MATHEMATICS IN ARCHITECTURE

SPORTS CITY

FOR THESIS IN ARCHITECTURE

2018-2019

Submitted by:

ARSH ARORA
1400103010022/SSAA/B.Arch./13

Guide: Col V K Malik (Retd), Professor

Co-ordinator: Himanshu Sanghani, Assocaite Dean

SSAA/X/2019-020

SUSHANT SCHOOL OF ART AND ARCHITECTURE

ANSAL UNIVERSITY, GURGAON, INDIA
 ABSTRACT

Recently, in India after the regular bad performances in Olympics, the government realised to provide
sports cities with sports infrastructure facilities to those who wish to take sports as career. According
to FICCI 2016 report, 1.3 million youngsters in the country wish to make their career in sports.
Looking at the sports condition in India, it seems that it has become a single sports nation i.e. cricket
has become dominant over all other types of sports. We are second most populous country in the
world but we in Olympics and other international games events we just struggle to bring average
number of medals. It shows that we lack in sports culture on international platforms. But this is not
true, we are having multi-talented players across the country. They do not get chance to prove
themselves due to lack of sports culture in our society. Since it has become a mainstream in society
not to take sports as a career. So if we wanted to see India as a "multi-sports nation" we need to
nourish the sports culture from the childhood. Middle East countries have succeed in this by
developing sport cities. Every group of society irrespective of any discrimination must involve
himself/herself in sporting activities to make nation proud at international games events. On the other
hand, our country has been called as a capital of unhealthy nation. Since most of the people across the
country suffer from major health issues. It is because they do not involve themselves in any kind of'
physical activities Taking sports can help them to overcome this. It will help them to be mentally and
physically fit. This research paper clearly investigates the process to design a sports city dealing with
all the necessary factors and aspects. It aims to build a sustainable sports spirit raising environment
taking society as whole. It is hoped that this study will act as a source of guidance for those researchers
and designers who are in need of designing a "smart" sports city.
 CHAPTER-1

1.1 INTRODUCTION
My thesis proposal is to design a sports city which provides equal platform for all sports disciplines .
The design of sporting installations is a fascinating challenge which often leads to the creation of
magnificent works that typically combine pragmatism and aesthetics. Its designing would involve not
only spatial design but also the structural design is given equal weightage. Another aspect which the
architect has to consider is the various services involved.
Tessellation is covering of plane by closed shapes called tiles , without gaps .This phenomena is an
important area in mathematics, because, by mathematical computation it can be easily executed and
manipulated to find use in art and architecture. Architects and artists find this invention very intrigue
to the human eye, therefore, this phenomena is extensively used in buildings walls as a main feature
or for structural purpose.
Tessellations play a significant role in architectural geometry design and the development of computer
technology enables tessellations to be more powerful in surface control (floor plans and façade) and
structural design . Therefore research and a design proposal on the application of tessellation in
architectural geometry is of great necessity in architectural studies .
Overcrowding reduction of open spaces and commercialization has led to reduction of interest .
The public nature of a sports city is a direct consequence of a view of sporting activity as a pleasant
social activity and an effective means of promoting interpersonal communication.
The combination of tessellation geometry in sports architecture will attract attention and increase
interest in the minds of people . Kinetic tessellations are a customizable system where aesthetics
meet functionality. Also these help in functional problems as well as controlling the weather inside
the building more efficiently because of its versatile nature .

1.2 BACKGROUND
In recent years, several cities have constructed new sports facilities in concentrated areas or
supplemented existing facilities to create a themed sport zone. Some have branded these areas as
"sports cities" to give them visibility and coherence.
The real issues, solutions, government roles, society roles, and other specific challenges for architects
to deal with. Sports cities are not only associated with sports sector but also how deal the need for
urban, sustainable community development. Today's world health is one of the major concern for
every individual, sports cities are an option for society to remain mentally as well as physically fit.
Sports cities are not gender specific. It involves every individual, from children to senior citizen,
from girl to boy, from mother to grandmother. This report deals with designing such a sports city
that has a sustainable environment, sports spirit and a systematic community development.
Here the reason is to understand how sport can be integrated physical in cities and urban
environments, to give an overview of inspiring examples, and the spatial and programmatic relation
of the sport facility with its direct surroundings.

1.3 NEED OF THE PROJECT

Sports have been given secondary importance and are quite a neglected aspect, particularly in huge
metropolitan cities. This is due to the lack of sufficient and proper facilities and due to the hectic lives
that we all are living.

Increase in migration rate causes overcrowding and reduction in open spaces. There is an acute shortage
of playing facilities. Reasons behind this are:

 Encroachment of civilization which have robbed us of our natural playing fields.

 Shortages of funds as the people have still not realized the importance of sports in their lives
and hence no initiative is taken by them.
While other countries have progressed by leaps and bounds, Indian sports are still far behind. Even
commercial centers like Mumbai don’t have facilities for competitions along with training facilities which
is absolutely necessary. There are few sports clubs but restricted only to a chosen few as these are
commercial clubs. Talented younger generation has to remain satisfied within the building courtyards.

Amidst the mushrooming concrete jungle, a place like a sports complex would cater to an important
aspect of human life. It would open the door to another dimension of the metropolis man, so
respectfully ignored and neglected by majority. In cities we have a lot of talented youngsters but the
facilities are lacking at that level. A lot of talent is present in the junior and sub-junior level. They are our
future and we should promote the games at these levels, in order to spot talent.

The diversity of these works is a direct consequence of the evolution of sport which has led to the
replacement of artistic academism by innovative ideas and new forms, even though there are still
certain common aspects which have become the distinguishing features of the typology known as
SPORTS ARCHITECTURE.

1.4 AIM
To create an architectural environment of sports and it’s relation with the society which will
promote sports spirit among residents to lead a healthy lifestyle and design using
mathematical phenomenon of tessellations.

1.5 OBJECTIVES
• To create Sports complexes to cater national and international events and train young athletes.
• To provide for all citizens a variety of enjoyable leisure spaces such as parks, recreational areas,
etc. which are accessible safe, physically attractive and uncrowded.
• To add up ancillary facilities like clubhouses, water front development to promote tourism and
earn more and more revenue that will help for better functioning of sports city.
• To enhance a sense of national cohesion and common interest, stadiums would act as a major
building force in a society as a whole.
• To use the phenomenon of tessellations for both functional as well as asthetic benefits.
• To provide good quality of life for sportspersons as well as other citizens.

1.6 METHODOLOGY
1.6.1 Literature Review
This will include basic literature and information about various sports disciplines which will be taken
into consideration . This will also include theories about application of tessellations in architectural
geometry design . The rules and various types of tessellations . This will also include information
about other aspects of mathematics in nature. The sports disciplines which will be included in the
sports city are as follows :

 Outdoor
Hockey
Lawn tennis
Volley ball
 Indoor
Badminton
Snooker/billiards
Squash
Basketball
Swimming/diving
Table tennis
Rhythmic gymnastics
Boxing

1.6.2 Secondary Case Study

This will include case studies of sports cities regardless of the site . This will help in making a proper
idea about area program which will help in choosing an appropriate site . It will also give an idea
about the sports disciplines which can be together .
Also case studies which will provide even better insight on the use of geometry and tessellations in
buildings and it's use in the designing of various structural systems.

1.6.3 Primary Case Study

A primary case study of a sports complex where there are more than one sports disciplines to gain
information about the services and other systems required to maintain a sports complex and also the
basic standards which a sports facility should keep in mind . This will be done after choosing a site
so as to get a proper standard regulation.
A site study will also be needed to define type of economics of the design ie commercial
professional or leisure purposes. My design approach will be through different iteration of fitting
many functions (sports disciplines) together also making it a place where people can spectate.

1.6.4 Comparative Analysis

A comparative analysis will be done on the secondary and primary case studies which will further
help in formulation of design guidelines, functional activities and area requirement.

1.6.5 Site Analysis

Site Analysis is very important before we initiate our construction. Detailed study of site and its
surroundings will help justify our design proposal. Detailed study of the site and surrounding areas
of the site helps in designing the project efficiently.

1.7 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

 Promoting economic development and act as a catalyst for economic growth through
increased investment
 There is wide scope of using new modern methods of architecture to compete with
neighboring cities
 Site has greater potential that can be used to make environment friendly design.
 Help in improving community physical and mental health by providing opportunity for
physical activity to the society and encourage active lifestyle habits
 Provide various community benefits which include usable public spaces, and increased
social interactions
 The design part will be only conceptual plans to deal with the design problem.
 Due to lack of time period it will not cover the detail working drawings of project, electrical
Drawings, plumbing detail.
 The thesis will not cover the design of manufacturing unit since it's a different sector.
 CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE STUDY

BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT SPORTS CITIES

Sports such as hockey, kabaddi, badminton, tennis, football and cricket leagues have become popular
in the last few years, and this requires professional and specialized sports facilities for practice and
competitions As a result, the concept of sports city has emerged. Sport Cities provide sports facilities
with residential spaces available. The idea is to develop a fully integrated sports city that includes
stadiums, multiple recreational and leisure zones, gyms, parks and other facilities. Sports City offers a
wide array of youth sports programs to help kids and young adults develop a love for sports and
fitness, so they can lead healthy, active lifestyles. From child development programs for little ones to
sports and entertainment camps, soccer player development, competitive youth soccer leagues and
programs for children with special needs, Sports City has something for all ages, skill levels and
interests. Those in the industry say a "destination's ability to attract events depends on its venues and
local host partners". It also takes a strong base of enthusiastic sports fans and a heavily engaged
marketing team to keep the destination on the radar and maintain relationships in the industry.

ROLE OF SPORTS IN THE CITY

Sporting events have played pivotal roles in communities around the world throughout history. Today,
contests pushing physical limits are more popular than ever before. As interest in health and longevity
continues to rise, and governments and businesses continue to see sporting events as sound
investments, sports will play a vital role in society for the foreseeable future.
At no other time in history have sports played such a dominant role in daily life. Thanks to the
prevalence of the internet and television, adults and children alike consume sports at an astonishing
rate. When we are not physically involved in sports, we play them via video games or in fantasy leagues,
and we watch them on TV. The celebrity status of top athletes speaks to the importance we attach to
sporting events. Athletic endeavours, both amateur and professional, have a tremendous economic,
political and cultural influence on our society. Watching and playing sports provide ways to escape the
stress of our daily lives and come together as a community. Hosting sporting events can boost tourism
and revenue for a city. Sports in society can even influence our understanding of gender roles and
socio-economic issues, and they can help frame city-, state- and national identity. Sports' immense
effect on culture is especially evident among those who may not enjoy playing or watching sports—
these people often still know the names of key players, and they may still take national pride in Olympic
medals. No matter your individual involvement, sports generally provide everyone in a society with
some form of a shared story and a shared goal. In fact, sports in society are so vital that the United
Nations (UN) has declared them a human right: "Sport and play are human rights that must be
respected and enforced worldwide; sport has been increasingly recognized and used as a low-cost and
high-impact tool in humanitarian, development and peace-building efforts." While the UN recognizes
that sports can also, at times, negatively influence society with corruption, scandal and the incitement
of violence, their positive influence far outweighs their negative aspects: "Sport has a unique power to
attract, mobilize and inspire. By its very nature, sport is about participation. It is about inclusion and
citizenship. It stands for human values such as respect for the opponent, acceptance of binding rules,
teamwork and fairness, all of which are principles which are also contained in the Charter of the
United Nations." Physical activities like sports, whether for recreational, professional or educational
purposes, are not merely about fitness or victory; above all, they are an essential building block of a
prosperous and healthy society. Much like a country's educational system, media or political and social
movements, sporting events bring disparate people together by strengthening ties and celebrating the
common ideals of fairness, sacrifice and hope. Sports in society remind us that following prescribed
rules does not have to be boring and that we must always carve out a place for fun in our lives.
ASPECTS NECESSARY IN SPORTS CITY DESIGN
Spatial aspects
The spatial aspects are divided into the following aspects: sport size/typology, position in the city,
relationship with public space, visibility, distance and proximity, accessibility, public access and lock
ability, flexibility.
1. Sport size/typology
Starting point by integrating sport facilities are the dimensions established by international and
national sports federations. The requirements relate to the sports field and the material (eg the use of
artificial grass), locker rooms; they all are part of the overall program of requirements for a sports
facility and determine the extent to which type of sport is spatially fit. For example, at the level of the
building, a block, neighborhood and / or recorded in an urban green structure like a city park.
2. Position in the city
Major sports complexes attract many people at different times, which makes it attractive to combine
it with functions as restaurants, shops, hotels and music venues. This (smart) combination of functions
can become an urban hub in the city. The diversity of program creates a mixed crowd which enhanced
the urbanity of a place. This is also possible for neighborhood sports. In order to attract passers-by
sport should be visible. On the scale of the city the city park El Turia Valencia is an important
component of urban public space. At the same time the city park with many sports plays an important
role in the area, mainly due to the coupling with the sports center.
3. Relation with public space
The way the entrance of sports facilities presents itself to the city affects the contact with the public.
Therefore, design and position of an entrance are crucial. Martikel No. 8 in Copenhagen shows that a
public square can be an extension of an indoor sports complex. The basketball court and the striking
design of public space invites to play, sit and skating. There is a direct interaction with the activities in
the sports/cultural complex. The lower position of the field and the presence of sufficient space to
stand and sit, has created a social place where people go forward to see and be seen. A purely functional
place changes into a versatile, well-used urban place.
4. Visibility
The visibility-aspect of today's sport creates the need for a stage. Watching, showing and chatting,
making sport a social place where people can meet. Striking design enhances the image of sport. The
Sport plaza Mercator Amsterdam has a partially open glass facade. Daytime and evening for
passengers it is quite clear: here you can exercise! The city park El Turin Valencia is mainly used by
sports associations; therefore these facilities should be lockable. At the same time there are public
sports fields. The park is constructed in a former river bed. Park and users are clearly visible from the
city.
5. Distance and proximity
Distance and proximity compared to other (urban) programs is an essential aspect to enlarge the
visibility of sport. Not the absolute distance is important more essential is the precise qualitative
interpretation of the distance. It is about creating an attractive and safe design of public space and
connection to the environment. Such as stimulating multifunctional use, the extension of urban life
to sports or linking sports directly to urban space. The Oporto Cricket & Lawn Tennis Club is an
example of integration of a cluster with outdoor sports fields in a large urban block. The different
sports (cricket, hockey, tennis) are in the courtyard surrounded by a mixed program of homes, offices,
schools.
6. Accessibility
Accessibility is important to encourage people to exercise. The continuity and scope of a slow traffic
route and a safe and attractive design of public space. The presence of sufficient cycle parking and
parking are important too. Sports and allotments are the central pillars of the urban plan Sociopolis in
Valencia. These programs are literally the centre in a new area: the sports field is 'district court' and
public space is partially car-free. Sport is for most residents directly accessible in walking distance.
7. Public access and lock ability
Use and management are essential for the usability and durability of sports. As a rule, it necessary to
close off during unused hours. Traditionally, fences, watercourses and height funds are means to close
off playing fields, which means a reduction of the public and by cross-ability. Although the visibility
does not have to suffer.
8. Flexibility
Sports-related areas such as the canteen or parking lot aren't in permanently use for sports, which
gives space for flexibility in use. Sports facilities are used by multiple audiences. In Berlin, schools
have private sports facilities or gym and an outdoor gym. In the evenings, the same sports facilities
can be used by others. In this way, multiple use is created.
Programmatic aspects
Bringing together program promotes an interaction between program components and urban life.
The greater the variety of amenities, the more diverse groups of people which will use the amenities.
Fitting sport in an urban environment is more than just adding sports-related programs.
1. Sport chains
The multifunctional sports hall is a building typology where in one space different sports are possible.
This creates a chain of different sports, with interaction between the different athletes. A direct
relationship between sport and public space also contributes to a sports chain. In Sociopolis Valencia
the public space is programmed that different sports are possible, such as basketball, skateboarding,
circuit training, and football and running. This combination of organized and non-organized sports
of individual and group activities allows for exchange between the different groups.
2. Smart combinations
Smart combinations arise from the mixing of program components which in the past, under influence
of the CLAM-dogma, have been separated. Technically and financially, these combinations are not
complicated. Its proximity to various program components around the sport cluster or urban area are
of great importance. In Denmark, sports and culture are historically linked. Almost every village has a
Kulturhuset. These are community centres that provide space for various activities often linked to
hospitality and sport. This traditionally grown connection between sport and culture is visible in the
large number of sports and cultural facilities and is also part of many cities' sport policies.
3. Program mix
Mixing different sections can take place at district, neighbourhood and building level. It is essential
that use and management aspects should be taken into account directly in the design of mixed sports
complexes. Especially when it comes to providing innovative concepts sport management this is very
important. La Petxina Valencia is a particular example, because a very diverse programming and a
spatially interesting location led to a remarkably complex. Mixing consists of different sports, library,
playground, restaurant / canteen, hotel (for athletes), centre for sports, municipal sports department
and a conference centre. This centre attracts different people and has an area of increasing function
BRIEF INTRODUCTION ABOUT TESSELLATIONS
Architectural geometry design is an important aspect of architectural design from ancient times to the
present. Tessellation, or, Tilling, has been widely used in the field of architectural geometry design,
which mostly deals with topological and fractals. A tessellation of a flat surface is the tiling of a plane
using one or more geometric shapes (tiles), with no overlaps and no gaps. Also, tessellations can be
generalized to higher dimensions and a variety of geometries. There are many types of tessellations,
among which the most basic and common ones are grid, hexagon tessellation, triangle tessellation,
Penrose tessellation, Kelvin tessellation and so on. It has many advantages: figures in tessellations
seem simple, but it can be shaped into extremely complex graphics; tessellation generates according
to precise rules and orders, conducive to the standardization of production components; with spatial
tessellation design, load distribution can be more reasonable in structure, and the damage of single
component will not lead to the collapse of the whole structure; besides, tessellation gets strong
adaptability to be connected into various irregular shapes. There are two types of tessellations
1) Two-Dimensional Tessellation - Tessellation in two-dimensional space refers to the tessellation
of a plane or of two-dimensional surfaces, and can be simplified into some basic geometries, which
are called “prototypes”.
a) Symmetry and periodic tessellation- Tessellation with translational symmetry is called
periodic tessellation, such as the regular hexagon tessellation. Periodic tessellation can be
represented by lattice, with simple expressions: tessellation systems = elements * lattices. In
addition to the common attribute of translational symmetry, plane periodic tessellation tends
to have attributes of rotational symmetry, reaction symmetry sliding symmetry.

Translational symmetry – attribute of regular hexagon tessellation

b) Aperiodic tessellation- Aperiodic Tessellation refers to the translational tessellation without

translational symmetry. the figure in the tessellation has rotationally symmetry but no
translational symmetry. Similar tessellations include Penrose aperiodic tessellation, Pinwheel
aperiodic tessellation, Robinson aperiodic tessellation and so on

c) Fractal tessellation- Fractals and tessellations are generally

considered as two different fields of mathematics, but they can be
combined to form a variety of forms with visually attractivities,
concluding both fractal and tessellation features. Such form is called
fractal tessellation.
 d) Radial and spiral tessellation - Another way to create aperiodic tessellation is to select
prototypes which can form concentric circles. Such tessellation is called radial tessellation. If
parts of the radial tessellation are shifted, a swirl of new type of tessellation can be produced,
as Radial Spiral

2) Three dimensional tessellations- Crystal structure and Quasicrystal structure Similar with
two-dimensional tessellations, translational symmetry is still the basis criterion of periodicity for
three-dimensional tessellations. Much attention has been focused on the field of crystal
morphology in the study of three-dimensional periodic tessellation since crystals have internal
structures arranged according to certain geometric rules, while internal structures of non-crystals
are arranged without regular rules or even randomly. Therefore, the internal structure of crystal
can be regarded as a periodic spatial tessellation, which can fill the space closely by convex
polyhedrons of the same shape and size in ideal conditions.

Application of Tessellation in Modern Architecture

Corbusier' promotion of modular design after his theoretical research and analysis of human body and
its related mathematics bought in new generation of modern architecture. Standard modular system
in architecture is encouraged world-widely, including basic modulus and enlarged modulus. It is a
three-dimensional modular grid structure of certain rules, which can be regarded as one type of three-
dimensional tessellations. Therefore, this tessellation provides the basis for the form, structure and
space design of the building
Sports Stadiums
GENERAL GUIDELINES
Depending upon the planned capacity, seating is provided either along the long side of the ground (to
take advantage of the shortest viewing distance) or, for capacities above 10000 around the whole
ground. As most events take place in the afternoon, the best position for spectators is on the west
side so that the sun is at their backs.
Every 5000 spectators needs 7 minutes or 420 seconds to leave via the 9.5m wide steps ,(In equivalent
standards the times arc : Los Angles .12 minutes .term a minutes ).
Therefore, one spectators uses I min of staircase width in 9.5 X 420 = 0.8 sec 5000 Or, in I see a 1min
wide staircase accommodates 5000 = 1.25 spectators 9.5 X 4.20
The formula giving the staircase width necessary width necessary to allow an academic number of
spectators to leave the stadium in a given line is:
Staircase width (m) = no. of spectators

viewport
Employing time(s) X 1.25 First aid rooms for the spectators should be provided close to the
spectator's area. First aid treatment for 20000 or more spectators requires a suite of rooms:
treatment and recovery rooms 15m, stream 2m.
SPORTS HALL
The planning basics for multiple halls should take into account the competition regulations of the
individual sports organisation to give the best possible integration of all individual types of activity.
The necessary size of site depends on the area required for the desired sporting activities and
administrative rooms: required sports area X 24 necessary distance to site boundary — necessary
parking area for visitors.
OUTDOOR PITCHES
North/south orientation is generally desirable for outdoor courts to avoid background glare at dawn
or dusk. Orientation should also take into consideration other structures and features on the site,
neighbouring property, vehicle and pedestrian traffic, and prevailing winds. However, with more
sports being played under lights, this may be less of a concern. When installing all track and field
facilities, careful consideration must be given to the position of the sun at critical times of day and
the wind conditions.
To avoid the dazzling effect of the sun when it is low, the longitudinal axis of arenas should lie along
the north-south axis, although it is possible to deviate to the north-north-east and north-north-west.
This may result in the main straight being on the eastern side of the arena and will require
consideration of the effects of a western setting sun on the spectators in the main stand. However,
the most important aspect of design is to ensure that the best possible competition conditions are
provided for the athletes.
In outdoor pools, best practice suggests that springboards and platforms are recommended to face
north in the northern hemisphere and south in the southern hemisphere. In shooting sports and
archery; outdoor ranges should be constructed so that the sun is behind the shooter as much as
possible. The orientation of an archery range in the southern hemisphere generally requires the
shooting line to be on the north side of the range and the targets are on the north side", with a
tolerance allowance from the magnetic north of -- 20 degrees. This is to allow the sun to be behind
the archers most of the day.
Lawn bowling greens must be located away from tall buildings and trees that may cast shadows over
the bowling surface, thereby affecting turf performance. This is not relevant for synthetic surfaces.
Cricket pitches must run approximately north south to minimise the risk of batsmen or bowlers
facing a low sun. Tennis courts must be oriented with play along an approximate north south axis. A
north-south court orientation is preferred in basketball and netball to minimise the effects of sun
glare.
ATHELETIC FACILITIES
The competition area for track events includes the following: Oval track with at least four lanes and
safety zones measuring no less than lm on the inside and outside. Straight with minimum of six lanes
for sprints and hurdles. Steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump. There are
three basic types of track surface—synthetic, unbound mineral (cinder) and grass
TENNIS FACILITIES
The court is 23.77m long and for singles matches, 8.23m wide. For doubles matches the court is
10.97m wide. The court is divided into two equal areas by a net suspended by a cord or metal cable
attached to two net. The net is 0.914m high at the centre, where is held down tightly by a white
strap. A white band covers the cord or metal cable and the top of the net. For doubles matches the
centre of the net posts are 0.914m outside the doubles court on each side. For singles matches the
centres of the net posts are 0.914m outside the singles court on each side. posts.

SWIMMING POOL
• Standard pools are either 25m or 50m long. Depth
• For pools with starting blocks, the minimum depth is 1.35m, extending to at least 6.0m. A
minimum depth of 1.0 meter is required for pools without starting blocks.
• Starting platforms are from 0.5m-0.75m high above the water surface. The surface area is at least
1.5m square and covered with a non-slip material. The maximum slope is 10 degrees. The platforms
are firm and are without a springing effect.
 CHAPTER-3
SECONDARY CASE STUDY

3.1 BELTING NATIONAL STADIUM (BIRD’S NEST STADIUM)

Beijing National Stadium, designed by Swiss architects Herzog & de Meuron, is an excellen
example of the use biometrics in modern architecture
As implied by its nickname, the stadium rises out of the Isnrhc.ape in the shape of a giant upturned
bird's nest. Drawing from the structural strength and beauty of natural objects is a growing trend as
architects and designers become increasingly interested in the efficient use of energy and materials.
According to Janine Benyus this movement is known as biomimicry-, "a new science that studies
nature's models and then imitates or takes inspiration from these designs and processes to solve
human problems.

Stadium Design
The stadium consists of an inner bowl of concrete seating surrounded by a facaelP of twisted
steel, with a public concourse area sandwiched between the two. The elliptical building footprint
is dictated by "the constraints of seating 100 000 people around an athletics track and field.
Meanwhile, the variation in the height of the stands between the major and minor axes of the
ellipse allows for the majority of spectators to be seated along the longest length of the track,
and "ensures that all spectators are within the same radius of view from the corners of the field.
In all, the structure encloses a volume approximately 333 meters long by 284 meters wide and 69
meters tall.
Structural Design
The building's distinctive facade was conceived in order to disguise the large parallel steel girders
required to support the retractable roof that was specified in the original design program. The
geometry of the seemingly random elements was defined using the geometrical constraints
dictated by the usage and capacity of the structure.
In defining the geometry of the structure, lines representing members were extended outward
from the projected plan of the athletic field, along the roof and wall surfaces to the ground in
one continuous gesture. The angles of these lines were planned so that they intersect at ground
level in 24 points spaced at regular intervals around the elliptical building footprint. This allows
the vertical components of the structural members to be prefabricated in truss-columns of a
roughly pyramidal shape. Conversely, the diagonal lines created by the staircases placed around
the perimeter are traced continuously from the ground, along the roof, and down the other side.
The remaining infill members balance the aesthetic of the façade.
Steel
As the continuity of the members from the ground across the roof surface was essential to the
aesthetic desired by the architects, steel HSS sections were chosen to allow each `stick' to twist
over the curved intersection of the wall and roof to "maintain its outer edge parallel to the
facade. Hollow structural sections (HSS) are strong in torsion, a property essential to members
that are subjected to the eccentric loading experienced at the rounded intersection of the roof
and wall.

Load distribution
 The outer structure is completely separate from the inner stadium seating area and is 50 feet
apart. The core of the stadium was constructed out of the pre-cast reinforced concrete .Because
concrete has significantly lower modulus of elasticity , it was divided into eight individual
sections .This divisions allow each portion of structure to move independently of the other in
case of seismic motor causing minimal amount of damage.

3.2 SREE CHHATRAPATI SHIVAJI SPORTS COMPLEX

INTRODUCTION
The Shree Chhatrapati Sivaji Sports Complex, Balewadi, Mahalunge, Pune is an Indian sports
complex. The complex is situated in Balewadi, Nfahalunge Pune, about 14-15 km from Pune
downtown and 4-5 km from Hinjewadi, Pune. This complex was the venue for the 2008
Commonwealth Youth Games

HISTORY
This complex was built in 1994 for the National Games 1994, which were hosted by Pune. The
200S Commonwealth Youth Games were hosted here. In 200S the World Junior Table Tennis
Circuit was successfully held here. The 2009 FIVB Men's Junior World Championship was held
here. It was won by Brazil. The city is also the host of FIBA Asia Under-16 Championship for
Women 2009
SITE CIRCULATION
The movement circulation on the site is planned in grid pattern The entrance in the complex is
from the NH-4. There are two gates for entrance and one exit .There is also one entrance from
east side. The above diagram shows the different modes of movement The red lines show the
vehicular movement and yellow color shows the movement of pedestrian. There are not separate
entrance for services vehicles. Since the movement is in grid pattern the movement is simple and
quiet simple but there are not diagonal interlinkages. This creates a problem for shortest approach
to any place.

FACILITIES

 The 333.33 in or 1,093.6 ft. velodrome is outdoor and the surface is made of concrete.
While it was a prime venue for the 3rd Nationals Games in the year 1993-94 it has never
been a place for any major events thereafter, and was left unused.
 The Athletics stadium has a seating capacity of roughly 11,000 people at a time; Flood
lights and an 8 lane track.
 Hockey field is not in regular use and lacks facilities of sitting arena. The present condition
of this field is that it is used as a sitting place for visitors
 The Boxing arena has 3 fines, and 5 warm-up rings, with a seating capacity of 3500 peoples.
This hall is air conditioned and has changing rooms for players.
 The Table tennis hall, with a seating capacity of 1500 people. This has 4 competition tables
and 4 warm up tables. This hall is air conditioned and has changing rooms for players.
Seating and lounges are for VIPs.
 The Boxing arena has 5 courts, and 4 warm-up, with a seating capacity of 4000 peoples.
This hall is air conditioned and has changing rooms for players.
 The Badminton hall 6 competition courts and 4 warm-up courts, and has a seating capacity
of 3S00 people at a time. This hall is air condition and has wooden floor. It has changing
room for players and sitting & lounges for VIPs.
 This Aquatics centre contains two 50 x 25m swimming pools, with a seating capacity of
3500 people. This has changing room for players. Seating and lounges are for VIPs.
  The complex has 15 shooting ranges, with a seating capacity of 1500. The ranges are
constructed according to ISSF rules world championship. Ranges: 50 m, 25 m and 10 m
are available.
 The Wrestling Hall has four rings, and six warm-up rings with a seating capacity of 4,40D
people. This has seating and lounges for VIPs. This also has change room for players. This
is an air conditioned hall.
 This weightlifting hall seats 3000 people. The hall is air conditioned and has one
competition podium and 10 warn-up platforms. Seating and lounges arc provided for
VIPs. There is also a changing room for competitors.
 The Athletic stadium has a seating capacity of roughly 11,000 people at a time, Flood lights
and an 8 lane track.
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
`A steel structural system is opted for the roofing design of the seating area of the stadium .Steel is
string both in tension and compression and hence is used for long span structures. The main material
used is steel for roof covering. Concrete for walls, wooden and glazing tiles for flooring.
Corrugated metal sheet
Steel battens
X bracing
Steel truss
Steel stanchion

The image shows the different steel members used for the stadiums seating area. As steel is high in
tension and compression and for clear viewing spaces huge steel trusses above it which in turn
supports the light weight flooring of the stadium seating area.

Curved cellular beams are an economical form of roof structure

and provide an elegant and functional interior by enabling the
avoidance of a ridge .
LANDSCAPE
The landscape plays an important role in motivating a human being
specially sportsperson needs an environment which seeks in
keepign fresh to him. The use of local natural and trees is used in
this complex.Palm trees; were mainly planted in row .Other trees
include Neem,etc..
PARKING
The parking is an essential space in any crowd place.Since this complex hosts international events so
its parking is an important key factor to study. There are two parking areas ,one at the entrance while
other at the centre of core.The parking near the entrance is mainly for the visitors and the parking at
the centre is for staff and VIPs .There is no facilities of basement parking here.The total capacity of
car parking is 500 which is quiet low.
SUPPORT SERVICES
• Residential areas include 13 apartments which lies separate corner.It has all the facilities.
• Hostel faclities are separate for men and women.The blocks are near to each other and lies near to
residential colony.
• Separate staff quarter is provided.
• There is a restaurant inside the complex. Its capacity is around 300 people
• The services like HVAC plant room ;electrical area in separate zone.
• The gymnasium and fitness centre is near the Hostel complex It has all the facilities of modem
equipments.
 CHAPTER-4
PRIMARY CASE STUDY
YAMUNA SPORTS COMPLEX , DELHI

INTRODUCTION
The Yamuna Sports Complex is a sports complex located in New Delhi, India. Foundation stone of
this complex was laid by Late Shri Rajiv Gandhi, Honorable Ex-Prime Minister of India on 13th Jun,
1989. Partially opened on "pay & play" basis since 1994. Inaugurated on 20th July 1999.

HISTORY
It was the venue for Archery at the 2010 Commonwealth Games as well as Lawn bowls at the 2010
Commonwealth Games. A large stone sculpture b "Aiming for Excellence" by noted sculptor,
Amaranth Sehgal, was installed at the complex in January 2002..It is located near Master Somnath
Marg, Near VivArananda College, Surajmal Vihar, New Delhi.
DESIGN PHILOSOPHY
"AIM OF EXCELLENCE" The main philosophy behind this complex was to provide excellence to
other sports like archery, lawn ball, table tennis, which were less popular.
DESIGN CHALLENGE
Designing it in the crowded region of Delhi and congestion traffic was the biggest challenge for the
architects. Providing an environment which can motivate the players despite of surrounding noises,
traffic etc. The main aim to involve local residents to use it and remain healthy. Traffic Noise
Congestion Involvement of Local People
SITE CIRCULATION

The map clearly shows the movement and circulation of

vehicle and pedestrian movement. The red color shows the
movement of vehicle. These vehicle includes all types of
vehicle including bicycle to trucks. There is no separate roads
made for heavy vehicles. On the other hand yellow color
shows the movement of pedestrian.
SPORT FACILITIES
The facilities includes Tennis, Synthetic Tennis Courts (2), Clay-5, Cement-3, Tennis Practice Wall,
Table Tennis, Badminton, Fitness Centre, and Ladies Gym. Carom, Chess, Billiards / Snooker / Pool,
Basket Ball, Volley Ball, Gymnastics Hall, Skating, Aerobics, Taekwondo, Jogging Track, Artificial
Climbing Wall, Cricket, Cricket Practice Pitches, Football, Hockey, Squash, including one glass back
wall court, Olympic size Swimming Pool, Toddlers Pool, Sports Shop & Snack Bar.
Archery
• The archery range has a capacity of 1500 people .The total area of the plot is 40000 sq. m.
• It has a car parking for 500 cars
• The block has lift for specially abled and proper ramp provision

The above pictures shows the exterior view of the archery of the complex. It was the venue for
Commonwealth Games 2010.The other figure shows the plan of the internal building. It has entrance
lobby, reception, lift and toilet for especially abled, fire handling unit, separate sitting zones for
spectators, media, archery ground, and every 30 m distance there is facilities of water hydrant.
Swimming pool
• Depth of pool is 1.35m
• Seating for around
• Administrative block on first floor
• First Aid room
• Fire house ,smoke detectors and sprinklers
provided
• Proper ramps provided. The plan of the swimming pool is shows the zoning of various areas, and
their inter-relationship with the other areas. It includes separate canteen, swimming area, warm up
area, shower area, diving pool reception, sitting area etc. The swimming pool has capacity 200 people.
It is less used by local people.
Administrative block FACILITIES
• BILLIARDS ROOM
• DANCE ROOM
• GYMNASIUM
• SQUASH ROOM
• CAFETERIA
• FIRST AID ROOM

The administrative block is G+1 building having various other sport facilities like snookers, squash,
dance room, billiards room etc. It has separate gymnasium and fitness Centre. The storage hall is quiet
laree where the sports related equipment's are placed.
PARKING.
The parking facilities is located in the basement. Its capacity is around 504. There is no separate
parking for staff and visitors. The facilities like ramps has been provided.
At the time of major events parking often becomes a problem here since provision of open parking
on the site is not provided.
LANDSCAPE
The landscaping mainly used is local frees and plants. They are planted along the roads that provides
the shades since the complex lies in hot regions of India. The pathways are made up of precast tiles
and roads are made up of concrete.
OTHER SUPPORT SERVICES
Other services include separate electrical room, HVAC plant rooms. The use of smoke detectors,
sprinklers, separate lifts and toilets for especially abled makes this sports complex a better functioning
system of services.