Outline & Introduction v3.2

T MC
GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING
& TOLERANCING
(GD&T)
Curriculum Outline
&
Introduction
1
Tony M Consulting Pty. Ltd
T MC
PHILOSOPHY OF DESIGN
Roll of design Engineers in Industry

Engineering Structures
Cost Effective Design
How & Why things can ‘Go Wrong’
Communications (Role of GD&T)
Function
Myths
The Engineers ‘Crutch’
Conventions & National Standards
2
1
T MC
DATUM THEORY
What is a DATUM ?
3-Plane Concept.
Datum Features - Planes

- Cylinders
- Targets
Effect of Size & Form
Gauge/Inspection Datum Set-up
Practical exercises
3
T MC
GEOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS
Symbols (General Outline).
Detailed Discussion, application techniques,
Interpretations & practical exercises.
a) Flatness, Straightness, Roundness & Cylindricity
b) Profiles of Lines & Surfaces
c) Parallelism, Perpendicularity & Angularity
d) Runout, True Position, Concentricity & Symmetry
e) True Position in depth
4
2
T MC
PRACTICAL TOLERANCING
A] Capturing DESIGN INTENT
B] Application
C] Interpretation
D] Drawing Practice
E] Gauging
F] “Significant Characteristics”
5
T MC
FMEA & GD&T
Function Matrix
Co-ordination & interaction
WORKSHOP
Critique of drawings
Review of real examples from
your organization
6
3
T MC
T h e R o le o f D e s ig n E n g in e e r s in I n d u s t r y
The major function of a Design Engineer in Industry today is to Develop information

which permits an idea or concept to be converted into a physical object or system that
precisely meets the functions of that idea or concept.
The Design Engineer plays a pivotal role in manufacturing organizations
7
T MC
Design – A Definition
The PHYSICALISATION
of the
IMAGINATION
8
4
T MC
T ra d itio n al:
T h e tradition al stru ctu re in M an ufactu ring Ind u stries is to h ave a sp ecial
D ep artm ent w ith its ow n h ierach y. T h is is furth er b roken d ow n in to sp ecialist en gin eerin g
fu nctions, su ch as P roduct D esign ,M anufacturing E ngineering, T estin g etc.
9
T MC
Modern:
Engineers are incorporated into “Multi-Functional” teams with specific
project responsibilities. The teams usually have members with different disciplines, ie.
Engineers(their sub-disciplines are dependent on the project ), Manufacturing, Quality,
Marketing, Purchasing, Finance, MIS, etc.
Under this type of structure accountability is through the “Team Leader”

who may or may not be an Engineer.
The ability of the engineer to communicate accurately, under this structure is even
more demanding than in the “traditional” structure.
10
5
T MC In order to be able to do his/her job properly the engineer must
be trained to understand the following:
1) Laws of Physics as they apply to the concept
2) Mathematics
3) Mechanical systems, their functions & their environmental

limitations
4) Various materials available, their characteristics & applicability
5) Any Legal or other demands relevant to the application of the

concept
6) Costing
7) Testing methods
8) Performance evaluation techniques (statistics)
9) Manufacturing
10)Using TOOLS Effectively (eg. CAD)
11) Effective “Engineering Communications”
11
T MC
An Engineer’s capability is measured according to how well he/she

applies that training to ensure that the resulting system efficiently
performs the idea/concept’s function, ie,
SKILL
In order to demonstrate the above capability the Engineer must be

able to COMMUNICATE his/her system requirements in a way that
can be UNDERSTOOD
12
6
T MC C O S T E F F E C T IV E
D E S IG N
Every COMPONENT drawing in whatever form has a cost
C S
O K
S I
T L
L
No. Made No. Made
C
O
S
T
SKILL
The above curves apply to all enterprises, whether producing components,

works of art or making component drawings.
13
T MC
There are many examples in the World which demonstrate that
‘poorly executed’ drawings/specifications of an excellent concept
will create a poor reputation for Manufacturing & Reliability in the
Market place,
While well executed drawings/specifications can make a
mediocre/conservative concept achieve an excellent reputation for
Manufacturing & Reliability etc. in the Market place.
Well executed Drawings/Specifications also minimize problems &

delays in the process from Concept to Production.
14
7
T MC
Things That can Go Wrong
Common Problems in Manufacturing Industry
Example A
A component is submitted for Off Tool Sample approval & found not to perform
properly with its interacting components.
WHY ?
1) The component was not made to drawing because:-
a) The supplier made a mistake
b) The Supplier Mis-interpreted the Drawing
15
T MC
Example A (cont’d)
2) The component was made to the Drawing BUT:-
a) The Engineer/Draughtsman made a mistake
b) The Engineer/Draughtsman put INCORRECT information on the

Drawing because he/she did not understand fully the FUNCTIONAL
RELATIONSHIP with its interacting components.
16
8
T MC
Common Problems in Manufacturing Industry
Example B
A component is submitted for Off Tool Sample approval which(after an

extensive test program) was found to work satisfactorily with its interacting
components, although it does NOT CONFORM to the Drawing
WHY ?
1) The Supplier process was not capable of producing parts within the Specified
tolerance range & making changes to the tooling would jeopardise the cost &/or
the program timing.
17
T MC
Example B (cont’d)
2) The Engineer/Draughtsman did not investigate the TRUE tolerance allowance

for the feature(s) because:-
a) He/she ‘played safe’ in allocating the tolerance(s)
b) he/she did not understand/investigate the true FUNCTIONAL

VARIABLES of the component with its INTERACTING components.
18
9
T MC
These examples are intended to illustrate some of the

problems that can affect a Company’s relationship with a
Customer or the effective operations within the Company.
Highlighted are the effects of not understanding or using the

means of communication properly between Designers,
Engineers or Draughtsmen with those responsible for making
the Components/Assemblies.
19
T MC
Cost of correction
Design Prototype Tooling Pilot Prodn. Serial Prodn. In Market Prod. Recall
Error Detection Stage
20
10
T MC
IMPORTANT!
Engineering drawings & specifications are “LEGAL
DOCUMENTS”
1] In respect to contract between Supplier &

Customer.
2] In respect to ‘Product Liability’ issues that can

arise from the market place
21
T MC
COMMUNICATIONS
Communications between
Human Beings is by means of
“LANGUAGE”
22
11
T MC
To UNDERSTAND and, to
ensure that you convey the
true meaning of your
Feelings, Needs, Ideas etc., the
LANGUAGE MUST BE
LEARNED
23
T MC
All languages have common attributes:-
SOUNDS are used to communicate feelings,

needs, ideas etc. directly to another person or group
who understand the spoken language.
SYMBOLS are used to communicate feelings,

needs, ideas etc. to another person or group who are
remote and understand the written language.
24
12
T MC
WRITTEN communication is also NECESSARY

when continuous reference is required to ensure
that the information does not change from one
reading to the next.
Reliance on VERBAL communication used in

conveying PRECISE information can lead to many
mistakes & so be sources of conflict.
25
T MC
Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

System
-Is the Language that Engineers use to

communicate their requirements of a
component or an assembly so that the end
product meets the DESIGN INTENT-
26
13
T MC
WHY USE GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING?
Why is it that we should be so interested in this subject?
FIRST AND FOREMOST ITS USE SAVES MONEY!

It saves money directly by providing for maximum producibility of the
part through maximum production tolerances. It provides "bonus" or extra
tolerances in many cases.
It ensures that design dimensional and tolerance requirements, as they
relate to actual function, are specifically stated and thus carried out.
It adapts to, and assists, computerization techniques in design and
manufacture. It ensures interchangeability of mating parts at assembly.
It provides uniformity and convenience in drawing delineation and
interpretation, thereby reducing controversy and guesswork.
27
T MC
WHY USE GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING?
Aside from the primary reasons stated before there are others of a more general nature:
“The intricacies of today's sophisticated engineering design demand new and better ways of
accurately and reliably communicating requirements. Old methods simply no longer suffice.”
“Diversity of product line and manufacture makes considerably more stringent demands of
the completeness, uniformity, and clarity of drawings.”
“It is increasingly becoming the "spoken word" throughout industry, the military, and
internationally, on engineering drawings & documentation. Every engineer or technician
involved in originating or reading a drawing should have a working knowledge of this new
state of the art.”
28
14
T MC
FUNCTION
How do we define “FUNCTION”
There are TWO entities that require consideration from

an engineering aspect:
1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly)
2) An individual COMPONENT
29
T MC
FUNCTION
1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly)
An Assembly (or Sub-assembly) is a group of components that

are joined together and/or interact, such that for a given
physical INPUT manipulates that input to create an OUTPUT
which achieves a desired objective.
30
15
T MC
FUNCTION
2) An Individual COMPONENT
A COMPONENT is a single piece within an Assembly (or

Sub-assembly) that has essential characteristics/features
which interact with other components in order that the
Assembly (or Sub-assembly) can reliably perform its
design intent.
31
T MC Define the CONDITIONS & EXPECTATIONS for the

Functions
Corrosion Resistance
Temperature/Humidity
Environment
Ageing (Accelerated)
Customer
Number of Cycles
&
Life Expectation
Fatigue Legal Requirements
Interacting Features
Specifications
Critical Features Strength
Mass
Manufacturability
32
16
T MC Function Loss Matrix
Refer ISO/QS 9000 PPAP Manual
1) List all the Features of the Component/system/assembly.
2) Indicate which features have a DATUM function
3) Determine the Criticality/Severity Rating if those features are

OUTSIDE the Specification [L-Low, M-Medium or H-High]
4) Indicate each feature’s dependence [datum reference]
5) Indicate the control symbol(s) appropriate to each feature
6) Review the Matrix
33
T MC Design Function/Relationship Matrix
Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No.

(Dimensioning)
Datum Criticality Rating Control Symbol

Feature Prim. Sec.
Prim Secon Tert. Size Position Shape Datum Datum
‘A’
Surface
‘B’
Hole
‘C’
Hole
‘D’
Thickness
‘E’
Width
Etc.
34
17
T MC MYTHS
1) Using GD&T increases Cost !!
Proper use of GD&T reduces cost by MAXIMISING

the tolerances of features.
It is provable that the cost of production of a feature

increases according to the inverse of the size of the
tolerance
35
T MC MYTHS
2) Computer generated Data/Drawings are precise &

do not require additional information !!
Complex surfaces such as “styled” features must still be located

in a ‘mechanical environment’ within an acceptable tolerance.
Eg. A instrument panel surface profile must be located so

that it fits properly in its environment so that the overall
style of the interior of the vehicle meets the designers
intent.
36
18
T MC MYTHS
3) GD&T can not be applied to all situations !!
GD&T is not just the use of a library of symbols, but a

LANGUAGE to communicate design intent.
If a situation occurs during the establishment of functional
requirement of a feature that is not covered by the standard
library then the requirement can be noted using the GD&T
principles to convey that requirement.
Use the GD&T language/vocabulary in a combination that

truly conveys the DESIGN INTENT
37
T MC
What is the Engineer’s “CRUTCH”?
That note on the drawing that classifies the tolerance

according to the number of decimal points on the feature
dimension.
0 ---------- +/- 1 mm
0.0---------+/- 0.2 mm
0.00--------+/- 0.1 mm
38
19
T MC
What should we do instead?
1) Refer to the Function Matrix for guidance to

evaluate the REAL tolerance requirement.
2) Are there any formal standards that cover the function that is
required? Eg, Hole/shaft fits, Injection moulding tolerances,
codes of practice etc.
3) Consider how the feature will be Manufactured, &

what is the relative cost in Tooling & Piece cost.
39
T MC
International Standards & Conventions
Agreement between US ANSI/ASME & ISO Standards covering

GD&T is about 90 – 95% .
Other national standards such as Australian Stds. Are generally
aligned with ISO.
Overall it can be considered that the GD&T “language” is
UNIVERSAL in its application & understanding. Ie, no matter which
ethnic group needs to know what the designers intent is, can
understand, provided the GD&T language is understood.
40
20
T MC Standards necessary for GD&T coverage
ANSI/ASME Y14.5M
The following documents must be considered when adopting ISO/GD&T standards

1. 15011101- Technical Drawings Geometrical tolerancing
2. ISO/5458- Technical Drawings Positional tolerancing
3. ISO/5459- Technical Drawings Datums and Datum Systems
4. ISO/2692- Technical Drawings Maximum material principle
5. ISO/3040- Technical Drawings Cones
6. ISO/1660- Technical Drawings Profiles
7. ISO/129- Technical Drawings General principles
8. ISO/406- Technical Drawings Linear and angular dimensions
9. ISO/10578 Technical Drawings Projected tolerance zones
10. ISO/2692:1988/DAM 1 Technical Drawings Least material principle
11. ISO/8015 Technical Drawings Fundamental tolerance principle
12. ISO/7083 Technical Drawings Symbols proportions
13. ISO/10579 Technical Drawings Non-rigid parts
Additional 1S0 standards involved:

1. ISO/1000 - SI Units
2. ISO/286 - Limits & Fits
3. ISO/TR5460 Technical Drawings-Verification principles
4. ISO/2768-2 General geometrical tolerances
5. ISO/1302 - Surface Texture
6. ISO/2768-1 Tolerances for linear and angular dimensions
7. Other peripheral standards on screw threads, gears, drills, welding, etc., may also
be required for coverage beyond Y 14.5 for product design.
41
T MC
Complete Symbols
List
Items Marked #
are not described
in detail in this
course as they are
self explanatory
42
21

Outline & Introduction v3.2

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Outline & Introduction v3.2

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

T MC

Roll of design Engineers in Industry

Datum Features - Planes

Effect of Size & Form

Gauge/Inspection Datum Set-up

A] Capturing DESIGN INTENT

The major function of a Design Engineer in Industry today is to Develop information

The Design Engineer plays a pivotal role in manufacturing organizations

Under this type of structure accountability is through the “Team Leader”

1) Laws of Physics as they apply to the concept

3) Mechanical systems, their functions & their environmental

4) Various materials available, their characteristics & applicability

5) Any Legal or other demands relevant to the application of the

8) Performance evaluation techniques (statistics)

10)Using TOOLS Effectively (eg. CAD)

11) Effective “Engineering Communications”

An Engineer’s capability is measured according to how well he/she

In order to demonstrate the above capability the Engineer must be

Every COMPONENT drawing in whatever form has a cost

No. Made No. Made

The above curves apply to all enterprises, whether producing components,

Well executed Drawings/Specifications also minimize problems &

a) The supplier made a mistake

b) The Supplier Mis-interpreted the Drawing

2) The component was made to the Drawing BUT:-

a) The Engineer/Draughtsman made a mistake

b) The Engineer/Draughtsman put INCORRECT information on the

A component is submitted for Off Tool Sample approval which(after an

2) The Engineer/Draughtsman did not investigate the TRUE tolerance allowance

a) He/she ‘played safe’ in allocating the tolerance(s)

b) he/she did not understand/investigate the true FUNCTIONAL

These examples are intended to illustrate some of the

Highlighted are the effects of not understanding or using the

1] In respect to contract between Supplier &

2] In respect to ‘Product Liability’ issues that can

All languages have common attributes:-

SOUNDS are used to communicate feelings,

SYMBOLS are used to communicate feelings,

WRITTEN communication is also NECESSARY

Reliance on VERBAL communication used in

Geometric Dimensioning & Tolerancing

-Is the Language that Engineers use to

FIRST AND FOREMOST ITS USE SAVES MONEY!

How do we define “FUNCTION”

There are TWO entities that require consideration from

1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly)

1) An ASSEMBLY (or Sub-assembly)

An Assembly (or Sub-assembly) is a group of components that

A COMPONENT is a single piece within an Assembly (or

T MC Define the CONDITIONS & EXPECTATIONS for the

1) List all the Features of the Component/system/assembly.

2) Indicate which features have a DATUM function

3) Determine the Criticality/Severity Rating if those features are

4) Indicate each feature’s dependence [datum reference]

5) Indicate the control symbol(s) appropriate to each feature

6) Review the Matrix

T MC Design Function/Relationship Matrix

Component/Sub-Assy. Pt. No.

Datum Criticality Rating Control Symbol

1) Using GD&T increases Cost !!

Proper use of GD&T reduces cost by MAXIMISING

It is provable that the cost of production of a feature

2) Computer generated Data/Drawings are precise &