MF C418 LEAN MANUFACTURING

BITS Pilani A K DIGALWAR

Department of Mechanical Engineering
Pilani Campus
 BITS Pilani
Pilani Campus

Lean Manufacturing
Principles of Lean Production

• Reduced Setup Times

• Small Lot Production
• Employee Involvement and Empowerment
• Quality at the source
• Equipment Maintenance
• Pull Production
• Supplier Involvement

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Lean Manufacturing
Terminology
• Andon (English: Signboard)
• Genba(English: The actual place, the place where the
real work is done)
• Genchi Genbutsu (English: Go and see for yourself)
• Hansei (English: Self-reflection)
• Heijunka (English: Production Smoothing)
• Jidoka (English: Autonomation - automation with human
intelligence)
• Kaizen (English: Continuous Improvement)
• Kanban (English: Sign, Index Card)

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• Muda (English: Waste)
• Mura (English: Unevenness)
• Muri (English: Overburden)
• Nemawashi (English: Laying the groundwork, building
consensus, literally: Going around the roots)
• Poka-yoke (English: fail-safing - to avoid (yokeru)
inadvertent errors (poka)

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Why Lean Production
System?
The New Economics
Cost + Profit margin = Price
This is no longer true. The profit equation is now
Price (fixed) − Cost = Profit

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• In such an environment, the
only way to improve profit is
to reduce cost.
• The great challenge of the
twenty-first century is cost
reduction not information
technology.
• Can your company
continually improve quality
and enlarge customer
choices while reducing
cost? BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
• The only sustainable way of reducing cost is to involve
your team members in improvement.
• How to motivate involvement? How to win the hearts and
minds of your people?
• The Toyota system relentlessly attacks muda (waste) by
involving team members in shared, standardized
improvement activities.
• The more team members are involved, the more
success they enjoy. The more success they enjoy, the
greater the intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, which
stimulates more involvement. And so on.
• Benefits go directly to the bottom line.
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Systems and Systems Thinking

A system is an integrated series of parts with a clearly

defined goal. For example, a car is a system whose goal
is to provide transportation.
Systems have the following characteristics:
• Each part of a system has a definable purpose. For
example, the purpose of a car engine is to provide
motive force.
• The parts of the system are interdependent. A car engine
depends on the fuel subsystem to provide chemical
energy and the transmission subsystem to make the
wheels rotate.

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Systems and Systems Thinking

We can understand each part by seeing how it fits into the

system. But we cannot understand the system by
identifying the unassembled parts. What makes a car
cannot be found in the parts—after all, a helicopter also
has an engine, fuel system, and transmission—but in
how the parts fit together.
To understand the system we must understand its purpose,
its interdependencies, and its interactions. A car's engine
may be working fine, but if the transmission column is
detached, the car won't move. In other words, we must
learn to think in terms of wholes as well as parts.

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
The "Thinking Way"

Lean senseis (ones who have gone before) emphasize the

"thinking way.“
Everything else can be taught. But how can we deepen our
thinking?
How can we develop richer mental models?

Through self-awareness and endless practice.

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• Mental Models
• Mental models are one's expectations about how the
world works based on temperament, upbringing and
experience.
• Mental models are the glasses we all wear, which filter
and often distort reality.
• “Lean” and "conventional" mental models differ
fundamentally.

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Conventional Toyota/Lean
Move the metal! Make your numbers! Stop production—so that production
never has to stop! (Jidoka concept)
Make as much as you can. Go as fast as Make only what the customer has
you can. (Push system) ordered. (Pull system)
Make big batches and move them Make things one at a time and move
slowly through the system. (Batch and them quickly through the system.
queue) (Flow)
Thou shalt! (Leader = Boss) What do you think? (Leader = Teacher)
We have some standards. (Not sure We have simple, visual standards for all
where they are or of they're important things.
followed…)
Engineers and other specialists create The people closest to the work develop
standards. The rest of us do what we're standards and pull in specialists as
told. required.
Don't get caught holding the bag! Make problems visible.
Only grunts go to the shop floor. Go and see for yourself.
Do-Do-Do-Do! Plan-Do-Check-Adjust (PDCA)
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Basic Image of Lean
Production
• Taiichi Ohno conceived the lean system. It has been
extended and deepened by a series of outstanding
practitioners, including:
• Hiroyuki Hirano—the 5S system.
• Seiichi Nakajima—Total productive maintenance (TPM).
• Kenichi Sekine—continuous flow.
• Shigeo Shingo—jidoka and single-minute exchange of
dies (SMED).

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• The foundation of the lean system is stability and
standardization. The walls are just-in-time delivery of
parts of products and jidoka, or automation with a human
mind.
• The goal (the roof) of the system is customer focus: to
deliver the highest quality to the customer, at the lowest
cost, in the shortest lead time.
• The heart of the system is involvement: flexible
motivated team members continually seeking a better
way.
• At Toyota each activity is interconnected and that the
same "thinking way" informs them. The power of the
Toyota system is in the continual reinforcement of core
concepts. BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Customer Focus

Our core goal is to provide the highest quality, at the lowest

cost, in the shortest time by continually eliminating muda
or waste.
• But today customers have broader expectations. Thus,
lean companies have added safety, environment, and
morale to their core goals.

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Customer Focus

• The acronym PQCDSM

• Productivity.
• Quality.
• Cost.
• Delivery time.
• Safety and environment.
• Morale.
• We must confirm on a daily basis that our activities are
advancing PQCDSM. Otherwise, it's pure muda.

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Lean Activities

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Lean Manufacturing

Lean – ‘Thin and Fit’

Oxford Dictionary Meaning ‘Strong and Efficient’
• Lean manufacturing, also known as the Toyota
Production System, means doing more with less—less
time, less space, less human effort, less machinery, less
materials—while giving customers what they want.
• Lean production is an multi-dimensional approach which
includes a variety of management practices that focus on
quality, supplier management and reducing waste
through such mechanisms as just in time ( JIT) inventory
management.

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Lean Manufacturing

• A study by Zayko et al. (1997) points that lean

manufacturing can result in a 50 percent reduction of
human effort, manufacturing space, tool investment and
product development time, and a 200-500 percent
improvement in quality.
• lean manufacturing is much more than a technique; it is
a way of thinking and a whole system approach that
creates a culture in which everyone in the organization
continuously improve operations.

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Lean Manufacturing

Lean means “manufacturing without waste.” Waste is

anything other than the minimum amount of equipment,
materials, parts, and working time that are essential to
production.

“Need to Eliminate Waste in Manufacturing”

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Wastes (MUDA) Elimination

• Muda is the one Japanese word you must know. It is just

what it sounds like. Heavy and foul, it sticks in your
mouth.
• Muda means waste, or any activity for which the
customer is not willing to pay.
• Muda is the opposite of value, which is simply what a
customer is willing to pay for.
• Consider a filing cabinet manufacturer. The customer is
willing to pay for sheet metal to be cut, bent, welded, and
painted. But the customer is not willing to pay for wait
time, rework, or excess inventory or any of the other
forms of muda.

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Human motion can be divided into three categories.
• Actual work: refers to any motion that adds value to the
product.
• Auxiliary work: motion that supports actual work;
usually occurs before and/or after the actual work (e.g.,
picking a part out of a suppliers box or setting the part in
a machine).
• Muda: motion that creates no value. Here is a good test:
If you stopped doing this, there would be no adverse
effect on the product.

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Consider a spot welding operation:
• Actual work comprises those few moments of spot
welding.
• Auxiliary work might comprise setting up and removing
the work piece.
• Muda might comprise:
– Unnecessary walking or reaching to set up the work
piece.
– Making more spot welds than necessary.
– Making more pieces than the customer demands.

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BITS Pilani, Pilani Campus
Motion

• Wasted motion has both a human and machine element.

Wasted human motion is related to workplace
ergonomics.
• Poor ergonomic design negatively affects productivity
and quality as well as safety. Productivity suffers when
there is unnecessary walking, reaching, or twisting.
• In an organization wherein the layout is not properly
designed, people are forced to move more distances
through haphazard pathways.
• In Industrial Engineering this is largely addressed by
Method Study.

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Tools and Techniques for
Eliminating Unnecessary Motion

In the industrial scenario, unnecessary motions occur due

to poor design of plant layout and material handling
system.
• Standardized work techniques can be exploited for
this purpose by integrating material handling principles in
it.
• IT can also be utilized to eliminate unnecessary motion

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Delay

• Delays occur in organizations due to several non value

added activities
• Waiting waste occurs when a worker has to wait for
material to be delivered or for a line stoppage to be
cleared, or when employees stand around waiting for a
machine to process a part.
• It also occurs when there is excessive work-in-process
(WIP) because of large batch production, equipment
problems downstream, or defects requiring rework.
• Non availability of resources like materials and operator,
poor scheduling of causing unregulated flow of
information and materials

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Delay

• Delays increase lead time—that is, the time between the

customer placing and receiving his or her order—a
critical measure in the lean system.
• Lead time may be defined as follows:
• Lead time = Processing time + Retention time
• Delays increase retention time, which far exceeds
processing time in most manufacturing operations.

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Tools and Techniques for
Eliminating Delays
Lean manufacturing field advocates the usages of three
conventional techniques:
• 5S – Installation and maintenance of a good
housekeeping facility
• Single Minute Exchange of Die (SMED) – Useful in
avoiding delay while loading the component into the
machine or any other facilities
• Visual Control-enables the cautioning of the depletion
of jobs required for machining and assembly.
• Using Visual control, the job requirements are displayed
to enable all people to view.

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Conveyance (Transportation)

• Conveyance waste includes the large-scale waste

caused by inefficient workplace layout, overly large
equipment, or traditional batch production.
• Such waste occurs, for example, when large batches
must be moved from process to process.
• Making smaller batch sizes and moving processes closer
together can reduce conveyance muda.
• There is also a micro component related to work pieces
being carried within a process area either by conveyor or
by workers.

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Conveyance, delay, and motion wastes are closely related.
Conveyance is necessary muda—obviously materials
must be moved through the factory, but it must be
minimized.

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Thank You!

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