, a thin film of water is formed around the sand
particles. Interlocking of air in between the sand particles and the film of water tends to push
the particles apart due to surface tension and thus increase the volume. But in case of fully
saturated sand the water films are broken and the volume becomes equal to that of dry sand.

9. FINENESS MODULUS:- Fineness modulus is generally used to get an idea of how coarse
or fine the aggregate is. More fineness modulus value indicates that the aggregate is coarser and
small value of fineness modulus indicates that the aggregate is finer.

10. SPECIFIC SURFACE OF AGGREGATE:- The surface area per unit weight of the material
is termed as specific surface. This is an indirect measure of the aggregate grading. Specific
surface increases with the reduction in the size of aggregate particle. The specific surface area
of the fine aggregate is very much more than that of coarse aggregate.

11. DELETERIOUS MATERIALS:- Aggregates should not contain any harmful material in
such a quantity so as to affect the strength and durability of the concrete. Such harmful
materials are called deleterious materials.

12. CRUSHING VALUE:- The aggregates crushing value gives a relative measure of
resistance of an aggregate to crushing under gradually applied compressive load. The aggregate
crushing strength value is a useful factor to know the behavior of aggregates when subjected to
compressive loads.

13. IMPACT VALUE:- The aggregate impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance
of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact. The impact value of an aggregate is sometime used
as an alternative to its crushing value.

14. ABRASION VALUE OF AGGREGATES:- The abrasion value gives a relative measure of
resistance of an aggregate to wear when it is rotated in a cylinder along with some abrasive
charge.

1.1.2. CEMENT

A Cement is a binder, substance used for construction that sets, hardens and adheres to other materials,
blinder than together. Cement is seldom used on its own, but rather to bind sand and gravel (aggregate)
together. Cement is used with fine aggregate to produce mortar for masonary, or with sand and gravel
aggregates to produce concrete. Cement used in construction are usually inorganic ,often lime or

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calcium silicate based, and can be characterized as being either hydraulic or non hydraulic, depending
upon the ability of the cement to set in the presence of water .
Non-hydraulic cement will not set in wet conditions or under water; rather, it sets as it dries
and reacts with carbon dioxide in the air. It is resistant to attack by chemicals after setting.

Hydraulic cements (e.g., Portland cement) set and become adhesive due to a chemical
reaction between the dry ingredients and water. The chemical reaction results in
mineral hydrates that are not very water-soluble and so are quite durable in water and safe from
chemical attack. This allows setting in wet conditions or under water and further protects the
hardened material from chemical attack. The chemical process for hydraulic cement found by
ancient Romans used volcanic ash (pozzolana) with added lime (calcium oxide).

The word "cement" can be traced back to the Roman term opus caementicium, used to
describe masonry resembling modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt
lime as binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick supplements that were added to the burnt
lime, to obtain a hydraulic binder, were later referred to as cementum, cimentum, cäment,
and cement. In modern times, organic polymers are sometimes used as cements in concrete.

Physical Properties of Cement

Different blends of cement used in construction are characterized by their physical properties.
Some key parameters control the quality of cement. The physical properties of good cement are
based on:

 Fineness of cement
 Soundness
 Consistency
 Strength
 Setting time
 Heat of hydration
 Loss of ignition
 Bulk density
 Specific gravity (Relative density)

These physical properties are discussed in details in the following segment. Also, you will find
the test names associated with these physical properties.

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Fineness of Cement - The size of the particles of the cement is its fineness. The required
fineness of good cement is achieved through grinding the clinker in the last step of cement
production process. As hydration rate of cement is directly related to the cement particle size,
fineness of cement is very important.

Soundness of Cement - Soundness refers to the ability of cement to not shrink upon
hardening. Good quality cement retains its volume after setting without delayed expansion,
which is caused by excessive free lime and magnesia.

Tests:- Unsoundness of cement may appear after several years, so tests for ensuring soundness
must be able to determine that potential.

 Le Chatelier Test - This method, done by using Le Chatelier Apparatus, tests the
expansion of cement due to lime. Cement paste (normal consistency) is taken between
glass slides and submerged in water for 24 hours at 20+1°C. It is taken out to measure
the distance between the indicators and then returned under water, brought to boil in 25-
30 mins and boiled for an hour. After cooling the device, the distance between indicator
points is measured again. In a good quality cement, the distance should not exceed 10
mm.
 Autoclave Test - Cement paste (of normal consistency) is placed in an autoclave (high-
pressure steam vessel) and slowly brought to 2.03 MPa, and then kept there for 3 hours.
The change in length of the specimen (after gradually bringing the autoclave to room
temperature and pressure) is measured and expressed in percentage. The requirement
for good quality cement is a maximum of 0.80% autoclave expansion.
Standard autoclave test: AASHTO T 107 and ASTM C 151: Autoclave Expansion of
Portland Cement.

ADVANTAGES OF PPC-

• Higher durability of concrete structure due to less permeability of water..

• More resistance towards the attack of alkalies, sulphates, chlorides, chemicals.
• Better work ability.
• Low heat of hydration.
• Due to high fineness, PPC has better cohesion with aggregates and makes more dense
concreteness.

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• Comparative lower Water-Cement ratio provides an added advantage for the further increase
of compressive strength of the concrete.
• Better surface finish.

1.1.3. MOULDS

Cubes of fresh concrete are made to test a variety of properties on the eventually cured and
hardened concrete. Fresh concrete is subjected to a standard compaction regime in the cube
mould and is then normally initially cured under specific laboratory conditions. The moulds are
manufactured, subject to tight dimensional, hardness, square ness and surface finish
requirements. Complete with base plate. The faces of the mould are machined flat to +/-
0.02mm accuracy and finished to within +/- 0.2mm of specified dimensions. Material for
construction of moulds is Cast Iron or Mild steel. The moulds are stout enough to prevent
distortion and facilitate the removal of the moulded specimen without damage. The Moulds are
so machined that when they are assembled ready for use, the dimensions and internal faces are
accurate within the specified limits. Internal faces of the moulds are smooth. The base plate is
attached to the mould by cleats .The parts of the mould, when assembled, are positively and
rigidly held together during filling, subsequent handling and vibration where applicable. SIZES
AVAILABLE : 50MM/ 100MM/ 150MM

1.1.4. PLASTIC (PETE)

Polyethylene terephthalate (sometimes written poly(ethylene terephthalate)), commonly

abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is the most
common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibres for
clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing, and in
combination with glass fibre for engineering resins. It may also be referred to by the brand
name Dacron; in Britain, Terylene; or, in Russia and the former Soviet Union, Lavsan.

The majority of the world's PET production is for synthetic fibres (in excess of 60%), with
bottle production accounting for about 30% of global demand. In the context of textile

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applications, PET is referred to by its common name, polyester, whereas the acronym PET is
generally used in relation to packaging. Polyester makes up about 18% of world polymer
production and is the fourth-most-produced polymer; polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP)
and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) are first, second and third, respectively.

PET consists of polymerized units of the monomer ethylene terephthalate, with repeating
(C10H8O4) units. PET is commonly recycled, and has the number "1" as its resin identification
code (RIC). Depending on its processing and thermal history, polyethylene terephthalate may
exist both as an amorphous (transparent) and as a semi-crystalline polymer. The semicrystalline
material might appear transparent (particle size less than 500 nm) or opaque and white (particle
size up to a few micrometers) depending on its crystal structure and particle size.

The monomer bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate can be synthesized by

the esterification reaction between terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol with water as a
byproduct, or by transesterification reaction between ethylene glycol and dimethyl
terephthalate (DMT) with methanol as a byproduct. Polymerization is through
a polycondensation reaction of the monomers (done immediately after
esterification/transesterification) with water as the byproduct.

Uses -

Virgin PET, including recycled PET, can be used for plastic water and soda bottles, food
packaging for cakes, cut fruit and salads and as retail blister and clamshell packaging for
cosmetics, razors and toys. It can also be found in containers for peanut butter, shampoo and
salad dressings and for carpeting, clothing, sleeping bags and much, much more. PET is so
prevalent that it’s important, when and where possible, to recycle it for reuse. EcoStar not only
recycles bottles, but we’re leading the industry in recycling and extruding PET as rollstock with
up to 15% post-consumer thermoforms!

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Chapter 2 :LITERATURE REVIEW

R.Gowri and Mary M.Angeline,In this study, the present trend in concrete technology is
towards increasing the strength and durability of concrete to meet the demands of the modern
construction world at lower cost. These factors can be achieved in concrete by adding natural or
synthetic fiber. The strength parameters of concrete such as compressive strength and tensile
strength were studied by varying the percentage of fiber from 0.025% to 0.075% of the weight
of concrete
T.Subramani and C.Sumathi In this study, Concrete has been used in various structures all
over the world since last two decades. Recently a few infrastructure projects have also seen
specific application of concrete. The development of concrete has brought about the essential
need for additives both chemical and mineral to improve the performance of concrete. Most of
the developments across the work have been supported by continuous improvement of these
admixtures.
C. Ravikumar Selin and T.S. Thandavamoorthy, The study here has been a significant
increase in the use of fibers in concrete for improving its properties such as tensile strength and
ductility. The fiber concrete is also used in retrofitting existing concrete structures. Among
many different types of fibers available today, glass fiber is a recent introduction in the field of
concrete technology.
Kene Kavita has studied that the Concrete is most widely used construction material in the
world. Fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) is a concrete in which small and discontinuous fibers
are dispersed uniformly. The fibers used in FRC may be of different materials like steel, G.I.,
carbon, glass, aramid, asbestos, polypropylene, jute etc.
S. S. Pimplikar conducted an experiment as the Glass-fiber reinforced concrete (GRC) is a
material made of a cementitious matrix composed of cement, sand, water and admixtures, in
which short length glass fibers are dispersed.
T.Subramani, A.Mumtaj , an attempt has been made in the present investigation to study the
behavior of Glass fibers in Concrete. To attain the set out objectives of the present investigation,
sand has been replaced with Glass fibers by 5, 10, and 15 % to produce Concrete.
Thanon Eethar Derwood, Investigations were conducted on the development of gypsum
plaster used naturally by adding 1% of admixture (Super plasticizer) and reinforcing it with bar
chip fibers. Different percentages of bar chip as 0, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.25 and 1.5% were used. The
compressive and flexural strength of such gypsum plaster are discussed.

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Meher Prasad and Devdas Menon,mentioned Glass fiber reinforced gypsum (GFRG) wall
panel is made essentially of gypsum plaster reinforced with glass fibers. The panels are hollow
and can be used as load bearing walls.
Deshmukh S.H., Bhusari J. P, Zende A. M,They found that the Concrete is a tension weak
building material, which is often crack ridden connected to plastic and hardened states, drying
shrinkage, and the like. Moreover, concrete suffers from low tensile strength, limited ductility
and little resistance to cracking.
Sarwe Khilesh ,This study presents the results of addition of waste plastics along with steel
fibers with an objective to seek maximum use of waste plastic in concrete. Two different
categories of mix were casted in cubes (150mm x 150mm x 150mm), one with varying
percentages of plastic wastes (0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8% and 1% weight of cement) and another
mix of plastics waste/steel fibers (0.2/0.1, 0.4/0.2, 0.6/0.3, 0.8/0.4 and 1/0.5 % by weight of
cement) to study the compressive strength at 7 and 28 days strength. The combine mix of
plastic waste and steel fibers has shown more strength as compare to concrete mix prep only
with plastic waste. He has reached to conclusion that a plastic waste of 0.6% weight of cement
when used with steel fiber of 0.3 % (weight of cement) has shown the maximum compressive
strength. This study has really focused on addressing the issue of reduced compressive strength
with addition of plastic waste. Steel fibers when used along with plastic wastes will affect all
the properties of concrete but the researcher only focused on compressive strength property
which is insufficient to give clear picture of concrete behavior.
Bhogayata have studied the environment friendly disposal of shredded plastic bags in concrete
mix to be use in construction industry which have dire need for alternative material to be use in
lieu of conventional materials. Different test results were analyzed after testing on 48 x
concrete cubes(150mm x 150mm x150mm) prepared from varying percentage of polyethylene
fibers (0.3, 0.6, and 0.9 to 1.2% of volume of concrete) with conventional concrete material to
prepare mixes. Two type of plastic bag fibers were used, one cut manually (60mm x 3mm) and
another shredded into a very fine random palettes. Cubes were tested for 7&28 days
compressive strength and compaction. They concluded that good workability was shown by the
mix added with shredded fibers due to its uniform and higher aspect ratio evenly sprayed in the
mix. Addition of plastics up to 0.6% is considered suitable after which reduction in
compressive strength and compaction is seen affected. They observed that strength loss was
less in concrete having shredded fibers of plastic as compare to hand cut macro fibers. Their
research focus was only on comparative study of compressive strength but no work was carries
out on other concrete properties like tensile strength, modulus of elasticity and density of
concrete.
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M. Elzafraney this study has incorporated use of recycled plastic aggregate in concrete
material for a building to work out its performance with regards to thermal attributes and
efficient energy performance in comparison with normal aggregate concrete. The plastic
content concrete was prepared from refined high recycled plastics to meet various requirement
of building construction like strength, workability and finish ability etc. Both buildings were
subject to long and short term monitoring in order to determine their energy efficiencies and
level of comfort. It was observed that recycled plastic concrete building having good insulation
used 8% less energy in comparison of normal concrete; however saving in energy was more
profound in cold climate in building with lower insulation. They recommended that efficiency
of energy can further be increase if recycle plastic of high thermal capacity is used. They have
suggested the use of recycle plastic aggregate concrete being economical and light weights are
having high resistance to heat. The author should also incorporate the comparison of both
buildings with regards to durability and strength.
Pramod S. This study presents the use of plastic recycled aggregate as replacement of coarse
aggregate for production of concrete. They used forty eight specimen and six beams/cylinders
casted from variable plastic percentages (0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%) used as replacement of
coarse aggregate in concrete mixes. They have conducted various tests and observed decrease
in density of concrete with increase percentage of replacement of aggregate with recycle plastic
concrete. They also reported decrease in compressive strength for 7 and 28 days with increase
in percentage of replacement of coarse aggregate with recycle plastic aggregate. They have
recommended feasibility of replacing 20 % will satisfy the permissible limits of strength. Again
these researchers limited their research to only compressive strength property and no work was
carried out to study the other important properties of concrete. Their research also lacks use of
various admixtures in concrete to cater for the loss in strength.
Raghatate Atul M. The paper is based on experimental results of concrete sample casted with
use of plastic bags pieces to study the compressive and split tensile strength. He used concrete
mix by using Ordinary Portland Cement, Natural River sand as fine aggregate and crushed
granite stones as coarse aggregate, portable water free from impurities and containing varying
percentage of waste plastic bags (0%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% 0.8% and 1.0%). Compressive
strength of concrete specimen is affected by the addition of plastic bags and with increasing
percentage of plastic bag pieces compressive strength goes on decreasing (20% decrease in
compressive strength with 1% of addition of plastic bag pieces). On other hand increase in
tensile strength of concrete was observed by adding up to 0.8% of plastic bag pieces in the
concrete mix afterward it start decreasing when adding more than 0.8% of plastic bags pieces.

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2.1 RESEARCH GAP

After studying the above research papers we found that in most of the papers the compressive
strength of concrete is optimum at 0.4-0.6% and tensile strength is optimum at 0.6-0.8%.So we
considered took different proportion than these values.We took 0.3%,0.5%,0.7% and 0.9%.

OBJECTIVES-

Addition of waste plastic in concrete with different proportions to study about the resulted
concrete.

.To study the behaviour of cement concrete after addition of crushed plastic.
.To study the compressive strength of concrete after the addition of crushed plastic.

.To study the tensile strength of concrete after the addition of crushed plastic.

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Chapter-3:Material and Methods

The plastic waste used as aggregate was collected from a plastic recycling plant in Chandigarh.
The plant mainly recycles post-consumer PET bottles collected as compressed bales (Figure 1)
that come from urban and industrial collection sites. The bales of PET-waste mostly consist of
dirty PET-bottles, which are usually contaminated with other materials and with some non-PET
containers such as PVC, HDPE and poly propylene, bottles. The composition of a typical waste
plastic raw material is presented in Table 1.

In this plastic waste treatment plant, several steps are adopted to recycle waste plastic. The
coarse flakes and fine fractions were obtained after mechanical grinding of PET wastes
followed by cleaning and separation by physico-chemical methods. The plastic pellet is
produced from plastic flakes. This material consists of predefined and even-sized PET-grains,
free of contamination at the microscopic level.

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3.1 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION

3.1.1. Cement-
The cement used in this experiment work is 43 grade of Ordinary Portland Cement as per
IS:12269-1987. The specific gravity of the cement is 3.15.
3.1.2. Fine aggregate
Locally available sand passed through 4.75mm IS sieve is used. The specific gravity of 2.65
and fineness modulus of 2.62 are used as fine aggregate.
3.1.3. Coarse Aggregate
Crushed aggregate available from local sources with a size greater than 10mm and smaller than
12.5mm, and having the specific gravity value of 2.8 and the water absorption of 0.5% gas been
used as coarse aggregate.
3.1.4. Water
Potable tap water is used for the experimention.
3.1.5. Waste Plastics
PETE plastics used as waste plastics.
3.1.6. Batching , Mixing and casting
i)The coarse aggregate and fine aggregate were weighed first with an accurate of 2 kg and 4 kg
respectively for one cube.For each cylinders these were taken approximately 3.2kg and 6.4kg
respectively.
ii)Cement of 43 grade was taken approximately 2kg for cubes and 3.2kg for cylinders.
iii)Cement,the coarse and fine aggregates were mixed thoroughly.The Concrete mixture was
prepared by hand mixing on a watertight plateform.
iv)To this mixture, the required quantities of waste plastics ( waste plastics 0% to 0.9% weight
of cement) were added. These were mixed to uniform colour.
v)Then water was added carefully so that no water wass lost during mixing.Water-cement ratio
was taken as 0.5.
vi)The moulds were filled with 0%,0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9% waste plastics and vibration
was given to the cube moulds using table vibration. The top surface of the specimen was
leveled and finished.
vii)After 24 hours of mould preparation, specimen were transferred to curing tank where in
they were allowed to cure for 3, 7 and 28 days.

3.2 FLOWCHART
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Collection Collection Collection Collection

of plastic of fine of 43 of water
&course grade

Batching

Mixing

Casting

Cubes Cylinders

Comp. Tensile
strength strength
test test

3.3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAM

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3.3.1 Compressive strength test- The compressive strength of concrete is one of most
important properties of concrete in most structural applications. For compressive strength test ,
cube specimens of dimensions 150mm x150mm x150mm were cast for M-25 grade of concrete
for only mix waste plastic . After curing, these cubes were tested on Compression Testing
machine as per IS 516-1959. The failure load was noted. In each category cubes were tested on
3rd,7th and 28th day.
Compressive Strength (Mpa) = Failure load/Cross sectional area

3.3.2 Tensile strength test-To locate the split elasticity the barrels were placed in the moulds
of measurements 300mm length and 150mm diameter across with M25 grade concrete. Set up
the test example by including the waste plastic at the rate of 0%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9%
were additionally included. While placing the barrels the compaction is done utilizing the table
vibrator. Finally the top layer of the example is completely levelled and very much wrapped up.
From time of casting 24 hours the barrels were demoulded and were kept for curing in curing
tank for 3,7 and 28days. After 3,7 and 28days curing is done these examples have been tried in
pressure testing machine. The split rigidity is figured as takes after
Split tensile strength (Mpa) =2P/ΠDL
P=Failure load
D=Diameter of Cylinder
L=Length of cylinder

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4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

In this present work M25 grade of concrete is selected for the proportions of 1:1:2 and water
cement ratio of 0.5 and various studies are conducted to observe the responses. In addition to
general ingredient waste plastic(PETE) is added of percentages 0, 0.3,0.5,0.7 and 0.9 of cement.

4.1 Effects of compressive strength:

Compressive Strength that result after 3, 7, 28 days of curing are given in table -1 and further
highlighted in figure-1.
Here we see that if we mix waste plastic then result shows lower compressive strength compare
with control concrete after 3 days, but we are getting higher compressive strength as compare
from the fresh concrete at 28 days.We got the maximum strength when we added waste plastic
by 0.3% on 28 days

TABLE-1

3 Days 7 Days 28 Days

0 17.608 15.1 21.333

0.3 17.66 28.666

12.555

0.5 13.56 16.39 23.955

0.7 10.044 14.008 23.511

0.9 10.01 13.19 21.511

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4.2Effect of Tensile Strength:

The tensile strength results are tabulated in table.2 and further highlighted in figure 2.

TABLE-2

3 Days 7 Days 28 Days

0 1.456 1.571 3.06

0.3 2.451 2.366

1.3

0.5 1.59 2.345 3.09

0.7 1.518 2.311 2.26

0.9 1.79 1.742 1.54

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%age of waste plastic added

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Chapter-5:CONCLUSION

5.1.CONCLUSION
We performed both compressive test and tensile test of concrete blocks by adding different
proportions of waste plastics at different days.We observed that workability of concrete was
incresing as percentage of plastic was incresed.
COMPRESSIVE TEST:
On the basis of our result, we found that the compressive strength doesn’t show any increment
on the 3rd day test after adding the plastics when compared to fresh concrete.On the 7th day test
we found that the compressive strength was quite high at 0.3% i.e.,17.66N/mm2 when
compared to fresh concrete.As we talk about 28th day test ,we observed that compressive
strength was high at 0.3% i.e.,28.666N/mm2 when compared to fresh concrete.
TENSILE TEST:
In this test we observed that tensile strength on 3rd day was more at 0.5% .On 7th day the
tensile strength was more than the fresh concrete at 0.3%.On 28th day tensile strength was more
than the fresh concrete at 0.5%.
Hence,we observed that after the addition of plastic compressive strength is more at 0.3% and
tensile strength is more at 0.5%.Therefore, the use of waste plastics in concrete is relatively a
new development in the world of concrete technology and lot of research must go in this
material is actively used in concrete construction. The use of plastics in concrete lowered the
strength of resultant concrete, therefore. the research must be oriented towards systems that
helps in overcoming this drawback of use of plastics in concrete.

Chapter-6:REFERENCES
[1] Alan J. Brookes, “Cladding of Buildings”, Third Edition Published 2002, (pp 82)
[2] Prabir Das,2004, “Engineering Plastics: New Generation Products for Building and
Construction,” CE & CR,
[3] The International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES):Volume- 3,ISSN (e): 2319 –
1813 ISSN (p): 2319 – 1805
[4] Wikipedia
[5] Google

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