CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Sleep deprivation is prevalent to students according to Minkel (2014), neglected time management

resulting in sleep deprivation, particularly students to cope with due simultaneous works, despite

the negative effects to psychological well-being of a student moreover researchers have

documented the negative effects on the academic performance of the students along with the causes

in order to prevent it from deteriorating.

Although, sleep deprivation affects the psychological well-being of a person, students still tends

to sacrifice sleep or consider sleep as wasted time and purposely deprive themselves of sleep to

pursue goals despite the negative effects Forman (2017). Richter (2015) stated that lack of sleep

makes an individual less positive, damages relationships with others, or causes a person to feel

less able to deal with life’s stresses.

Kent (2016) asserted that Sleep is one area that can affect a person’s ability to learn. This causes

serves as the significance as it underscore the effects of sleep deprivation towards the student’

academic performance. Carleton (2015) analyses the benefits of adequate sleep and suggest that a

person who sleep well can work well, therefore students who is sleep deprived may have

difficulties to study and make the requirements simultaneously. Making regular sleep a priority

might even improve your academic performance

Many students do not know that sleep is much more beneficial than nearly anything else they could

be doing according to Chien (2014) instead they stay up late to earn good grades, or to spend time

with friends and often seems to be more important than allowing the body to recover and grow by
sleeping. Research indicates that sleep is necessary for learning. Minkel (2014) presented three

studies that may affect the students’ academic performance , Study 1 three facets of mood (fatigue,

vigor and confusion) were found to be sensitive to sleep restriction, three other facets of mood

(depression, anxiety, and anger) were not sensitive to sleep restriction and did not cover with

objective alertness. Study 2 found that sleep deprivation decreased facial expressiveness in

response to positive and negative emotion probes. Study 3 found that sleep deprived subjects

reported a more negative subjective response. When taken together, these studies offer a more

nuanced account of the relationship between sleep deprivation and affective functioning

Honn (2015) stated the presence of the sleep deprivation-induced performance impairment on all

variants makes it less plausible that sleep deprivation causes deficits to specific cognitive

functions. Carleton (2015) stated that sleep influences leadership indirectly through its effects on

self-control. There was also support for sleep affecting abusive supervision through self-control,

Carleton (2015) also concluded that sleep deprivation can cause withdrawal from school partial

absenteeism and absenteeism.

Unfortunately, students are most affected on this situation teachers have been giving out too much

requirements simultaneously. Furthermore, coincided with examination resulting in multitasking

to students, without proper time management they end up being sleep deprived in order to cope

with the upcoming deadline and examination, Sleep is often the first thing to be sacrificed despite

the very harmful effects of sleep deprivation to student’s psychological well-being. Proper time

management, however, may prevent this from deteriorating according to Davis (2018). The

Previous studies have shown that sleep deprivation affects self-control and Cognitive function.

The problem Richter (2015) notes, is the effects of sleep deprivation to psychological well-being,

Minkel (2014) presented three studies to improve our understanding of the influence of sleep loss
on affective functioning in healthy adults. However, not many of the resources point out explicitly

or exactly who are most affected how are they affected and why are they affected.

The current research undertakes investigates the causes of sleep deprivation and how are the

students affected by it.

The findings of this study will redound to the benefits of specific students considering that sleep

plays an important role on the student’s academic performance. The greater demand for higher

grades of every students justifies the needs for adequate sleep in order to perform well to achieve

academic goals. The recommended approach derived from the result of this study will be able to

provide knowledge about the effects of sleep deprivation to specific students. And if possible, help

the student attain adequate sleep. For the researchers, the study will help them uncover critical

areas in the effects of sleep deprivation that many researchers were not able to explore. Thus a new

theory on sleep deprivation may be arrived at.

Theoretical Framework

The researchers used journal, published materials, internet sources and other reliable resource in

gathering information that support the study to cultivate lengthy and wider knowledge towards the

term include within the study.

Duncan (2017) claimed that sleep is often the first thing to be sacrificed during a busy or stressful

time. While many students and professionals do this regularly, going without sleep so that you can

accomplish more often backfires. You may complete all your tasks, but your overall performance

will likely be decreased. Proper time management, however, may prevent this. Making regular

sleep a priority might even improve your ability to manage your time. Research indicates that sleep

is necessary for learning. Periods of sleep allow the brain to consolidate newly learned information,
not only making sense of the day's events, but also making room in the mind for more information

to be gathered in the future. Sleep is necessary for the brain to perform optimally. Without adequate

sleep, you are more prone to stress, making it more difficult to focus on important goals and tasks

(University of Georgia Health Center, 2017). This statement is related to our study as it concerns

that students are mostly affected on this situation and it underscores the importance of adequate

sleep

Minkel (2014) defined the three studies of the effects of sleep deprivation. Study 1 Three facets of

mood (Fatigue, Vigor and Confusion) were found to be sensitive to sleep restriction, three other

facets of mood (Depression, Anxiety, and Anger) were not sensitive to sleep restriction and did

not covary with objective alertness. Study 2 found that sleep deprivation decreased facial

expressiveness in response to positive and negative emotion probes. Study 3 found that sleep

deprived subjects reported a more negative subjective response than control subjects to a mild

stressor, but not to a more intense stressor. This statement is related to our study as it defines the

effects of inadequate sleep towards the students that may affect their academic performance.

According to Forman (2014) homework is possibly the biggest factor that keeps teens from getting

enough sleep. Nightly homework, reading assignments, projects, practice sets and general studying

constantly detract from time in bed. Teens often felt almost irresponsible to go to bed rather than

stay awake into the early hours of the morning to study for various tests even though they knew

sleep was more beneficial. The sheer quantity of homework absorbs hours that should be dedicated

to sleep. This statement is related to our study as it is one of the causes why students are sleep

deprived

According to Forman (2014) sports and other extracurricular activities also take-up a lot of time.

For example, the swimmers at school often have to get up for morning practice before school and
then additionally are required to attend practice in the afternoons. Even for other sports, practices

and games consume many hours. Complete with transportation time and warm-ups, a single

competition could easily take up an entire afternoon and evening. Clubs and extracurricular

activities also delay bedtime as teens are pressured by peers and colleges to take part in many

different activities. This statement is related to our study as it is one of the causes why students

lack sleep

According to Forman (2014) phones, especially social media, often detract from teens’ sleep. It’s

easy to waste precious hours on the never-ending supply of beautiful Instagram posts, Snapchats,

intriguing Facebook videos, and the addicting void of Netflix. The photogenic lives of celebrities

or late-night conversations can seem much more interesting than going to sleep even if one’s eyes

are struggling to stay open. In fact, the blue light released from screens can delay the feeling of

sleepiness – pushing bedtime later. This statement is related to our study as it is one of the causes

why students lack sleep

According to Forman (2014) home problems and the stress that goes hand-in-hand with them

frequently do not allow for consistently good sleep. Whether these involve sickness or death or

financial problems, health can be seriously affected. Adolescence is already a difficult time, and

when layered with the challenges of school and conflicts at home, it can be hard to stay both

mentally and physically healthy – including getting enough sleep. This statement is related to our

study as it is one of the causes why students lack sleep

Sleep is worth these sacrifices. According to a study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control

and Prevention (2016), more than two-thirds of high schoolers in the U.S. do not sleep a sufficient

amount on school nights. Well-rested teens are more likely to be healthier, more positive and more
energetic by regularly sleeping eight to10 hours a night – the amount recommended by the

American Academy of Sleep Medicine.

Canadian Paediatric Society (2018) claimed that sleep helps to fuel your brain and your body.

Teens need more sleep because their bodies and minds are growing quickly. Although getting

enough sleep may not seem that big a deal, teens who don’t get enough sleep and are overtired are

more likely to struggle in school, have trouble with memory, concentration and motivation (the

desire to accomplish a goal), be involved in car crashes and other accidents. Sleepiness (the feeling

of wanting or needing to sleep in places and at times when you shouldn’t) affects reaction times,

or feel depressed, which can become a serious medical condition. Scientific research shows that

many teens do not get enough sleep. To be at your best, you need between 8 and 10 hours of sleep

every day. While you might not always be able to get this much, it’s important to try and get as

much as you can. Signs that you need more sleep can include difficulty waking up in the morning,

trouble concentrating throughout the day, falling asleep during classes, and feeling moody or even

depressed. This statement is related to our study as it underscores the importance of sleep and it

concerns the possible effects towards the students’ academic performance

Kennedy (2018) asserted that sleep deprivation can noticeably affect people's performance,

including their ability to think clearly, react quickly, and form memories. Sleep deprivation also

affects mood, leading to irritability; Sleep deprivation can also increase anxiety. Sleep is important

for overall health, and inadequate sleep is associated with numerous health problems. Research

shows that not getting enough sleep, or getting poor-quality sleep, increases the risk of high blood

pressure, heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. Sleep deprivation can also be very dangerous.

Duval (2014) found out that 10 percent of adolescents sleep only five hours and 23 percent sleep

only six hours on an average school night. More females than males have sleep deficits as do more
African-Americans and whites compared to Hispanics. Nearly 20 percent more 12th-grade

students have sleep deficits than do those in ninth grade. The findings of this study were consistent

with those reported from the National Sleep Foundation’s 2006 Sleep in America Poll, the authors

say, adding that that although no formally accepted sleep guidelines exist, the foundation defines

nine hours a night as optimal for adolescents, eight hours as borderline and anything under eight

hours as not enough.

Persky (2018) concluded that high school students are under much more pressure than previous

generations of students, and don't have enough time for both their schoolwork, extracurricular

activities, and sleep.

Trent (2017) asserted that without adequate sleep, the brain will try to pull energy from food,

specifically causing cravings for fatty and sugary foods. Added to the mix, decreased sleep levels

can have negative effects on metabolism. This, with the increased caloric consumption from poor

sources, can lead to increased weight and various risk factors associated with weight gain. Sleep

deprivation has been tied to an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity,

and depression. Sleep deprivation can also make you more prone to sickness by stressing the

immune system. Individuals who get less than seven hours of sleep each night may be three times

more likely to develop a cold and less able to fight off an infection. Increased irritability and

decreased cognitive processing from lack of sleep can impact your time management and social

wellbeing, and it has become a big workplace wellbeing issue in recent years. Restlessness and the

lack of quality sleep impacts your mood, decreases energy, and hinders productivity. This

statement is related to our study as it concerns the possible effects of sleep deprivation that may

affect the students’ academic performance

Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (2018) stated that getting enough sleep has

many benefits. It can help you get sick less often, stay at a healthy weight, lower your risk for

serious health problems, like diabetes and heart disease, reduce stress and improve your mood,

think more clearly and do better in school and at work, get along better with people and make good

decisions. This statement is related to our study as it underscores the positive effects of adequate

sleep that may improve the students’ academic performance

Amanda (2015) People say that school requirements and examinations are supposed to help

students in school. Simultaneous requirement coincided with examination, however actually can

worsen a student’s grades. Simultaneous requirements and examinations has many side effects,

some of which are dangerous. A clear side effect of examination and too much requirement is lack

of sleep. Many students do poorly on exams because of sleep deprivation. Research showed that

students did not think requirements was useful and regarded requirements as a burden. Students

felt pressured to do requirements and review for examination instead of visiting family and

participating in activities they used to enjoy. This statement is related to our study as it underscores

the possible major causes why students are sleep deprived

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on the effects of sleep deprivation among senior high school students.

Specifically it will aim to answer the following problems:

1. What are the causes of sleep deprivation as experienced by the students?

2. How are students’ academic performance affected by sleep deprivation?

3. What are the possible ways to prevent students from suffering sleep deprivation?
 Chapter 2

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research design

A qualitative method using a narrative analysis design. Narrative research is a term that subsumes

a group of approaches that in turn rely on the written or spoken words or visual representation of

individuals. These approaches typically focus on the lives of individuals as told through their own

stories. The emphasis in such approaches is on the story, typically both what and how is narrated

according to ATLAS (2015).

Sources of Data

The respondents of the study are the Senior High School Students of the University of Northern

Philippines Laboratory School. The researchers choose the grade 11 students, specifically, the

Academic track, Strands (Science Technology Engineering and Mathematics, Humanities and

Social Sciences, Accountancy and Business Management), from all the sections of each strand,

S.Y. 2018-2019.

The National Sleep Foundation (NSF) 2015 recommendations for appropriate sleep durations for

specific age groups are for: teenagers (14 to 17 years) 8 to 10 hours. If the recommended hours are

not met, then they are considered sleep deprived.

Instrumentation and Data Collection

The study will make use of semi structured interview guide made by the researchers to gather the

data needed in the study a semi-structured interview is a meeting in which the interviewer does

not strictly follow a formalized list of questions. They will ask more open-ended questions
allowing for a discussion with the interviewee rather than a straightforward question and answer

format. The interviewer may prepare a list of questions but does not necessarily ask them all, or

touch on them in any particular order, using them instead to guide the conversation. In some cases,

the interviewer will prepare only a list of general topics to be addressed, called an interview guide

according to Doyle (2018)

The questions will be validated by three experts (an English teacher, adviser, and a research

specialist). The questions will be crafted through a priori coding.

In gathering the data needed in the study, he researchers will first seek a permission through a

letter to the principal of the University of Northern Philippines Laboratory Schools. After securing

permission from the principal, letters of request to conduct the interview will be forwarded to the

advisers of the respondents. Similarly letters requesting for the respondents to participate in the

study.

Interviews will be used to gather the data needed in answering the problems of the study before

the conduct of the interview, the researchers will make sure that the participants are willing to form

part in the research undertaking. It will be explained that there will be no direct benefits in joining

the study and that the responses will be used solely for the purpose of the study.

Voice recorders will be used to document the responses of the learners. This will be made known

to the respondents. However, for purposes of a more careful analysis, a hidden video camera will

be situated. Notes will be taken while the interview is going on. The voice recordings and videos

taken will be deleted immediately after analyzing the answers.

Analysis of Data

Responses will be transacted after the interview. Codes will be assigned to the responses to

facilitate easier interpretation and analysis. Themes will be formed based from the codes which

emerged. These will be verified by (an adviser and a research specialist)

After the results are finalized, member-check will be employed. A member check is a technique

used by researchers to help improve the accuracy, credibility, validity, and transferability of a

study (Wikipedia, 2018). This will be done to strengthen the results of the study.